孔子的资料英文版

Confucius专业英语名词。

1、知之者，不如好之者，好之者，不如乐之者。 He who knows is not as good as he who knows, nor as happy as he who knows. 2、性相近也，习相远也。 Sex is similar, habits are far. 3、人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎？ Is it not a gentleman who does not know and is stunned? 4、君子以文会友，以友辅仁。 Gentlemen make friends by means of literature and help others by means of friends. 5、逝者如斯夫，不舍昼夜。 Dead people like this, day and night. 6、关睢乐而不淫，哀而不伤。 Guan Sui is happy but not lustful, sad but not sad. 7、三军可夺师也，匹夫不可夺志也。 The three armies can seize divisions, but no man can seize aspirations. 8、三人行，必有我师焉。择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。 Among any three people walking, I will find something to learn for sure. Choose the good and follow it, and change the bad. 9、温故而知新，可以为师矣。 He who by reviewing the old can gain knowledge of the new and is fit to be a teacher. 10、敏而好学，不耻下问。 Be sensitive and eager to learn, and not ashamed to ask. 11、过而不改，是谓过矣。 It"s too late to change. 12、学而时习之，不亦说乎？ Is it true to learn from time to time? 13、默而识之，学而不厌，诲人不倦，何有于我哉。 What is it for me to know, to learn and not to tire of teaching tirelessly? 14、不患人之不己知，患不知人也。 No one knows, no one knows. 15、父在，观其志。父没，观其行。三年无改于父之道，可谓孝矣。 The father is there, watching his ambition. Father did not, watch his deeds. It can be said that filial piety has not changed from father"s way in three years. 16、学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。 Learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is perilous. 17、我非生而知之者，好古，敏以求之者也。 I am not born to know. I am old and eager for it. 18、唯女子与小人，为难养也。近之则不孙，远之则怨。 Only women and villains are difficult to support. Near is Sun, far is resentment. 19、己所不欲，勿施于人。 Do what you don"t want to do to others.

孔子的名言 英语 　　学而时习之，不亦说乎? 　　Is it not pleasant to learn with a constant perseveranceand application? 　　温故而知新，可以为师矣。 　　If a man keeps cherishing his old knowledge, so as continually to be acquiring new, he may be a teacher of others. 　　学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。 　　Learning without thought is labourlost; thought without learning is perilous. 　　敏而好学，不耻下问。 　　He was of an active nature and yet fond of learning, and he was not ashamed to ask and learn of his inferiors. 　　十室之邑，必有忠信，如丘者焉，不如丘之好学也。 　　In a hamlet of ten families, there may be found one honourable and sincere as I am, but not so fond of learning. 　　知之者，不如好之者，好之者，不如乐之者。 　　They who know the truth are not equal to those who love it, and they who love it are not equal to those who delight in it. 　　默而识之，学而不厌，诲人不倦，何有于我哉。 　　The silent treasuring up of knowledge; learning without satiety; and instructing others without being wearied -- which one of these things belongs to me? 　　有教无类。 　　In teaching there should be no distinction of classes. 　　当仁，不让于师。 　　When it comes to benevolence, one need not give precedence even to his teacher. 　　我非生而知之者，好古，敏以求之者也。 　　I am not one who was born in the possession of knowledge; I am one who is fond of antiquity, and earnest in seeking it there. 　　三人行，必有我师焉。择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。 　　When I walk along with two others, they may serve me as my teachers. I will select their good qualities and follow them, their bad qualities and avoid them. 　　学如不及，犹恐失之。 　　Learn as if you could not reach your object, and were always fearing also lest you should lose it.

有教无类。In teaching there should be no distinction of classes.当仁，不让于师。When it comes to benevolence, one need not give precedence even to his teacher.学而时习之，不亦说乎？Is it not pleasant to learn with a constant perseveranceand application?温故而知新，可以为师矣。If a man keeps cherishing his old knowledge, so as continually to be acquiring new, he may be a teacher of others.学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。Learning without thought is labourlost; thought without learning is perilous.敏而好学，不耻下问。He was of an active nature and yet fond of learning, and he was not ashamed to ask and learn of his inferiors.十室之邑，必有忠信，如丘者焉，不如丘之好学也。In a hamlet of ten families, there may be found one honourable and sincere as I am, but not so fond of learning.知之者，不如好之者，好之者，不如乐之者。They who know the truth are not equal to those who love it, and they who love it are not equal to those who delight in it.默而识之，学而不厌，诲人不倦，何有于我哉。The silent treasuring up of knowledge; learning without satiety; and instructing others without being wearied -- which one of these things belongs to me?我非生而知之者，好古，敏以求之者也。I am not one who was born in the possession of knowledge; I am one who is fond of antiquity, and earnest in seeking it there.三人行，必有我师焉。择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。When I walk along with two others, they may serve me as my teachers. I will select their good qualities and follow them, their bad qualities and avoid them.学如不及，犹恐失之。Learn as if you could not reach your object, and were always fearing also lest you should lose it.

网上有现成的, 请参考.When Socrates Meets Confucius　　　As is known to all, there were two sages around the same time who were comparable to each other. One was Confucius, in China, and the other was the ancient Greek thinker, Socrates, whom, up to now, are still praised by the whole world. They both had philosophies that stood out among human beings and both had great influence on us and continue to have that influence. They are not only great philosophers, but also maestros in many fields, especially the area of education.　　　Though they lived in almost the same time, they were from two completely separate parts of the world. But still, as the saying goes, great minds think alike. These two maestros had a lot in common when it comes to education. Does it ever occur to you what kind of sparks would have been created if they had met each other? 　　　In the respect of teaching subjects, they were both well aware that there was no such thing as a distinction between classes or races of people, which made civilization and education universal to a great extent. I dare say they would have fully supported each other in this point of view. 　　　And they would be of one mind when it comes to the function of education. Both of them attach great importance to acquired education and consider the purpose of education to be a form of nurture for people to gain political integrity and professional competence.　　　In regards to their teaching methods, these two mentors both paid attention to developing the students" thinking ability through inspirational teaching ways, called heuristic teaching, or elicitation method. They saw eye to eye in this viewpoint, a viewpoint that has an enormous impact on modern education. 　　　Because of the differences between their two political systems and social environments, they also disagreed with each other on many perspectives, but, regardless, I think these two maestros would work it out. 　　　Thank you for taking your time.

一般认为古英语出现在公元450年左右，而孔子出生在公元前551年，当时还没有英语，所以孔子肯定是不会英语的。

Y吧的筒子们 帮忙！

One of the most famous people in ancient China was a wise philosopher named Confucius (circa 551-479 BC). He sometimes went by the names Kong Zi though he was born - Kong Qiu - styled Zhong Ni. He was born in the village of Zou in the country of Lu. This chinese man was a well-known leader in philosophy and he also made many wise phrases and theories about the law, life, and the government. Philosophy is a kind of a system of ideas and thoughts that talk about the human"s behavior, the rules that you should follow to make a successful life, and about the government. In other words, it"s about thoughts and theories that teach other people lessons about principles, or rules, about life and it also teaches you a moral ( sort of like the morals that are at the end of a fable). Confucius is famous for his philosophy because he made many wise sayings in ancient China that helped many people learn about nature, the world, and the human behavior. He also helped the government and the emperor by teaching them lessons on how the emperor should rule his kingdom successfully. Confucius was born in a poor family in the year 551 B.C., and he was born in the state of Lu. His original name was K"ung Ch"iu. His father, commander of a district in Lu, died three years after Confucius was born, leaving the family in poverty; but Confucius nevertheless received a fine education. He was married at the age of 19 and had one son and two daughters. He worked as a keeper of a market. Then he was a farm worker who took care of parks and farm animals. When he was 20, he worked for the governor of his district.

　　学而时习之，不亦说乎? 　　Is it not pleasant to learn with a constant perseveranceand application? 　　温故而知新，可以为师矣。 　　If a man keeps cherishing his old knowledge, so as continually to be acquiring new, he may be a teacher of others. 　　学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。 　　Learning without thought is labourlost; thought without learning is perilous. 　　敏而好学，不耻下问。 　　He was of an active nature and yet fond of learning, and he was not ashamed to ask and learn of his inferiors. 　　十室之邑，必有忠信，如丘者焉，不如丘之好学也。 　　In a hamlet of ten families, there may be found one honourable and sincere as I am, but not so fond of learning. 　　知之者，不如好之者，好之者，不如乐之者。 　　They who know the truth are not equal to those who love it, and they who love it are not equal to those who delight in it. 　　默而识之，学而不厌，诲人不倦，何有于我哉。 　　The silent treasuring up of knowledge; learning without satiety; and instructing others without being wearied -- which one of these things belongs to me? 　　有教无类。 　　In teaching there should be no distinction of classes. 　　当仁，不让于师。 　　When it comes to benevolence, one need not give Pcedence even to his teacher. 　　我非生而知之者，好古，敏以求之者也。 　　I am not one who was born in the possession of knowledge; I am one who is fond of antiquity, and earnest in seeking it there. 　　三人行，必有我师焉。择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。 　　When I walk along with two others, they may serve me as my teachers. I will select their good qualities and follow them, their bad qualities and avoid them. 　　学如不及，犹恐失之。 　　Learn as if you could not reach your object, and were always fearing also lest you should lose it.

1、士志于道，而耻恶衣恶食者，未足与议也。 Scholars aspire to Tao, but those who disgrace evil clothes and food are not enough to discuss. 2、见善无不及，见不善如探汤。 Seeing good is better than seeing bad. 3、君子如欲化民成俗，其必由学乎！ If a gentleman wants to turn folklore into a custom, he must learn from it! 4、岁寒，然后知松柏之后凋也。 Only in cold winter does one know that the pine and the cypress are the last to shed their leaves. 5、其身正，不令而行；其身不正，虽令不从。 If he is in a right position, he will not act accordingly; if he is in a wrong position, he will not obey. 6、君子尊贤而容众，嘉善而矜不能。 A gentleman is respectful and tolerant, but kind and reserved. 7、夫达也者，质直而好义。察言而观色，虑以下人。 Fudaye, straight and righteous. Look at what you say and look at what you see. Consider the following people. 8、轻千乘之国，而重一言之信。 A thousand times lighter than a thousand, but one word more. 9、有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？见利思义，见危授命。 It is such a delight to have friends ing from afar? See profit, see danger and give orders. 10、君子耻其言而过其行。 A gentleman is ashamed of his words and deeds. 11、学而不厌，诲人不倦。 Never be contented with your study; never be impatient with your teaching. 12、士而怀居，不足为士矣！ It is not enough for a scholar to live in his home. 13、饭疏食、饮水，曲肱而枕之，乐亦在其中矣。 Eating sparsely, drinking water, bending the brachium and pillow, music is also in it. 14、君子矜而不争，群而不党。 A gentleman is reserved but not contentious, but a group is not a party. 15、不义而富且贵，于我如浮云。 Unrighteousness, wealth and wealth are like clouds to me. 16、敏而好学，不耻下问。 Be sensitive and eager to learn, and not ashamed to ask. 17、志士仁人，无求生以害仁，有杀身以成仁。 People with lofty ideals are benevolent. They do not seek survival to harm benevolence. They kill themselves to bee benevolent. 18、君子周而不比，小人比而不周。 A gentleman is more than a gentleman, but a villain is less than a gentleman. 19、可以托六尺之孤，可以寄百里之命，临大节而不可夺也。 You can support a six-foot solitary, you can send a hundred-mile order, facing the big festival and can not be seized. 20、三军可夺帅也，匹夫不可夺志也。 The three armies can seize manders, but no man can seize aspirations. 21、君子和而不同，小人同而不和。 Gentlemen differ from each other, and villains differ from each other. 22、不患人之不己知，患不知人也。 No one knows, no one knows. 23、学如不及，犹恐失之。 If you fail to learn, you are afraid of losing it. 24、学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。 Learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is perilous. 25、君于疾没世而名不称焉。 You are not famous for your death. 26、性相近也，习相远也。 Sex is similar, habits are far. 27、有君子之道四焉：其行己也恭，其事上也敬，其养民也惠，其使民也义。 There are four ways for a gentleman: he is respectful in his actions, respectful in his deeds, benefiting his people, and righteous in his actions. 28、质胜文则野，文胜质则史。文质彬彬，然后君子。 Quality is better than literature, but history is better than literature. Gentleman, then gentleman. 29、始吾于人也，听其言而信其行。今吾于人也，听其言而观其行。 I start with people, listen to what they say and believe in what they do. Today, I am also in the person, listen to his words and watch his actions.

这个是我在网上找到得，希望对你有帮助。Confucius(Chinese:孔夫子;pinyin:KǒngFūzǐ;Wade-Giles:K"ung-fu-tzu),lit."MasterKong,"[1](September28,551BC–479BC)wasaChinesethinkerandsocialphilosopher,whoseteachingsandphilosophyhavedeeplyinfluencedChinese,Korean,Japanese,TaiwaneseandVietnamesethoughtandlife.Hisphilosophyemphasizedpersonalandgovernmentalmorality,correctnessofsocialrelationships,justiceandsincerity.ThesevaluesgainedprominenceinChinaoverotherdoctrines,suchasLegalism(法家)orTaoism(道家)duringtheHanDynasty[2][3][4](206BC–220AD).Confucius"thoughtshavebeendevelopedintoasystemofphilosophyknownasConfucianism(儒家).ItwasintroducedtoEuropebytheJesuitMatteoRicci,whowasthefirsttoLatinisethenameas"Confucius."HisteachingsmaybefoundintheAnalectsofConfucius(论语),acollectionof"briefaphoristicfragments",whichwascompiledmanyyearsafterhisdeath.ModernhistoriansdonotbelievethatanyspecificdocumentscanbesaidtohavebeenwrittenbyConfucius,[5][6]butfornearly2,000yearshewasthoughttobetheeditororauthorofalltheFiveClassics[7][8]suchastheClassicofRites(editor),andtheSpringandAutumnAnnals(春秋)(author).

孔子名言英语翻译如下：1、性相近也，习相远也。By nature， men are nearly alike； by practice， they get to be wide apar.2、过而不改，是谓过矣。Not to mend the fault one has made is to err indeed.3、己所不欲，勿施于人。What you do not want done to yourself， do not do to others.

孔子东游，见两小儿辩斗，问其故。一儿曰：“我以日始出时去人近，而日中时远也。”一儿以日初出远，而日中时近也。一儿曰：“日初出大如车盖，及日中则如盘盂，此不为远者小而近者大乎？”一儿曰：“日初出沧沧凉凉，及其日中如探汤，此不为近者热而远者凉乎？”孔子不能决也。两小儿笑曰：“孰为汝多知乎？”KongziDongYu,seethetwochildrenfightingdebate,askedwhy.Onechildsaid:"WhenIgotoonedaybeforetheclose,whileJapanisalsothetimeaway."Achildtothebeginningofadayaway,whileJapan,withtheapproachalso.Onechildsaid:"thebeginningofthedayasbigascarcovers,andJapanislikeplatespoons,thisisnotnearlyasmuchbythosesmallandlargealmost?"Onechildsaid:"thebeginningoftheCangCangcoolday,andJapan,suchasExplorationofsoup,thisisnotnearlyfararethosehotandcoldDown?"Confuciuscannotmusthave.Twochildrenlaughedandsaid:"AseveryoneknowsalmostasmuchRu?"

您好：One of the most famous people in ancient China was a wise philosopher named Confucius (circa 551-479 BC). He sometimes went by the names Kong Zi though he was born - Kong Qiu - styled Zhong Ni. He was born in the village of Zou in the country of Lu. This chinese man was a well-known leader in philosophy and he also made many wise phrases and theories about the law, life, and the government. Philosophy is a kind of a system of ideas and thoughts that talk about the human"s behavior, the rules that you should follow to make a successful life, and about the government. In other words, it"s about thoughts and theories that teach other people lessons about principles, or rules, about life and it also teaches you a moral ( sort of like the morals that are at the end of a fable). Confucius is famous for his philosophy because he made many wise sayings in ancient China that helped many people learn about nature, the world, and the human behavior. He also helped the government and the emperor by teaching them lessons on how the emperor should rule his kingdom successfully. Confucius was born in a poor family in the year 551 B.C., and he was born in the state of Lu. His original name was K"ung Ch"iu. His father, commander of a district in Lu, died three years after Confucius was born, leaving the family in poverty; but Confucius nevertheless received a fine education. He was married at the age of 19 and had one son and two daughters. He worked as a keeper of a market. Then he was a farm worker who took care of parks and farm animals. When he was 20, he worked for the governor of his district.希望对您的学习有帮助【满意请采纳】O(∩_∩)O谢谢欢迎追问O(∩_∩)O~祝学习进步~

Confuius"s given name is Qiu, also styled Zhongni. He was born in QuFu, China, 551 B.C., and died in 479 B.C.. Confucius founded confuciansism--the famous philosophical school in the history of China. The kernel of his thought is Ren(benevolence), its form of expression is Li(the Rites). Confucius travlled from one state to another preaching his doctrines until he was old. He spent his last years in compiling and editing. His works include Book of Spring and Autumn, Book of Odes, Book of History, Book of Rites, Book of Music and Book of change. These six books regarded as the classical works of Confucianism have been handed down to the present time. He founded the first private school in Chinese history. He was the teacher of 3,000 disciples among whom 72 were Sages. His major sayings were written down in Lun Yu (The Analects), one of the Four Books. Confucius lived in the late Spring and Autumn period(770-476 B.C). In his last years he lived in relative poverty and no longer enjoyed great fame. But after his death, his thought continued to influence the Chinese people for over 2,500 years. His doctrine on morality and ethics has had a great effect on their ideology, strenthening the unity of the nation and making it known to the world for its courteous dealing and solemn rites. Confucius said, "Let there be three men walking together: from the nmuber I should be sure to find my instructor." "To make accomplishment you must help others to be accomplished too." "Never be satiated with you knowledge and never be tired of teaching."... Today, these philosophical sayings are still shining brilliantly. In the long span of the Chinese history, the descendants of the Yellow Emperor have been righteously proud of the existence of the outstanding Confucius.

您好：One of the most famous people in ancient China was a wise philosopher named Confucius (circa 551-479 BC). He sometimes went by the names Kong Zi though he was born - Kong Qiu - styled Zhong Ni. He was born in the village of Zou in the country of Lu. This chinese man was a well-known leader in philosophy and he also made many wise phrases and theories about the law, life, and the government. Philosophy is a kind of a system of ideas and thoughts that talk about the human"s behavior, the rules that you should follow to make a successful life, and about the government. In other words, it"s about thoughts and theories that teach other people lessons about principles, or rules, about life and it also teaches you a moral ( sort of like the morals that are at the end of a fable). Confucius is famous for his philosophy because he made many wise sayings in ancient China that helped many people learn about nature, the world, and the human behavior. He also helped the government and the emperor by teaching them lessons on how the emperor should rule his kingdom successfully. Confucius was born in a poor family in the year 551 B.C., and he was born in the state of Lu. His original name was K"ung Ch"iu. His father, commander of a district in Lu, died three years after Confucius was born, leaving the family in poverty; but Confucius nevertheless received a fine education. He was married at the age of 19 and had one son and two daughters. He worked as a keeper of a market. Then he was a farm worker who took care of parks and farm animals. When he was 20, he worked for the governor of his district.希望对您的学习有帮助【满意请采纳】O(∩_∩)O谢谢欢迎追问O(∩_∩)O~祝学习进步~

According to tradition, Confucius was born in 551 BC, in the Spring and Autumn Period, at the beginning of the Hundred Schools of Thought philosophical movement. Confucius was born in or near the city of Qufu, in the Chinese State of Lu (now part of Shandong Province).He was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher, whose teachings and philosophy have deeply influenced Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Taiwanese and Vietnamese thought and life.His philosophy emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. These values gained prominence in China over other doctrines, such as Legalism (法家) or Taoism (道家) during the Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD). Confucius" thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophy known as Confucianism (儒家). It was introduced to Europe by the Jesuit Matteo Ricci, who was the first to Latinise the name as "Confucius."His teachings may be found in the Analects of Confucius (论语), a collection of "brief aphoristic fragments", which was compiled many years after his death. Modern historians do not believe that any specific documents can be said to have been written by Confucius,[5][6] but for nearly 2,000 years he was thought to be the editor or author of all the Five Classics[7][8] such as the Classic of Rites (editor), and the Spring and Autumn Annals (春秋) (author).

1 very broad prospects of development2.孔子（前551-前479）是春秋时期鲁国人,名丘,字仲尼2 Confucius (551- 479 BC) is the spring and Autumn period luguoren,mounds,styled Zhong Ni

这个是我在网上找到得，希望对你有帮助。Confucius (Chinese: 孔夫子; pinyin: Kǒng Fūzǐ; Wade-Giles: K"ung-fu-tzu), lit. "Master Kong,"[1] (September 28, 551 BC – 479 BC) was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher, whose teachings and philosophy have deeply influenced Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Taiwanese and Vietnamese thought and life. His philosophy emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. These values gained prominence in China over other doctrines, such as Legalism (法家) or Taoism (道家) during the Han Dynasty[2][3][4] (206 BC – 220 AD). Confucius" thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophy known as Confucianism (儒家). It was introduced to Europe by the Jesuit Matteo Ricci, who was the first to Latinise the name as "Confucius." His teachings may be found in the Analects of Confucius (论语), a collection of "brief aphoristic fragments", which was compiled many years after his death. Modern historians do not believe that any specific documents can be said to have been written by Confucius,[5][6] but for nearly 2,000 years he was thought to be the editor or author of all the Five Classics[7][8] such as the Classic of Rites (editor), and the Spring and Autumn Annals (春秋) (author).

【原文】　　子曰：“不愤不咎，不悱不发。举一隅不以三隅反，则不复也。”　　【译文】　　孔子说：“不到他努力想弄明白而不得的程度不要去开导他；不到他心里明白却不能完善表达出来的程度不要去启发他。如果他不能举一反三，就不要再反复地给他举例了。”　　翻译：　　KongZisaidthat,"Diligentlydoesnotwanttoravelbutdoesnothavethedegreetohimnottohavetoenlightenhim;Tohisheartindidnotunderstandactuallycannotconsummatethedegreewhichexpressesnottohavetoinspirehim.Ifhecannotextrapolate,didnotmustagainrepeatedlygiveanexampletohim."

孔子的生平 One of the most famous people in ancient China was a wise philosopher named Confucius (circa 551-479 BC). He sometimes went by the names Kong Zi though he was born - Kong Qiu - styled Zhong Ni. He was born in the village of Zou in the country of Lu. This chinese man was a well-known leader in philosophy and he also made many wise phrases and theories about the law, life, and the government. Philosophy is a kind of a system of ideas and thoughts that talk about the human"s behavior, the rules that you should follow to make a successful life, and about the government. In other words, it"s about thoughts and theories that teach other people lessons about principles, or rules, about life and it also teaches you a moral ( sort of like the morals that are at the end of a fable). Confucius is famous for his philosophy because he made many wise sayings in ancient China that helped many people learn about nature, the world, and the human behavior. He also helped the government and the emperor by teaching them lessons on how the emperor should rule his kingdom successfully. Confucius was born in a poor family in the year 551 B.C., and he was born in the state of Lu. His original name was K"ung Ch"iu. His father, commander of a district in Lu, died three years after Confucius was born, leaving the family in poverty; but Confucius nevertheless received a fine education. He was married at the age of 19 and had one son and two daughters. He worked as a keeper of a market. Then he was a farm worker who took care of parks and farm animals. When he was 20, he worked for the governor of his district.

这个是我在网上找到得，希望对你有帮助。Confucius (Chinese: 孔夫子; pinyin: Kǒng Fūzǐ; Wade-Giles: K"ung-fu-tzu), lit. "Master Kong,"[1] (September 28, 551 BC – 479 BC) was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher, whose teachings and philosophy have deeply influenced Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Taiwanese and Vietnamese thought and life. His philosophy emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. These values gained prominence in China over other doctrines, such as Legalism (法家) or Taoism (道家) during the Han Dynasty[2][3][4] (206 BC – 220 AD). Confucius" thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophy known as Confucianism (儒家). It was introduced to Europe by the Jesuit Matteo Ricci, who was the first to Latinise the name as "Confucius." His teachings may be found in the Analects of Confucius (论语), a collection of "brief aphoristic fragments", which was compiled many years after his death. Modern historians do not believe that any specific documents can be said to have been written by Confucius,[5][6] but for nearly 2,000 years he was thought to be the editor or author of all the Five Classics[7][8] such as the Classic of Rites (editor), and the Spring and Autumn Annals (春秋) (author).

热心网友 最快回答According to tradition, Confucius was born in 551 BC, in the Spring and Autumn Period, at the beginning of the Hundred Schools of Thought philosophical movement. Confucius was born in or near the city of Qufu, in the Chinese State of Lu (now part of Shandong Province).He was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher, whose teachings and philosophy have deeply influenced Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Taiwanese and Vietnamese thought and life.His philosophy emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. These values gained prominence in China over other doctrines, such as Legalism (法家) or Taoism (道家) during the Han Dynasty[2][3][4] (206 BC – 220 AD). Confucius" thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophy known as Confucianism (儒家). It was introduced to Europe by the Jesuit Matteo Ricci, who was the first to Latinise the name as "Confucius."His teachings may be found in the Analects of Confucius (论语), a collection of "brief aphoristic fragments", which was compiled many years after his death. Modern historians do not believe that any specific documents can be said to have been written by Confucius,[5][6] but for nearly 2,000 years he was thought to be the editor or author of all the Five Classics[7][8] such as the Classic of Rites (editor), and the Spring and Autumn Annals (春秋) (author).

2018下半年英语四级考试翻译试题：孔子(1) 　　孔子(Confucius)是我国古代著名的思想家、教育家，儒家学派(Confucian School)的创始人。相传孔子有弟子三千，贤弟子72人，孔子曾带领部分弟子周游列国14年。在中国五千年的历史上，对华夏民族的性格、气质 (temperament)产生最大影响的人就算是孔子了。他正直、乐观向上、积极进取。他一生都在追求真、善、美，一生都在追求理想的社会。他品格中的优点，几千年来影响着中国人，特别是影响着中国的知识分子。 　　 参考译文 　　Confucius is a famous ideologist, educator, and thefounder of Confucian School in ancient China. It"ssaid he has 3,000 disciples, 72 out of whom areexcellent ones, and he has led some disciples to visitvarious states for 14 years. During 5,000 years" history of China, it"s Confucius who has exertedthe greatest impact on Chinese nation"s characteristic and temperament. He is upright,optimistic, active and enterprising, striving for truthfulness, kindness and beauty, andseeking for an ideal society all his life. The shining points in his characteristics have beeninfluencing the Chinese people, especially the Chinese intellectuals for thousands of years. 2018下半年英语四级考试翻译试题：孔子(2) 　　孔子是春秋时期鲁国伟大的思想家和教育家，是儒家学派的创始人，被尊称为古代的“圣人”。根据其学说发展起来的儒家思想是中国历史上影响最大的思想流派，被汉代及以后的历代封建统治者所推崇利用，成为影响整个封建社会的意识形态。孔子的言论和生平活动被其弟子收录在《论语》中。在21世纪，孔子的学说不仅受到中国人的重视，而且也越来越受到整个国际社会的重视。 　　 参考译文 　　Confucius was a great thinker and educator of the State of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period. He was a founde of Confucianism and respectfully referred to as an ancient Sage. Confucianism, developed from the teachings of Confucius, is the most influencial school of thought in Chinese history. It was held in high esteem and used by the feudal rulers since the Han Dynasty, becoming the ideology influencing the whole feudal sociey. The words and life story of Confucius were recorded by his disciples in The Analects of Confucius. In the 21st century, Confucius" doctrine not only receives attention of the Chinese, but also increasingly gains ground in the international community. 2018下半年英语四级考试翻译试题：孔子(3) 　　孔子(Confucius)是一位思想家、政治家，教育家，也是中国儒学(the Ru School)思想的创始人。儒学(Confucianism)，这个道德和宗教哲学的大系统建立在孔圣人(Master Kung)的教学上。冯友兰，中国思想史上20世纪伟大的的权威之一，把孔子在中国历史上的影响比作西方的苏格拉底。 　　 参考译文 　　Confucius was a thinker, political figure, educator, and founder of the Ru School of Chinese thought. Confucianism, the great system of moral and religious philosophy built upon the teachings of Master Kung. Fung You lan, one of the great 20th century authorities in the history of Chinese thought, compares Confucius influence in Chinese history with that of Socrates in the West.

Confucius was a great thinker and educator of ancient China, founder of Confucian school, one of the world"s most famous cultural celebrities孔子是我国古代伟大的思想家和教育家，儒家学派创始人，世界最著名的文化名人之一Shakespeare is very good, until now we still liked his work莎士比亚的作品很好,直到现在我们还喜欢他的作品Mark Twain was an American writer, his novel is very good-looking马克吐温是一位美国作家,他的小说很好看

译文：孔子说：我死之后，子夏会比以前更有进步，而子贡会比以前有所退步“曾子问：为什么呢？”孔子说：子夏喜爱同比自已贤明的人在一起，（所以他的道德修养将日有提高）；子贡喜欢同才质比不上自已的人相处，（因此他的道德修养将日见丧失）。不了解孩子如何，看看孩子的父亲就知道（孩子将来的情况）了，不了解本人，看他周围的朋友就可以了，不了解主子，看他派遣的使者就可以了，不了解本地的情况看本地的草木 就可以了。所以常和品行高尚的人在一起，就像沐浴在种植芝兰散满香气的屋子里一样，时间长了便闻不到香味，但本身已经充满香气了；和品行低劣的人在一起，就像到了卖鲍鱼的地方，时间长了也闻不到臭了，也是融入到环境里了；藏丹的地方时间长了回变红，藏漆的地方时间长了回变黑，也是环境影响使然啊！所以说真正的君子必须谨慎的选择自己处身的环境。原文：孔子曰：“吾死之后，则商也日益，赐也日损。”曾子曰：“何谓也？”子曰：“商好与贤己者处，赐好说不若己者。不知其子，视其父；不知其人，视其友。不知其君，视其所使；不识其地，视其草木。故曰：“与善人居，如入芝兰之室，久而不闻其香，即与之化矣。与不善人居，如入鲍鱼之肆，久而不闻其臭，亦与之化矣。丹之所藏者赤，漆之所藏者黑，是以君子必慎其所与处者焉。”扩展资料《孔子家语》又名《孔氏家语》，或简称《家语》，是一部记录孔子及孔门弟子思想言行的著作。今传本《孔子家语》共十卷四十四篇，魏王肃注，书后附有王肃序和《后序》。《后序》实际上分为两部分，前半部分内容以孔安国语气所写，一般称之为《孔安国序》，后半部分内容为安国以后人所写，故称之为《后孔安国序》，其中收有孔安国的孙子孔衍关于《家语》的《奏言》。孔子（ 英语：Confucius , 公元前 551年 --- 公元前 479年 ），名：丘，字：仲尼，中国春秋末期鲁国陬邑（今中国山东曲阜市东南）人。中国春秋末期著名的思想家、教育家、哲学家，儒家学派创始人。孔子是中国文化中的核心学说儒家的首代宗师，集华夏上古文化之大成，删定《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《乐》、《易》、《春秋》，在世时已被誉为“天纵之圣”、“天之木铎”。

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孔子是不会英语的，所以没有英语老师。孔子(公元前551年9月28日―公元前479年4月11日)。孔子生活在距今约2500年前。而英格兰（英语区域）的概念最早在距今约1500年前才出现。就是说在孔子生活的年代后约1000年才有英语的概念，孔子不会穿越，让孔子讲英语，真是强人所难。

分类: 教育/科学 >> 外语学习 问题描述: 下载地址和全文，节选都可 解析: lsfyw/Article/Class89/Class97/200509/4035 上面网站不错，比较多 phorum.nst.pku.edu/showthread.php?threadid=662 这个也可以去看看下面的是一些摘录，来自网上资源 一）子曰：”学而时习之，不亦悦乎？有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎？” The Master said,To learn and at due times to repeat what one has learnt, is that not after all a pleasure? That friends should e to one from afar, is this not after all delightful?To remain unsoured even though one"s merits are unrecognized by other, is that not after all what is expected of a gentleman? （二）子曰：”吾十有五而志乎学，三十而立，四十而不惑，五十而知天命，六十耳顺，七十而从心所欲不逾矩．” The master ssaid, At fifteen I set my heart upon learning. At thirty, I planted my feet firm upon the ground. At forty, I no longer suffered fromperplexities. At fifty, I knew what were the biddings of heaven. At sixty, I heard them with docile ear. At seventy, I could follow the dictates of my own heart; for what I destred no longer overstepped the boundaries of right. （三）子曰：”贤哉回也！一箪食，一瓢饮，在了；陋巷，人不堪其忧，回也不改其乐．贤哉回也！” The master said,Inparable indeed was hui!A hardful of rice to eat,a gourdful of water to drink,living in a mean steer-others would have found it unendurably depressing.but to Hui"s cheerfulness it made no difference at all. Inparable indeed was Hui! 论语英文版CONFUCIAN ANALECTS <P>1 The Master "Is it not pleasant to learn with a constant perseverance and application? "Is it not delightful to have friends ing from distant quarters? "Is he not a man of plete virtue, who feels no disposure though men may take no note of him?" The philosopher Yu said, "They are few who, being filial and fraternal, are fond of offending against their superiors. There have been none, who, not liking to offend against their superiors, have been fond of stirring up confusion. "The superior man bends his attention to what is radical. That being established, all practical courses naturally grow up. Filial piety and fraternal submission,-are they not the root of all benevolent actions?" The Master said, "Fine words and an insinuating appearance are seldom associated with true virtue." The philosopher Tsang said, "I daily examine myself on three points:-whether, in transacting business for others, I may have been not faithful;-whether, in intercourse with friends, I may have been not sincere;-whether I may have not mastered and practiced the instructions of my teacher." The Master said, "To rule a country of a thousand chariots, there must be reverent attention to business, and sincerity; economy in expenditure, and love for men; and the employment of the people at the proper seasons." The Master said, "A youth, when at home, should be filial, and, abroad, respectful to his elders. He should be earnest and truthful. He should overflow in love to all, and cultivate the friendship of the good. When he has time and opportunity, after the performance of these things, he should employ them in polite studies." Tsze-hsia said, "If a man withdraws his mind from the love of beauty, and applies it as sincerely to the love of the virtuous; if, in serving his parents, he can exert his utmost strength; if, in serving his prince, he can devote his life; if, in his intercourse with his friends, his words are sincere:-although men say that he has not learned, I will certainly say that he has. The Master said, "If the scholar be not grave, he will not call forth any veneration, and his learning will not be solid. "Hold faithfulness and sincerity as first principles. "Have no friends not equal to yourself. "When you have faults, do not fear to abandon them." The philosopher Tsang said, "Let there be a careful attention to perform the funeral rites to parents, and let them be followed when long gone with the ceremonies of sacrifice;-then the virtue of the people will resume its proper excellence." Tsze-ch"in asked Tsze-kung saying, "When our master es to any country, he does not fail to learn all about its government. Does he ask his information? or is it given to him?" Tsze-kung said, "Our master is benign, upright, courteous, temperate, and plaisant and thus he gets his information. The master"s mode of asking information,-is it not different from that of other men?" The Master said, "While a man"s father is alive, look at the bent of his will; when his father is dead, look at his conduct. If for three years he does not alter from the way of his father, he may be called filial." The philosopher Yu said, "In practicing the rules of propriety, a natural ease is to be prized. In the ways prescribed by the ancient kings, this is the excellent quality, and in things *** all and great we follow them. "Yet it is not to be observed in all cases. If one, knowing how such ease should be prized, manifests it, without regulating it by the rules of propriety, this likewise is not to be done." The philosopher Yu said, "When agreements are made according to what is right, what is spoken can be made good. When respect is shown according to what is proper, one keeps far from shame and disgrace. When the parties upon whom a man leans are proper persons to be intimate with, he can make them his guides and masters." The Master said, "He who aims to be a man of plete virtue in his food does not seek to gratify his appetite, nor in his dwelling place does he seek the appliances of ease; he is earnest in what he is doing, and careful in his speech; he frequents the pany of men of principle that he may be rectified:- such a person may be said indeed to love to learn." Tsze-kung said, "What do you pronounce concerning the poor man who yet does not flatter, and the rich man who is not proud?" The Master replied, "They will do; but they are not equal to him, who, though poor, is yet cheerful, and to him, who, though rich, loves the rules of propriety." Tsze-kung replied, "It is said in the Book of Poetry, "As you cut and then file, as you carve and then polish."-The meaning is the same, I apprehend, as that which you have just expressed." The Master said, "With one like Ts"ze, I can begin to talk about the odes. I told him one point, and he knew its proper sequence." The Master said, "I will not be afflicted at men"s not knowing me; I will be afflicted that I do not know men."</P> 『⒈1』子曰：“学而时习之，不亦说乎？有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？人不知而不</P> 愠，不亦君子乎？”</P> 『⒈2』有子曰：“其为人也孝弟，而好犯上者，鲜矣；不好犯上，而好作乱者，</P> 未之有也。君子务本，本立而道生。孝弟也者，其为仁之本与！”</P> 『⒈3』子曰：“巧言令色，鲜矣仁！”</P> 『⒈4』曾子曰：“吾日三省吾身——为人谋而不忠乎？于朋友交而不信乎？传不</P> 习乎？”</P> 『⒈5』子曰：“道千乘之国，敬事而信，节用而爱人，使民以时。”</P> 『⒈6』子曰：“弟子，入则孝，出则弟，谨而信，凡爱众，而亲仁。行有余力，</P> 则以学文。”</P> 『⒈7』子夏曰：“贤贤易色；事父母，能竭其力；事君，能致其身；于朋友交，</P> 言而有信。虽曰未学，吾必谓之学矣。”</P> 『⒈8』子曰：“君子不重，则不威；学则不固。主忠信。无友不如己者。过，则</P> 勿惮改。”</P> 『⒈9』曾子曰：“慎终，追远，民德归厚矣。”</P> 『⒈10』子禽问于子贡曰：“夫子至于是邦也，必闻其政，求之与？抑与之与？</P> 子贡曰：“夫子温、良、恭、俭、让以得之。夫子之求之也，其诸异乎人之求之与</P> ？”</P> 『⒈11』子曰：“父在，观其志；父没，观其行；三年无改于父之道，可谓孝矣</P> 。”</P> 『⒈12』有子曰：“礼之用，和为贵。先王之道，斯为美；小大由之。有所不行</P> ，知和而和，不以礼节之，亦不可行也。”</P> 『⒈13』有子曰：“信近于义，言可复也。恭近于礼，远耻辱也。因不失其亲，</P> 亦可宗也。”</P> 『⒈14』子曰：“君子食无求饱，居无求安，敏于事而慎于言，就有道而正焉，</P> 可谓好学也已。”</P> 『⒈15』子贡曰：“贫而无谄，富而无骄，何如？”子曰：“可也；未若贫而乐</P> ，富而好礼者也。”</P> 子贡曰：“诗云：‘如切如磋，如琢如磨"，其斯之谓与？”子曰：“赐也，</P> 始可与言诗已矣，告诸往而知来者。”</P> 『⒈16』子曰：“不患人之不己之，患不知人也。”</P> 其实网上关于这方面还是挺多的，这也只是一部分，如不能满足，可继续搜索 或者买一本外研社出版的论语英文版，也不贵，好像才10左右 good luck

形容孔子美好品质的英语词汇1.intelligent [u026an"telu026adu0292(u0259)nt] adj. 智能的；聪明的2.humality 仁义3.studious ["stjuu02d0du026au0259s] adj. 用功的

译文：孔子是中国古代伟大的思想家、政治家、教育家，儒家学派创始人，其学说不仅影响了中国几千年的发展进程，还深刻地影响著每一个中国人的思想和行为模式，成为东方人品格和心理的理论基础，以孔子为代表创立的儒家文化博大精深，构成了中华民族传统文化的主流和基础，时至今日仍在社会生活中发挥着巨大的积极作用，他倡导仁爱，强调以礼乐制度支持的人际和谐,以和为贵，这也是现代社会构建和谐社会的思想。Confucius was a great thinker and educator in Chinese history. He was the founder of Confucianism and was respectfully referred to as an ancient "sage". His words and life story were recorded in The Analects. An enduring classic of ancient Chinese culture, The Analects has had a great influence on the thinkers, writers, and statesmen that came after Confucius. Without studying this book, one could hardly truly understand the thousands-of-years" traditional Chinese culture. Much of Confucius" thought, especially his thought on education, has had a profound influence on Chinese society. In the 21st century, Confucian thought not only retains the attention of the Chinese, but it also wins an increasing attention from the international community.

【1】不患人之不己知，患不知人也。I will not be afflicted at men"s not knowing me; I will be afflicted that I do not know men.【2】工欲善其事，必先利其器。A craftsman who wishes to do his work well must first sharpen his tools.【3】君子欲讷于言，而敏于行。The superior man wishes to be slow in his speech and earnest in his conduct.【4】君子成人之美，不成人之恶，小人反是。The superior man seeks to perfect the admirable qualities of men, and does not seek to perfect their bad qualities. The mean man does the opposite of this.【5】道不同，不相为谋。Those whose courses are different cannot lay plans for one another.【6】性相近也，习相远也。By nature, men are nearly alike; by practice, they get to be wide apart.【7】过而不改，是谓过矣。Not to mend the fault one has made is to err indeed.【8】己所不欲，勿施于人。What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others.【9】言必信，行必果。Keep what you say and carry out what you do.【10】有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters?【11】人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎？Is he not a man of complete virtue, who feels no discomposure though men may take no note of him?【12】逝者如斯夫，不舍昼夜。It passes on just like this, not ceasing day or night!【13】人无远虑，必有近忧。If a man takes no thought about what is distant, he will find sorrow near at hand.

confucius Confuius"s given name is Qiu also styled Zhongni. He was born in QuFu China 551 B.C. and died in 479 B.C..Confucius founded confuciansism--the famous philosophical school in the history of China. The kernel of his thought is Ren(benevolence) its form of expression is Li(the Rites).Confucius travlled from one state to another preaching his doctrines until he was old. He spent his last years in compiling and editing. His works include Book of Spring and Autumn Book of Odes Book of History Book of Rites Book of Music and Book of change. These six books regarded as the classical works of Confucianism have been handed down to the present time. He founded the first private school in Chinese history. He was the teacher of 3000 disciples among whom 72 were Sages. His major sayings were written down in Lun Yu (The Analects) one of the Four Books.Confucius lived in the late Spring and Autumn period(770-476 B.C). In his last years he lived in relative poverty and no longer enjoyed great fame. But after his death his thought continued to influence the Chinese people for over 2500 years. His doctrine on morality and ethics has had a great effect on their ideology strenthening the unity of the nation and making it known to the world for its courteous dealing and solemn rites.

In the 24th year of Duke Xiang of lu (549 BC), when Confucius was three years old, his uncle Liang died.（鲁襄公二十四年（公元前549年），孔子3岁时，叔梁纥病逝。）In the eleventh year of the reign of Duke Zhao of Lu (531 BC), Confucius took charge of animal husbandry.（鲁昭公十一年（公元前531年），孔子改作乘田，管理畜牧。）Because of the hard life when hewas young, I could do some simple work.（因小时候生活艰难，所以会干一些粗活。）In the 27th year of duke zhao of lu (515 BC), a doctor of the state of qi wanted to harm Confucius.（鲁昭公二十七年（公元前515年），齐国的大夫想加害孔子，孔子听说后向齐景公求救。）Duke Jinng of Qi said he was too old to use it.（齐景公说自己老了，不能用了。）Confucius had to flee to the state of Lu.（孔子只好仓皇逃回鲁国。）In the third year of Ai gong of Lu (492 BC), Confucius was 60 years old.（鲁哀公三年（公元前492年），孔子60岁，称自己这时候，能正确对待各种言论，不觉得不顺。）On February 11 (April 11, 479 BC), Confucius fell ill and died at the age of 73.（鲁哀公十六年二月十一日（公元前479年4月11日），孔子患病不愈而卒，终年73岁。）孔子思想：An important proposition of Confucius" thought of governing history is "straightness".（孔子治史思想的一个重要主张就是“直”。）That is to study history to seek truth from facts, not only to pay attention to the basis, but also to "knowing for knowing.（即研究历史要实事求是，不但要重视根据，而且要“知之为知之，不知为不知”（《为政》）。）谢谢！希望能帮助您!

中国古代的哲学家（思想家）

孔子老人家不会英语，也没有听说过英语，英语由古代从丹麦等斯堪的纳维亚半岛以及德国、荷兰及周边移民至不列颠群岛的盎格鲁、撒克逊和朱特部落的白人所说的语言演变而来，并通过英国的殖民活动传播到了世界各地。由于在历史上曾和多种民族语言接触，它的词汇从一元变为多元，语法从“多屈折”变为“少屈折”，语音也发生了规律性的变化。

the Analects of Confuciusanalects n.选集; 语录Confucius 【源自[孔夫子]的拉丁文名】 <<名词>>孔子

“孔子是中国历史上著名的思想家、教育家”翻译成英文意思是：confuciusisafamousthinkerandeducatorinthehistoryofchina"

英语介绍孔子时一般现在时态

孔夫子本人没有著作。《论语》是他弟子记录他的言行的，英语是theAnalects还有应该是Confucius"sworks~

1君子如欲化民成俗，其必由学乎！agentlemanifyouwouldliketochangeinfluencethepeopleandformmoralcustoms,thewilltolearnfrom!2学而不厌，诲人不倦。beinsatiableinlearningandtirelessinteaching.3工欲善其事,必先利其器。worktodohisworkwell,mustfirstsharpenhisdevice.

江语晨-下个夏天作词：王雅君作曲：Sugaya.Yutaka/FunkyMonkeyBabys编曲：蔡庭贵亲爱的你好吗管你是情人或朋友不许你忘记不许你忘记飘着花香的约定SakulaSakulaSakula记得吗为爱绽放的决心SakulaSakulaSakula先说好下个夏天一起放晴一颗心别怀疑它的真假因为那爱情没有道理可查缘分这两个字真有一点可怕我们相遇竟然在巴黎铁塔我在这个花花世界在雾里看着花我不是小傻瓜啊我不是小傻瓜我有一颗很强的雷达爱情很复杂友情抢着回答一点点的遗憾我们在那一年很快乐但最后还是saygoodbye那一个夏回忆闪闪又发亮天上星星心情都没有时差爱情就像隔一道墙退一步心更宽敞我们都知道啊但是我们彼此不让步像个小孩或许酱才记忆深刻亲爱的你好吗管你是情人或朋友不许你忘记不许你忘记飘着花香的约定SakulaSakulaSakula记得吗为爱绽放的决心SakulaSakulaSakula先说好下个夏天继续美丽还来不及回头我们已长大月光阳光晒我们影子好长认识你发现友情真的伟大现实世界里面还有童话带我一起疯狂带我一起堕落谢谢你出现在我梦中幸福啊总有一天终究会变成红苹果啊一天一颗填满我心里那块天空再过一些时候我可能会忘记我为什么为了你能哭三个月当我抓紧每次流星划过天际才终于能学会什么叫珍惜原来一切生活都是不容易的啊所以开始每天写日记那这样以后你问哪个时候我的回忆我才可以说给你听亲爱的你好吗管你是情人或朋友不许你忘记不许你忘记飘着花香的约定SakulaSakulaSakula记得吗为爱绽放的决心SakulaSakulaSakula先说好下个夏天继续美丽梦不断的追寻那海风的脚印踏过每片草地都有我和你相机里的那笑容永远没有距离到有一天最后仍必须说可惜不管啦如何都是我们的回忆我会留在我心底我闭上了眼睛想你唱的这首歌曲我不会忘记我不会忘记属于我们的秘密SakulaSakulaSakula记得吗为爱绽放的决心SakulaSakulaSakula先说好下个夏天一起放晴亲爱的你好吗管你是情人或朋友不许你忘记不许你忘记飘着花香的约定SakulaSakulaSakula记得吗为爱绽放的决心SakulaSakulaSakula谢谢你曾经陪我一起旅行

二极管工作原理：晶体二极管为一个由p型半导体和n型半导体形成的p-n结，在其界面处两侧形成空间电荷层，并建有自建电场。当不存在外加电压时，由于p-n结两边载流子浓度差引起的扩散电流和自建电场引起的漂移电流相等而处于电平衡状态。当外界有正向电压偏置时，外界电场和自建电场的互相抑消作用使载流子的扩散电流增加引起了正向电流。当外界有反向电压偏置时，外界电场和自建电场进一步加强，形成在一定反向电压范围内与反向偏置电压值无关的反向饱和电流I0。二极管最重要的特性就是单方向导电性。在电路中，电流只能从二极管的正极流入，负极流出。在电子电路中，将二极管的正极接在高电位端，负极接在低电位端，二极管就会导通，这种连接方式，称为正向偏置。在电子电路中，二极管的正极接在低电位端，负极接在高电位端，此时二极管中几乎没有电流流过，此时二极管处于截止状态，这种连接方式，称为反向偏置。二极管的主要参数1、额定正向工作电流：是指二极管长期连续工作时允许通过的最大正向电流值。因为电流通过管子时会使管芯发热，温度上升，温度超过容许限度（硅管为140左右，锗管为90左右）时，就会使管芯过热而损坏。所以，二极管使用中不要超过二极管额定正向工作电流值。2、最高反向工作电压：加在二极管两端的反向电压高到一定值时，会将管子击穿，失去单向导电能力。为了保证使用安全，规定了最高反向工作电压值。例如，IN4001二极管反向耐压为50V，IN4007反向耐压为1000V。3、反向电流：是指二极管在规定的温度和最高反向电压作用下，流过二极管的反向电流。反向电流越小，管子的单方向导电性能越好。

1、入团誓词的内容 入团的誓词内容是：我志愿加入中国共产主义青年团，坚决拥护中国共产党的领导，遵守团的章程，执行团的决议，履行团员义务，严守团的纪律，勤奋学习，积极工作，吃苦在前，享受在后，为共产主义事业而奋斗。 2、关于中国共产主义青年团 中国共产主义青年团(简称共青团)是中国共产党领导的先进青年的群众组织，是广大青年在实践中学习和共产主义的学校，是中国共产党联系青年群众的桥梁和纽带，是中华人民共和国的重要社会支柱之一，也是中国共产党的助手和后备军。 3、组织简介 中国共产主义青年团(简称共青团)是中国共产党领导的一个由信仰共产主义的中国青年组成的的群众性组织。1922年5月成立的中国青年团，1925年改称中国共产主义青年团。 中国共青团是广大青年在实践中学习共产主义的学校。在各级学校中，中国共青团在领导和团结学生方面均有一定成绩;共青团同时还负责指导中国少年先锋队(少先队)工作。 4、历史沿革 1920年8月，中国共产党首先在上海组织了青年团。在此前后，全国各地在准备建党的同时组织了青年团。1921年7月，中国共产党成立。1922年5月，在党的直接领导下，中国青年团在广州召开第一次全国代表大会，成立了全国统一的组织。 1925年1月，在团的第三次全国代表大会上，决定将中国青年团改名为中国共产主义青年团。1935年11月，为团结一切抗日青年，反对日本帝国主义的侵略，党决定将共青团组织改造成为民族解放性质的抗日救国的青年团体。抗日战争胜利后，为适应新形势和新任务的需要，党中央在1946年10月提议建立民主青年团。1949年元旦，党中央又作出建立中国新民主主义青年团的决议。 1949年4月，召开新民主主义青年团第一次全国代表大会，宣告中国新民主主义青年团正式成立。1957年5月，中国新民主主义青年团召开第三次全国代表大会，决定把团的名称改为中国共产主义青年团。大会还决定把解放前后的中国青年团、共产主义青年团和新民主主义青年团的历次代表大会衔接起来。1964年 6月，共青团第九次全国代表大会召开，会议提出共青团的任务是：把中国建设成为具有现代农业、现代工业、现代国防和现代科学技术的。 “文化大革命”期间，团的组织被破坏，团的工作处于停顿状态。1978年10月，中国共产主义青年团第十次全国代表大会召开。1982年12月，共青团第十一次全国代表大会召开。1988年5月，共青团第十二次全国代表大会召开。1993年5月，共青团第十三次全国代表大会召开。1998年6月，共青团第十四次全国代表大会召开。2003年7月，共青团第十五次全国代表大会召开，选举产生了现任团中央委员会。 ;

你好！千米kilometer英["kɪləˌmi:tə]美[kɪˈlɑmɪtɚ,ˈkɪləˌmitɚ]n.<美>千米，公里;[例句]ThreeofuswalkedbackaboutonekilometerandfoundSunYao.我们中有三人往回走了一公里发现了孙尧。如有疑问，请追问。

听过 忘了～～

浅谈英语教学方法论文 　　在日复一日的学习、工作生活中，大家总免不了要接触或使用论文吧，论文的类型很多，包括学年论文、毕业论文、学位论文、科技论文、成果论文等。那么一般论文是怎么写的呢？下面是我精心整理的浅谈英语教学方法论文，希望对大家有所帮助。 　　浅谈英语教学方法论文 篇1 　　英语是一门综合性比较强的科目，既有缜密的思维，又有随意的流动性；既有记忆的成分，又有规律可循的成分，是动与静的结合，是听、说、读、写的综合反映。如何处理英语教学中“难”与“易”这对矛盾，从而巩固和提高学生英语学习成绩，笔者认为应从以下几方面入手。 　　一、从转变教育观念入手 　　义务教育全日制初级中学英语的教学目的之一是“通过听、说、读、写的训练，使全班学生获得英语基础知识和初步运用英语的能力”。要实现这一目的，就必须改变“只抓少数，忽视多数”的升学思想，要向“全面贯穿教育方针，全面提高教学质量”的素质教育转变。比如，英语课堂教学中，为充分调动全体学生学习的积极性，需要采取形式多样而有效的教法，根据学生的年龄特点，设计“双人训练”、“小组练习”等生动活泼的教学活动，提高英语学习兴趣，增加每个学生口语练习的机会，使每个学生都能积极参与课堂教学活动。从而使更多的学生享受学习英语的兴趣，更好地创造课内外学习英语的氛围。 　　二、从激发学生学习英语的兴趣入手 　　这是问题的关键，学生学习英语兴趣的浓与淡，直接决定着学生的学习自觉性。初中学生已在生理上渐趋成熟，已经为自我培养广泛的学习兴趣和学科爱好创造了前提条件。作为教师，应该当好引路人，如给学生订阅英语报刊，激发学生学习的兴趣，让学生对英语学习实现“要我学——我要学——要学好”的转变。也可以运用多媒体教学，增强英语的声像效果，让学生产生一种“好奇”的心理，进而循循善诱，促使学生对学习英语感兴趣。 　　三、从提高学生口语表达能力入手 　　英语教学的目的是通过提高学生的听、说、读、写能力，从而达到与外界的交流和认知。有些学生怕说，或说的是“中国式”英语，不能脱离母语。因此，作为教师，要把提高学生的口语表达能力作为一个关键。一些经常化的口语，教师首先要带头说起，比如：平时交流、上课前后的问候语、课堂的值日生汇报等，并且要做到字正腔圆，以免学生受到错误影响。 　　四、加强日常训练 　　这里所说的日常训练具体指的是听、说、读、写的训练。听，就是要求学生正确地发好音，实现英语的标准化，提高学生的辨音知音能力，使听者能理解说者所表达的中心意思。可以不定期地利用早读、课间、课堂播放英语磁带、英语电教片、英语歌曲等。说，就是在日常的交流中注重英语口语表达的养成，且要营造一种氛围，做到教者带头说，学者跟着说，尽量消除英语课堂上的“汉语化”。这就要求教师不断加强学习，提高自身素质。读，就是要不断培养学生的阅读能力，通过阅读理解对话、课文，加强对单词、词组、语法的理解和记忆。写，就是要勤用笔写。俗话说“好记性不如烂笔头”，教师要经常性地组织学生默写单词、词组，并不定期地组织学生写一句话，或写一篇小短文，使学生对英语的学习掌握能力在日常训练中得到提高。在发展听、说能力的同时注意读、写能力的培养，以求四种技能同时提高。平时可结合使用练习册，开展多种活动、竞赛等笔头训练，这对培养写的技能无疑起着一定的促进作用。 　　五、“精讲”与“精练”相结合，提高教学的科学性 　　“精讲”是指在课堂教学中讲重点、难点、疑点。为此，要确定重点，找出难点，明了疑点。教学中，要突出重点，突破难点，解决疑点。“精练”是指要练准、练巧、练好。通过练，扩展学生的思维广度，并把新知识及时纳入学生原有的知识体系中去，不断解决实际问题。这就要求教师要精心设计好练习题，可以从以下几方面着手：一是利用课后习题挖掘其智力因素，发展智能，培养素质；二是有针对性、启发性、多样性地设计习题，注意面向大多数学生，又富有弹性，使优生吃得“好”，差生能保“底”，中间生吃得“饱”；三是让学生自己设计习题，这样更容易贴近学生的学习实际。在练习中，要注意及时反馈和调节，以便校正误区和强化绩效。 　　六、切合实际，施展教艺 　　只有在课堂教学中施展教学艺术，才能提高学生的素质。如：可巧用“误导”原理，正确理解教材内涵，用“漏词法”、“调位法”、“误判法”等启发学生的思维，使学生自下苦功。同时，要调动学生多种感官，准确理解教材内容，如采用电视、实物、图片、挂图、幻灯、音乐等，不断刺激学生的眼、耳、心，使学生的多种感官一起“活动”。这样，学生对教材的理解就会深刻起来，教师所教内容也容易被学生所接受。 　　七、开展一些丰富多彩的英语课外活动 　　初中生接受新鲜事物比较快，通过组织一些形式多样、内容丰富、主题鲜明的活动，将英语教学深入活动之中，会使学生在潜移默化中得到提高和锻炼，这种活动往往会达到“事半功倍”的效果。 　　八、不断总结 　　总结是为了更好地进步。作为教师，对学生出现的各种疑虑要善于思考，“晓其一而知其全面”说的就是这个道理。通过指导学生对问题的认识，不断改进和完善教学方法。同时，教师对所教内容也要做到“课前能预习，课堂能会教，课后能提高”。 　　英语教学是一门很深的学问，还有待于我们进一步探索和研究适合自己及学生特点的教学方法。 　　浅谈英语教学方法论文 篇2 　　摘要： 　　英语学习作为一种非母语学习，对农村小学生来讲，激发学习兴趣显得尤为重要。主要探讨了小学英语教学方法。 　　关键词： 　　农村小学；英语；教学方法 　　一、激发小学生的学习兴趣 　　兴趣是最好的老师。孔子说过：“知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐知者。”所以在教学过程中教学形式要多样化，激发学生的学习兴趣和学习积极性。 　　1.教学材料和教学活动应贴近生活，能充分反映小学生的日常生活，把所学的内容应用到他们所熟悉的生活中去。如，在教学away时，教学生An apple a day，keep the doctor away.学习名词dog时，我又告诉学生，含dog的词组或谚语也不少，而且很有趣，如a lucky dog（幸运儿），hot dog（热狗），Love me，love my dog（爱屋及乌），Every dog has his day（凡人皆有得意之日）。 　　2.教师应在课堂上，尽可能给学生创造一个开放宽松的教学环境。让学生在和谐宽松的课堂气氛下，怀着轻松愉快的心情学习，自然信心就增长了，也就敢用英语大胆发言、积极思维，不断产生学习英语和施展能力的兴趣。 　　二、教学手段应形式多样，要创设生动活泼的教学环境与良好的语言环境 　　1.为了适应学习内容的灵活性，把英语变成开放、民主的交流现场不失为一个好方法。要想让课堂“活”起来，教师先要“活”起来。教师自始至终要给学生创造宽松的学习环境。这就要求教师语调抑扬顿挫、语言风趣幽默、表情丰富、手势恰当，以此做出榜样，渲染气氛，感染学生。 　　2.根据小学生好动、好奇的生理和心理特点，课堂教学应采用多样化的教学方式。如：情景法、直接法、讨论法、练习法、视听法、交际法等，只要有助于实现教学目标的都可采用。 　　三、运用激励机制，鼓励学生积极进取 　　1.要重视学生的学习积极性，对每个学生取得的成绩及点滴进步都予以肯定。可采用多种表扬和奖励的方式，如：我在上课时给认真听讲的学生发小贴熊，并将每节课时英语学得好一点的学生指命为当天的小老师，并发小贴熊，这些都在一定程度上促进了他们的学习积极性。 　　2.利用小学生的好胜心理，在平常教学时，让他们用所学知识分组比赛，并由教师或其他同学给予评分，这也能促使他们更加认真听讲。 　　总之，教师在教学时应采用各种有效方式，鼓励学生积极进取。 　　浅谈英语教学方法论文 篇3 　　摘要： 　　英语课堂教学有效性是一个很热门的话题，值得我们去研究。笔者从事英语教学多年，对于初中英语有效课堂教学有许多想法。在课堂上如何进行语法教学、怎样指导学生背诵、如何打好英语学习基础等都成为本文所关注的话题。 　　关键词： 　　初中英语、课堂教学有效性、教学方法 　　新时期基础教育课程改革，无疑是中国教育史上的一场巨大变革。课堂教学的有效性，也就成了教育界人士常常谈论的论题。 　　笔者在农村中学从事英语教学十七年，对于英语课堂教学的有效性也有许多想法。“教学”一词中的教，在英文中为teach，有“给人示例”的意思。教学是师生的双边活动。教学的有效性，并不是指教师教得认不认真、教学内容有没有完成。关键在于看学生有没有学到有用的东西，学生对所学知识掌握的如何。如果学生学的糟糕，教师教的卖力、再辛苦也是无效或低效教学。笔者在教学中，很注意向同行学习，注意平时的教学反思。一节好的英语课，需要教师细心雕琢、认真准备才行。听课及教学日志、或教学反思是很有效的提高课堂教学效能的方法。 　　笔者通过实践、摸索，逐渐掌握了一套初中英语课堂教学方法。现在写出来，与同行们共同商榷。 　　在进行英语课堂教学时，笔者注意以下问题的处理： 　　（一）抓好语法教学 　　现行英语教材所涉及的内容多，课时又极有限。 　　小学英语与初中英语教材，在编写内容上重复的较多，如音标、字母、日常口语、对话等相当一部分七年级课本中的单词和句子，在小学课本中均已出现。中小学英语教材的衔接上存在着脱轨现象，严重地违反了教育学原理。 　　语法项目等比较复杂，学生不易掌握。 　　语法揭示了语言的内在规律。对于学习者来说，一定的语法知识有助于更正确和更标准地使用语言。而对于外语学习来说，语法学习则是掌握一门语言的捷径。 　　近些年英语教学方法不断翻新，英语课成了“四不象”。一部分教师，尤其是刚走上讲台的教师，容易走极端。在英语课上几乎不讲语法，上课就是全盘西化的授课方式，这种课实质上是很不走俏的课，费时低效不说，学生易“走火入魔”，或容易造成“两极分化”。 　　交际教学法是美国社会语言学家海姆斯在1972年提出的。后来在此理论基础上，肯纳尔（Canale）和斯温（Swain）进一步完善了他的理论，他们认为交际能力应包括四个方面的内容：语法能力、社会语言能力、话语能力和策略能力。 　　笔者认为：在语言教学过程中，不讲语法和语法讲的较少的作法是很危险的。英语对于学生们来说，有许多陌生的.地方，如单词难记，句子结构不容易掌握。所以，在教学中，要腾出时间补上语法教学这一课。语法教学，也不能脱离语境——如能将语法知识融入语言材料中，通过阅读材料分析重点内容、强化难点等方法，让学生明白其中的内容。选取的材料应有趣：与学生生活有关的小文章、诗词、对话等，都可以用。也可选取英美小说简易本中的东西，让学生读。网络上、报纸上许多与学生所学知识有关的材料也可以拿来用。 　　应该注意教材上每单元的Grammar Focus ，让学生明白句意，再出现一些例句，归纳词和句的用法。让学生象学古汉语那样，字词都一一去推敲。另外，让学生做点语法练习。这样做，有百益而无一害。语法教学在基础英语教学中不能缺少，方法应多样。学生通过贴近生活的感知、理解来学习和使用语法，而不是孤立的拿句子就事论事。 　　所以我们既不要谈语法“色变”，也不要脱离语言实践，而津津乐道于语法。 　　（二）加大背诵力度 　　“熟读唐诗三百首，不会吟诗也会偷”。从孩子一开始学英语，就要注意指导学生去背诵。 　　刚开始时，只需让学生背一两句话，逐渐地加大力度。由背句子，背对话，再到背诵长文章，教师要坚持每天督促学生朗读背诵。 　　学生一旦养成此学习习惯，教学就成功了一半。 　　英语学习本无捷径可言，入门阶段需要死记硬背。想不费功夫，就牢记单词、脱口而出讲英语，恐怕是徒劳的。 　　许多英语名家都提倡学生背诵。如北京外国语大学教授、博士生导师梅仁毅先生就说过，“在基础阶段，或高年级，要努力背诵名篇，譬如说，背50—100篇，无论从语言还是从内容来说，这都是精华。背熟了，对了解西方文化和研究文字的运用都有好处。” 　　真是至理名言。在教学中教师们应注意对孩子背诵能力的培养。 　　（三）努力用英语组织课堂 　　用英语教英语，这应当成为英语课堂教学的要求之一，应倡导。 　　尽量用英语讲课，语速自然停顿恰当，不给学生在大脑中进行英汉转换的时间。 　　课堂上，教师如果用英语组织课堂教学，刚开始学生可能不太适应，但如果坚持做下去，学生的听说能力、语言运用能力就会逐渐增强，这个笔者深有感触。 　　刚走上讲台时，因为用英语教英语，招来同事、学生以至领导的不解，但笔者顶了下来。刚开始时，课上允许说汉语。慢慢地，等学生适应了，尽量减少汉语的出现。学生称笔者为“洋老师”，说我的课有趣，他们喜欢这种授课方式。 　　课堂力应求形式多样。 　　每天课前热身对话，让不少学生抛弃“害羞、怕开口”的毛病。课前几分钟的说话练习，培养学生的学习热情，营造课堂气氛，对学生起帮带作用。热身对话以新颖愉快的方式拉开教学帷幕，以迅速简洁的形式整合学生思维，从而把学生带入轻松活泼的教学活动中。 　　在笔者的课上，采用最多的是表演课。让学生对话表演，谈论图片、说喜欢的事物、讲故事等，把语言形式和语言意义联系起来。让英语课真正成为学生十分向往的兴趣天地。 　　（四）打好基础 　　基础很关键。在刚开始英语教学时，应当抓好学生的语音关、书写关。 　　1、过语音关。 　　教学生国际音标的读音、元音字母和字母组合的读音规则，让学生朗读单词。反复认真的模仿及大声朗读，有助于培养学生的语音和语调。对学生进行看、听训练的同时也要求学生反复模仿，养成良好的语音习惯。对于长词、长句的语音训练，要分音节和语段训练。大声朗读对学生语感的形成，帮助会很大。 　　2、重视书写 　　要从刚开始就要抓好学生的书写，对学生的作业应该严格要求，不能听之任之。对学习有困难的学生，作业要当面订正、指导。书写差的，指导学生进行规范的书写，图快不认真的，让他重做；抄袭作业的，提出批评，坚决杜绝抄袭现象。 　　（五）注意文化教学 　　中国古时候儿童入私塾读书，读《三字经》《千字文》《百家姓》，此外还读《千家诗》《唐诗三百首》，意在让儿童早期接触我国传统文化。 　　学英语也一样，让学生通过英语文章、材料等的学习，了解西方人说话、做事等礼仪知识，了解其风土人情。 　　在课堂内外，可以抽出时间去介绍西方礼仪和节日的知识。如：在谈及西方的感恩节、圣诞节时，可通过VCD、多媒体、图片、书报资料等，让学生观看节目和阅读文字，感受节日的欢乐气氛。 　　平时在开课前播放音乐、英文歌、对话材料，营造语言学习气氛。 　　教师可在课外组织各种文化专题讲座。如外国节日、宗教习俗、餐桌礼仪、小费、问候语、禁忌语、体态语和手势语等。教师也可帮助学生阅读一些英文故事、报纸杂志文章，促使学生留心并积累有关文化背景，社会习俗等方面的知识，这将有利于学生跨文化交流的意识和能力。 　　新课程实施以来，初中英语教学发生了深刻的变化。重视学生的主体作用，激发学生学习情感，把学习过程真正交给学生——但是也出现了许多新问题，如把“对话”当做问答，把“自主”变成“自流”。独自学习、探究学习等有名无实。 　　这一系列问题，值得我们思考和探索。如何进行有效的课堂教学是一个值得深究的问题。笔者这里所提到的问题，可能对于其他同行有参考和借鉴作用。因限于篇幅，就写到这里。 　　最后笔者想借别人的话结束本文——“在英语教学中，应当还孩子们说的权利。让民主像一座桥一样搭在师生的心灵至上。做老师的人，要走进学生的心灵世界中去，做他们的好朋友。”让你的英语课堂成为孩子们心灵所向往的最快乐的地方吧！ 　　“讲学之功，贵在心悟；施教之功，在于诱导。善思则得，善诱则通；诱思交融，百炼成钢。” 　　教学是一门科学，只要我们肯下功夫研究，会找到解决各种问题的突破口的。 　　参考文献： 　　【1】张丹主编,《初中英语有效教学和谐课堂》,光明日报出版社2008年5月第一版. 　　【2】王道福主编,《教师教学基本功的新修炼》,光明日报出版社2010年4月第一版. 　　【3】于勇主编,《教学技能训练》(中学英语),当代世界出版社2001年5月第一版. 　　【4】胡春洞主编,《英语教学法》,高等教育出版社1990年9月第一版. 　　【5】包天仁主编,《基础英语教改论坛》(初中教师卷·第三集),吉林教育出版社2002年11月第一版. ;

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二极管的工作原理图解 二极管的工作原理图解，可能很多人都没有听说过二极管，二极管其实在我们的生活中是一种比较常见的东西，我们的灯泡、屏幕等等都是由二极管制成，那二极管的工作原理图解是什么，一起来看看吧。 二极管的工作原理图解1 二极管是最常用的电子元件之一，它最大的特性就是单向导电，也就是电流只可以从二极管的一个方向流过，二极管的作用有整流电路，检波电路，稳压电路，各种调制电路，主要都是由二极管来构成的。 二极管工作原理 晶体二极管为一个由p型半导体和n型半导体形成的p-n结，在其界面处两侧形成空间电荷层，并建有自建电常当不存在外加电压时，由于p-n结两边载流子浓度差引起的扩散电流和自建电场引起的漂移电流相等而处于电平衡状态。 N型、P型其实是针对载流子来说的，载流子分为电子和空穴，如果材料以电子载流子导电为主那么就叫N型，如果以空穴载流子导电为主那么就叫P型。因为电子带负电，所以N是negaTIve的缩写;而空穴带正电，所以P是posiTIve的缩写。 PN二极管正向导电性 在PN结两端外加电压，称为给PN结以偏置电压，给PN结加正向偏置电压，即P区接电源正极，N区接电源负极，此时称PN结为正向偏置。反之为反向偏置。 PN结正向偏置 由于外加电源产生的外电场的方向与PN结产生的内电场方向相反，削弱了内电场，使PN结变薄，有利于两区多数载流子向对方扩散，形成正向电流，此时PN结处于正向导通状态 2、PN结反向偏置 给PN结加反向偏置电压，即N区接电源正极，P区接电源负极，称PN结反向偏置（简称反偏） 由于外加电场与内电场的方向一致，因而加强了内电场，使PN结加宽，阻碍了多子的扩散运动 二极管的结构主要是有PN结组成，二极管工作过程中所产生的正向导向性是是有PN结宽度的增减决定的。 外加电场与内电场的方向一致，因而加强了内电场，使PN结加宽，阻碍电子扩散，形成反向电流微弱。 二极管的工作原理图解2 一、概述 发光二极管在我们生活中是比较常见的，比如说：商业的走字灯，交通灯，LED屏幕，LED灯泡等等。二极管是一种用锗或者硅半导体材料做成的，半导体材料导电性能在常温下介于导体和绝缘体之间，一百多年前就有这个东西了，是半导体器件家族中的元老了。 发光二极管只是二极管其中之一，还有许多不同用途的`二极管：整流二极管、稳压二极管、光电二极管、开关二极管等。整流二极管在我们生活中比较常见，都用在交流转直流的电路中：手机充电器，电脑充电器，电动车充电器等等。 二、PN结 上面说到的那些二极管它们都有一个共同的性能，单向导电性，就是说电流只能从二极管的阳极进去，负极出去，反过来就不行了。为什么呢？二极管中有个叫PN结的东西，就是它阻止了电流逆流。接下来小马哥就给小伙伴们讲讲PN 结。 自然界中的物质，按照不同的导电性能分为了导体、半导体和绝缘体，半导体材料导电性能介于导体和绝缘体之间。常用的半导体材料有四价硅和锗（zhě）。什么是四价啊，就是最外层有四个电子。纯净的半导体又称为本征半导体，其导电能力较差，不能直接用来制造半导体器件，在本征半导体一边中用扩散工艺掺入三价元素（硼），另一边掺入五价元素（磷），就是把原来少量的硅原子或者锗原子替代了。 三价元素（硼），最外层只有三个电子，然而硅和锗有外层有四个电子，少了一个怎么办呀？那就形成了空穴，这个就是P型半导体。于是，P型半导体就成为了含空穴浓度较高的半导体。 五价元素（磷）有五个电子，多一个怎么办？多出的一个电子几乎不受束缚，它就自由了，叫它自由电子，这个就是N型半导体。于是，N型半导体就成为了含电子浓度较高的半导体。 扩散运动和漂移运动 P型半导体和N型半导体结合后，P区内空穴和N区内自由电子多称为多子，P区内自由电子和N区内空穴几乎为零称为少子，在它们的交界处就出现了自由电子和空穴的浓度差。 由于P区的空穴浓度比N区高，空穴就往N区扩散，而N区的自由电子浓度比P区高，自由电子往P区扩散，就像一滴墨水滴在清水中，墨水本身浓度高，就往周围扩散，这就是扩散运动，P区的空穴和N区的自由电子就可能相遇，然后复合。什么是复合啊，把空穴比作房子，房子里面要住人啊，这时候自由电子就比作人了，然后他们就结合成一体了。 P区和N区里面的杂质离子不能任意移动，为啥呀？因为杂质离子被周围的硅原子或者锗原子束缚了。在P和N区交界面附近，形成了一个很薄的空间电荷区，在这个区域内，多子已扩散到对方并复合掉了，或者说消耗殆尽了。 P区和N区里面的杂质离子相互作用，N区杂质离子带正电荷，P区杂质离子带负电荷，在空间电荷区形成了内电场，扩散运动的进行使空间电荷区变宽，内电场也变强了。 这个内电场一方面阻止了扩散运动的进行，扩散就不容易进行下去；另一方面使空穴（少子）从N区往P区漂移，自由电子从P区往N区漂移，这个漂移可不是汽车漂移，是受N区高电势，P区低电势的内电场影响产生漂移，叫做少子漂移。 慢慢的空间电荷区就稳定了。总结来说多子运动叫做扩散运动，少子运动就是漂移运动，当两种运动达到动态平衡就产生了PN结。在PN结加上相应的电级引线和管壳，就构成了半导体二极管。由P区引出的电极成为了正极，由N区引出的电极成为了负极。 三、导通和截止 当PN结加正向导通电压就是把P区引脚加电源正极，N区引脚连接电源负极。电流方向由P区流向N区和PN 结内部的内电场相反，当电压大于内电场电压时，外部的电源抵消了其内电场。 内电场抵消了，有利于扩散运动的进行，空间电荷区慢慢变成了P区和N区，当空间电荷区越来越薄，直到最薄的时候这时候会形成一个扩散电流，这时候二极管也就导通了，这时候的电压称为导通电压。 反之把P区引脚加电源负极，N区引脚连接电源正极，这时候电流流动的方向和内电场的方向相同，增强了内电场使得空间电荷区变宽，空穴会被拉向P区的方向，电子会被拉向N区的方向，从而阻止了扩散运动，形成了反向漏电流，由于电流非常小，这就是截止状态。 反向电压增大到一定程度时，反向电流将突然增大。如果外电路不能限制电流，则电流会大到将PN结烧毁，这时候的电压成为击穿电压，这时候二极管就没用了。 二极管加正向偏置电压，死区OA区，由于正向电压比较小，二极管不导通，几乎没有电流，呈高阻状态，此时二极管两端的电压为死区电压，硅二极管为0.5V（锗管为0.1v），当正向电压高于一定的数值后，二极管中的电流随着电压的升高而增大，二极管导通，这时候的电压称为导通电压，也叫门槛电压。 硅管导通电压为0.6V（锗管为0.2v），导通时二极管两端的电压保持不变，硅管0.7V（锗管为0.3v），这时候称为正向压降。 当电子与空穴复合时能辐射出可见光，PN结掺杂不同的化合物发出的光也不同，比如说镓（Ga）、砷（As）、磷（P）、氮（N）等。然后加上引脚，用环氧树脂封装起来，通上正向电压发光二极管就这样发光了。 稳压二极管利用了二极管反向击穿的特性，稳压二极管都是串联在电路中，当稳压二极管被击穿，尽管电流在很大的范围内变化，而二极管两端的电压却基本上稳定在击穿电压上下。 在接二极管还要注意正负极，一般看外观来说，长引脚为正极，短引脚为负极，有些二极管的表面会有图形符号用万用表也可以测，把万用表调到二极管档，红黑表笔分别接二极管的两端，若此时万用表的读数小于1，红表笔接二极管的正极，黑表笔接二极管的负极。若读数为“1”，则黑表笔一端为正极。