谁能帮我翻译成英文？

发誓牛津/柯林斯词典，尽在百度翻译APP详细释义双语例句词语用例英英释义词典释义讲解0:59v.咒骂;诅咒;说脏话;郑重承诺;发誓要;表示决心要;赌咒发誓地说;肯定地说高考 / CET4 / 考研 / IELTS / TEM4变形动词第三人称单数:swears 现在分词:swearing 过去分词:sworn 过去式:swore 双语例句全部发誓咒骂宣誓1.It"s wrong to swear and shout破口大骂是不对的。《柯林斯高阶英汉双解学习词典》2.Alan swore that he would do everything in his power to help us艾伦许诺要尽其所能帮助我们。《柯林斯高阶英汉双解学习词典》3.I swear I"ve told you all I know我发誓我已经把我所知道的全都告诉你了。《柯林斯高阶英汉双解学习词典》查看更多例句词语用例词语搭配短语动词习语swear与以下词性连用n.1.swear words说脏话2.swear allegiance宣誓效忠3.swear an oath发誓adv.1.solemnly swear郑重保证

swear有脏话的意思。swear的意思指咒骂，说脏话，诅咒发誓；保证；诅咒；咒骂；宣誓；推荐；宣誓就职；宣誓保证；使宣誓；命…宣誓。第三人称单数是swears。现在分词是swearing。过去式是swore。过去分词是sworn。短语搭配：swear word诅咒语；咒骂语。swear like a trooper破口大骂。swear something out经宣誓保证所控属实后发给。swear to发誓。swear by以…的名义起誓。swear at咒骂；骂；与…冲突。swear的例句如下：1、I swear there"s a female conspiracy against men！He complained, tongue-in-cheek.我敢保证有一个女人反对男人的阴谋！他故作正经地说。2、He forced them to swear an oath of loyalty to him.他强迫他们宣誓要对他效忠。3、I asked him if he would swear a statement to this effect.我问他是否愿意发誓作出大意如此的声明。4、I couldn"t swear to it, but I"m pretty sure it"s his writing.我不能保证，但我相当肯定这是他的笔迹。5、Don"t swear. / Don"t use dirty language.说话别带脏字。6、I swear by all I hold dear that I had nothing to do with it.我以我所有最珍贵的东西起誓我和这件事情毫无关联。7、It"s not right to swear at people.可不作兴骂人。

swearv.发誓; 咒骂n.发誓，宣誓; 咒骂过去式： swore过去分词： sworn现在分词： swearing第三人称单数： swears

可译为，“诅咒，发誓”。

发誓;宣誓TheyrefusedtoswearonaBible.他们拒绝手按《圣经》发誓。2.诅咒;骂脏话[(+at)]Whatisthewomanswearingat?那女人在咒骂什么?及物动词vt.1.发(誓);宣(誓)Beforegivingevidenceyouhavetoswearanoath.在作证之前你得先发誓。2.发誓要;起誓保证[+to-v][+(that)]Thewitnesssworetotellthetruth.证人起誓保证讲真话。3.【口】断言;保证说[W][Y][+(that)]Hesworethathehadnevertalkedwiththegirl.他发誓说,他从未与那个姑娘说过话。4.使宣誓[(+to)]Youmustswearhimtosilence.你一定要他发誓保持沉默。5.使宣誓就任[H][(+in)]ThenewpresidentwillbesworninJanuary.新总统将在一月份宣誓就职。6.宣誓对(罪行)作证Hesworetreasonagainsthisfriend.他宣誓对他的朋友犯有叛国罪作证。

宣誓换言之，也称为诅咒，总之，是fownded在每一个语言和文化在世界上。 虽然它们的起源仍然有点神秘的，大部分研究人员相信，宣誓词演变出一anciene议案发言的话有神奇的力量。 如今，很少人相信，在这个概念，但人的反应（相关听证会或书面宣誓字）仍是强大的。 宣誓就职，往往是本能的情绪反应，以意想不到的或痛苦的事件。 当人们宣誓，思想和感觉，通过他们的大脑几乎深深沉迷。因此，站在该neroaction *宣誓就职。 科学家们正在获得深入了解不同regious脑沟通。 宣誓就职，有其他的职能，以及除了本能的情绪反应。 举例来说，在证据的情况下宣誓就职，其实是一种方式*列表示，它有帮助的作用，防止身体暴力。 尽管宣誓就职，可能有其用途，它始终是进攻性的人。 因此，在大多数情况，这是很重要的发现更多的respectical的方式来表达自己。

okk many choose maybe you more like slang？

vow 和 swear 有同样的意思但是vow 绝对不常用swear 经常用来说人骂人的比如在我学校里老师经常说stop swearing!or no swearing words!就是不要骂人的意思

You can tell your old man you"ll do some largemouth fishing another time你可以和你老爸说下次再去钓大鱼You just got too much on your plate to bait and cast a line因为你要做的事情太多了，所以你没有办法收鱼线You can always put a rain check in his hand till you can"t你可以一直和你老爸说等一会儿，直到你不能You can keep putting off forever with that girl who"s heart you hold你可以永远和你深爱的女孩子在一起Swearing that you"ll ask some day further down the road保证你会在之后的某一天会想起的You can always put a diamond on her hand till you can"t你可以一直把钻石戴在那个女孩手上If you got a chance, take it, take it while you got a chance如果你有机会，抓住它，一定要抓住它If you got a dream, chase it, "cause a dream won"t chase you back如果你有梦想，那就去追逐它，因为梦想不会追逐你If you"re gonna love somebody, hold "em as long and as strong and as close as you can如果你爱着一个人，就尽自己可能长时间的紧紧抱住她/他Till you can"t直到你不能There"s a box of greasy parts sitting in the trunk of that "65那辆65年汽车的后备箱还有一盒油腻腻的零件Still waiting on you and your granddad to bring it back to life还在等着你和爷爷去把他们复活使用呢e16061f06577599a3c01c1f40a20f31a意公东irfc4

一点都不好，不是我说的

does do did why

《疯狂外星人》主题曲：Feel The Night

誓师大会 institution; [例句]参加北京远南运动会的日本代表团举行誓师大会The Japanese delegation participating in the Beijing Far South Sports Meet holds swearing in ceremony

fergie的《Labelsorlove》shoppingforlabels,shoppingforlovemanoloandlouis,it"salli"mthinkingofshoppingforlabels,shoppingforlovemanoloandlouis,it"salli"mthinkingofialreadyknowwhatmyaddictionisibelookingforlabels,iain"tlookingforloveishopforpurseswhileiwalkoutthedoordon"tcry,buyabagandthengetoveritand,i"mnotconcernedwithallthepoliticsit"salotofmeniknowicouldfindanotherone.whatiknowisthati"malwayshappywheniwalkoutthestore,storei"mguessingsupercalifragi-sexy,nothingtobeplayingwithilovehim,hatehim,kisshim,disshim,trynatowalkamileinmykickswww.feiyes.netlove"slikearunwaybutwhichonedoilovemorenoemotionalbaggage,justbigbagsfilledwithdiorlove"slikearunway,sowhat"sallthefussingforlet"sstopchasingthemboysandshopsomemoreiknowimightcomeoffasnegativeibelookingforlabels,iain"tlookingforloverelationshipsareoftensohardtotameapradadresshasneverbrokenmyheartbeforeand,ballin"ssomethingthati"mfedupwithi"mmadothedamnthing,watchmedothedamnthingcauseiknowthatmycreditcardwillhelpmeputouttheflamesi"mguessingsupercalifragi-sexy,nothingtobeplayingwithilovehim,hatehim,kisshim,disshim,trynatowalkamileinmykickslove"slikearunwaybutwhichonedoilovemorenoemotionalbaggage,justbigbagsfilledwithdiorlove"slikearunway,sowhat"sallthefussingforlet"sstopchasingthemboysandshopsomemoregucci,fendi,pradapurses,purchasingthemfinerthingsmentheycomeadimeadozen,justgivemethemdiamondringsi"mintoalotofbling,cadallic,chanelandcoachfellasboastbuttheycan"treallyhandlemyfemaleapproachbuyingthingsishardtosayrockingchristianaudigier,manolo,polo,takingphotosinmycartiersowecan"tgoalltheway,iknowyoumighthateitbuti"mashopforlabelswhilethemladieslayandwaitforlovelove"slikearunwaybutwhichonedoilovemorenoemotionalbaggage,justbigbagsfilledwithdiorlove"slikearunway,sowhat"sallthefussingforlet"sstopchasingthemboysandshopsomemoreshoppingforlabels,shoppingforlovemanoloandlouis,it"salli"mthinkingofshoppingforlabels,shoppingforlovemanoloandlouis,it"salli"mthinkingof

swearKK: []DJ: []vi.1. 发誓;宣誓They refused to swear on a Bible.他们拒绝手按《圣经》发誓。2. 诅咒;骂脏话[(+at)]What is the woman swearing at?那女人在咒骂什么?vt.1. 发(誓);宣(誓)Before giving evidence you have to swear an oath.在作证之前你得先发誓。2. 发誓要;起誓保证[+to-v][+(that)]The witness swore to tell the truth.证人起誓保证讲真话。3. 【口】断言;保证说[W][Y][+(that)]He swore that he had never talked with the girl.他发誓说,他从未与那个姑娘说过话。4. 使宣誓[(+to)]You must swear him to silence.你一定要他发誓保持沉默。5. 使宣誓就任[H][(+in)]The new president will be sworn in January.新总统将在一月份宣誓就职。6. 宣誓对(罪行)作证He swore treason against his friend.他宣誓对他的朋友犯有叛国罪作证

在英语合成词中，合成名词（compound nouns）数量很多，而且可以按照既定规律自行构造新词。 　　合成名词构造法主要有下列八种： 　　①名词+名词，如 　　daybreak, sunrise, cattleshed, house-keeper, shoe-maker, headache, night-club, pocket-knife, arm-chair, wine-glass, ink-stand, man-servant, maid-servant, steamboat, goldsmith, newspaper, lawsuit等。 　　②形容词+名词，如 　　blackboard, commonweath, highway, stronghold, sweetheart, easy-chair, grandson, blueprint, deadline, high-brow, lazy-bones等。 　　③动词+名词，如 　　drawbridge, grindstone, playground, pickpocket, breakfast, cut-throat, makeshift, sing-song, turn-coat, washbasin 等。 　　④副词虚词+名词，如 　　afterthought, offshoot, outbreak, byway, bylaw, outpost, overcoat, underclothes, outgrowth, downpour, upkeep, bystander等。 　　⑤副词虚词+动词，如 　　income, outlet, outlook, onset, outfit, upstart, inlet, offspring, outburst, offset等。 　　⑥动词+副词，如 　　die-hard, breakdown, drawback, set-up, break-up, farewell, standstill, feedback等。 　　⑦名词+动名词，如 　　book-keeping, town-planning, letter-writing, word-building, tiger-hunting, paper-manufacturing, bill-collecting, car-repairing, television-advertising, window-shopping, day-dreaming, photocopying, handwriting等。 　　⑧其他，如 　　man-of-war, forget-me-not, son-in-law, mother-in-law, commander-in-chief, editor-in-chief, merry-go-round, hide-and-seek, stay-at-home, jack-in-the-box等。 　　在这8种构词法中，第7类“名词+动名词”最富生命力。此外，动名词还可以下列三形式构成合成名词： 　　一动名词+名词，如 　　drinking water, listening material, fishingrod, waiting-room, looking-glass, stepping-stone, running mate 等。 　　二动名词+副词虚词，如 　　swearing-in, going-over 　　三副词+动名词，如 　　uprising, well-being 等。

更新1: 真系 急!急!急! 你的问题: 动词只言及加 ing 转名词 不是转形 加多或减去字母 例如 write 要减去e 才加 ing writing swim 要加多个 m swimming 不知道是否只准加 ing ? 下列动词只是加 ing. 列出的名词是正式名词 字典可查到 可数名词 (countable noun) 可加 s 例如finding (singular) – findings (plural) 1. build — building (countable noun) 2. carve — carving countable noun) 3. draw — drawing (countable noun) 4. dwell — dwelling (countable noun) 5. feel — feeling (countable noun) 6. find — finding (countable noun) 7. hold —holding (countable noun) 8. kill — killing (countable noun) 9. meet – meeting (countable noun) 10. open — opening (countable noun) 11. read — reading (countable noun / uncountable noun) 12. shoot — shooting (countable noun) 13. spell — spelling (countable noun / uncountable noun) 14. teach — teaching (countable noun / uncountable noun) 15. warn — warning (countable noun) According to what you said verb to noun(+ing) meaning gerund. A gerund v to n(grammar) me a noun in the form of the present participle of a verb(ending in -ing)eg:-travelling in eg:-I preferred travelling to reading. All other eg.should be done by yourself. (1)read---reading (2)speak--speaking (3)spell--spelling (4)stand--standing (5)swear--swearing (6)swim--swimming (7)take--taking (8)teach--teaching (9)tell--telling (10)think--thinking (11)typeset--typesetting (12)understand--understanding (13)win--winning (14)write--writing (15)listen--listening

注意你的言辞英文为：watch you mouth。Watch your mouth！是一句很实用的英语口语表达。这个口语表达的意思是 Pay attention to what you are saying! Do not say anything rude! 就是“注意言辞，不要说脏话，嘴巴放干净点儿”。具体可见以下例句：1、Hey, keep your shirt on.Watch your mouth! This is not the right occasion.嗨，耐心点儿，注意你的言辞。这不是合适的场合。2、Hey, watch your mouth. No swearing.嘿，嘴巴放干净点儿，别说脏话。3、Watch your mouth! How would you feel if someone said that about you?注意你的言辞！如果别人这样说你，你会怎么想？另外，这个口语表达还可以说成：Watch your tongue! Watch your language! 意思是一样的。

You can tell your old man you"ll do some largemouth fishing another time你可以和你老爸说下次再去钓大鱼You just got too much on your plate to bait and cast a line因为你要做的事情太多了，所以你没有办法收鱼线You can always put a rain check in his hand till you can"t你可以一直和你老爸说等一会儿，直到你不能You can keep putting off forever with that girl who"s heart you hold你可以永远和你深爱的女孩子在一起Swearing that you"ll ask some day further down the road保证你会在之后的某一天会想起的You can always put a diamond on her hand till you can"t你可以一直把钻石戴在那个女孩手上If you got a chance, take it, take it while you got a chance如果你有机会，抓住它，一定要抓住它If you got a dream, chase it, "cause a dream won"t chase you back如果你有梦想，那就去追逐它，因为梦想不会追逐你If you"re gonna love somebody, hold "em as long and as strong and as close as you can如果你爱着一个人，就尽自己可能长时间的紧紧抱住她/他Till you can"t直到你不能There"s a box of greasy parts sitting in the trunk of that "65那辆65年汽车的后备箱还有一盒油腻腻的零件Still waiting on you and your granddad to bring it back to life还在等着你和爷爷去把他们复活使用呢3b6c77ec1b27b76ce73e154580e8332a志流新认样b059

You can tell your old man you"ll do some largemouth fishing another time你可以和你老爸说下次再去钓大鱼You just got too much on your plate to bait and cast a line因为你要做的事情太多了，所以你没有办法收鱼线You can always put a rain check in his hand till you can"t你可以一直和你老爸说等一会儿，直到你不能You can keep putting off forever with that girl who"s heart you hold你可以永远和你深爱的女孩子在一起Swearing that you"ll ask some day further down the road保证你会在之后的某一天会想起的You can always put a diamond on her hand till you can"t你可以一直把钻石戴在那个女孩手上If you got a chance, take it, take it while you got a chance如果你有机会，抓住它，一定要抓住它If you got a dream, chase it, "cause a dream won"t chase you back如果你有梦想，那就去追逐它，因为梦想不会追逐你If you"re gonna love somebody, hold "em as long and as strong and as close as you can如果你爱着一个人，就尽自己可能长时间的紧紧抱住她/他Till you can"t直到你不能There"s a box of greasy parts sitting in the trunk of that "65那辆65年汽车的后备箱还有一盒油腻腻的零件Still waiting on you and your granddad to bring it back to life还在等着你和爷爷去把他们复活使用呢3b6c77ec1b27b76ce73e154580e8332a志流新认样b059

swear 是动词 不及物动词 vi. 1.发誓;宣誓They refused to swear on a Bible. 他们拒绝手按《圣经》发誓。2.诅咒;骂脏话[(+at)]What is the woman swearing at? 那女人在咒骂什么?及物动词 vt. 1.发(誓);宣(誓)Before giving evidence you have to swear an oath. 在作证之前你得先发誓。2.发誓要;起誓保证[+to-v][+(that)]The witness swore to tell the truth. 证人起誓保证讲真话。3.【口】断言;保证说[W][Y][+(that)]He swore that he had never talked with the girl. 他发誓说,他从未与那个姑娘说过话。4.使宣誓[(+to)]You must swear him to silence. 你一定要他发誓保持沉默。5.使宣誓就任[H][(+in)]The new president will be sworn in January. 新总统将在一月份宣誓就职。6.宣誓对(罪行)作证He swore treason against his friend. 他宣誓对他的朋友犯有叛国罪作证。CUSS 即可作名词，也可作动词 。。名词 n. 1.诅咒;坏话2.古怪的家伙及物动词 vt. 不及物动词 vi. 1.乱骂;咒作动词时，CUSS 主要指咒骂 ，swear则可以宣誓、诅咒、保证等 ；

Westlife: Walk AwayAlbum:World Of Our OwnTitle:Walk AwayHere we are Just a little older Time goes by But did I ever tell you why I want you so much It came to me When you were not around You"ll always be The one to understand that"s why I can"t miss your touch All my life I waited for someone And all this time You were the one So If you want a man that is here to stay Swearing he"s forever true I"ll never walk away I"ll never give up on you And if you want a love that will save the day No matter what you"re going through I"ll never walk away I"ll never walk out on you I"ve been a fool I didn"t see behind The friend in you And baby don"t you ask me why It just couldn"t be love Cause from the start You would be the one To cure my heart But I just didn"t look this way And now I can"t get enough All my life I waited for someone And all this time You were the one, so If you want a man that is here to stay Swearing he"s forever true I"ll never walk away I"ll never give up on you And if you want a love that will save the day No matter what you"re going through I"ll never walk away I"ll never walk out on you And with a kiss you turned my world around The greatest rush of all was to be found Oh yeah You changed my whole life Coloured up the dark skies And this I promise you If you want a man that is here to stay Swearing he"s forever true I"ll never walk away I"ll never give up on you And if you want a love that will save the day No matter what you"re going through I"ll never walk away I"ll never walk out on you

The fox and the crowThere are good big very big tree in the forest, the tree lived a raven. Under the tree there is a hole, the hole lived a fox. One day, the crow flies away a piece of meat, standing on a tree to rest, the fox saw it. The fox"s mouth water, really want to get that piece of meat from the crow mouth. Due to the crow on the branch meat in mouth, the fox can"t under the tree. Eager for meat and made the fox would not give up easily. It had a turn to say: "dear crow, how are you?" The crow did not answer. The fox had to compensate with smile and said: "my dear crow, your child good?" The crow saw the fox one eye, still no answer. Fox shake tail, and a third time talked: "dear crow, your beautiful feathers, sparrows compared with you, will. That"s very kind of your throat, who loves to hear you sing, you sing a few words?" Said the crow was so satisfied: my throat good, to hear me sing but only you, fox, sang happily. Just one mouth, the meat just fell out of his mouth. Master fox meat have to drill into the hole, leaving only a crow "singing" there.Little fox and the crowThat only to be taken in by the old fox away old crow, meat is very hard to spoke to the young ravens own cheated cheated after, to the young ravens forever remember the crow family disgrace, against the may hide in a grain of intrigue. Young ravens nodded and said, "see."One day, the little crow with a piece of meat, parked in a tree and thought to myself: "if I hit the fox, you don"t fall for it."Very opportunely, then a fox came along and saw the young ravens, then walked over to the tree, playful raillery in sweet words, and now the old fox that old crow singing trick. But the young ravens in the teaching of the ancestors to ignore it.Fox some depressed, but it turned to turn eyeball, immediately in a public face, swearing: "damn little crow, you listen, the world no more bad things than your family, you are evil, who speak to you, who will be out of luck, who hear you cry, who will suffer..."Hear little fox so impudently cursing the crow family, young ravens immediately the fire emit three zhangs, "quack" open, just wanted to reprimand angrily to fox: "shut your mouth! You fox is one of the world"s most hateful guy!" But, in that instant, meat suddenly fell from the mouth to the ground, small, like the old fox, fox immediately fell to the ground meat rely on swallowed down.Fox licked mouth, infinite regret little crow on the trees and wiped to wipe your mouth, crowded a crowded eye, triumphant said: "thank you, my friend! Your vigilance is high enough, but this time you what to learn a lesson again?"

You can tell your old man you"ll do some largemouth fishing another time你可以和你老爸说下次再去钓大鱼You just got too much on your plate to bait and cast a line因为你要做的事情太多了，所以你没有办法收鱼线You can always put a rain check in his hand till you can"t你可以一直和你老爸说等一会儿，直到你不能You can keep putting off forever with that girl who"s heart you hold你可以永远和你深爱的女孩子在一起Swearing that you"ll ask some day further down the road保证你会在之后的某一天会想起的You can always put a diamond on her hand till you can"t你可以一直把钻石戴在那个女孩手上If you got a chance, take it, take it while you got a chance如果你有机会，抓住它，一定要抓住它If you got a dream, chase it, "cause a dream won"t chase you back如果你有梦想，那就去追逐它，因为梦想不会追逐你If you"re gonna love somebody, hold "em as long and as strong and as close as you can如果你爱着一个人，就尽自己可能长时间的紧紧抱住她/他Till you can"t直到你不能There"s a box of greasy parts sitting in the trunk of that "65那辆65年汽车的后备箱还有一盒油腻腻的零件Still waiting on you and your granddad to bring it back to life还在等着你和爷爷去把他们复活使用呢e16061f06577599a3c01c1f40a20f31a意公东irfc4

The one to understand明白我That"s why为何I can"t miss your touch不能失去你的抚慰的人All my life我的一生I waited for someone只为等待一个人And all this time而长久以来You were the one你就是唯一的人选So...所以….If you want a man that is here to stay如果你需要一个人陪伴Swearing he"s forever true我发誓将永远真诚 I"ll never walk away决不离开I"ll never give up on you决不遗弃你And if you want a love that will save the day如果你要化险为夷的爱情No matter what you"re going through无论你经历了什么I"ll never walk away决不离开你I"ll never walk out on you我决不遗弃你I"ve been a fool我曾经是个呆瓜 I didn"t see behind the friend in you看不清你内心的友善But baby don"t you ask me why宝贝别问我It just couldn"t be love为何那不可能死爱情Cos from the start因为自打一开始You would be the one to cure my heart你就是那个治疗我伤口的人Well I just be to look this way但当时我不这么想Now I can"t get enough如今我却感觉爱得不够All my life我的一生I waited for someone只为等待一个人And all this time而长久以来You were the one你就是唯一的人选So...所以….If you want a man that is here to stay如果你需要一个人陪伴Swearing he"s forever true我发誓将永远真诚 I"ll never walk away决不离开I"ll never give up on you决不遗弃你And if you want a love that will save the day如果你要化险为夷的爱情No matter what you"re going through无论你经历了什么I"ll never walk away决不离开你I"ll never walk out on you我决不遗弃你And with a kiss you turned my world around你的吻让我的世界天旋地转The greatest rush of all that"s to be found oh yeah最紧要的关头即将到来哦耶You change my whole life你改变了我的一生 Covered up the dark skies彩绘了黑色的天空And this I promise you而我将对你承诺Oh哦If you want a man that is here to stay如果你需要一个人陪伴Swearing he"s forever true我发誓将永远真诚 I"ll never walk away(never walk away) 决不离开你（决不离开你）I"ll never give up on you(I"ll never walk out on you) 决不遗弃你（决不遗弃你）And if you want a love that will save the day (saving the day) 如果你要化险为夷的爱情No matter what you"re going through无论你经历了什么I"ll never walk away(never walk away) 决不离开你（决不离开你）I"ll never walk, I"ll never walk out on you决不，决不遗弃你If you want a man that is here to stay如果你需要一个人陪伴

它的意思就是,拿细针把中指刺破,滴血到碗里,大家喝.要是喝了,大家就代表的是每个人身体里都有共同的血液,就亲如一家,就可以同生死,古代还有说法是磕头三次就可入祖坟.它代表的是一种坚定不移的决心.

1.she must has passed the driving test ,for she looks happy.（由于她看上去很高兴,她一定是通过驾驶考试了）为什么不是 drive 而是 driving? 答案解析：driving 是动名词做定语修饰后面的名词,驾驶考试,所以需要driving 2.she admitted （to）having done wrong （她承认她做错了）为什么又有ing又有过去分词?是关于不定式的语法吗? 答案解析：admit to doing sth 后面to 是介词标志, 根据动作发生在谓语之前,因此需要动名词完成形式,也就是having done ,同时前面介to 后面现在完成也需要变为having 3.i don"t like to hear children swearing （我不喜欢听孩子门发誓）为什么swear要加ing? 答案解析：上面句子结构,hear Sb doing sth , 听见某人正在说某时,现在分词doing 做宾语补足语用法 4.he usually can e up with good ideas in time of difficulty（在通常在困难的时候都会想到一个好主意/想法）he不是三单吗,为什么e不加s? 答案解析：因为句子谓语由：情态度动词+（不带to 动词不定式；也就是动词原形）所以e不能后不能加s 5.note how i do it （注意 我是怎么做这个事情的）祈使句为什么不是noting? 答案解析：其实祈使句首个单词需要用动词原形,表示一种命令,请求,省略主语第二人称 6.he ran rather than walked （他宁可跑也不走路）ran为什么不加s? 答案解析：He ran rather than walked , 都是用一般过去式,保持时态一致, ran 是 run 过去式形式 以上回答你满意么?,4,答非所问啊，不带这么混分的。。。。就你们这么搞以后不在这提问了,英语语法问题 There is a river between two hills. There is the river between two hills. 上面这两句都对吗? 经常分不清什么情况下用a,an什么情况下用THE. 书上讲的THE可以表示上一句提到过的东西,A,AN是不定冠词.总觉得实际运用中还是有好多例外啊. 比如The two children are jumping off the tree.这里为啥用THE,不用行不行. 而Some books are falling off the shelf.这句又不用the. 头晕啊谁来指点下迷津?

vow is more like 一个承诺 swear 就系发誓 vow同swear既分别就系承诺同发誓既分别 .两者意思差不多 用法就唔一样... 分别如下 swear 比较多D平时用 e.g. I swore I was telling the truth. 我发誓我说的是真相. 唔会话 I vowed I was telling the truth. 好似中文噤 平时都唔会用 "我承诺我说的是真相." 啦 随非系法庭 or etc vow 就比较 formal 系好认真既场合先用 (虽然swear都可以系认真场合用) 好似头先题过既法庭. 或者 e.g. 婚礼 They said their vows infront of the altar. 他们在圣坛作出承诺. N.B. vow 可以用做noun(名词) swear就唔可以啦 希望帮到你 =) 2008-01-12 00:14:34 补充： ah p.s. swear can also mean 讲粗口容易被人误会小心唔好用错! vow me n.[C] 1. 誓 誓言 誓约[(+of)][+to-v] We made a vow to stay friends forever. 我们发誓永远做朋友。 2. 郑重宣言;许愿 My parents are under a vow to go to church every Sunday. 我父母许愿 每星期日都去做礼拜。 3. 立誓出家;遁入空门 vt. 1. 发誓要(做)[+to-v][+(that)] I vowed never to reveal the secret. 我发誓决不泄漏这一秘密。 2. 郑重宣告[+(that)] She vowed that she would take the matter to court. 她郑重宣布要把这事诉诸法律。 vi. 1. 发誓 许愿 2. 郑重宣告 swear me vi. 1. 发誓;宣誓 They refused to swear on a Bible. 他们拒绝手按《圣经》发誓。 2. 诅咒;骂脏话[(+at)] What is the woman swearing at? 那女人在咒骂什么? vt. 1. 发(誓);宣(誓) Before giving evidence you have to swear an oath. 在作证之前你得先发誓。 2. 发誓要;起誓保证[+to-v][+(that)] The witness swore to tell the truth. 证人起誓保证讲真话。 3. 【口】断言;保证说[W][Y][+(that)] He swore that he had never talked with the girl. 他发誓说 他从未与那个姑娘说过话。 4. 使宣誓[(+to)] You must swear him to silence. 你一定要他发誓保持沉默。 5. 使宣誓就任[H][(+in)] The new president will be sworn in January. 新总统将在一月份宣誓就职。 6. 宣誓对(罪行)作证 He swore treason against his friend. 他宣誓对他的朋友犯有叛国罪作证。

是不是swear

The song:Nothing belongs to The script.

1、绝不同意为了成功而不择手段，刻薄成家，理无久享。 Never agree that in order to succeed without resorting to any means, be mean to start a family and enjoy it for a long time. 2、让磨难打掉脆弱的铁屑，铸成锋利的钢刀。 Let hardships break away fragile iron chips and cast sharp steel knives. 3、在顺境中执着，在逆境中沉着。 Persistence in prosperity and posure in adversity. 4、你失去了金钱，可以再挣；你失去了一生，便再也不能回头。 If you lose money, you can earn it again; if you lose your life, you can never go back. 5、青春要放肆一点，微笑要灿烂一些。 Youth should be bold and *** ile more brilliantly. 6、苦于现在，甜与未来，没有克服不了的困难。 Suffering from the present, the sweet and the future, there are no insurmountable difficulties. 7、即使上帝也无法改变过去。 Even God can"t change the past. 8、只知刚的人，难免会被折断；只有柔的人，到头来终是懦夫。 A man who knows nothing but righteousness will inevitably be broken; a man who knows nothing but gentleness will be a coward in the end. 9、伪装的善良比真实的凶残更可怕。 Kindness in disguise is more terrible than real cruelty. 10、行路人，用足音代替叹息吧！ Pedestrians, substitute footnotes for sighs. 11、强者不是没有眼泪，只是可以含着眼泪向前奔跑。 The strong is not without tears, but can run forward with tears. 12、在所有的批评家中，最伟大最正确最天才的是时间。 Of all the critics, the greatest, the most correct and the most genius is time. 13、我们可以没钱，可以没事业，但就不能没信心。 We can have no money, no career, but we can"t lose confidence. 14、既靠天，也靠地，还靠自己。 It depends not only on heaven, but also on the earth, and on oneself. 15、把感恩刻在石头上，把仇恨写在沙滩上。 Gratitude is engraved on stone and hatred on the beach. 16、无论梦想有多么疯狂，都要试着去接近它。 No matter how crazy the dream is, try to get close to it. 17、凡百事之成也在敬之，其败也必在慢之。 Every success of Pepsi is respected, and its failure will also slow down. 18、哪儿有勤奋，哪儿就有成功。 Where there is diligence, there is success. 19、爱其子而不教，犹为不爱也；教而不以善，犹为不教也。 If you love your son but don"t teach him, you still don"t love him; if you teach him but don"t teach him good, you still don"t teach him. 20、人类被赋予了一种工作，那就是精神的成长。 Mankind has been given a job, that is, spiritual growth. 21、人生最大的错误是不断担心会犯错。 The greatest mistake in life is to constantly worry about making mistakes. 22、用宽容的心征服别人无往不胜。 Conquer others with tolerance. 23、拼搏的汗水，能浇开理想的花朵。 The sweat of struggle can water the ideal flowers. 24、放手一博去创业，不要给你的人生留下遗憾。 Let go of a blog to start a business, don"t leave regrets for your life. 25、永远不要跟任何人解释你自己。 Never explain yourself to anyone. 26、为未来投资的人是对现实忠实的人。 People who invest in the future are loyal to reality. 27、学习就是等于给一个普通人装备上武器，而不是大船上的瞄。 Learning means equipping an ordinary person with weapons, not aiming at a large ship. 28、生命不等于是呼吸，生命是活动。 Life is not breathing, life is activity. 29、骆驼走得慢，但终能走到目的地。 Camels walk slowly, but they eventually reach their destination. 30、路不该是疑问句，要比谁都清晰。 The road should not be an interrogative sentence, but clearer than anyone else. 31、你要以乐观的态度看待这个世界，你会发现世界是如此得美好！ If you look at the world with optimi *** , you will find that the world is so beautiful! 32、经常不断地学习，你就什么都知道。你知道得越多，你就越有力量。 Keep learning and you will know everything. The more you know, the more powerful you are. 33、让我们在热血沸腾的年代，奏响青春旋律。 Let"s play the youth melody in the age of boiling blood. 34、人若软弱就是自己最大的敌人；人若勇敢就是自己最好的朋友。 If a man is weak, he is his greatest enemy; if he is brave, he is his best friend. 35、有时你的梦想达到是一种幸福，有时梦想破灭也是一种幸福。 Sometimes your dream is a kind of happiness, sometimes it is a kind of happiness that your dream is broken. 36、希望，治疗人间百疾的良药，它即便宜又有效。 Hope, the good medicine for all kinds of human diseases, it is even appropriate and effective. 37、人生在世，应该这样，在芬芳别人的同时美丽自己。 Life, should be so, while fragrant others at the same time beautiful themselves. 38、只有脚踏实地的人，才能够说：路，就在我的脚下。 Only a down-to-earth person can say: the road is under my feet. 39、相信别人，放弃自己，这是许多人失败人生的开始！ Believe in others, give up oneself, this is the beginning of many people"s failed life! 40、青春到底是什么，你问自己这个问题，却一直没有得到答案。 What is youth? You ask yourself this question, but you never get the answer. 41、研究碰到困难，别退缩，相信自己，一定能行！ Don"t flinch from difficulties in research. Believe in yourself, you can do it! 42、诸恶莫做，众善奉行，莫以善小而不为，莫以恶小而为之。 Don"t do evil, do good, don"t do good in a *** all way, don"t do evil in a *** all way. 43、与其当一辈子乌鸦，莫如当一次鹰。 It is better to be an eagle than to be a crow all one"s life. 44、伟大的作品不只是靠力量完成，更是靠坚定不移的信念。 Great works are acplished not only by strength, but also by unswerving faith. 45、每天告诉自己一次，“我真的很不错”。 Tell yourself once a day, "I"m really good." 46、彩虹总在风雨后，阳光总在乌云后，成功总在失败后。 Rainbows are always after storms, sunshine is always after dark clouds, and success is always after failure. 47、只要认真学习，就一定会有进步。 As long as we study hard, we will make progress. 48、我甘心用十分耕耘，换取哪怕一分收获，为了梦，一切都值得。 I am willing to work very hard, in exchange for even a harvest, in order to dream, everything is worth it. 49、人生不是受环境的支配，而是受自己习惯思想的恐吓。 Life is not dominated by the environment, but by the intimidation of their habitual thinking. 50、莫向不幸屈服，应该更大胆、更积极地向不幸挑战！ Don"t give in to misfortune, we should be bolder and more active to challenge misfortune! 51、目标和信念是战胜困难和不幸的利剑，可以使人发挥出超常的潜能。 Goals and beliefs are powerful swords to overe difficulties and misfortunes and enable people to develop their extraordinary potential. 52、爱情是一种幸福的体验，而不应该是担心和煎熬。 Love is a happy experience, not a worry and suffering. 53、生活可以漂泊，可以孤独，但灵魂必须有所归依。 Life can be wandering, lonely, but the soul must have some dependence. 54、一个人炫耀什么，说明内心缺少什么。 What a person shows off shows what he lacks in his heart. 55、我们的生命必须开花。道德无私心就是人生之花。 Our lives must blossom. Moral selflessness is the flower of life. 56、在人之上要自重，在人之下要自尊。 Be self-respectful above and below. 57、目标不是都能达到的，但它可以作为瞄准点。 Targets are not always achievable, but they can be used as aiming points. 58、树的方向，由人决定，人的方向，自己决定。 The direction of the tree is decided by man, and the direction of man is decided by himself. 59、不懈奋斗，生命才有辉煌；努力学习，思想才有灵光。 Only by unremitting struggle can life be brilliant; only by studying hard can ideas be brilliant. 60、失败的尽头是成功，努力的终点是辉煌。 The end of failure is success, and the end of effort is glory. 61、用自己最大的努力，要自己最小的满足。 With their best efforts, to their *** allest satisfaction. 62、骄傲是胜利下的蛋，孵出来的却是失败。 Pride is the egg of victory, but failure hatches. 63、愚痴的人，一直想要别人了解他。有智慧的人，却努力地了解自己。 A fool always wants others to know him. A wise man tries to understand himself. 64、你可以选择这样的“三心二意”：信心、恒心、决心；创意、乐意。 You can choose to be ambitious: confidence, perseverance and determination; creativity and willingness. 65、在我们所具有的一切缺点中，最为粗鲁的乃是轻视我们的存在。 Of all our shortings, the most rude is to despise our existence. 66、读一切好的书，就是和许多高尚的人说话。 Reading all good books is talking to many noble people. 67、与其脸红脖子的骂人，不如有用优雅的方式，看起来比较不失礼。 Instead of blushing and swearing, it"s better to use elegant ways to look more polite. 68、世上没有一件工作不辛苦，没有一处人事不复杂。 There is no place in the world where work is not hard and personnel are not plicated. 69、对书本知识只有自觉的推敲，才能透过书的词语而获得内在的精力。 Only by consciously deliberating on the knowledge of books can we acquire the inner energy through the words of books.

1.不画大饼，永远真心，真心没错，错的是人，所有的爱都可贵，希望都可以和真诚的人硬碰硬，不会和差点的人周旋。 Don"t draw big cakes, always be sincere, really right, wrong is people, all love is valuable, I hope that I can meet hard with sincere people, and will not deal with people who are almost. 2.情绪的尽头，不是脏话，不是发泄，是沉默。The end of emotions is not swearing, not venting, but silence. 3.有人为了睡去骗爱，有人为了钱去出卖，而我只对你真诚，希望你也是。 Some people cheat love for sleep, some people sell for money, and I am only sincere to you, I hope you are the same. 4.你见证我的发型换了又换，从幼嫩到慢慢长大，从恋爱到分手，安慰和出主意，没人能替代你。 You witnessed that my hair style changed and changed, from young to growing up slowly, from love to breaking up, comforting and giving ideas, no one can replace you. 5.虽然我满口脏话手里掐着烟，但我也能把温柔的一面给你。 Although I am full of dirty words and smoke in my hand, I can also give you the gentle side. 6.可惜世上没有反方向的钟，这交替的四季，新年都在告诫你，不要回头，所有受过的委屈都在提醒你要好好争气。 Unfortunately, there is no clock in the opposite direction in the world. In this alternating four seasons and New Year, you are warned not to look back. All the grievances you have suffered remind you to live up to expectations. 7.当你觉得累的时候就靠在我的身上吧，我是说挫折苦难的时候，我陪你，只要你对我真心。When you feel tired, lean on me. I mean, when you are frustrated and suffering, I will accompany you as long as you are sincere to me. 8.平底鞋给不了高跟鞋的骄傲，高跟鞋也给不了平底鞋的安全感。 Flat shoes can"t give high heels pride, and high heels can"t give flat shoes a sense of security. 9.总忙着给别人解释必定会忘掉自己是什么位置，喜欢沉默不代表我软弱，就像喜欢和平，但我从不畏惧战争。 Always busy explaining to others will definitely forget where I am. Like silence does not mean that I am weak, just like I like peace, but I am never afraid of war. 10.你现在身边的人可能是你今后日思夜想都见不到的人。 The people around you now may be people you won"t see day and night in the future.

英语作文《how to develop good habits》：Develop good behavior habits and control your mouth.Some students speak freely, swearing and swearing come out at random, which makes people extremely disgusted and hurts the harmony of students.Some students do not pay attention to protecting the environment and often spit everywhere, which affects indoor hygiene. It is easy to infect diseases in crowded classrooms.Some students behave even worse. They practice "shooting" with spittle from upstairs at the "enemy" below.How bad these behaviors are. I advise all students to control their mouths and let our mouths really become a window to publicize our civilized image.译文：养成良好的行为习惯要管住自己的口。有的同学说话口无遮拦，脏话、粗话随口而出，让人听了极为反感，也伤了同学的和气。有的同学不注意保护环境，经常随地吐痰，影响室内卫生不说，在人数拥挤的教室里还容易传染疾病。还有的同学行为更糟糕，从楼上对准下面的“敌人”练习用唾沫“射击”。这些行为是多么的不好，我奉劝所有的同学都管住自己的口，让我们的嘴巴真正成为宣传我们文明形象的窗口。

1. 以“on change”为题,写一篇作文 范文两篇：How I Change My life has changed a lot in the past three years.When I was in Grade 7,I was a short and shy girl with long hair.I often listen to music at home.But now I like to make friends and take part in all kinds of activities.I prefer running with my clas *** ates.So I"m being much healthier than before.Not only my parents but also my teachers are satisfied with me. How I Change My life has changed a lot in the past three years.I was fat and short when I came to the middle school.At that time I was interested in puter games and I spent most of time on it.My parents were worried about me. Now,I like sports and I often play football with my clas *** ates after school.So I bee taller and stronger than before.I like reading,too.I usually go to the library to read some interesting books.Good habits help me to study better and keep healthier. 2. my life change为题写作文 Change in my life With the development of the economy.lots of things changed in my life . For example,the way go to school.We went to school by bus ereryday before,but now we always go to school by subway.It easier and faster .For this ,we don"t have to get up so early .And there are so many different subjects can choose.We can also join the physical activities.Such as Taekwondo ,Karate,and so on. There are so many changes in my life . Do you see it? 3. 用How I Change写英语作文 How can i change myself? Today i made a mistake.Because this is my first time to deal with the shipping document after my back,and meet some problem,so i didn"t check it with my leader,and then i made it.But sometimes i confused,somebody who has already deal with it for one year,he should know how to deal with the case like that,he didn"t mention,just said don"t know.Really strange.So now the trouble work here is they just do the work without thinking ,just like what our boss told us.And this is still his headache point.How can lead the other people thinking well before they do the work?I have no idea either.Just say good luck,Eliza,and try to do if you can do. 4. 用changes to me 写一篇文章 How time flies! It has been o years since I came to XXX Middle school. In the o years, many things have happened. I also meet a lot of friends here. Two years is not too long for man"s life. But the o years I lived on campus has changed me a lot. For example, from the day I was born to the day I went to school, I had never left home alone for a long time and do housework by myself. How to deal with my roommates and clas *** ates? These questions were all difficult for me to work out at that time. Today I get on well with them and do everything in life calmly. But all these changes were not easy for me. Sometimes I feel lonely, angry and also homesick. But fortunately I meet a lot of good friends. They helped me spend these sad days. I find words cannot express my sincere thanks to them. When they need help, I will do everything I can to help those who helped me before. 5. 作文《My change》 Now,I am a junior 3 student,and I have changed a lot.My biggest change is that I don"t have enough time anymore.When I was in grade 7,I used to have a little homework to do and I could have a lot of time to chat with friends.But now,even though I do homework or exercises all the time ,I can"t find much free time.In the evening,I used to play the piano and watch TV after I go back home,but now I have to study and read books till very late.Although I am very busy now,I like the busy junior 3 school life.Another change is that I used to be very crazy and wild,but now I"m quiet and friendly,so although I am busy getting ready for next year"s entrance exam to high school,I am happy and feel good about my progress.现在，我是一名初中三学生，我已经发生了很大的变化.我国最大的变化是，我没有足够的时间了.当我在7年级，我曾经有一点功课要做，我可以有很多时间来与朋友聊天.但现在，即使我做功课或演习的时间，我找不到多少空闲时间.晚上，我用弹钢琴和收看电视节目后，我回家，但现在我必须学习和读书到很晚.虽然我现在很忙，我喜欢忙碌的初中3学校生活.另一个变化是，我曾经非常疯狂和野生，但是现在我安静的，友好的，所以虽然我忙着准备明年的高考到高中，我很高兴和感觉很好，我的进步.。 6. 以Changes写一篇英语作文,不少于50词 How time flies ! One years passed by . I"m 12 years old . I think i change a lot in these years . For example , i begin to like studying math . And my hair was long and blank . What is the most , i put on weight . Sometimes , i think i look like a panda . In all , i begin to understand my parents why they always ask me to do more homework . In fact , they hope me have a good future.。 7. 《My change》英语作文 Change has been the one constant in my life. While staring out at the bleak Wisconsin winter, I think back to my beginnings on a warm tropical island. The biggest change was probably the first — moving from that buzzing Spanish-speaking isle to the sleepy sea-side town that was Tampa in 1978. It took me some time to realize that the other pre-schoolers could not understand my native tongue. Before long, I too was speaking their language.Five years later I, an excited eight-year-old girl, boarded a school bus in New Jersey. The excitement quickly turned to fear as I heard rampant swearing in the back of the bus. I was truly shocked when the bus driver did nothing to stop the vulgarity. In my schools in Florida such behavior would have met with a bar of soap and a visit to the principal"s office. A year later, I had a "Jersey" accent, and had started swearing too.After nine years my family then moved to a place called "a whole "nother country": Texas. I discovered that everything is bigger in Texas, from the size of a glass of ice tea to the distances on the road. My mother added barbecued brisket to the regular menu of turkey and Idaho potatoes on Monday and arroz con pollo on Tuesday. The incredibly friendly Texans, wearing cowboy boots and going to high school football games on Friday nights, seemed a totally different breed from my friends in New Jersey. A slight drawl entered my speech.In o years time, I found myself in the mountains of rural Bolivian. As part of a team of doctors and students researching hypertension on a group of African- Bolivian villagers, I quickly learned a new vocabulary that included medical and anthropological terms. The greatest test of my linguistic abilities came when a villager accused me of drinking blood samples in some kind of vampire-like witchcraft ritual. I had to bridge a vast cultural gulf to explain a DNA isolation and *** ysis protocol in Spanish to someone who had never heard of a gene much less a double helix.A year later I stood in a line at a McDonalds outside Buenos Aires asking for a sorbeto with a Puerto Rican accent and receiving a blank stare in return. I did not realize that in Argentina the word for straw was papote. Working at the U.S. embassy, I could clearly see the obvious differences beeen the U.S. and Argentina, but being out among the people and actually experiencing the culture helped me begin to understand and appreciate the subtle differences which, when taken together, make up a people.Each place I have lived has its differences, from the obvious distinctions of Wisconsin and Texas weather, to the regional variations of the Spanish language. I bring with me wherever I go a part of those places and the impact they have had on my life, most evident to others by the variations in my speech. Beneath all the accents, however, lies something more significant, for I believe who you are is immeasurable more important than where you were. When I was younger, I could not clearly discern beeen situations where I should or should not adopt the ways of those around me. With maturity however I have e to understand the crucial difference beeen adaptation and assimilation. I have chosen to reject the vulgarity of the New Jersey school bus; I have also adopted the Texans" warm and friendly manner. Having experienced frequent moves to very different surroundings, I can adapt without promising what is important to me while learning from each new setting.A sign hung in my garage for many years that said, "Home is where you can scratch where it itches." To me this means that home is wherever you are fortable and secure with yourself and your surroundings. I will be at home and prepared to meet new challenges wherever I am. Starting over so many times has taught me not to fear failure, but rather to embrace opportunities for change。 8. 用“We Have Changed”怎么写作文 One"s life will change, just like a butterfly and silkworm, a second transformation we grew up, we bee more sensible every day, bee more abundant. New knowledge every day long, but each is progress. From *** all to large, I have many dreams. When I don"t want to grow up, and friends can play, but I"m still a strength to grow. Now, I"m not six or seven years old baby, but every day looking forward to grow up. Because my ideal: growing up as a writer, as an architect, when the chairman of the board, or when a politician。. my ideal, be the most changeful. Now, I want to fight for the politicians goal! Grow up to serve the people, be a good servant of the people. In order to achieve the ideal, I"m not enrich, improve their. Now of I, study harder and harder, getting good grades. When calculating the time, never from and start, and now the brain with the "robot" brains similar, to the subject are hard to do well and quickly. I used the independence of the very poor. Now, I can one homework, read a book and thinking. Now I understand, not to buy toys, put the money in the bank, grew up reading use. I used to have a lot of hobbies, paper-cut, chess, painting, swimming。 Now. My hobby is still many, but also have a new hobby - playing the clari. The original active again and again I quiet lost themselves in the beautiful music. Yes, each person"s life have a lot of change, dreams change, changing tastes, personality changes, learning change。.. The long road of life, every change to let others see -- I really grown up!!

1、年轻的英语是young，音标英[j??]、美[j??]。2、adj.年轻的；初期的；没有经验的3、n.青年人；幼崽4、比较级:younger最高级:youngest名词:youngness5、young的基本意思是“年轻的，年幼的，幼小的，新发展的”，指某人或某物处于一种不成熟的或萌芽的状态。用于比喻可指“有朝气的，有青春活力的”。6、例句：Thoseclothessheswearingaremuchtooyoungforher.7、她穿的那些衣服显得太年轻了。

The Outsiders s e hintonThey walked out slowly, silently, smiling."Need a haircut, greaser?" The medium-sized blond pulled a knife out of his back pocket and flipped the blade open.I finally thought of something to say. "No." I was backing up, away from that knife. Of course I backed right into one of them. They had me down in a second. I fought to get loose, and almost did for a second; then they tightened up on me and slugged me a couple of times. So I lay still, swearing at them between gasps. A blade was held against my throat."How"d you like that haircut to begin just below the chin?" Synopsis:According to Ponyboy, there are two kinds of people in the world: greasers and socs. A soc (short for "social") has money, can get away with just about anything, and has an attitude longer than a limousine. A greaser, on the other hand, always lives on the outside and needs to watch his back. Ponyboy is a greaser, and he"s always been proud of it, even willing to rumble against a gang of socs for the sake of his fellow greasers--until one terrible night when his friend Johnny kills a soc. The murder gets under Ponyboy"s skin, causing his world to crumble and teaching him that pain feels the same whether a soc or a greaser.S.E. Hinton on the book:The Outsiders is definitely my best selling book; but what I like most about it is how it has taught a lot of kids to enjoy reading.Publishing Information:First Published: 1967Published by: Puffin BooksAwards:New York Herald Tribune Best Teenage Books List, 1967Chicago Tribune Book World Spring Book Festival Honor Book, 1967Media and Methods Maxi Award, 1975ALA Best Young Adult Books, 1975Massachusetts Children Book Award, 1979 因为我自己没有还过,不知道你要的是不是这篇如果不是可以通知我,帮你再找

1、咱们不喜欢他了好不好，不委屈了好不好。 Let"s not like him. Let"s not be aggrieved. 2、故事我忘了，你，我也不要了。 I forgot the story. I don"t want you. 3、看住时间，别让它再流浪，从前我太适应悲伤。 Watch the time, don"t let it wander again, I used to be too used to sadness. 4、幸福不是得你所想，而是想你所得！ Happiness is not what you think, but what you get! 5、承诺是卑微的，心痛确是永久的。 Commitment is humble, heartache is permanent. 6、只有装作无所谓，才能显得不那么卑微。 Only by pretending that it doesn"t matter, can it be less humble. 7、我庆幸遇见你，却遗憾只是遇见你。 I"m glad to meet you, but I"m sorry to just meet you. 8、我会伤心会难过，只是你从来都不知道。 I will be sad, but you never know. 9、我喜欢你是寂静的，仿佛你消失了一样。 I like you are silent, as if you disappeared. 10、大家都离开了，去向他方！我们都舍去了好多！ Everybody"s gone to the other side! We all gave up a lot! 11、说一句不争了好累，可是倒下后又能依靠谁。 I"m tired, but who can I rely on after I fall down. 12、别总说我假正经，我禽兽的一面你敢接受吗。 Don"t always say I"m serious. Do you dare to accept my animal side. 13、黑名单里的那个人，是我最爱的人。 The person on the blacklist is my favorite. 14、我们互相戴错了面具，于是还未相遇便匆匆失散。 We put on the wrong mask to each other, so we were separated in a hurry before we met. 15、我没有停止爱你，我只是决定不再表现出来。 I didn"t stop loving you, I just decided not to show it. 16、只要不去想，肤浅的快乐其实很容易。 As long as you don"t think about it, superficial happiness is easy. 17、我相信我爱你。依然。始终。永远。 I believe I love you. Still. throughout. Forever. 18、总有一些人在今生里刻骨铭心，却又无奈的错过。 There are always some people in this life unforgettable, but helpless to miss. 19、给我三年时间，三年后想起你绝不会再这么痛。 Give me three years, three years later I think of you will never be so painful. 20、我只是不小心闹了，你就不再对我笑了。 I"m just careless, you don"t laugh at me anymore. 21、不出意外的话，我们这辈子应该不会再见了。 If there"s no accident, we"ll never see each other again. 22、你去做她的盖世英雄吧，我可是混世大魔王。 You go to be her hero. I"m the devil. 23、在光明和黑暗的斗争中，你们选了黑暗。 In the struggle between light and darkness, you chose darkness. 24、爱总是让人哭，让人不满足。 Love always makes people cry and unsatisfied. 25、从小到大，唯一不变的就是那颗不爱读书的心。 From small to large, the only constant is the heart that does not love reading. 26、如果我不变的更好，我拿什么要你后悔。 If I don"t change better, what can I do for you to regret. 27、人要走，千万种理由。 There are thousands of reasons for people to leave. 28、我爱大风和烈酒，却被孤独割破了手。 I love the wind and the liquor, but my hand is cut by loneliness. 29、没有难过，没有失望，也不是很快乐。 Not sad, not disappointed, not very happy. 30、全世界都背叛了你，我也会在你身边。 The whole world has betrayed you, and I will be by your side. 31、等待，是一生最初的苍老。 Waiting is the first aging of life. 32、流落的红尘，是爱用泪水刻写下的伤痕。 The world of mortals, is love with tears carved down the scars. 33、忘了自己曾经多美好，不会脏话，不会笑里藏刀。 Forget how good they used to be, no swearing, no laughing. 34、最后你幸福终老，我泪流满面，却依旧拍手叫好。 In the end, you will be happy and I will cry, but I still applaud. 35、催泪的情书是，你我的聊天记录。 Tearful love letters are the chat records of you and me. 36、越是用尽力气的感情，越是脆弱。 The more exhausted the feelings, the more vulnerable. 37、有时候你远在天边，有时候你近在眼前。 Sometimes you are far away, sometimes you are near. 38、时间不是让人忘了痛，而是让人习惯了痛。 Time is not to let people forget the pain, but to let people get used to the pain. 39、你就像掉进厕所的手机，不要可惜，要了恶心。 You"re like a cell phone falling into the toilet. Don"t be a pity. It"s disgusting. 40、你自由了，把快乐还给我吧。 You"re free. Give me back my happiness. 41、每失一物，必有所得；每得一物，必有所失。 For every thing lost, there is gain; for every thing gained, there is loss. 42、时间是最好的良药，是我吃错药才没有成效。 Time is the best medicine, I take the wrong medicine is not effective. 43、你不知道吧，每一次巧合里都有我的努力。 You don"t know, every coincidence has my efforts. 44、我爱你，爱已深入骨髓，你要我如何割舍。 I love you, love has been deep into the bone marrow, how do you want me to give up. 45、今生都等不来，何必寄往来生。 This life can"t wait, why send it to the next life. 46、尽管我知道结局，明天醒来我还是会喜欢你。 Even though I know the ending, I will like you when I wake up tomorrow. 47、我可以爱迩撕心裂肺，也可以走得干干脆脆。 I can love you, or I can go dry and crisp. 48、我能没有你，就算是我施舍她的可不可以？ Can I give to her without you? 49、深情从来都只有被辜负，只有薄情才会被记住。 Deep love has always been only let down, only love will be remembered. 50、给我一个理由来忘记，一直那么爱你的我。 Give me a reason to forget that I always love you.

SONNET #1 　　by: William Shakespeare 　　FROM fairest creatures we desire increase, 　　That thereby beauty"s rose might never die, 　　But as the riper should by time decease, 　　His tender heir might bear his memory; 　　But thou, contracted to thine own bright eyes, 　　Feed"st thy light"s flame with self-substantial fuel, 　　Making a famine where abundance lies, 　　Thyself thy foe, to thy sweet self too cruel. 　　Thout that are now the world"s fresh ornament 　　And only herald to the gaudy spring, 　　Within thine own bud buriest thy content 　　And, tender churl, mak"st waste in niggarding. 　　Pity the world, or else this glutton be, 　　To eat the world"s due, by the grave and thee. 一 　　对天生的尤物我们要求蕃盛， 　　以便美的玫瑰永远不会枯死， 　　但开透的花朵既要及时凋零， 　　就应把记忆交给娇嫩的后嗣； 　　但你，只和你自己的明眸定情， 　　把自己当燃料喂养眼中的火焰， 　　和自己作对，待自己未免太狠， 　　把一片丰沃的土地变成荒田。 　　你现在是大地的清新的点缀， 　　又是锦绣阳春的唯一的前锋， 　　为什么把富源葬送在嫩蕊里， 　　温柔的鄙夫，要吝啬，反而浪用？ 　　可怜这个世界吧，要不然，贪夫， 　　就吞噬世界的份，由你和坟墓。

　　BUT wherefore do not you a mightier way　　Make war upon this bloody tyrant, Time?　　And fortify yourself in your decay　　With means more blessèd than my barren rime?　　Now stand you on the top of happy hours,　　And many maiden gardens, yet unset,　　With virtuous wish would bear your living flowers,　　Much liker than your painted counterfeit:　　So should the lines of life that life repair　　Which this time"s pencil or my pupil pen,　　Neither in inward worth nor outward fair　　Can make you live yourself in eyes of men.　　To give away yourself keeps yourself still,　　And you must live, drawn by your own sweet skill.　　但是为什么不用更凶的法子　　去抵抗这血淋淋的魔王--时光？　　不用比我的枯笔吉利的武器，　　去防御你的衰朽，把自己加强？　　你现在站在黄金时辰的绝顶，　　许多少女的花园，还未经播种，　　贞洁地切盼你那绚烂的群英，　　比你的画像更酷肖你的真容：　　只有生命的线能把生命重描；　　时光的画笔，或者我这枝弱管，　　无论内心的美或外貌的姣好，　　都不能使你在人们眼前活现。　　献出你自己依然保有你自己，　　而你得活着，靠你自己的妙笔。　　I was her she was me 我就是她 她就是我　　We were one we were free 我们是一个人 我们很自由　　And if there"s somebody calling me on 如果有人在呼唤我　　She"s the one 她就是那个人　　If there"s somebody calling me on 如果有人呼唤我　　She"s the one 那一定是她　　We were young we were wrong 我们很年轻 我们曾做过错事　　We were fine all along 我们一直都很好　　If there"s somebody calling me on 如果有人呼唤我　　She"s the one 她就是那个人　　When you get to where you wanna go 当你去了你想去的地方　　And you know the things you wanna know 你知道了你想知道的事情　　You"re smiling 你会开心的笑　　When you said what you wanna say 当你说出你要说的　　And you know the way you wanna play 按你喜欢的方式做事　　You"ll be so high you"ll be flying 你会感觉你在飞翔　　Though the sea will be strong 尽管困难重重　　I know we"ll carry on 我知道我会继续努力的　　Cos if there"s somebody calling me on 因为如果有人呼唤我　　She"s the one 她就是那个人　　If there"s somebody calling me on 如果有人呼唤我　　She"s the one 她就是那个人

这里by far是一个短语。意思是远远超越。outstrip的宾语是anything achieved by our distant ancestors。所以翻译成蚂蚁远远超越了人类的祖先

Eminem<Sing For The MomentThese ideas are nightmares for white parents Whose worst fear is a child with dyed hair and who likes earrings Like whatever they say has no bearing It"s so scary in a house that allows no swearing To see him walkin" around wit his headphones blaring Alone in his own zone, cold and he don"t care He"s a problem child, what bothers him all comes out When he talks about his ****in" dad walkin" out "Cuz he hates him so bad that he blocks him out "Cuz he hates him so bad that he blocks him out But if he ever saw him again, he"d prolly knock him out His thoughts are whacked, he"s mad so he"s talkin" back Talkin" black, brainwashed from rock and rap He sags his pants, dew-rags and a stockin" cap His stepfather hit him so he socked him back And broke his nose, this house is a broken home There"s no control, he just lets his emotions go- C`mon! Sing with me (Sing!), sing for the year (Sing It!) Sing for the laughter, sing for the tear (C`mon!) Sing it with me, just for today Maybe tomorrow, the good Lord will take you away Entertainment is changin", intertwinin" with gangstas In the land of the killers, a sinner"s mind is a sanctum Only ya unholy, only have one homey Only this gun, lonely, "cuz don"t anyone know me But everybody just feels like they can relate I guess words are a mother****a, they can be great Or they can degrade, or even worse, they can teach hate It"s like kids hang on every single statement we make Like they worship us, plus all the stores ship us platinum Now how the **** did this metamorphosis happen? From standin" on corners and porches just rappin" To havin" a fortune, no more kissin" ass But then these critics crucify you, journalists try to burn you Fans turn on you, attorneys all wanna turn at you To get their hands on every dime you have They want you to lose your mind every time you mad So they can try to make you out to look like a loose cannon Any dispute, don"t hesitate to produce handguns Thats why these prosecutors wanna convict me Strictly just to get me offa these streets quickly But all their kids been listen"n to me religiously So I"m signin" CDs while police fingerprint me They"re for the judge"s daughter, but his grudge is against me If I"m such a ****in" menace, this shit doesn"t make sense B It"s all political, if my music is literal and I"m a criminal, How the FUCK can I raise a little girl? I couldn"t, I wouldn"t be fit to You"re full of shit too, Guerrera, THAT WAS A FIST THAT HIT YOU! C`mon! Sing with me (Sing!), sing for the year (Sing It!) Sing for the laughter, sing for the tear (C`mon!) Sing it with me, just for today Maybe tomorrow, the good Lord will take you away They say music can alter moods and talk to you But can it load a gun for you and cock it too? Well if it can, then the next time you assault a dude Just tell the judge it was my fault, and I"ll get sued See what these kids do, is hear about us totin" pistols And they wanna get one, "cuz they think the shit"s cool Not knowin" we"re really just protectin" ourselves We entertainas, of course this shit"s affectin" our sales You ignoramus, but music is reflection of self We just explain it, and then we get our checks in the mail It"s ****ed up ain"t it, how we can come from practically nothin" To bein" able to have any ****in" thing that we wanted That"s why we sing for these kids that don"t have a thing Except for a dream and a ****in" rap magazine Who post pin-up pictures on their walls all day long Idolize their favorite rappers and know all they songs Or for anyone who"s ever been through shit in they lives So they sit and they cry at night, wishin they die Till they throw on a rap record, and they sit and they vibe We"re nothin" to you, but we the ****in" shit in they eyes That"s why we sieze the moment, try to freeze it and own it Squeeze it and hold it, "cuz we consider these minutes golden And maybe they"ll admit it when we"re gone Just let our spirits live on, through our lyrics that you hear in our songs And we can- C`mon! Sing with me (Sing!), sing for the year (Sing It!) Sing for the laughter, sing for the tear (C`mon!) Sing it with me, just for today Maybe tomorrow, the good Lord will take you away C`mon! Sing with me (Sing!), sing for the year (Sing It!) Sing for the laughter, sing for the tear (C`mon!) Sing it with me, just for today Maybe tomorrow, the good Lord will take you away

Sister,it"s time to get up.

传染病主要包括病毒、细菌、真菌或者寄生虫等。乙类传染病是传染性非典型肺炎、艾滋病、病毒性肝炎、脊髓灰质炎、人感染致病性禽流感、麻疹、流行性出雪热、狂犬病、流行性乙型脑炎、登革热、碳疽、细菌性和阿米巴性痢疾、肺结核、伤寒和副伤寒、流行性脑脊髓膜。丙类传染病包括流行性感冒（简称流感）、流行性腮腺炎、风疹、急性出血性结膜炎、麻风病、流行性和地方性斑诊伤寒、黑热病、包虫病、丝虫病除霍乱、细菌性和阿米巴性痢疾、伤寒和副伤寒以外的感染性腹泻病和手足口病。/iknow-pic.cdn.bcebos.com/1c950a7b02087bf4d1445829fcd3572c10dfcf42"target="_blank"title="点击查看大图"class="ikqb_img_alink">/iknow-pic.cdn.bcebos.com/1c950a7b02087bf4d1445829fcd3572c10dfcf42?x-bce-process=image%2Fresize%2Cm_lfit%2Cw_600%2Ch_800%2Climit_1%2Fquality%2Cq_85%2Fformat%2Cf_auto"esrc="https://iknow-pic.cdn.bcebos.com/1c950a7b02087bf4d1445829fcd3572c10dfcf42"/>扩展资料：传染性是传染病与其他类别疾病的主要区别，传染病意味着病原体能够通过各种途径传染给他人。传染病病人有传染性的时期称为传染期。病原体从宿主排出体外，通过一定方式，到达新的易感染者体内，呈现出一定传染性，其传染强度与病原体种类、数量、毒力、易感人群的免疫状态等有关。传染病的季节性指传染病的发病率，在年度内有季节性升高。此与温度、湿度的改变有关。参考资料：/baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BC%A0%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85/18833?fr=aladdin"target="_blank"title="百度百科-传染病">百度百科-传染病

进入Setting 选择Shipping Settings 开始设置运费。 在“Ships From Location”中点击Edit，选择Shipping Country为对应的地方，国内发货选China，若美国发货选择美国，然后点击Update。亚马逊有两种计算运费的方式，一种是按商品数量或重量收取，另一种是按订单总价阶梯式的收取运费，系统默认的是按照数量或重量收费，点击右Change Shipping Model可以修改成按照订单总价阶梯式来收取运费。点击右边的Edit设置配送区域以及配送费。 第一步是设置配送区域范围和配送服务等级，根据系统规定的最少运达时间进行选择，如果不能在规定时间内送达，就不要选择该配送区域范围与配送服务等级。根据你的服务来选择对应的选项。点击继续亚马逊系统会收取两部分运费，一部分是“per Shipment”每次快递的基础费用和数量或重量的快递费。在Rate Components里选择per Weight是按照“磅"计费。单价设置好后点击Continue继续，检查无误后点击Confirm保存运费设置。 点击Change Shipping Model即进入运费设置模式修改页面，选择Price Banded可以切换到按订单总价阶梯式计费模式。按照不同的配送区域和配送服务设置不同价格区间的配送费，之用后点击Continue。检查所有的费用设置，确认无误后点击Confirm保存。

自1938年以来，今年是德国首度在世界杯于小组赛中被淘汰，法新社在此归纳出5个德国为何会在俄罗斯表现如此糟糕的原因。Low未能统整军心德国总教练Joachim Low过去一直相当信赖阵中的明星球员，但本届世界杯他在俄罗斯并未那麽做。Mesut Ozil和Sami Khedira在首场比赛不敌墨西哥后，面对瑞典时就并未上阵，而他们在出战南韩再度上场时，就未能起到太大的作用。2014年冠军班底Thomas Mueller，在面对南韩时也并未先发，而他替补上场时也没有所发挥，甚至Toni Kroos，这名和皇家马德里一同拿赢下欧冠杯的球员，整个赛事中也不在状况内，只有出战瑞典、踢进关键球的时候才比较像他自己。是该撤换一些过去冠军班底的时候了，有些球员已经不在他们的巅峰状态了。停滞不前2018俄罗斯世界杯可说是重重影响了Low的声望，他长达12年的执教可能将写下句点，即便他在上个月和德国签下了合作至2022年的合约，但他也确实曾表示要好好思考自己的未来。德国在过去12个月以来是停滞不前的，Low并没有为这支球队制定发展什麽战术，他们只是坚守过去赢得世界杯的4-2-3-1阵型，偶尔会再派上3名后卫。德国也一直无法掌控比赛的节奏，而当比赛压力增强时，这便是个更加明显的缺点，面对南韩的关键战役，他们阵中所有明星球员都无法突破南韩的防守。未能培育年轻人才德国去年在没有明星球员的状况下，赢得了国际足总联合会杯冠军，但当时阵中的球员只有Timo Werner成功站稳本次世界杯的先发位置。包括Leon Goretzka、Niklas Suele、Julian Brandt和Sebastian Rudy，这些在联合会杯有所表现的球员，都只有原本的先发班底无法出赛时才拥有上场机会。更别提英超曼联上季最佳的年轻球员Leroy Sane，当德国在俄罗斯迫切需要新血的时候，他从一开始就完全被忽略了，并未在球队的考量之中。比赛型球队的迷思在世界杯正式开踢之前，Kroos和Jerome Boateng都曾自信表示，德国队是支比赛型球队，他们会在比赛正式开始切换模式，而一切都会在比赛开始后顺利进行。但这样的迷思最终完全被墨西哥以及南韩打破，即便他们战胜了瑞典，比赛过程也相当让人紧张。这是阵中太多明星球员仍沉浸在世界冠军的光环中，却未能拿出应有表现的结果。德国在本次世界杯资格赛时拿下了完美的10胜，但后卫Mats Hummels也在不敌南韩后坦言，球队最后一次有真正出色表现，已经是2017年的时候了。而这一切在先前热身赛时便有了警讯。残破的防守德国在本届世界杯的防守表现和上届在巴西时相去甚远，他们的先发后卫Hummels和Boateng都缺乏速度，经常在比赛时落于人后，而刚从骨折伤势复原的门将Manuel Neuer还是得肩负起最后一道防线的重责大任。而他们的后场在防守时总是缺乏冷静的判断力，和4年前在巴西时相去甚远。

中文：我的闹钟我有一个闹钟。我认为他是疲劳的。因为每天他都叫我起床，以至于我从不迟到。它有浅粉色的外壳，红色的指针。漂亮极了。我真的喜欢它。看！它是多么可爱啊。我爱我的闹钟。有了它，妈妈也不用辛苦了。我认为闹钟是人人工作不可缺少的，否则就会迟到。英文： My alarm clock I have an alarm clock. I think he is tired. Because every day he called me up, that I never late. It has light pink shell, the red pointer. Very beautiful. I really like it. See! It is so lovely. I love my alarm clock. With it, the mother also need not hard. I think the clock is everybody work indispensable, otherwise you will be late.绝对原创，望采纳。

最近有小伙伴向小编咨询，有关，一起了解一下吧。先百度到客道巴巴的文件，如下图所示然后复制文件变体如不要关闭网页，最后还会用到，下图所示打开百度搜索，输入文件名+空格+客道巴巴(如：毕业论文中英文文献翻译机械毕业论文客道巴巴)如下图所示然后点击搜索一下，如下图所示在搜索到的资源中选择需要文件的的百度快照，如下图所示道客巴巴|

　　钟表是人们为了用于报时而制造出来的东西，钟表的存在也确实大大方便了人们的生活。想知道钟表的英文怎么读吗?那就跟我一起看下面的古钟表的知识吧。 　　钟表的英文释义 　　<名>bell ; clock ; time ; handleless cup 　　网 络clock;bell;zhong;Chung 　　钟表的英文例句 　　直到听到闹钟的铃声我才醒来。 　　I didn"t wake up until I heard the alarm clock. 　　这只钟发出很响的滴答声。 　　The clock ticks very loudly. 　　我的钟一定是坏了。 　　There must be something wrong with my clock. 　　电视机设定在10点钟自动打开。 　　The video is programmed to switch on at ten o"clock. 　　我在七点钟的新闻报道中听到了这则消息。 　　I heard it on the 7 o"clock news. 　　现在是六点钟左右。 　　It is about six o"clock now. 　　在这个钟上加上给出的分钟数,然后在空的钟上画出新的时间。 　　Add the minutes onto the clock and then draw the new time on the blank clock. 　　敲钟人鸣钟送走旧岁，接着又鸣钟迎来新年。 　　The ringers rang out the old year before ringing in the new. 　　我们将会从第一分钟战斗到最后一秒钟。 　　We will have to fight from the first minute to the last second of extra time.. 　　钟表的英语 句子 带翻译 　　1. He stole a glance at the clock behind her. 他偷偷地看了一眼她背后的 钟 。 　　2. The clock is available with either Roman or Arabic numerals. 这款 钟 有带罗马数字的，也有带阿拉伯数字的。 　　3. We decided to leave on the ebb at six o"clock next morning. 我们决定第二天早晨6点 钟 趁退潮时离开。 　　4. An old-fashioned bell tinkled as he pushed open the door. 当他推开门时，一口旧式的 钟 丁零零地响了起来。 　　5. As the town clock struck two, they heard the roll of drums. 当小镇的时钟敲响两点 钟 时，他们听到了隆隆的鼓声。 　　6. They worked without a break until about eight in the evening. 他们一刻不停地干到晚上8点 钟 左右。 　　7. Eve, squinting at the clock, saw it was just on 7 a.m. 伊夫眯着眼瞥了一下 钟 ，看到差不多是早上7点 钟 。 　　8. We could still make it, but we won"t get there till three. 我们仍然可以赶去，只不过要到3点 钟 才能到。 　　9. He was awake at 3am, mooching about in the darkness. 他凌晨3点 钟 醒来，在黑暗中摸索。 　　10. A wind-up clock ticked busily from the kitchen counter. 一只上了弦的 钟 在厨房的案子上嘀嗒响个不停。 　　11. At seven o"clock the night nurse came in to relieve her. 7点 钟 的时候夜班护士来接她的班。 　　12. A young man sounds the bell to start the Sunday service. 一个年轻人鸣 钟 宣布周日的礼拜开始了。 　　13. At six p.m. large groups poured from the numerous offices. 下午6点 钟 大群大群的人从无数办公楼里蜂拥而出。 　　14. It gave a metallic clang, like a cracked bell. 它发出了金属碰击般的哐啷声，跟破 钟 似的。 　　15. The trouble began just after ten o"clock last night. 昨晚刚过10点 钟 麻烦就开始了。 　　16. Knock at my window at eight o"clock and I"ll be ready. 8点 钟 敲我的窗，我会准备好的。 　　17. By mid-morning, the temperature was already above 100 degrees Fahrenheit. 到早上10点 钟 ，温度已经超过100华氏度了。 　　18. I think I got there about four and left about half past. 我想我是4点 钟 左右到达那里，大约半个小时后离开的。 　　19. They slept till the alarm bleeper woke them at four. 他们一直睡到4点 钟 被寻呼机闹钟叫醒. 　　20. I shall be calling for you at seven o"clock. 7点 钟 我来接你。 猜你喜欢： 1. 15的英文单词怎么读 2. 1到30的英文怎么读 3. 长度的英文怎么读 4. 12个月的英文怎么读 5. 周一到周日的英文怎么读 6. 1到12的英文怎么读

1 概述 测定细菌在体外抗菌药物敏感性（以下称药敏试验）的试验方法很多。 绝大多数临床实验室以琼脂扩散法作为常规方法测定常见的快速生长的病原菌。 本文介绍的是标准纸片扩散法。 本文提出的一系列建议有助于药敏试验的标准化。 具体地叙述了现行推荐方法的操作步骤，及其适应性和局限性。 本文还重温了国际协作研究会（ICS）的有关建议和食品药物管理局（FDA）的有关规定，并采纳了其中的有关章节。 只根据是否出现抑菌环而不考虑其大小来判断细菌对抗菌药物敏感性的试验方法，结果是不准确的。 纸片扩散法试验必须遵循标准的方法学原理，并根据抑菌环与最低抑菌浓度的相关性，并结合临床上已知敏感或耐药菌株的状况进行标准化，结果才能可靠。 要得到可靠结果，必须严格地按照本文的方法进行操作。 美国临床实验室标准化委员会（NCCLS）下设的纸片扩散法药敏试验分委员会推荐的标准方法，以Bauer等介绍的方法为基础，是目前叙述最完整的试验方法。 其中的解释标准是综合临床和实验室的数据发展而来，并得到证实。 本文介绍的是现行纸片扩散法药敏试验的操作、质量控制以及解释标准。 当发现新问题并有所改进时，将并入新版本，以非正式文件补充发布。 纸片法抗菌药物敏感实验操作标准 2 做药敏试验的指证 任何细菌引起的感染均需要治疗。 如果依细菌的种类不能预知其敏感性，就应做药敏试验。 通常，鉴定和药敏试验是同时进行的。 当致病菌属于一种对一般常用抗菌药物耐药的细菌，最需要做药敏试验。 细菌耐药机制包括：产生灭活药物的酶，药物耙位改变，或药物进入细胞的方式发生变化。 有些细菌的抗菌药物敏感性可以预知。 当感染由一种对某高效抗菌药物敏感的细菌引起时，就不必做药敏试验（如，化脓性链球菌对青霉素专性敏感）。 但对青霉素过敏的病人，分离出的化脓性链球菌也许要测一下红霉素和四环素的敏感性，以便发现有无耐药性。 细菌耐药性流行病学研究及新抗菌药物的研究也需要做药敏试验。 做药敏试验，应从分离平板上挑选各种疑为致病菌的单个菌落，同时做菌种鉴定。 不同菌种不可在同一平板上做混合细菌药敏试验。 一般避免用临床标本（如无菌体液和尿液）直接做药敏，除非临床上急需且革兰氏染色只见到单一菌种，但随后应再以标准方法重做。 对感染性质不同，标本中混有浑浊细菌或正常菌群的情况，其中的细菌也许与感染治疗关系不大，常不必做药敏，不然反会招致错误的引导。 3 常规测定药物的选择 要测定和报告给哪些药物，须与感染科医生、医院的药品委员会及感染控制委员会协商，然后由实验室制定最合适的方案。 表1和表1A列出了治疗各类细菌感染有效的药物，其体外药敏试验结果也有助于感染的控制及流行病学研究。 3.1 常规报告 表1和表1A列出的抗菌药物是我们目前认为比较适合的。 选药时做了多方面考虑，包括微生物学、临床药理学因素及美国FDA认可的临床适用性和疗效。 为了避免误导，给临床医生的报告应只包括治疗上有用的药物，如表1和表1A。 根据情况需要，可在此基础上增减。 为了积累分类学和流行病学资料也可选择用于治疗以外的药物，但结果仅限于实验室内的感染控制医生或医院感染流行学专家用，不可报给临床医生。 3.2 使用认可的名称 所有抗菌药物均采用官方认可的名称以避免混淆。 为了强调大多数现用抗生素之间的关系，按药物的种类分组如下： 3.2.1 β－内酰胺类 所有β－内酰胺类药物都具有相同的中央β－内酰胺环结构，并以抑制细胞壁合成为主要作用机理。 β－内酰胺环上的取代环结构或取代基决定了药物属于青霉素类、头孢烯类、碳头孢烯类、碳青霉烯类或单环类。 3.2.1.1 青霉素类 青霉素主要针对不产β－内酰胺酶的革兰氏阳性菌和某些娇嫩革兰氏阴性菌。 酰胺类青霉素（氨苄西林和阿莫西林）和酰脲基青霉素（美洛西林和哌拉西林）对革兰氏阴性菌的抗菌范围更大，对很多假单胞菌有效。 耐青霉素酶的青霉素（氯唑西林、双氯西林、假氧西林、乙氧西林和苯唑西林）主要针对革兰氏阳性菌如产青霉素酶的葡萄球菌。 3.2.1.2 β－内酰胺类/β－内酰胺酶抑制合剂类 这类药物由一种青霉素和一种抗菌活性小但可抑制某些β－内酰胺酶作用的物质组成合剂。 目前使用的抑制剂有三种：棒酸、舒巴坦和他唑巴坦。 合剂的抗菌效果不可仅靠合剂中青霉素药敏试验的结果预测。 3.2.1.3 头孢烯类（包括头孢菌素类） 3.2.1.4 碳青霉烯类 碳青霉烯类药物在结构上与青霉素稍有不同，对β－内酰胺酶有更强抗水解力，对革兰氏阳性和阴性菌的抗菌谱更广。 3.2.1.5 单环类 单环类结构独特，仅对须氧革兰氏阴性菌有作用。 目前，氨曲南是美国FDA唯一通过的单环类药物。 3.2.2 粘肽类 粘肽类化学结构复杂，主要抑制细胞壁合成，但作用位点不同于β－内酰胺类。 这类药物主要针对革兰氏阳性菌。 万古霉素主要用于治疗对青霉素过敏病人的革兰氏阳性菌感染。 还用于治疗β－内酰胺类药物耐药的革兰氏阳性菌，如MSRA和某些肠球菌。 3.2.3 氨基糖苷类 这类药物结构类似，在核糖体水平抑制蛋白质合成。 由于对氨基糖苷灭活酶的耐受性的差异，不同药物的抗菌谱也有所不同。 此类药物主要治疗须氧革兰氏阳性菌感染，或主要作用于细胞壁的抗生素联合治疗某些耐药革兰氏阳性菌，如肠球菌。 3.2.4 大环内脂类 此类药物结构相似，在核糖体水平抑制蛋白质的合成。 此类中仅有几种现仍用于测试革兰氏阳性菌或柔嫩革兰氏阳性菌。 3.2.5 四环素类 此类药物在核糖体水平抑制某些革兰氏阳性和阴性菌的蛋白质合成。 此类药物极为相似，少有例外，常规测四环素即可。 3.2.6 喹诺酮类 此类药物结构相似，主要是抑制许多革兰氏阳性菌和阴性菌的DNA螺旋酶活性。 各药的抗菌谱不完全一致，应分别测定。 3.2.7 磺胺类和甲氧苄氨嘧啶（TMP） 此类药物包括几种化疗制剂，抗菌谱相同，可抑制细菌的叶酸代谢。 磺胺甲基异恶唑最常用，主要用于治疗尿路感染。 药敏试验可选此药。 磺胺甲基异恶唑常与TMP合用，它们分别在革兰氏阳性菌和阴性菌叶酸代谢的两个步骤中起抑制作用。 3.2.8 其他药物 氯霉素、克拉霉素和利福平均是抑制蛋白质合成，但彼此在结构上没有关系，均需作体外测试。 呋喃妥因在核糖体水平抑制蛋白质合成，此药在体液中浓度极低，通常只用于泌尿系感染。 3.3 选药指南 为使常规药敏试验合理，应限制测定药物的数量。 表1和表1A足以满足大多数临床实验室常规工作的需要。 该表按特定菌或菌群分若干组，将各种抗生素择优次序排列，供常规实验室选择。 表中每格列的一组相似抗生素，疗效相似，不必重复选择。 以“或”相连的药物，抗菌谱类似，表现为交叉耐药。 因此，每格（一类或相关组）中的药物只需选择一种。 一般，每种药物的药敏结果必须经过测定后才能报告，个别情况可以根据另外的药物的结果推测（如葡萄球菌对头孢类的结果可根据苯唑西林的结果推测）。 选择的药物应与医院常用药物吻合。 3.4 常规报告和选择性报告的原则 如表1和表1A所列，属于A组的药物，是常规首选药物，对每一特定的菌类应做相应的报告。 B组包括了临床上重要的药物，特别是对院内感染，应该作为首选药。 但是，报告是有条件的：只有当A组中同类药物不敏感时才报告。 其他情况还有：特定的标本（如CSF中分离的肠杆菌应测三代头孢菌素，或泌尿系菌株测TMP/SMZ）；混合感染；多部位感染；药物敏感，明显副作用，或对A组药物治疗失败；为控制感染收集流行病学指标等。 C组包括替代或后备药物，其适用的情况包括：治疗某些地方或流行性疾病，或对首选药物（特别是同类药，如β－内酰胺类或氨基糖苷类药物）多重耐药的菌株；治疗对首选药物过敏的病人；治疗不常见的菌种（如氯霉素治疗沙门氏菌或某些假单胞菌）以及为控制感染收集流行病学资料（如产杆菌测氯霉素和卡那霉素）的等。 D组包括仅限于泌尿系感染使用的药物（如呋喃妥因和有机酸类），其他部位感染的细菌无需测定。 每个实验室都应决定哪些药物（表1和表1A）作为常规（A组）报告，哪些只是作为选择性报告（B组）报告，这需要与传染科医生、药品委员会及医院感染控制委员会成员共同商讨。 选择性报告须有助于对该报告的理解，并促进降低由于滥用抗菌药物所造成的耐药菌增加。 虽然B组药物的试验结果不作为常规报告，但是，一旦临床需要应该及时提供，或者对特定的标本作为常规报告。 异常耐药应该报告，如对二线药物耐药但对一线药物敏感的现象。 4.0 试剂 4.1 Mueller-Hinton琼脂 在现有的许多培养基中，我们认为Mueller-Hinton琼脂最适合于常规敏感试验，理由是：（1）产品批间试验结果重复性好；（2）磺胺、甲氧苄氨嘧啶、四环素的抑制物含量低；（3）绝大多数致病菌生长较好；（4）大量有关敏感试验的数据是由此培养基得出的。 尽管Mueller-Hinton琼脂通常是可靠的，但是偶然产品也有批间差。 如果一批培养基不能很好地保证细菌生长，抑菌环则增大，超出质控范围，造成错误结果。 只有按NCCLS M6-P做过试验并符合规定的培养基才能使用。 4.1.1 制备Mueller-Hinton琼脂 制备Mueller-Hinton琼脂的步骤如下：（1）按产品说明用干粉培养基制备；（2）高压灭菌后立即放40－50℃水浴；（3）平皿置水平台上，新制备的培养基待凉后倒平板，琼脂厚度为4mm。 内径14cm的平皿需要培养基约60－70ml，内径9cm平皿约需25－30ml。 玻璃或塑料平皿均可使用，但平皿底应平坦；（4）待平板冷至室温，留下当日使用的，其他放入冰箱（2－8℃）保存；（5）平板许在7日内用完。 如用塑料袋包裹，水份不蒸发的可适当延长使用期。 过期培养基须以质控菌株按4.3节介绍的方法测定，合格者方可使用；（6）每批制备的平板，应抽样30－35℃ 24小时以上，检查是否无菌。 抽样的平板不可再用。 4.1.2 pH值 每批Mueller-Hinton琼脂，制备时应检查pH值。 检查方法依实验室所具备的设备条件。 培养基的pH值室温下应为7.2-7.4，测pH值应在琼脂凝固后进行。 如果pH值偏低，某些药的活性会下降（如氨基糖苷类和大环内脂类），另一些药的活性可能会增强（如青霉素类）；如果pH值偏高，效果相反。 pH值测定方法有：（1）将pH电极浸入融化的琼脂培养基中；（2）琼脂放入烧杯中融化，然后使其凝固在pH电极上；（3）使用平面电极。 4.1.3 水份 使用前，琼脂平板表面如有水份，须放恒温箱（35℃），恒温箱门半开，使水份蒸发（10－30分钟）。 琼脂表面应潮湿，但不应有水珠。 培养时，平皿盖上也不应有水珠。 4.1.4 胸腺嘧啶核苷和胸腺嘧啶的作用 如培养基含有过量的胸腺嘧啶核苷和胸腺嘧啶，磺胺药和甲氧苄氨嘧啶的活力被抵消，则抑菌环较小或不清楚，甚至无抑菌环，导致假耐药的报告。 购买培养基时，应注意挑选无胸腺嘧啶核苷的Mueller-Hinton琼脂。 可以用标准的质控菌株粪肠球菌ATCC29212或33186测试复方磺胺的纸片，评价新批号的Mueller-Hinton琼脂。 培养基上出现直径大于20mm的抑菌环为合格。 不合格的培养基上不出现抑菌环、环内有细菌生长或抑菌环小于20mm。 4.1.5 二价离子的影响 二价离子，主要是镁和钙离子，影响四环素、多粘菌素、氨基糖苷类药物对绿脓假单胞菌的测定结果。 阳离子过量抑菌环变小，浓度过低抑菌环增大。 锌离子可影响羧基青霉素的结果。 每批培养基都应测试，看是否符合表3的质量控制要求。 应细致观察质控菌株的测定结果，观察是否有由培养基引起的误差。 4.1.6 被测菌株生长不好的解决办法 只有能够在未强化的Mueller-Hinton琼脂培养基上生长良好的须氧菌或兼性厌氧菌才能在此培养基上做药敏试验。 某些娇嫩细菌，如嗜血杆菌、淋病奈瑟氏菌、肺炎链球菌、草绿色链球菌、β溶血链球菌在未强化的Mueller-Hinton琼脂培养基上生长不良。 这类细菌，需用经强化或另外的培养基，具体做法见第六节。 （另见表4） 4.2 药敏纸片的保存 药敏纸片应注意保存在干燥环境。 按下法保存：（1）在8℃以下保存，或－14℃以下冷冻保存。 β－内酰胺类药的纸片应密封冷冻保存，仅取少量作为日常使用，在冰箱里保存约一周。 有些不稳定的抗生素（如头孢拉定、棒酸合剂）须冷冻保存，用时取出；（2）纸片应在使用前1－2小时从冰箱取出，暖至室温再打开，以避免出现冷凝水；（3）纸片启封后应放入可密封的有干燥剂的容器中；（4）纸片只能在有效期内使用，过期应弃去。 4.3 标准比浊管 用硫酸钡比浊管（0.5麦氏比浊标准），标定接种菌液浓度。 比浊管制备方法如下：（1）0.048mol/L BaCl2，（1.175% w/v BaCl2·2H2O）0.5ml，加到99.5ml的0.18 mol/L（0.36N）H2SO4（1％v/v）溶液中，制成比浊管；（2）用光径为1cm的分光光度计测定光吸收来标定比浊管。 0.5麦氏标准比浊管在625nm波长的吸收光度应为0.08-0.1；（3）选管径与制备菌液试管相同的螺口试管，每管分装4－6ml；（4）将试管帽拧紧，放室温暗处保存；（5）用前，将比浊管在旋转振荡器上混匀。 如出现大颗粒，应更换；（6）每个月更换比浊管或复检比浊管的浊度。 5 操作步骤 5.1 制备接种菌液 5.1.1 增菌法 步骤如下：（1）选琼脂平板上形态相同的菌落至少4－5个，用接种环挑其顶部，移至4－5ml肉汤或大豆酪蛋白消化液中；（2）置35℃培养至菌液浓度达到或超过比浊管浓度（一般需2－6小时），浓度约1－2×108CFU/ml；（3）用生理盐水或肉汤校正菌液浓度，与比浊管相同。 可用光电比浊。 目测比浊须在适当光照下以黑色线条为反衬。 5.1.2 直接菌悬液法 步骤如下：（1）做常规药敏试验，可直接用过夜培养的菌落（必须用无选择性培养基平板，如普通琼脂培养基）在盐水或肉汤中制备接种菌液。 菌液浓度调至0.5麦氏管；(2)此法适用于在肉汤培养基中生长不好的细菌如嗜血杆菌、淋病奈瑟氏菌和链球菌及葡萄球菌的甲氧苯青霉素或苯唑青霉素的耐药试验；（3）当用此法做复方磺胺药的试验时，从平板上直接挑菌落时会携带相当量的拮抗剂，造成敏感菌株的抑菌环内出现轻微的生长菌膜。 5.2 接种平板 步骤如下：（1）校正的菌液须在15分钟内使用。 用一无菌棉试子蘸取菌液并在上端管壁旋转挤压几次，去掉过多的菌液；（2）用试子涂布整个琼脂平板表面，反复涂布几次，每次将平皿旋转60度，保证涂布均匀。 （3）将平皿盖打开3－5分钟，使培养基表面的水份吸收掉。 然后贴药敏纸片；（4）注意：避免用过浓的菌液，禁用未经稀释菌或其他不标准菌液接种平板。 5.3 贴纸片 （1）接种平板后，贴上药敏纸片。 用镊子或针尖压一下纸片使其与培养基表面贴牢。 纸片要贴得均匀，纸片与纸片中心距离不得小于24mm。 原则上，直径150mm得平板贴12张纸片，直径100mm平板贴5张纸片。 纸片贴后不应再移动，因为有些药物会立即扩散；（2）贴上纸片15分钟内，须把平板倒放在35℃恒温箱中。 因为抑菌环解释标准是在普通环境中标定的，所以除嗜血杆菌和淋病奈瑟氏菌外，平板不可放在高CO2的环境中。 CO2与某些因素作用可使抑菌环增大。 5.4 读取结果 （1）经16－18小时培养后，观察结果。 菌液浓度适合且涂得好，抑菌环规则，细菌呈融合生长。 如果出现单个菌落，说明接种量小，需重做试验，测量抑菌环直径须包含纸片直径：手持平皿从背面目测检查每快平板，借反射光（黑色无放光背景），用卡尺、普通尺或特制的模板量取抑菌环直径，单位为毫米。 培养基中如果加了血液，须打开平皿盖，借反射光，从正面量抑菌环。 如果是葡萄球菌或肠球菌，须培养24小时后，经投射光检查苯唑青霉素和万古霉素的抑菌环内有无耐药菌株的生长。 抑菌环内有任何生长的表现都表明是耐药菌株。 （2）肉眼见不到细菌明显生长的区域为抑菌环边缘，有很难辨认的细小菌落不算。 如抑菌环内有大量细菌生长，须再移植出来，重新鉴定，重新做药敏试验。 变形菌在某些抗菌药物纸片周围可弥漫生长到抑菌的区域内，当抑菌环边缘清楚，弥漫生长不算。 甲氧苄氨嘧啶和磺胺药的拮抗剂会支持细菌生长，因而测这类药时可忽略轻微生长（80％以上受抑制），以浓密生长的区域作为抑菌环的界限。 用加血的培养基测链球菌，测量抑菌环时不包括溶血环。 （3）参照表2的标准对抑菌环的大小作出解释，以敏感、中介或耐药的形式解释结果。 6 娇嫩细菌 Mueller-Hinton培养基只适用于快速生长的细菌，一般不适于测定娇嫩细菌。 娇嫩细菌的药敏试验如果要用纸片法做，培养基、质量控制方法、解释标准都须做修改以适合每种细菌。 以下介绍的纸片方法用于流感嗜血杆菌，淋病奈瑟氏菌和肺炎链球菌等娇嫩细菌，结果是准确的。 其他细菌须用稀释法测定。 厌氧菌不能用纸片扩散法测定抗菌药物敏感性。 6.1 嗜血杆菌 6.1.1 培养基 纸片扩散法试验适用的培养基称为：嗜血杆菌试验培养基（HTM），配方如下：（1）Mueller-Hinton琼脂；（2）15μg/mlNAD；（3）15μg/ml牛血红素；（4）5μg/ml酵母粉；（5）pH7.2-7.4；配制HTM，先配制血红素贮存液：50mg血红素加到100ml 0.01M热NaOH液中，搅拌至粉末完全融解。 此贮存液30ml加入到1000mlM-H琼脂中，再加入5g酵母粉。 高压灭菌，冷却后，加入3mlNAD贮存液（50mgNAD溶于10ml蒸馏水，过滤除菌）。 不能用巧克力M-H琼脂做嗜血杆菌的药敏试验。 6.1.2 操作步骤 用过夜培养的巧克力平板上的菌落制备接种菌液，操作如下：（1）直接用过夜培养的巧克力平板上的菌落在M-H肉汤或生理盐水中调制菌悬液，用光度仪与0.5麦氏比浊管比浊，校正浓度。 合格的菌液浓度为：1－4×108CFU/ml。 制备菌液应特别注意，菌液浓度过高可导致出现对某些β－内酰胺类药物的假耐药结果，特别是某些产β－内酰胺酶的流感嗜血杆菌。 菌液须在15分钟内使用。 （2）其他步骤按5.2操作，不同处在于：直径150mm平板至多贴9张纸片。 （3）平板放5－7％CO2环境，35℃过夜孵育16－18小时，测量抑菌环直径。 6.1.3 抑菌环解释标准 嗜血杆菌应测的药物浓度见表1A，按表2A列出的抑菌环解释标准判定结果。 除此之外无需测定其他药物。 6.2 淋病奈瑟氏菌 6.2.1 培养基 测定淋病奈瑟氏菌的标准培养基是加有1％添加剂的GC琼脂，不必补充其他添加剂，也不能用强化的巧克力琼脂。 6.2.2 操作步骤 （1）直接用过夜培养的巧克力平板上的菌液在M-H肉汤或生理盐水中调至菌悬液，用光度仪与0.5麦氏比浊管比浊，校正浓度。 菌液须在15分钟内使用。 （2）其他步骤按5.2操作，不同之处在于：直径150mm平板至多贴9张纸片，100mm平板至多贴4张。 （3）平板放5－7％CO2环境35℃孵育20－24小时后，测量抑菌环直径。 6.2.3 抑菌环解释标准 淋病奈瑟氏菌应测的药物见表1A，按表2B列出的抑菌环解释标准判断结果。 除此之外无需测其他药物。 注：在10U青霉素纸片周围产生的抑菌环≤19mm的菌株，一般均产生β－内酰胺酶。 确认这种由质粒决定的耐药性菌株，应当做β－内酰胺酶试验。 质粒决定的对四环素耐药的菌株，抑菌环直径≤19mm（30μg四环素纸片）。 此外，由染色体决定的对青霉素和四环素耐药的菌株所产生的抑菌环较大，解释标准见表2B。 6.3 肺炎链球菌和其他链球菌 6.3.1 培养基 用加5％脱纤维羊血的M-H琼脂做肺炎链球菌和其他链球菌的药敏试验。 6.3.2 操作步骤 （1）直接用过夜培养的血平板上的菌落在M-H肉汤或生理盐水中调制菌悬液，用光度仪与0.5麦氏比浊管比浊，校正浓度。 菌液须在15分钟内使用。 （2）其他步骤按5.2操作，不同处在于：直径150mm平板至多贴9张纸片，100mm平板至多贴4张。 （3）平板放5％CO2环境35℃孵育20－24小时后，测量抑菌环直径。 6.3.3 抑菌环解释标准 肺炎链球菌和其他链球菌应测的药物见表1A，按表2C列出的抑菌环解释标准判定结果。 注：对青霉素敏感的菌株，苯唑西林抑菌环直径≥20mm。 耐药和相对耐药的菌株抑菌环直径≤19mm，不能报告对青霉素耐药或中度耐药，须测MIC。 苯唑西林药敏结果只能推测肺炎链球菌对青霉素的药敏，不能推测其他链球菌对青霉素的药敏。 从无菌部位（如脑脊液、血液、骨髓等）分离的草绿色链球菌须测青霉素MIC。 草绿色链球菌的青霉素药敏试验不能用纸片法。 6.4 甲氧苯青霉素耐药的葡萄球菌 仍有不少实验室在检测MRS时会遇到问题，为了更好检出这种菌株，需了解以下几点：（1）用苯唑西林纸片而不是甲氧西林或乙氧西林。 因此，用1μg苯唑西林纸片检测甲氧西林/苯唑西林的耐药性。 （2）直接用菌悬液法（5.1.2）接种。 （3）检测MRS必须在35℃孵育满24小时（而不是16－18小时）。 （4）借透射光仔细检查苯唑西林纸片周围抑菌环内有无细小菌落或轻微弥漫生长。 （5）MRS通常对多种抗生素耐药，包括β－内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、大环内脂类、氯霉素类和四环素类。 了解是否多重耐药有助于推测对甲氧西林耐药性。 （6）如果纸片法结果有疑问，需以筛选试验验证。 （7）甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和甲氧西林耐药凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对所有头孢菌素类和β－内酰胺类如阿莫西林/棒酸、阿莫西林/舒巴坦和依米配能耐药，无论体外试验结果如何。 因为，至今的文献报道，β－内酰胺类药物治疗甲氧西林耐药的感染效果很差，几乎没有治疗成功的资料。 6.5 耐药肠球菌 6.5.1 青霉素/氨苄西林药敏试验 肠球菌对青霉素和氨苄西林耐药系因为产生低亲和力的青霉素结合蛋白（PBPs），个别菌株是由于产生β－内酰胺酶。 纸片法药敏试验可准确测定PBPs改变的菌株，但对产β－内酰胺酶的菌株结果不可靠。 此类菌株应测β－内酰胺酶。 6.5.2 万古霉素药敏试验 肠球菌的纸片法万古霉素药敏试验，平板必须孵育24小时（而不是16－18小时），借投射光仔细检查抑菌环内有无小菌落或弥漫生长。 纸片法结果为中介度时应测MIC. 6.5.3 氨基糖苷类高水平耐药试验 对氨基糖苷类药物高水平耐药，可提示不能用青霉素或粘肽类与氨基糖苷类联合用药治疗肠球菌的感染。 用高浓度庆大霉素（120μg）和链霉素（300μg）纸片筛选这类耐药菌株。 无抑菌环为耐药，抑菌环≥10mm为非高水平耐药。 抑菌环在7－9mm之间再用稀释法筛选试验测定。 特殊高浓度纸片的质控见表3。 不必测其他氨基糖苷类药物，因为没有比庆大霉素或链霉素更强的同类药。 6.6 测定产超广谱β－内酰胺酶的革兰氏阳性杆菌 超广谱β－内酰胺酶（ESBLs）是新认识的一类由质粒介导的β－内酰胺酶，如TEM-1、TEM-2、SHV-1。 ESBLS导致肺炎克雷白氏菌、产酸克雷白氏菌、大肠埃希氏菌和另外几种肠杆菌出现对头孢三嗪、头孢他啶、氨曲南和广谱青霉素类及结构相关的β－内酰胺类药物的耐药。 某些ESBLs导致高水平耐药，须用纸片法检测。 另有低水平耐药株或只能用某个β－内酰胺类药才能测出来。 这类菌株的MIC达不到NCCLS规定的耐药分界点，但临床治疗无效。 克雷白氏菌和大肠埃希氏菌的临床分离株如果对博拿霉素、头孢他啶、氨曲南、头孢胺噻肟或头孢三嗪的抑菌环减小，提示具有ESBL。 细菌产生ESBL时，加入棒酸，抑菌环增大。 ESBL测定的可靠方法尚在研究中。 目前可参考表1和表4。 7 β－内酰胺酶试验 7.1 目的 对嗜血杆菌、淋病奈瑟氏菌和卡他莫拉氏菌，快速β－内酰胺酶试验比纸片法药敏试验的结果快。 对产β－内酰胺酶的肠球菌，这是唯一可靠方法。 β－内酰胺酶试验阳性可推测：（1）淋病奈瑟氏菌、嗜血杆菌、卡他布兰汉氏菌对青霉素、氨苄青霉素和羟氨苄青霉素的耐药；（2）葡萄球菌对青霉素及氨基、羧基和酰尿基青霉素类药物的耐药性。

inductive reasoning 是说你从一个你观察到的现象得到一个结论，一个原则。example：我目前看到过的所有羊都是白的，利用inductive reasoning, 我总结羊一定全都是白色的deductive reasoning 是说你已经知道一个原则了， 而你利用这个原则来预料你会看到什么现象example: 你知道的定律是所有的乌龟都有壳，那么你现在有一个乌龟，你预料到这个乌龟一定也有壳希望对你有帮助， 我不知道他们中文的翻译是什么