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"Learning a language is easy. Even a child can do it!"Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement. For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice, and even this will no guarantee success for every adult language learner.Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning. Conversely, some people who are successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields.Language teachers often offer advice to language learners: "Read as much as you can in the new language." "Practice speaking the language every day." "Live with people who speak the language." "Don"t translate - try to think in the new language." "Learn as a child would learn; play with the language."But what does a successful language learner do? Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their own way to learn the language, Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. They are good guessers who look for clues and form their own conclusions. When they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from their mistakes.Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore, Successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things; they are willing to make mistakes and try again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information what is inexact or incomplete. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of very word.Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them. They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it.What kind of language learner are you? If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully. On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.

你知道二月二日是土拨鼠日（土拨鼠日）？相传，今天上午，如果土拨鼠可以看到它的身影，将有六周的冬季。如果不能看到自己的影子，春天在路上。一些人认为，预测方法是相当任意的，往往是不正确的。另一些人则认为它是重要的因为它承认自然的不同部分以某种方式连接。每一部分都是依赖于一个健康的系统的其余部分。一些农民关注的鸭和鹅的行为时，预测天气。它是猜一个初冬的明智的是当你看到鸭子和鹅在十月南移动。许多狗主人可以告诉当冬天或春天会来抚摸着自己的宠物。在准备冬天，一只狗的头发变厚。狗失去头发，弹簧套在。信息收集的性质可以帮助人们采取反对严冬或暴风雨的预防措施。有些动物甚至可以检测到地震何时发生。人们持有这种信仰更进一步说，收集的信息往往是不值钱的，电脑自然更准确：我们是不是该开始关注我们身边的是什么？

不算。所谓玄幻一般是指空想出来的，其主要的特点是故事发生的背景或者所陆地是现实中没有出现过的，更不可能是现实中的大陆。吸血鬼之类的文章，以前都有过，特别是在西方传说中。只是近些年来被中国网络文学的写作者大量引用，不能算是玄幻小说。

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Asterix是关于一个村子中的人的一个故事。这个故事的主人公是个男人。他身材短小，但是十分聪明。他有一个朋友叫Obelix，他非常强壮，总是举着一块大石头到处走。Asterix与他的朋友们在罗马人身上开了许多玩笑。Matilda是关于一个喜欢书的小女孩的故事。她的父母十分可憎。他们毫不关心Matilda，而总是自己看自己的电视。Matilda喜欢她的老师，惧怕校长Trunchbull小姐的Honey小姐。有一天校长攻击了Matilda。在那个时候Matilda发现了她自己可以轻而易举地与成年人打架。Deenie是一个关于一个13岁女孩的故事。她十分的漂亮，她的母亲希望她有一天能够成为一位模特。但是Deenie的背部有点问题，所以她要放弃许多她所喜欢做的事。对于Deenie来说，生活是不容易的。《超人》是一个关于美国人Clark Kent的故事。他是一个正常人，但是当人们需要他的时候，他就变成了一个英雄。他能飞，而且他非常的有力量。他帮助那些在危险中的人们。他经常与恶人做斗争，并经常取得胜利。

翻译成什么语种？

【主要作品】 1827: 《克伦威尔》(Cromwell) (剧本) 1829:《东方诗集》(les Orientales) (诗) 1830:《欧那尼》 (Hernani) (戏本) 1831:《钟楼怪人》(Notre-Dame de Paris) (小说) 1838:《吕布拉》(Ruy Blas) (剧本) 1853:《惩罚集》 (les Chatiments) (诗) 1856:《沉思集》 (les Contemplations) (诗) 1862:《悲惨世界》(les Miserables) (小说) 1869:《笑面人》 (L"Homme qui Rit) (小说) 1859-1883:《世纪传说》(la Legende des siecles) (诗) 1874:《九三年》 (Quatre-Vingt-Treize) (小说)

Generation Gap In modern society,there is often a hck of understanding between parents and children.Purents dislike what their children think and do,while children often complain that their parents can not understand them.This is often called generation gap. There are some reasons for the existence of generation gap.First,the environment in which young people now living is quite different from that of their parents".Therefore,they often hold different opinions on various problenas in life.Second,disparity in age also leads to misunderstanding.Young people want to do everything as they like,while older people often can"t help interfering when they think what the young people are doing is wrong.This inevitably leads to disharmony. In my opinion,generation gap can be bridged as long as both parents and children are willing to make efforts.They may have an open talk and tell each other what they think about certain problems.They should be considerate enough to realize that each generation has its own advantages and disadvantages.Their openness and consideration probably will result in a much better relationship between purents and children. Generation gap Generation gap refers to the distance and contradiction(矛盾) between the old and the youth.It"s a common(常见的) phenomenon(现象) that exits everywhere in the world and influences both the old and the youth. Generally speaking,generation gap results in different understanding and appreciation of the great and constant(固定的) changes of the world,different reaction to new things,and different attitudes to tradition(传统) principles(原则) and beliefs.Therefore,we may say where there are the old and the youth; there is the generation gap. Generation gap is natural,but very influential(有影响的).If we cannot deal with it appropriately(适当地),the gap will be greater and the greater and consequently(结果) affect the work and the relation between the old and the young.

首先按结构进行传统分析，共计25段的文章，第1段是Introduction，第2—24段属于Main Body部分，第25段则是Conclusion.首先引出话题，生活中充满了毫无根据的观点，有些言传至今或被我们奉为圭臬的观点并不是正确的。这里我们可以想到，耳熟能详的兔子爱吃胡萝卜这件事我们是从何得知的？父母口中亦或是儿时童谣？事实真就如此吗？很容易让人想到子非鱼焉知鱼之乐，我们从何而知兔子的喜好。主体部分论述了Groundless Beliefs产生的原因：首先是external /living environment，举了英国婴儿从小被德国人养育而不知其亲生父母存在的情况下，为外部生长环境所深深影响，成为一个实在的德国人的例子。第二个原因是parroting（鹦鹉学舌，拾人牙慧）：这部分的影响同样是潜移默化的，我们无意识地、简单被动地接受那些诸如报纸广告上所传递的东西，接受那些口口相传的东西，仅是由于“everybody says so”.第三个Groundless Beliefs 的成因是Self-interest(自身利益)：我们接受并坚持某些观点的原因是因为能从中有所获self-interest包括个人谋生致富方式、社会地位、事业中的利益等等。坚持这类观点能让我们有所获，同样放弃它们即有所失。第四个Groundless Beliefs的成因是Sentimental Associations(emotion connection):我们会更倾向于我们青睐之人所持的观点，而对一个人的敌对情绪往往会殃及其所持有的观点。甚至于我们对一个人不满时，会依靠攻击其所持有的观点、保持的看法来获得极大的满足感。我们审视一个观点时，并不可只凭个人好恶。Groundless Beliefs 的第五个成因是Fashion:我们的观点很大程度上受影响于某一阶段流行的事物或人，我们的观点并不会始终追随潮流变化，因为我们的思维模式是会固化的，fashion就是你曾经所追随的某个阶段的f一时的时尚。我们常常思考的代沟问题（generation gap），可能也是基于这个原因。不同时代有不同的fashion，父母思维模式固化而无法跟上如今的fashion就易产生代沟问题。这篇文章谈到了诸多Groundless Beliefs的成因（non-rational factors），可谓渗透我们的方方面面。可是总有一部分人，自然不是所有人、不是多数人，只是少数的一部分人，愿意不惜一切代价去寻找真理（in a clear and rational way).

书上有

第一次地震海啸，然后。现在日本面临核电站的危机。uf06c新危机困扰日本。数百万日本人已经挣扎的影响，地震和海啸袭击的国家星期五，三月十一日。现在的问题在一个核电厂的加入更担心。uf06c日本核电厂的能量，使灯房屋和街道，工厂。权力是建立在反应堆。反应堆如巨盆滚烫的水，产生蒸汽驱动涡轮机。反过来，造成功率。uf06c燃料在反应器内产生的辐射。那是一种能量。低水平辐射安全。例如，使用X射线机辐射。然而，太多的辐射可以是非常危险的人的健康。uf06c地震发生时，它损坏冷却系统在反应器内的福岛第一厂在日本东北部。伤害很难保持反应堆在合适的温度。不久之后，爆炸和火灾发生在植物。爆炸意味着危险的辐射水平可以开始进入环境。uf06c急救人员一直在厂自星期五，试图保持在适当温度的反应器。如果温度太高，甚至更多的辐射能逃脱。这可能是非常危险的人。uf06c星期三，工人不得不离开工厂因为辐射水平上升。但他们返回在星期三晚上的辐射后，回到一个更安全的水平。uf06c同时，地震灾区人民在日本东北部，是有困难的时候。很少有食物和清洁的水，虽然帮助来。外界温度的下降，已经在许多领域和雪。警方说，超过450000人在临时收容所。许多地板睡在学校体育馆。uf06c所有这些问题，国家面临着巨大的任务是清理和重建。日本天皇和他的国家的人们在星期三。“重要的是，我们每一股难天面前，说：“天皇，很少发表公开演说。“我祈祷，我们都会互相照顾和克服这场悲剧。”

Just for Today - 就为了今天Just for today I will try to live through this day only and not tackle my whole life problem at once. I can do something for twelve hours that would appall me if I had to keep it up for a lifetime.　　Just for today I will be happy. This assumes to be true what Abraham Lincoln said, that "Most folks are as happy as they make up their minds to be."　　Just for today I will adjust myself to what is, and not try to adjust everything to my own desires. I will take my "luck" as it comes.　　Just for today I will try to strengthen my mind. I will study. I will learn something useful. I will not be a mental loafer. I will read something that requires effort, thought and concentration.　　Just for today I will exercise my soul in three ways. I will do somebody a good turn and not get found out: If anybody knows of it, it will not count. I will do at least two things I don‘t want to do—just for exercise. I will not show anyone that my feelings are hurt: they may be hurt, but today I will not show it.　　Just for today I will be agreeable. I will look as well as I can, dress becomingly, talk low, act courteously, criticize not one bit, and try not to improve or regulate anybody but myself.　　Just for today I will have a program, I may not follow it exactly, but I will have it. I will save myself from two pests: hurry and indecision.　　Just for today I will have a quiet half hour all by myself and relax. During this half hour, sometime, I will try to get a better perspective of my life.　　Just for today I will be unafraid. Especially I will not be afraid to enjoy what is beautiful, and to believe that as I give to the world, so the world will give to me.就为了今天，我将尽力只度过今天而不立刻去解决终身的问题。对一件令我沮丧而又必须坚持一辈子的事，我只能坚持十二个小时。　　就为了今天，我会很快乐。亚伯拉罕-林肯说过，“大多数人都是决定想怎么高兴就怎么高兴。”这已经被认为是真理。　　就为了今天，我会做自我调整适应事物本来的面目，而不是想方设法使每一件事满足自己的欲望。当机会来临的时候我会抓住它。　　就为了今天，我会尽力心强志坚。我会学习，学一些有用的东西。我不会做一个精神上的流浪汉。我会读一些需要努力、思考和注意力集中的东西。　　就为了今天，我会用三种方法来磨炼我的灵魂。我会做对某人有利的事但不能被发现，若有人发现了就不算数。我将会做至少两件我不愿做的事情——只为了磨练。我不会让任何人感到我的感情受到了伤害：它们可能受到了伤害，但今天我不想表现出来。　　就为了今天，我会过得很惬意。看起来我达到了最佳状态，穿着得体、讲话谦虚、行为礼貌、一点不吹毛求疵，尽量改进和调节自己而不是别人。　　就为了今天，我会制定一个计划，我也许不会严格地遵守它，但我一定要有计划。我会避免两种错误：仓促行事和优柔寡断。　　就为了今天，我将会独自静静地呆上半小时放松。在这半小时里，某个时刻，我会日后对我的生活有个更好的看法。　　就为了今天，我将不再害怕。尤其我不会再害怕享受美丽的事物，并且相信我给予世界的，世界也会给予我。

event in my lifei have had many important event in my life so far. when i look back, the most dangers one is that day i almost died……when i was young. i lived on the coast.there was a beath about 40 minutes from my house. my sister and i used to go swimming almost everyday,all summer long. one day, my sister and i were swimming together, and she wanted to go out into deeper water. actually,she was quite a good swimmer,but i couldn"t really swim at all. anyway,we went to go out until the water was up to our chests. suddenly there was a strong sideways current and i couldn"t walk against it. i tried to put my feet down to walk towards the shore, but there was nothing there. the water was over my head. i panicked! i tried to swim in,but i could only doggy-paddle,and it was so slow and tiring. i waved my arm for help, but when i put my hand up,my head went under the water. i got a big mouthful of water. i thought i was going to die! luckily my sisiter had swum back to the shore and told someone. a ligeguard come out and rescued me. after that near-death experience, i didn"t go swimming for ages. i still don"t like swimming in the sea.谢谢，望采纳！希望你能取得好成绩！

When I began to write this, my hands are shaking, my heart also shake! My hands are shaking because of the earthquake and tsunami, once thought that"s far away from me disasters suddenly appeared before me, I was so panicked, panic, watching, listening to those earthquakes, tsunamis news, these days I"ve been in the worry of them; My heart are shaking because the earthquake and ensuing tsunami of the damage to the Japanese let me heartache, looking at the disaster area people lose their homes, life, family, all these make me heartache, and the Japanese people in disaster for temporary calm, calm and mutual help more that moved me, in this moment, I was with Japan.The Japanese bring me touching is not only these, I came to our club work only a short time, the three and a half months of my life, the work of meticulous care, colleagues, leadership in the work to my meticulous guidance are touched me. I used to work in a factory, is lodged there, diet are in poor condition, salary is not high also, let me very depressed; In Japan, the language communication before facing difficulties and living environment of differences and the panic of the unknown world, I have ready to bear hardships thought preparation, whether on language, or life on the job. But came to Japan later of everything that happens immediately let me reassure all doubts: clean rooms, complete kitchen, sanitation facilities and home appliance and so on, the moment I saw all this made me feeling of home, besides bed is spread on the ground. All this fully explain the care for our trainees mining-industryco., when compared to the domestic factories, our club boss is too good, for we such club work is my lucky. Settle down later, wants us to Japanese society with our intensive study, recruits dinners, bring us to the knowledge about earthquakes earthquake museum, let us learn during an earthquake, the earthquake simulator how to escape the let me feel what is an earthquake, more let I admire the Japanese work rigorous, steadfast. After a long time of study, I formally on the jobs, the working environment is very good, the entire factory is line work, I was responsible for forming the working principle, the position with requirement is not difficult, in the actual operation, I feel very simple before I can fix. But in practical work is often wrong, at the beginning I have to be a novice to comfort themselves, but watching colleagues are can come together, I skilful operation more urgent, but the more and more anxious, once I suspected fault oneself can be competent this work. In this time of our section chief in timely help, carefully taught me behavioral essentials, a time to teach me a compiled, until I can successfully completed, meanwhile, classes also comfort me, that I don"t worry, I"ll be fine. Under the guidance of meticulous in classes, I finally can successfully complete the work, the section chief of concern I have the feeling of home of society, in which thanks to my patience careful classes of guidance.After a period of exercise, now I can finally skilled finished the work, looking at a piece of products in my hand forming, the in the mind have special sense of accomplishment. Section chief now also arranged for me to work overtime to stay up late to work, though, but it is now since I work the most happy days. All of this is we club bring my, I can use to work hard to return society concern over me. Finally I wish we mining-industryco., the business is thriving! Alles gute!

有联系。上部是出延津记，下部是回延津记。

战争1 旅客们不得不在一个小站停留，准备换乘老式小火车继续他们的旅程。2 天亮时，一个深陷哀恸的大块头女人被架了进来——差不多像一捆没形的包袱卷。 跟在她身后，喘着粗气呻吟着的，是她的丈夫——一个小个子男人，又瘦又弱，表情羞怯不安。3 终于落了座，他彬彬有礼地感谢帮助他妻子、给她腾地儿的乘客。 他妻子又扯起衣领，盖上眼睛，把脸遮住。4 他觉得有义务向旅伴们解释：战争就要夺走她的独生子，一个二十岁的小伙子，他们两口子把一辈子的心血都花在他身上，甚至允许他自愿参战；现在突然接到电报，说他三天之后就要开拔，要他们去为他送行。5 裹在大衣下面的女人确信这些解释全然不会引起这些人哪怕一丁点儿的同情——他们极有可能像她自己一样处在同样的痛苦当中。 他们当中有人说：6 “我呢？我有两个儿子和三个侄子在前线呢。”7 “也许，可我们的情况是，那是我们唯一的儿子，”那位丈夫壮起胆子说。8 “那又有什么不同呢？你可能会因为过度关心把你的独生子惯坏，可是如果你有别的孩子，你也不可能爱他胜过爱其他孩子。父母之爱不像面包，可以掰开，平均分给孩子们。如果说现在我正在为我的两个儿子受煎熬的话，我不是在为他们每人受一半的苦，而是加倍受苦……”9 “是啊……是啊……”那位丈夫尴尬地叹息道，“可是如果一个父亲有两个儿子在前线，他失去其中的一个，还剩一个可以安慰他……而……”10 “对呀，”对方回答说，“剩下一个儿子安慰他，他也要为这个儿子活下去，而独生子父亲的情况是，如果儿子死了，父亲也可以一死了却痛苦。”11 “胡说，”另一位旅客插话说。这是个肥胖、红脸的男人，眼睛里布满血丝。12 他气喘吁吁的。 一股无法控制的活力在内心激烈震荡，似乎要从他那鼓凸的双眼里迸发出来，他衰弱的身体几乎控制不了他的情绪。13 “我们赋予孩子生命难道就是为了自己得到好处吗？”14 其他旅客都悲伤地盯着他。 其中一位说：“你是对的。我们的孩子不属于我们，他们属于国家……”15 “胡扯，”胖旅客反驳说。 “我们给孩子生命的时候想到国家了吗？我们的儿子出生是因为……呃，因为他们必须出生。现在，在我们这个岁数，当然，对国家的爱依然强烈，但对我们孩子的爱更强烈。”16 周围一片沉默，人人都点头赞同。17 “那么，”胖男人继续说道，“我们为什么不应该考虑孩子们的感情呢？在他们这个年纪，他们理应认为对国家的爱大于对我们的爱，这不是很自然吗？人人都应当停止哭泣；人人都应当大笑……或者至少感谢上帝——像我一样——因为我儿子寄给我一封信，说他就要死了，并为能以自己所希望的最佳方式结束生命而感到满足。这就是为什么我甚至都没有穿丧服……”18 他抖抖他那浅黄褐色大衣，好像是在展示它；他豁牙上铁青的嘴唇在颤抖；他的双眼湿润、目光呆滞；很快他尖声大笑了一下——也可能是一声抽泣，算是说完了。19 “的确如此……的确如此……”其他人表示同意。20 那个女人一直试图从她丈夫和朋友的话里找些什么来安慰深陷忧伤的自己，以明白一个母亲应该怎样听天由命，她并不是送儿子去死，而是送他去一个极可能有生命危险的地方。21 然而她在人们所说的许多话里并未找到一句安慰的话。眼看没有人可以与她分忧，她就愈发痛苦了。22 可是现在，那旅客的话让她吃惊，几乎让她震惊。 她忽然意识到，不是别人不理解她，而是她自己不能达到那些父母的高度；他们没有哭泣，而是听天由命，不仅接受儿子的离去，甚至还接受儿子的死。23 她从角落里欠起身来，想仔细听清楚。那个胖男人正在给旅伴们讲述他儿子如何为国王和国家战死而成为英雄，幸福且没有遗憾。 她觉得自己跌跌撞撞走进了一个从未梦见过的世界里。24 然后突然，就好像她根本没听见别人说的话，仿佛刚从睡梦中醒来，她转向那位老人，问道：25 “那么……你儿子真的死了吗？”26 人人都盯着她看。 那位老人也转过脸来看她，他那大大的、鼓凸的、湿润得可怕的浅灰色眼睛深深凝视着她的脸。 有一阵子他试图回答，却说不出话来。 他终于忽然意识到他的儿子真的死了——永远走了——永远。 他的脸抽搐起来，扭曲得吓人，然后令所有人都吃惊的是，他匆忙从衣袋里掏出手帕，爆发出令人心碎的、悲痛欲绝的、抑制不住的抽泣。

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1. Pei Ni, Xia Zhu, Rucheng Wang, Kun Shen, Zeming Zhang, Jiansheng Qiu, Jianping Huang. 2008. Constraining ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphism and titanium ore formation from an infrared microthermometric study of fluid inclusions in rutile from Donghai UHP eclogites, eastern China，Geological Society of America Bulletin，v. 120, no. 9/10, p. 1296-13042. 倪培，丁俊英，Jean Dubessy,张婷，2008.原位低温拉曼光谱技术在人工合成CaCl2-H2O和MgCl2-H2O体系流体包裹体分析中的应用II：低温下流体包裹体相变行为的研究, 岩石学报，24（9）：1968-19743. 倪培，孟凡巍，2008. 碳酸盐岩中烃类包裹体的人工合成实验研究，岩石学报， 24 (1): 161-1654. 孟凡巍，倪培，丁俊英，刘吉强， 2008.人工合成烃类流体包裹体测温数据对石油地质的指示, 岩石学报，24（9）：1975-19805. 丁俊英，倪培，Jean Dubessy,张婷， 2008. 原位低温拉曼光谱技术在人工合成CaCl2-H2O和MgCl2-H2O体系流体包裹体分析中的应用I：低温拉曼光谱研究， 岩石学报，24（9）：1961-19676. 王天刚，倪培，王国光，张婷，2008. 甘肃厂坝铅锌矿富甲烷流体包裹体的发现及其意义, 岩石学报，24（9）：2105-21127. 王旭东，倪培，蒋少涌，黄建宝，孙立强, 2008. 赣南漂塘钨矿流体包裹体研究, 岩石学报，24（9）：2136--21708. G. Chi, S. Watters, W.J. Davis, P. Ni, S. Castonguay, and D. hoy, 2008. 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Self-introduction, distinguished good mentor! I am a working medical staff, my hospital is the hospital where the mother and child health, in hospitals is the physician of my job has been to participate in the work of 5 years, to a higher level of school to continue their education has been my dream, as are the shoulders of the doctor"s deep sense of mission, we serve the main hospital is women and children, to see women tortured by disease, when touched, I want to help them get out of pain, so I chose the Gynecologic Oncology professional. I have a certain advantage of the clinical basis and work experience, work in peacetime to develop a good professional quality. My weaknesses are: I am a perfectionist, work is not beautiful, I would not wash its hands of. I normally cheerful personality, optimistic, serious and responsible thing to do, I believe that a harvest pains, and I look forward to continue learning in your school, thank you!

　　很多大学生都喜欢阅读那些有翻译的英语励志文章，那么大学励志英语文章带翻译的美文都有哪些呢?一起来看看吧。 　　大学励志英语文章带翻译的美文：失败是件好事Failure Is a Good Thing 　　Last week, my granddaughter started kindergarten, and, as is conventional, I wished her success. I was lying. What I actually wish for her is failure. I believe in the power of failure. 　　Success is boring. Success is proving that you can do something that you already know you can do, or doing something correctly the first time, which can often be a problematical victory. First-time success is usually a fluke. First-time failure, by contrast, is expected; it is the natural order of things. 　　Failure is how we learn. I have been told of an African phrase describing a good cook as "she who has broken many pots." If you"ve spent enough time in the kitchen to have broken a lot of pots, probably you know a fair amount about cooking. I once had a late dinner with a group of chefs, and they spent time paring knife wounds and burn scars. They knew how much credibility their failures gave them. 　　I earn my living by writing a daily newspaper column. Each week I am aware that one column is going to be the worst column of the week. I don"t set out to write it; I try my best every day. Still, every week, one column is inferior to the others, sometimes spectacularly so. 　　I have learned to cherish that column. A successful column usually means that I am treading on familiar ground, going with the tricks that work, preaching to the choir or dressing up popular sentiments in fancy words. Often in my inferior columns, I am trying to pull off something I"ve never done before, something I"m not even sure can be done. 　　My younger daughter is a trapeze artist. She spent three years putting together an act. She did it successfully for years with the Cirque du Soleil. There was no reason for her to change the act—but she did anyway. She said she was no longer learning anything new and she was bored; and if she was bored, there was no point in subjecting her body to all that stress. So she changed the act. She risked failure and profound public embarras *** ent in order to feed her soul. And if she can do that 15 feet in the air, we all should be able to do it. 　　My granddaughter is a perfectionist, probably too much of one. She will feel her failures, and I will want to fort her. But I will also, I hope, remind her of what she learned, and how she can do whatever it is better next time. I probably won"t tell her that failure is a good thing, because that"s not a lesson you can learn when you"re five. I hope I can tell her, though, that it"s not the end of the world. Indeed, with luck, it is the beginning. 　　[参考译文] 　　上周，孙女开办了一个幼儿园。按常理，我预祝她成功。实际上我撒了慌，我真正对她的希望是失败，因为我相信失败的力量。 　　成功是令人厌烦的。成功只是证明你能够做你已经知道自己会做的事情，或是第一次就能正确地做某件事情，而这通常是一次有问题的成功。第一次的成功通常都是侥幸的成功，相反的，第一次的失败恰恰是值得期待的。这是事物的自然法则。 　　失败是学习的过程。我听说过一个在非洲用来形容大厨的词语， “那个炒坏了很多锅的”。如果你花了足够时间在厨房，炒坏了无数锅，那你也就掌握了大量烹饪方面的知识。有次我和厨师们共进晚餐，他们一直在比较刀伤和烫伤疤痕的多少，因为他们知道曾经的失败带来了无上的信誉。 　　我以为日报专栏写作谋生。每周我都会意识到会有其中一个成为本周最差专栏。我并不刻意去这样写，而是每天都尽我最大的努力，但每周都还是会有一个专栏比其他的差，有时候差距还挺大。 　　我现在学会了去珍惜那个较差的专栏。一个成功的专栏通常也就意味着我循规蹈矩，采用一些有效的写作技巧，向唱诗班布道或者用绚丽的语言修饰表达大众的观点。而在那些较差的专栏，我时常会去尝试一些之前没做过的事情，一些甚至都不确定能否完成的事情。 　　我小女儿是一名吊杠演员。她用三年的时间编排了一段表演，跟Cirque du Soleil太阳马戏团一起多年来都非常成功。应该说没有理由换掉这段表演—但是她最终还是换了。她说，她没有再学到新东西，腻烦了。既然她已经腻烦了，继续让她的躯体承受那些压力也就不再有任何意义。因此她更换了那段表演。为了满足自己的灵魂，她甘愿承受失败的风险，甘愿承受不被观众接受的尴尬处境。但如果她在15英尺的高空中能完成尝试的话，那我们每个人也都会有能力去尝试新事物。 　　孙女是个完美主义者，可能还会有些极端。她会遇到挫折失败，我会想着去安慰她，但也会提醒，并且希望她从中所学到的东西和她下次可以如何更好去完成一件事情。我可能不会直接跟她说失败是件好事，因为它不是一个年轻人容易吸取的教训。然而，我希望我可以告诉她，这不是世界末日，实际上非常幸运，这才是开端。 　　大学励志英语文章带翻译的美文：朋友的种类Types of Friends 　　A Faraway Friend is someone you grew up with or went to school with or lived in the same town as until one of you moved away. Without a Faraway Friend, you would never get any mail addressed in handwriting. A Faraway Friend calls late at night, invites you to her wedding, always says she is ing to visit but rarely shows up. An actual visit from a Faraway Friend is a cause for celebration and binges of all kinds. Cigarettes, Chips Ahoy, bottles of tequila.the Former Friend. A sad thing. At best a wistful memory, at worst a dangerous enemy who is in possession of many of your deepest secrets. But what was it that drove you apart? A misunderstanding, a betrayed confidence, an unrepaid loan, an ill-conceived flirtation. A poor choice of spouse can do in a friendship just like that. Going into business together can be a serious mistake. Time, money, distance, cult religions: all noted friendship killers. 　　A New Friend is a tonic unlike any other. Say you meet her at a party. In your bowling league. At a Japanese conversation class, perhaps. 　　Wherever, whenever, there"s that spark of recognition. The first time you talk, you can"t believe how much you have in mon. Suddenly, your life story is interesting again, your insights fresh, your opinion valued. Your various shortings are as yet pletely invisible. 　　[参考译文] 　　远方的朋友和你一起长大或上同一所学校，直到其中一位搬走。没有远方的朋友，你可能永远也收不到一封手写的信件。远方的朋友半夜来访、邀请你参加她的婚礼，总是说要来看你，但又很少露面。远方的朋友真的来看你时，那就要庆祝一下，自然要狂欢作乐一番，少不了香菸、土豆片、欢呼声和一瓶瓶的龙舌兰酒。 　　啊，过去的朋友，一件令人伤怀的事。最好的能留给你一个情意绵绵的回忆;最糟糕的拥有你的许多机密从而成为你危险的敌人。但到底是什么使你们分手的?误解、泄密、未偿还的贷款或恶意的调情。对配偶选择不当也会带来同样的后果。合伙经商可能是一个严重的错误。时间、金钱、距离、邪教都是有名的友谊杀手。 　　新朋友就像一种与众不同的补品。比如说你在一个晚会上或保龄球俱乐部联合会上遇见了她，也许在一个日本会话课上。随时随地，都会产生撞击的火花。刹那间，你的人生经历再次生动起来，你的见解新颖独到，你的观点得到器重，而你的各种缺点却全然不见了。 　　大学励志英语文章带翻译的美文：让我们微笑吧Let Us Smile 　　The thing that goes the farthest toward making life worthwhile, 　　That costs the least and does the most, is just a pleasant *** ile. 　　The *** ile that bubbles from the heart that loves its fellow men, 　　Will drive away the clouds of gloom and coax the Sun again. 　　It"sfull of worth and goodness, too, with manly kindness blent; 　　It"s worth a million dollars, and it doesn"t cost a cent. 　　There is no room for sadness when we see a cheery *** ile; 　　It always has the same good look; it"s never out of style; 　　It nerves us on to try again when failure makes us blue; 　　The dimples of encouragement are good for me and you. 　　It pays the highest interest — for it is merely lent; 　　It"s worth a million dollars, and it doesn"t cost a cent. 　　A *** ile es very easy — you can wrinkle up with cheer, 　　A hundred times before you can squeeze out a salty tear; 　　It ripples out, moreover, to the heartstrings that will tug, 　　And always leaves an echo that is very like a hug. 　　So, *** ile away! Folks understand what by a *** ile is meant; 　　It"s worth a million dollars, and it doesn"t cost a cent. 　　[参考译文] 　　那最能赋予生命价值、代价最廉而回报最多的东西， 　　不过一个令人心畅的微笑而已。 　　由衷地热爱同胞的微笑， 　　会驱走心头阴郁的乌云，心底收获一轮夕阳。 　　它充满价值和美好，混合著坚毅的仁爱之心; 　　它价值连城却不花一文。 　　当我们看到喜悦的微笑，忧伤就会一扫而光; 　　它始终面容姣好，永不落伍; 　　失败令我们沮丧之时，它鼓励我们再次尝试; 　　鼓励的笑靥于你我大有裨益。 　　它支付的利息高昂无比──只因它是种借贷形式; 　　它价值连城却不花一文。 　　来一个微笑很容易──嘴角欢快翘起来， 　　你能百次微笑，可难得挤出一滴泪; 　　它的涟漪深深波及心弦， 　　总会留下反响，宛若拥抱。 　　继续微笑吧!谁都懂得它意味着什么; 　　它价值连城却不花一文。

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21 世纪大学英语读写教程（第一册）课后翻译答案 世纪大学英语读写教程（第一册） Unit 1 汤姆是个非常好奇的男孩，他不仅对“是什么”感兴趣，而且也对“为什么”和“怎么 会”感兴趣。 As a very curious boy, Tom is interested not only in whats but also in whys and hows. 据史密斯教授说，幸福就是你能充分利用你所有的一切。 Happiness, according to Prof. Smith, is the ability to make the most of what you have. 你最好把这本书放在你 15 岁儿子找不到的地方。 You"d better keep the book where your 15-year-old son can"t get his hands on it. 故事非常滑稽，比尔一边读一边不停地笑。 The story was so funny that Bill kept laughing all the time while reading it. 成绩优秀的学生未必比他们得分较低的同学在学习上花费更多的时间。 High-achieving students do not necessarily put in more time on their studies than their lower-scoring classmates. 你是怎样设法说服这些学生修读快速阅读课的？ How did you manage to persuade these students to take the speed-reading course? 用功是重要的，但知道如何充分利用自己的才能更重要得多。 Working hard is important, but knowing how to make the most of one"s abilities counts for much more. 她要求学生独立思考，而不是告诉他们该思考什么。 She asked her students to think for themselves rather than telling them what to think. Unit 2 在谈及美国英语和英国英语的差别时，他说：“美国和英国毕竟是两个不同的国 家。” Referring to the differences between American English and British English, he said, “The United States and Britain are, after all, two different countries.” 史密斯教授鼓励他的学生独立思考。他常说：“即使你们对我提出质疑或者完全不 同意我的看法，我也同样高兴。” Prof. Smith encourages his students to think for themselves. “I am just as happy,” he often says, “even if you challenge me or completely disagree with me.” 我们请他参加我们关于流行音乐的谈话，但他一参加进来就引入一个新的话题， 谈起了上周的 NBA 决赛。 We called on him to take part in our conversation about pop music, but as soon as he joined in, he introduced a new topic and referred to the NBA finals of the previous week. 司机应对这次事故负责。他的车撞倒了一棵树和一个骑车的人。 The driver is responsible for this accident. His car knocked down a tree and a man on his bike. 自我们的收音机停止生产后，我们已转产移动电话。 Since our production of radios came to a halt, we have switched to the production of mobile phones. 我们最初的计划是在北京浏览长城、故宫、颐和园等著名景点。 Our original plan was to see such famous sights as the Great Wall, the Palace Museum and the Summer Palace in Beijing. 学好一门外语绝非易事。尽管我已学了几年英语，我仍然不能有效地用这种语言 表达思想。 It"s no simple/easy matter to learn a foreign language well. Even though I have learned English for a few years, I still can"t express myself effectively in the language. 我希望你不仅仅是同意或不同意我的想法，我需要你给我提忠告、出主意等。 I don"t want you to simply to agree or disagree with me. I need someone who can give me good advice, ideas, and so on. Unit 3 据我所知，他们必须做的只是来见他们抚养的孩子，并填写一份表格。 As far as I know, all they have to do is to come and see the child they want to bring up and fill up a form. 随着他对世事的了解越来越多，他终于厌倦了对名利的追求。 As he learned more and more about the world, he finally got tired of going after fame and wealth. 小女孩的歌声给老人带来了欢乐，帮助他忍受住种种生活的艰辛。 The little girl"s songs brought sunshine to the old man and helped him bear the hardships of life. 人们纷纷前来向他们祝贺又一座黄浦江大桥的胜利建成。 People came one after another to congratulate them on the successful building of another big bridge over the Huangpu River. 这个 10 岁的男孩小提琴拉得如此娴熟，在场的人都惊叹不已。 All the people present were amazed that the 10-year-old boy was playing the violin so skillfully. 车祸之后，史蒂威重新评价了自己的人生目标，决定更多地注意外部世界。 After the car accident, Stevie reevaluated his goals in life and decided to pay more attention to the world outside. 母亲即使做梦也没想到她的儿子会成为一名世界著名的钢琴家。 Even in her wildest dreams, Mother could never have imagined that her son would become a world-famous pianist. 当听到他们的老师已摆脱了死亡的阴影时，学生们都大声欢呼起来。 The students broke into loud cheers when they heard that their teacher had fought back from the shadow of death. Unit 4 祖母体弱多病，她却承担起了家里的所有家务。 Sickly and weak as Grandma is, she has taken on all the housework in the family. 唱片公司从未对任何歌手这样满意过。对他们来说，史蒂威·旺达确实是个难得的 人才。 The recording company had never been so pleased with any singer. For them, Stevie Wonder was a real find. 他们住的地方没有自来水，也没有煤气和电这类生活上的便利设备。 They had no running water where they lived. Nor did they have any conveniences of life such as gas and electricity. 6 年过去了，接着 7 年、8 年过去了，那位法国艺术家仍杳无音讯。看来他肯定 已离开这个国家去了唯有上帝知道的什么地方。 Six years passed, then seven and eight, and nothing was heard of that French artist. It seemed certain that he had left the country for only God knows where. 那年夏天他病得很厉害，但秋天他刚感到好些了，便又重新开始写作，并在两个 月内完成了他的最后一部小说。 He was very ill that summer, but as soon as he felt better in the fall, he resumed his writing and finished his last novel in two months. 在坚强意志的推动下，亚历克斯终于完成了他所承担的任务。 Driven by a strong will, Alex finally fulfilled the task he had undertaken. 在医生和护士们的帮助下，那位病人恢复得很快，几星期后便再一次站起来了。 With the help of the doctor and the nurses, the patient recovered quickly and in a few weeks was able to stand on his feet once more. 望着老人那张满是皱纹的脸真叫人难过， 因为它说明了老人一辈子所经历的一切。 It was really sad to watch the old man"s wrinkled face, which spoke of all that he had borne/endured in his life. Unit 5 他们是玛丽的儿子罗伯特和劳伦斯，一个起的是她父亲的名字，另一个是她祖父 的名字。 They are Mary"s sons Robert and Lawrence. One is named after her father, the other is named after her grandfather. 他对已有的一切还不满足。他从来不懂“知足常乐”，真遗憾。 He is not content with what he has already got. What a pity he never understands that happiness lies in contentment. 她参与课堂活动非常积极。我相信她将来可以成为一名好教师。 She is very active in classroom activities. I am sure that she will make a good teacher. 你也许有不同看法，但我不喜欢劝酒，尤其是在宴会上更是如此。 You may have different opinions about it, but I hate the idea of urging people to drink, especially at a dinner party. 我们准备在一些枝节问题上对他们作些让步，但决不在重大的原则问题上与他们 妥协。 We are prepared to give way a little to them on minor problems, but we will never compromise with them on major questions of principle. 整整一年中罗伯特通常得不到多少运动， 而他的妻子玛丽却大部分时间一直站着。 这就是为什么他们不可能或至少很难找到一个喜欢的地方去休假的原因。 Robert didn"t usually get much exercise during the year, while his wife Mary was on her feet most of the time. That was why it was impossible or difficult at least, for them to choose a place they both liked for their holiday. 戴维是个自视甚高的青年作家。他认为他的写作风格是独特的、高雅的。但遗憾 的是，情况并非如此。 David is a young writer with a high opinion of himself. He thinks that his writing style is unique and refined. But unfortunately, that is not the case. 我想说的只是，作为个人我们享有很多不同的权利，但却无权做任何对社会有害 的事。 All I want to say is that as individuals we enjoy many different rights but we have no right to do anything harmful to society. Unit 6 问题在于人们如何看待那些专心追求知识的学生。 The problem lies in how people look at those students dedicated to the pursuit of knowledge. 我国政府已决定向教育投入比过去多得多的钱。 Our government has decided to put a lot more money into education than before. 我们得培养更多一流的工程师参与同日本的技术竞争。 We have to train more first-class engineers to compete in the technology race with Japan. 求知好学和勤奋用功的学生应受到表扬并被树立为其他学生的榜样。 The intellectually curious and hard-working students should be praised and held up as examples to other students. 知道我们消除排斥知识的现象，我们才有希望保持世界级强国的地位。 Not until we do away with our anti-intellectualism do we stand a chance to remain a world-class power. 我们必须使自己适应时代的要求，否则我们就会落后于世界上其他工业国家。 We must adapt ourselves to the demands of our times, otherwise we"ll fall behind the other industrialized nations of the world. 其他孩子在踢足球，而他们的儿子却在学英语，做父母的为此感到骄傲。 The parents are proud of their son who is studying English while the other children are playing football. 你真的期望不花费更多的时间学习就能提高你的英语水平？ Do you really expect to improve your English without spending more time studying it? Unit 7 史密斯先生被认为是一位十分开明的人，除了别的之外，他还认为在法律面前人 人平等。 Mr. Smith was viewed as a very liberal person who believed, among other things, that all men were equal under the law. 他获奖并非偶然；他的成功来自艰苦的训练。 It is not by chance that he won the prize; his success comes from his hard training. 老师跟白人孩子们谈了很多，试图使他们相信人人生而平等，但在最初几个星期 里，似乎没有多少效果。 The teacher talked a lot with the white kids, trying to convince them that all men are created equal, but nothing much came of it in the first few weeks. 因为我刚来到这所学校，所以有一段时间我感到孤独，也没有朋友。 As I was a newcomer to that school, I felt lonely and friendless for a time. 伟明日复一日坚持与威尔逊夫人进行交谈，他的英语口语变得越来越流利，越来 越自然。 Day after day Wei Ming kept talking with Mrs. Wilson, and his oral English became more and more fluent and natural. 尽管在最初那几个星期一些孩子对我很不客气，一个白人小姑娘却特别友好。 Whereas some of the kids were quite nasty during those first few weeks, a little white girl was especially friendly to me. 我后来才知道那位看起来又老又满脸皱纹的人才 45 岁左右。 I later came to know that the man who looked old and wrinkled was only about 45. 大学毕业之后不久，他便证明自己是一个称职而负责的英语教师。 After graduating from university, he soon established himself as a qualified and responsible teacher of English. Unit 8 没有一个科学家确切地知道信息高速公路将在未来十年中把我们带往何处。 No scientist knows exactly where the information highway will lead us in the decade ahead. 至关重要的是，发达国家和发展中国家应通过更多的交流增进相互间的理解和尊 重。 It is crucial that developed countries and developing countries increase mutual understanding and mutual respect through more communication. 从一开始，大众传媒就对这部关于个人电脑的专著给予了特别的关注。 From the very beginning, the mass media paid particular attention to this treatise on the personal computer. 我的侄子以为日文跟中文在很多方面相似，很容易学，但结果并不是那样。 My nephew had thought that Japanese, which is similar to Chinese in many ways, was easy to learn, but it didn"t turn out that way. 你本应该知道得更多些。大学教授讲课的方式并不只限于告诉学生基本事实，他 还激发讨论和争论。 You should have known better. The way a college professor teaches is not confined only to telling his students the basic facts. He or she also stimulates discussions and debates. 原来估计这项工程将费时五年。但由于工人和工程师们的创造性劳动，工程大大 提前完成了。 It was originally estimated that the project would take 5 years. But because of the creativity of the workers as well as the engineers, it was finished well ahead of schedule. 构思和写作自传花费了那位美国作家三年多的时间，其间他遇到了许多无法想象 的困难。 The process of thinking about and writing his autobiography took the American writer more than three years, during which he ran into many unimaginable difficulties. 医生们不能肯定他患了什么病，这就是他已决定提前退休的原因。 The doctors aren"t sure what illness he is suffering from. That"s why he has decided to retire ahead of schedule.

李毅吧“NC儿童乐趣多”的文章很现实，很残酷，虽然整体文章比较好笑，不过全很真实，是那种细思极恐的文章。而且里面说的“屌丝”一词的直接缔造者，文笔相当犀利，对没经历过的人来说是屌丝，对经历过的人来说简直是字字诛心。历史背景：截至2018年12月，李毅吧粉丝数已达到3134万人，贴子数超过10亿。李毅吧为内涵中国足球建立，内涵精神在帝吧得到无限延伸。内涵的含义为：在道德伦理允许的范围内进行嘲讽、恶搞。李毅吧内涵的含义为：在法律法规、道德伦理、百度贴吧协议允许的范围内以嘲讽、反话、恶搞、PS、视频音乐等方式发泄、抒发自己对文体界、社会现象的种种看法。

　　李毅吧又称帝吧,可以说是李毅吧将贴吧这一社交平台推向大家的网络视角。还记得当年在李毅吧上流传过的著名内涵文章吗?还记得那句非黄误删，85留情吗?下面是我为你整理的关于李毅吧的内涵文章，希望对你有用! 　　 关于李毅吧的内涵文章1:听花开 看雨落 让风雨浅释岁月的美丽 　　作者：花祭灵儿 　　人之心，原本像一潭池水，应该清澈见底，平滑如镜，可以映照出世界的真实面目，但是，这种原本清净如水的心，却最容易受到外界的干扰而心生波澜。比如风过波起，比如石入水动，这一起一动，即便搅成了一潭混水或浊水，因此，心底一切美好的景致，也无法显现了。 　　人生没有假设，当下即是全部。背不动的，放下了;伤不起的，看淡了;想不通的，不想了;恨不过的，抚平了。人生，就是修炼的过程，何必用这一颗不平的心，作践了自己，伤害了岁月。生活中，不妨养成“能有，很好;没有，也没关系”的习惯，便能转苦为乐。活着，就是一种修行。 　　人生之所以精彩，是因为愿意全然的接受一切。生命之所以可贵，是愿意尊重一切的生命。天底下没有废物，只有不懂利用的人。贵人常常是别人，敌人肯定是自己。人生的意义，在于善用自己;人生的目的，在于成就他人。要知足最好的方式，就是把握每个当下。从易处改变，从近处做起。 　　米可果腹，沙可盖屋，但二者掺到一起，价值全无;做人纯粹点好;求而不得，舍而不能，得而不惜，这是人最大的悲哀;不要因为一时的情绪，就急着下判断，也许等到明天，你的人生观就会改变，如果因为一时情绪掉进谷底就伤人或毁己，明天的自己必然后悔莫及。 　　夜深人静，百转千回难以入睡，心灵极度脆弱的时候，思念也就最为疯狂。当你牵挂一个人时，会特别在意他是否也牵挂你;当你思念一个人时，会特别在意他是否也在想你。有喜欢才有牵挂，有牵挂才更忧伤。一个人不孤单，思念一个人，才是真正的孤单。你好吗? 　　喜欢付出，福报就越来越多;喜欢感恩，顺利就越来越多;喜欢助人，贵人就越来越多;喜欢抱怨，烦恼就越来越多;喜欢知足，快乐就越来越多;喜欢分享，朋友就越来越多;喜欢生气，疾病就越来越多;喜欢占便宜，贫穷就越来越多;喜欢财布施，富贵就越来越多。 　　历经风雨，坦然面对每一天，让风雨浅释岁月美丽;听花开，看雨落，用一颗纯澈的心，感悟流年婉转，时光变迁;静待花开，情亦温暖。同一条路，也有不同的风景。同是一条路，不同的时间，有不同的风景;不同的人，也会看到不同的风景。路上有什么样的风景，取决于你的心。 　　走过的路，才知道有短有长。我们总是太忙，忙到没时间感受生活、享受快乐。奋斗，拼搏，忙碌追逐一辈子，即便取悦了整个世界，最终委屈的还是自己的心灵。不知足，放不下，把好好的人生弄得苦不堪言。豁达一点，看淡一些，人生没有多少事情比快乐更重要。 　　心中要有景，才能春暖花开;心中要有愿，才能成就事业;心中要有理，才能走遍天下;心中要有德，才能涵容万物;心中要有道，才能拥有一切;心中要有梦想，才能有希望;心中有责任，才能有所作为;心中要有快乐，才能发现美好;心中要有希望，才能看到光明。 　　关于李毅吧的内涵文章2:低头要有勇气 抬头要有底气 　　作者：务实进取 　　人生是什么?有人说就是低头与抬头。仔细一琢磨，这话还真是简练、精辟、深刻。其实，人的一生就是在低头与抬头中度过的，人的历史也是由低头与抬头谱写的，其成败、荣辱、尊卑都体现在这低头与抬头之间，由此造成了千差万别的人生，演绎出五彩缤纷的世界。 　　低头想，抬头看。人生就是一本书，撰写这本书既不能打草稿，又不能重新写，这就突显出“想”和“看”的重要作用。低头想，就是对自己的人生进行规划，自我设计。抬头看，就是观察你所处的环境，借鉴别人的经验教训，因为“以人为镜，可知得失”。只有低头想得深、抬头看得远，并使二者配合默契，结合紧密，才能书写出人生精彩的篇章，实现人生成功的梦想。 　　低头拉车，抬头看路。在人生的路上，每个人就像一辆车，要把这车拉稳拉好，不仅要低下头、卯足劲、出大力、流大汗，还要抬头看路，因为人生的路尽管漫长，但关键处就只有几步，这几步只有看准了、选对了、走好了，才能不走或少走弯路，不摔跤，不翻车，顺利到达人生的彼岸，攀登到应有的高度。 　　低头做事，抬头做人。人来到这个世界，是为了干事的。要把自己承担的事情干好、干出色，就要低下头、安下心、坐下来、钻进去，这既是安身立命的根本，也是实现价值的途经，更是奉献社会的平台。因此，我们要堂堂正正抬头做人，做一个懂冷暖、知荣辱的人，做一个道德高尚的人，做一个光明磊落的人，做一个有益于人民的人。 　　低头哭泣，抬头微笑。常言说，人生不如意事常十之八九。当遇到工作挫折、身体疫病、感情创伤等等，难免会有软弱的时候，哭泣几声，宣泄一下，是应该的。虽低头有阴影，但抬头有阳光，就应该微笑。自古以来，多少名人或伟人在人生低潮时，也有过苦闷和彷徨，但都能抬头笑对生活，迎来辉煌的未来，这才是懂得低头中抬头的人。 　　在台上要低头，在台下要抬头。人的一生，基本上就是在台下和台上度过的。即使是普通老百姓，也有一个由“台下的儿子”变成“台上的老子”的问题。在“台上”要学会低头把别人当人，低头处世，不事张扬;在“台下”要做到抬头把自己当人，不卑不亢，乐观面对。只有这样，才算是领悟了人生的真谛。 　　低头要有勇气，抬头要有底气。人非圣贤，一个人只要干事情，难免有失误，甚至犯错误。有了失误，犯了错误，并不可怕，关键是要能认识和改正。所以，只要有敢于低头承认错误的勇气、勇于抬头改正错误的底气，就一定能从摔倒的地方再爬起来，得到别人的谅解，获得他人的理解，为人民做出新的贡献。 　　该低头就低头，该抬头就抬头。一般地说，人在春风得意或做出成绩时，应该懂得低头、记住低头，做个谦虚谨慎的人。而在身处逆境或遭遇失败时，应该挺胸抬头、勇于抬头，做个顶天立地的人。所以，把握好低头与抬头的时机，处理好低头与抬头的关系，才算掌握了人生的大智慧、大学问! 　 　关于李毅吧的内涵文章3:捻一指微笑如花，静候岁月美丽 　　作者：花祭灵儿 　　有时候，心不要太大，容下自己就好;有时候，心不要太小，容下他人就好。有时候，心不要太热，温暖自己就好;有时候，心不要太冷，温暖他人就好。有时候，心不要太软，原谅自己就好;有时候，心不要太硬，原谅他人就好。有时候，心不要太亮，照耀自己就好;有时候，心不要太暗，照耀他人就好。 　　不要在意别人在背后怎么看你说你，因为这些言语改变不了事实，却可能搅乱你的心。心如果乱了，一切就都乱了。理解你的人，不需要解释;不理解你的人，不配你解释。人贵在大气，要学会对自己说，如果这样说能让你们满足，我愿意接受。并请相信，真正懂你的人，绝不会因为那些有的、没有的而否定你。 　　伤我的，都是热爱的;痛我的，全是喜欢的。原来，生活中，我们喜欢什么，就会为什么所伤;热爱什么，就被什么所痛。常常，我们因其喜欢，充满激情;每每，我们源于热爱，充满信心。当喜欢的，没有得到，热爱的，没有获取，失望，总是会刺击我们的心灵;绝望，总是会折磨我们精神。没有过不去的事情;没有放不下的曾经;没有治不愈的伤痛;没有不能搁浅的向往，没有不能停下的飞翔。生命的过程中，许多人来了去了，聚了散了。许多事长了短了，对了错了，许多情甜了苦了，哭了笑了。 　　时光的流逝间，岁月的变化中，人或多或少留下记忆，事或深或浅，落下印痕，情或浓或淡，刻下烙印。慢慢地我们理解了分分合合，进进出出，起起伏伏。渐渐地我们理解了亲亲密密，磕磕碰碰，平平静静。人生许多时候就是这样，风风雨雨，哭哭啼啼，又是这样甜甜蜜蜜，和和睦睦。其实，生命就是一次跋涉，在一起就珍惜，不在一起就祝福，生活就是这样，平淡而平凡。 　　人与人都渴望被理解，当有人聆听时却又顾虑太多;心与心都希望被懂得，可真正懂心的人又有几个。内心的脆弱，谁也无法感同身受;受伤的沉默，谁又能体会到是难过。经历了冷暖，便知道阳光的灿烂;路过了繁华，便知道平淡最真，生活便是在平淡中演绎精彩;人生便是磨难在枝头被晾晒成坚强。人生，有多少计较，就有多少痛苦;在真实的世界里，有苦有乐，有酸有甜。 　　人活着最大的乐趣，就是从痛苦中把快乐找出来。什么都追求好，是一种积极的思想，却不是最好的活法，你随和，生活才随和。生活，总让人不知所措。无关紧要，却能让心伤透，因为在乎;无所畏惧，却害怕悄然逝去，因为在心;无法预料，却一直在走，因为活着，因为信念。有些话，适合烂在心里，有些痛苦，适合无声无息的忘记。当经历过，你成长了，自己知道就好。很多改变，不需要你自己说，别人会看得到。 　　不要活得太被动，因为这样会让你很辛苦。只要自己觉得幸福就行，用不着向别人证明什么。在单调的生活中寻觅风景，你会收获美好;在繁杂的生活中追求简单，你会收获思想;在苦涩的生活中品味感动，你会收获幸福。生活，让人历练，让人成长，让人珍惜! 　　人，能坦然接受多少残缺，就能轻松摆平多少痛苦。残缺必须有，不然人生还能追求什么。没有了追求，人还活的什么劲。幸福必须有，摆平了痛苦，迎来了幸福，幸福才弥足珍贵。少抱怨，多追求，拥有一颗健康向上的心，比幸福本身更可贵。走坎坷，历风雨，坦然面对每一天，让风雨浅释岁月美丽;听花开，看雨落，用一颗纯澈的心，感悟流年婉转，时光变迁;静待花开，情亦温暖。似水流年，捻一指微笑如花，静候岁月美丽。做自己该做的事情，不生事，不惹事，不多事，看好自己的门，走好自己的路，做好自己的事!

Tourist Guide: Paris, France, the dream of all luxury pleasure Paris is the biggest city in Europe, it is fashionable popularity, civilization, art, knowledge hall pronoun, known as "world flowers". Under the influence of Gulf Stream in Paris, belong to mild climate. The city daytime temperatures average only 28 degrees or so, humidity is low, the summer to Paris, the scenery is best. Annually in January and July respectively, there will be a comprehensive sale (SOLDES), all the shop will launch their special action, right now to Paris shopping tourism is a good opportunity.Here are the arc DE triomphe, majestic symbol standing majestic France - the Eiffel Tower. The Paris city center is the oldest and most active, most bustling district - was the "west the Seine ring rao haidai" (cite) island "Notre Dame DE Paris" and Paris court. Concorde square, soft Atlantic church, Paris opera house, du yi center-stage park and the Louvre, etc are concentrated in here. Night rafting, clothing, PeiYing Seine incense Chopin"s ear suddenly sounded nocturnes, romantic and bushes. There are red mills and the artistic charm of Paris opera make a person enchanted. As astronomers Lear grams once said "Paris is a imcomparable city".Seine river water will all Paris is divided into the left and right two area. Paris is the right of the financial, trade, consumption center. Leftbank with knowledge and vitality to win, saint-germain area win the world knowledge center crown. If say up art, left, right between regardless of Aberdeen. The whole of Paris, not only natural scenery beautiful pleasant, and everywhere emits artistic breath.Paris museum, the exhibition hall since there"s to Paris, just public parks, streets, they are everywhere spout, everywhere sculpture. Not only has the ancient art, and has the modern work. In recent years, along with Paris urbanization, south of downtown Paris has changed significantly. Many old uptown the old houses were knocked down, acting with stacks of new residential area and tall office buildings. Meanwhile, in the south of the city with handkerchief that si area and the 13 around the Italian square, also built many new buildings.Some called Paris as "Babylon", that is the American writer Fitzgerald in Babylon "in the novel return to Paris call - a only luxury and pleasures of the dream city. Nobody can tell Paris how is the city, but everybody was sure they will be spent in Paris this most unforgettable day.For over a hundred years, parisians still walk in the nineteenth century, gravel, on the line along the boulevard, dotted with these names: union square, arc DE triomphe, Louvre, Notre Dame DE Paris... On the avenue passed is Hugo, baudelaire, Madame Curie, Picasso, Joyce...Most visitors love, is an ancient and romantic, namely along the Louvre in Paris - champs elysees - the xiehe square - the triumphal arch of this perfect axis begin their travel. Indeed, Paris is a extremely the historical city, the historic sites already enough to let us forget. With these classical monuments co-exist, are another Paris, a full of halfback and boximiya breath of Paris.Parisians are lucky, this is an art and history interwoven city, street is lively, lane is left cultural life. Has been to Paris will unconditional love this city, fell in love with her romantic, fell in love with her fashion, fell in love with her culture.Paris, not only to retain the ancient civilization of glamour, more with its modern charm attracts countries visitors.

On New Year"s eve New Year"s eve, good lively! People have roved work, stick the couplets hung again pictures, Chip miles PaLa"s firecrackers like in a pot, stir sesame similar continues, Spluttered pa fireworks sound like Beijing tiananmen held a grand celebration like, through the streets, and through the tall buildings, the dark of night according as the day. Home on New Year"s eve everywhere brimmed with a beaming scene. The night came! Wait for collection of my sister and happily took out "kaleidoscope". I excitedly only took fireworks and lighter, ready to carry out my New Year"s eve first plan - let off fireworks. We put the first shot is "a squealing blunt day", with a loud noise, the sky as the day, good spectacular immediately! Followed by "day female spread flower", the so-called day female spread flower, just as its name implies, it must be very beautiful scene. You see, indeed as expected, fairies in the sky to take a basket of flowers without pity to Isaac to earth. Those flowers in the air flowing long, beautiful! Brake, the air became colorful world. My sister and I dancing with delight. Then, we put the parachute, "" they", "baihua bold and unrestrained"... My New Year"s eve"s second plan, no doubt, of course, is watching the Spring Festival evening. Our family ring sit in front of the TV and enthusiastically waiting for the arrival of the Spring Festival gala. Happy remaining, suddenly daddy"s face became dark. I think: dad, what is this? Let not how I want, dad when opened words magazine: "now days is heaven days!" Father suddenly flashed such a few words, I puzzled and hurriedly cross-examine "dad, what heaven day?" Dad at small TV spin down, say to us: "kids, you are not understanding of ah! We used these people can bitter!" "You see today reunion dinner table of dishes, well, how abundantly. If this in the past, want to dare not to think about it." Father lit a cigarette and took a bite, and to longly say: "I always listen to your grandpa said, he that age, Chinese New Year can have flesh to eat, and will be satisfied, and many people admire. I remember you grandpa"s such a thing: that year before the Spring Festival, your grandpa had picked up a bear old books to HouZhou to sell. He sells books of money to buy a dao won"t eat meat, come back. Want to eat meat, toward the hanging pork look. Months past, that hang meat is still good words. One day, your grandpa in a wooden ladder climb a look, leaving next leather - meat was all mice ate! So, people want to eat, but became a mouse meal, how a shame!" Say, father stood up, with the hand gestures, says to us, "you these kids now is simply fell into a honeypot, what not to eat ah, New Year, New Year out on table is" three floors"! Especially in recent years, the reform and open policy, the farmer onto the first, living standards increase, table vary more. Even the swan meat all can eat to. You should cherish the happy life today!" Yeah, now working people"s living standard is indeed has much improved. All this, all by the party"s policy making, all by the party"s leadership good! This year"s New Year"s eve, we stick couplet, hang posters, firework, watching TV, though it is a bit busy, but it is rich and colorful, make me in busy learned many. And the most cause me unforgettable memories ", or "listen to father"s words were made in my past understand much...

Munich, about 19 o"clock on Friday evening, police officers Freudenschuss on the train bound for Cologne. He went to Green inside. Two people sitting inside, and so on they sat down opposite. Older who sat by the window, in such a hot summer with the full 20. Pounds of body travel choking sure enough, he looked exhausted. And he has the spirit of young people around the full, it looked as if he looked out the window in the concentrate on the scenery, but they have not forgotten about him from time to time take care of the elderly - a big fat seems to have fallen asleep, and deep breathing told us that he is asleep. "Hi. Disturb you," young people talk in whispers and Schuster, and "I"m really worried for my father, he fell asleep in the car! It was too dangerous, and fell asleep to the causes of the trouble!" "What happened then will be your father?" Schuster asked him with a smile. "Will happen?" Son seemed angry, and he raised his voice, "he found all things will be stolen! Now travel encounter who knows what kind of person! looks of some people may have is a liar, if such people encounter, the father"s gold watch would certainly be stolen - you see, he so casually on the table to put in your pocket, it was taken away, he did not realize. " "No, I am sure you will find some of his father." Schuster A leisurely to live his. But really the son of a bit stubborn. "That we will give it a try! I took my father"s table to see if he will be aware of, how? And let him know what the consequences of negligent, please?" Schuster mind that you disagree with him about what to do, because he should not think that as a son with his father to open this kind of joke. But he is not my view, the son has his father"s gold watch pocket to pull out quickly possession of it. The father did not really notice a little, he slept very heavy, it was Shannon. Just then the train entered the station . Son stood up, "I went to my father to buy Apple," he said with a smile, "he likes to travel when Apple." Son, less than 1 minute left, my father opened his eyes, his eyes slowly to look around a bit inside. "Your son, just go out to you to buy the Apple." Mr. Schuster told him enthusiastically. Eyes staring at the fat man looked puzzled and Schuster: "I do not understand what you said ... ..." "I said," Schuster repeated just said, "Your son just left for you to buy Apple, and he"ll be right back!" "I still do not understand that you live," The Fat Man Lok, "I have no son!"

Aviation industry"s most prestigious Teal, forecast the future 10 years, the global demand for executive will amount to 9000, the total value of about $94.4 billion, and China is one of the most potential markets, in the next 10 years executive is expected to reach 600-1200. If the aircraft flying at full capacity, annual turnover is expected to reach 60 billion yuan. Now China executive market 80% of customers is the large multinational companies, domestic customers only accounted for 20%. But with China"s wto accession, economy, and enterprise in the fierce competition, more and more companies want to race against time, to the time to yield, so the domestic enterprises will soon become the protagonist of executive market. The executive incalculable market potential in China. In the face of China"s huge business executive market, foreign airlines and aircraft manufacturers are keen to get in. 75 - year - old former seasons "American Raytheon", "Canada"s bombardier group", "the French dassault company" have to enter, to grab the opportunity. Business aviation is in accordance with the special requirements of a passenger or institutions, through a specially designed course, within the prescribed period of time, provide charter flight service to passengers. Many large companies use of corporate jets transport personnel and emergency items around the distribution in the company or the customer site. The world population is about 380000 aircraft in civilian aircraft flying, but the flight is less than 10%, more than 90% are executive and industry, agriculture, entertainment and sports by plane. Executive more developed countries, such as the United States has a variety of aircraft, 205000, executive annual flight hours already more than year of flight hours of flight. There are 1.5 enterprises with their own planes in public transportation. In the United States, is suitable for executive landing airport more: flight applicable airport less than 600, but to adapt to the airport for more than 5000 of medium-sized aircraft, suitable for small airport about 19000 flight. Business aviation companies or private operation of the executive is not limited by time of flight, not be restricted by destination, thus has good flexibility. Business aviation is a very safe and effective way to travel, using the business aviation can not only save time, can also ensure the trade secrets, reflect the positive image of an enterprise. By simply by the charter contract and proof of identity is boarding, don"t have to spend a few hours to check-in, customs clearance and waiting, without the rules of civil aviation transportation, you can according to the requirements of business activities to go, there is no limit to the flight schedules, if there is a temporary change, you can directly notified by telephone sets. Due to the official business and the performance is advanced, the airport requirements is not high, so widely applicable, can fly to many ordinary flights without shipment and can"t arrive at the airport, allows you to maximize use good money, time and human resources. Travel safety. No matter from the plane itself performance, maintenance level, or a record of the flight safety, executive is the most safe means of transportation in the world. Such as hawker beechcraft series executive from the world"s largest public/private aircraft manufacturer Raytheon, is by far the most widely used medium fighter jets. It has a better performance, greater ShangZai and farther distance. Executive of cabin design fully consider the business needs, not only has perfect service facilities, more excellent office environment. Passengers on the trip to discuss official business, effective utilization of air flight time in office. Executive shuttle important customers will impress customers!

There Are No VansI remember one Thanksgiving when our family had no money and no food, and someone came knocking on our door. A man was standing there with a huge box of food, a giant turkey and even some pans to cook it in. I couldn"t believe it. My dad demanded, "Who are you? Where are you from?"The stranger announced, "I"m here because a friend of yours knows you"re in need and that you wouldn"t accept direct help, so I"ve brought this for you. Have a great Thanksgiving."My father said, "No, no, we can"t accept this." The stranger replied "You don"t have a choice," closed the door and left.Obviously that experience had a profound impact on my life. I promised myself that someday I would do well enough financially so that I could do the same thing for other people. By the time I was eighteen I had created my Thanksgiving ritual. I like to do things spontaneously, so I would go out shopping and buy enough food for one or two families. Then I would dress like a delivery boy, go to the poorest neighborhood and just knock on a door. I always included a note that explained my Thanksgiving experience as a kid. The note concluded, "All that I ask in return is that you take good enough care of yourself so that someday you can do the same thing for someone else." I have received more from this annual ritual than I have from any amount of money I"ve ever earned.Several years ago I was in New York City with my new wife during Thanksgiving. She was sad because we were not with our family. Normally she would be home decorating the house for Christmas, but we were stuck here in a hotel room.I said, "Honey, look, why don"t we decorate some lives today instead of some old trees?" When I told her what I always do on Thanksgiving, she got excited. I said, "Let"s go someplace where we can really appreciate who we are, what we are capable of and what we can really give. Let"s go to Harlem!" She and several of my business partners who were with us weren"t really enthusiastic about the idea. I urged them: "C"mon, let"s go to Harlem and feed some people in need. We won"t be the people who are giving it because that would be insulting. We"ll just be the delivery people. We"ll go buy enough food for six or seven families for thirty days. We"ve got enough. Let"s just go do it! That"s what Thanksgiving really is: Giving good thanks, not eating turkey. C"mon. Let"s go do it!"Because I had to do a radio interview first, I asked my partners to get us started by getting a van. When I returned from the interview, they said, "We just can"t do it. There are no vans in all of New York. The rent-a-car places are all out of vans. They"re just not available."I said, "Look, the bottom line is that if we want something, we can make it happen! All we have to do is take action. There are plenty of vans here in New York City. We just don"t have one. Let"s go get one."They insisted, "We"ve called everywhere. There aren"t any."I said, "Look down at the street. Look down there. Do you see all those vans?" They said, "Yeah, we see them.""Let"s go get one," I said. First I tried walking out in front of vans as they were driving down the street. I learned something about New York drivers that day: They don"t stop; they speed up.Then we tried waiting by the light. We"d go over and knock on the window and the driver would roll it down, looking at us kind of leery, and I"d say, "Hi. Since today is Thanksgiving, we"d like to know if you would be willing to drive us to Harlem so we can feed some people." Every time the driver would look away quickly, furiously roll up the window and pull away without saying anything.Eventually we got better at asking. We"d knock on the window, they"d roll it down and we"d say, "Today is Thanksgiving. We"d like to help some underprivileged people, and we"re curious if you"d be willing to drive us to an underprivileged area that we have in mind here in New York City." That seemed slightly more effective but still didn"t work. Then we started offering people $100 to drive us. That got us even closer, but when we told them to take us to Harlem, they said no and drove off.We had talked to about two dozen people who all said no. My partners were ready to give up on the project, but I said, "It"s the law of averages: Somebody is going to say yes." Sure enough, the perfect van drove up. It was perfect because it was extra big and would accommodate all of us. We went up, knocked on the window and we asked the driver, "Could you take us to a disadvantaged area? We"ll pay you a hundred dollars."The driver said, "You don"t have to pay me. I"d be happy to take you. In fact, I"ll take you to some of the most difficult spots in the whole city." Then he reached over on the seat and grabbed his hat. As he put it on, I noticed that it said, "Salvation Army." The man"s name was Captain John Rondon and he was the head of the Salvation Army in the South Bronx.We climbed into the van in absolute ecstasy. He said, "I"ll take you places you never even thought of going. But tell me something. Why do you people want to do this?" I told him my story and that I wanted to show gratitude for all that I had by giving something back.Captain Rondon took us into parts of the South Bronx that make Harlem look like Beverly Hills. When we arrived, we went into a store where we bought a lot of food and some baskets. We packed enough for seven families for thirty days. Then we went out to start feeding people. We went to buildings where there were half a dozen people living in one room: "squatters" with no electricity and no heat in the dead of winter surrounded by rats, cockroaches and the smell of urine. It was both an astonishing realization that people lived this way and a truly fulfilling experience to make even a small difference.You see, you can make anything happen if you commit to it and take action. Miracles like this happen every day-even in a city where "there are no vans."

哲学的原意是“爱智慧”。但这个意思并没有告诉我们很多东西。不同于其它学科，哲学不能用你研究的东西来定义，因为它实际上是没有限制的。任何学科都能成为哲学的主题：艺术、历史、法律、语言、文学、数学、医学、心理学、宗教、自然学科以及价值观念等。哲学是世界上最古老的学科之一。并且事实上，其它学科与哲学有着直接的联系。因此，你会在生物化学、计算机科学或心理学等领域获得哲学博士学位。哲学的两个主要领域是逻辑学和哲学史。逻辑是指科学论证和批判性思维。它为区分好与坏的推理提供了良好的方法。哲学史包括了对主要哲学家的研究和哲学发展的各个时期。哲学有何用途？首先它在教育发展中有其作用。这对于了解其它学科是很有必要的。只有哲学问到了在学科中使用的概念的性质是什么，并且它与其它学科有关。通过对哲学的研究，一个人能获得探索和分析的良好方法，它能被运用到任何领域。哲学有许多一般的用途。它增强了一个人解决问题、沟通交流、组织思想观念、说服他人以及从一大堆数据中提取重点的能力。这些一般性用途在事业领域有其裨益。它不是一个人获得毕业后第一份工作的必要，却为以后的职业责任心、管理能力、领导能力作好了准备。只为获得第一份工作而学习功课，是非常目光短浅的。通过哲学学习而形成的有用的技能，对事业发展有着长远而重大的意义与作用。没有其它学科能有条不紊地追求着理想——智慧、领导能力以及解决人类冲突的能力。

塑料光纤产品发展简述一、前言自从业界开创了光纤通讯技术以来，大至归纳，光纤通讯比传统的电铜通讯有3大优点：一是通信容量大；二是抗电磁干扰、保密性能较好；三是重量轻，并可节省大量的铜，如铺设1000公里长的8芯光缆比铺设同样长度的8芯电缆可节省1100吨铜，3700吨铅。因此光纤光缆一经问世就受到通信业界的欢迎，带来了通讯领域的革命以及一轮投资发展热潮。尽管玻璃光纤具有上述一系列优点，但它有一个致命的弱点就是强度低，抗挠曲性能差，而且抗辐射性能也不好。因此，近20多年来，业界一直没有停止过对光纤其他材料的代用研发，其中对塑料光纤的研发是目前业界最为感兴趣的研究领域之一，目前已经取得较大进展，已经有商用产品面世，现已广泛应用于汽车、CD播放机、工业电子系统、小型光盘系统和个人计算机中。今后还会有许多领域将使用塑料光纤，诸如传感器、光子晶体光纤等。二、塑料光纤的优点塑料光纤与玻璃光纤相比，虽透光性差一些，光损耗较大，初期一般为300分贝／公里，传输光带狭窄(限于可见光区)，被认为难以适应多媒体通信网的需要，但它具有轻而柔软、抗挠曲、抗冲击强度高、价格便宜、抗辐照、易加工、并能制成大直径(1～3毫米，以增大受光角度，扩大使用范围)等一系列优点，所以备受青睐。此外，光通过塑料光纤的中心部分的直径约为1毫米，比玻璃光纤大100倍，与纤维之间的连接及与个人机等终端装置的连接都十分容易。因此塑料光纤安装费用很低，安装时采用十分简单的对准连接插头即可，这种插头可用现有的技术生产。三、塑料光纤产品研发简述塑料光纤的研究始于二十世纪60年代。1968年美国杜邦公司用聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯为芯材制备出塑料光纤，但光损耗较大。1974年日本三菱人造丝公司以PMMA和聚苯乙烯为芯材、以低折射率的氟塑料为包层开发出塑料光纤，其光损耗为3500dB/km，难以用于通信。80年代日本的一些大企业和大学对低损耗塑料光纤的制备进行了大量的研究。1980年三菱公司以高纯MMA单体聚合PMMA，使塑料光纤损耗下降到100-200dB/km。1983年NTT公司开始用氘取代PMMA中的H原子，使最低光损耗可达到20dB/km，并可传输近红外到可见光的光波。近几年来，欧日等国的公司对塑料光纤的研制取得了重要的进展。它们研制成的塑料光纤，光损耗率已降到25～9分贝／公里。其工作波长已扩展到870微米(近红外光)，接近石英玻璃光纤的实用水平。美国研制的一种PFX塑料系列光纤，有着优异的抗辐照性能。此外，美国麻省波士顿光纤公司研制的Opti-Giga塑料光纤更是引人注目，它不仅比玻璃轻、柔性更好、成本更低，而且可在100米内以每秒3兆比特的速度传输数据。这种光纤还可以利用光的折射或光在纤维内的跳跃方式来达到较高的传输速度。现在美欧日已把塑料光纤用于短途传输，如汽车、医疗器械、复印机等。就目前塑料光纤生产量而言，日本是世界上最大的塑料光纤生产者，然而却是欧洲推动了塑料光纤新应用领域的开发并建立了光纤检验标准。2001年下半年是欧洲塑料光纤工业发展的重要阶段，在这段时间内建立了欧洲塑料光纤检验和测量的新发展方针。世界上第一个专用塑料光纤应用中心(POFAC)在德国Nuremberg落成。德国采用塑料光纤已经研制成功了多媒体总线系统MOST(24Mbit/s)，并且有几家轿车制造商已把该系统引入到自己的产品上。德国宝马公司(BMW)在其新的7个系列产品中开创了使用100m塑料光纤的记录。欧洲2001年塑料光纤学术交流会和欧洲光纤通信会议同时在荷兰的阿姆斯特丹举行。德国汽车工业不仅推动了塑料光纤的应用，而且也推动了塑料光纤检验和测量标准的建立。日本也建立了塑料光纤标准，但这些标准对欧洲共同体是无效的。日本工业标准只给出了一种型号塑料光纤的标准，其数值孔径为0.5，而且只有650nm一种波长。该标准没有提及在塑料光纤中的不同激励光条件，也没有规定必须在塑料光纤内形成平衡模分布。此前建立的玻璃光纤检验方法因为会出现瑞利散射而不适于检验塑料光纤，现在市场上仅有瑞士新成立的Luciol仪器公司出售的一种检验塑料光纤的仪器。德国工程师学会和电子工程学会研究小组已经详细规定了塑料光纤数值孔径、衰减、传输和机械特性以及环境和寿命的测量方法。塑料光纤检验方法和标准的建立必将促进国际塑料光纤贸易的发展，并消除贸易中的误解。日本对塑料光纤的应用十分重视，早在几年前，NEC、富士通、住友电器工业公司等45家光通信、多媒体产品的生产厂家就联合宣布，将共同实现已在日本开发成功的塑料光纤的实用化。塑料光纤的成本低廉，被认为是将多媒体引进到家庭的关键技术，随后一些生产厂家就着手建立生产线。?1986年，日本F富士通公司以PC为纤芯材料开发出SI型耐热POF，耐热温度可达135摄氏度，衰减达450dB/km；1990年，日本庆应大学的小池助教授开发成功折射率渐变型的塑料光纤，芯材为含氟PMMA、包层为含氟，用界面凝胶技术制造。该塑料光纤衰减在60db/km以下，光源650-1300nm，100m带宽3GHz，传输速率10Gb/s，超过了GI型石英光纤，并被广泛认为是高速多媒体时代光纤入户的新型光通信媒介；1996年，人们纷纷建议以塑料光纤为基础建立极低成本的用户网ATM物理层；1997年，日本NEC公司进行了155Mbit/s的ATM、LAN的试验。在2000年OFC会议上，日本ASAHI GLASS公司报道了氟化梯度塑料光纤衰减系数在850nm为41dB/km，在1300nm为33dB/km，带宽已达100MHz.km。用这种光纤成功地进行了50m、2.5Gbit/s的高速传输试验和70摄氏度长期热老化试验。实验结论为氟化梯度塑料光纤完全能满足短距离的通信使用要求。从塑料光纤的研究发展来看，塑料光纤的研究重点主要集中在以下三个方面：1.降低光损耗；2.提高带宽（由SI型转为GI型）；3.提高耐热性。（聚碳酸酯（PC）、硅树脂、交联丙烯酸和共聚物可使耐热性提高到125-150摄氏度） 塑料光纤在衰减与带宽方面的最新实用进展为：日本ASAHI GLASS公司2000年7月称，该公司实施庆应大学的GI-POF技术商品化，采用全氟化聚合物CYTOP制造GI光纤，命名为GI-GOF，商品名为Lucina，衰减速率3Gb/s，带宽大于200MHz.km。塑料光纤在耐热性方面的最新实用进展为：日本JSR与旭化株式会社联合发展耐热透明树脂ARTON（norbornene,冰片烯）制造的SI-POF，耐热170摄氏度，预计2001年上半年即可供应汽车市场。四、塑料光纤产品的研发要点1．光纤结构塑料光纤顾名思义，即构成光纤的芯与包层都是塑料材料。与大芯径50／125μm和62.5／125μm的石英玻璃多模光纤相比，塑料光纤的芯径高达200－1000μm，其接续时可使用不带光纤定位套筒的便宜注塑塑料连接器，即便是光纤接续中芯对准产生±30μm偏差都不会影响耦合损耗。正是塑料光纤结构赋予了其施工快捷，接续成本低等优点。另外，芯径100μm或更大则能够消除在石英玻璃多模光纤中存在的模间噪音；2．光纤材料塑料光纤材料选择时，人们应重点解决的问题是材料的本身衰减要低、色散要小、化稳性要好、制造简单、价格低廉等。选作塑料光纤芯材有：聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚苯乙烯聚碳酸酯、氟化聚甲基丙烯酸酯和全氟树脂等；选作塑料光纤包层有：聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、氟塑料、硅树脂等。究其原因是：这些聚合物①具有透光性好，光学均匀、折射率调整便利等；②以单体存在时通过减压蒸馏方法就可以提纯；③形成光纤的能力强；④加工和化稳性好及价格便宜等；3．制造工艺目前业界用来制造塑料光纤的两种方法：挤压法和界面凝胶法都是由塑料生产加工工艺演变而来的。挤压法主要用于制造阶跃折射率分布塑料光纤。该工艺步骤大致如下：首先，将作为纤芯的聚甲基丙烯甲酯的单体甲基丙烯甲酯通过减压蒸馏提纯后，连同聚合引发剂和链转移剂一并送入聚合容器中，接着再将该容器放入电烘箱中加热，置放一定时间，以使单体完全聚合，最后，将盛有完全聚合的聚甲基丙烯甲酯的容器加温至拉丝温度，并用干燥的氮气从容器的上端对已熔融的聚合物加压，该容器底部小嘴便挤出一根塑料光纤芯，同时使挤出的纤芯外再包覆一层低折射率的聚合物，就制成了阶跃型塑料光纤。梯度折射率分布塑料光纤的制造方法为界面凝胶法，界面凝胶法的工艺步骤大致如下：首先将高折射率掺杂剂置于芯单体中制成芯混合溶液，其次把控制聚合速度、聚合物分子量大小的引发剂和链转移剂放入芯混合溶液，再将该溶液投入一根选作包层材料聚甲基丙烯甲酯（PMMA）的空心管内，最后将装有芯混合溶液PMMA管子放入一烘箱内，在一定的温度和条件下聚合。在聚合过程中，PMMA管内逐渐被混合溶液溶胀，从而在PMMA管内壁形成凝胶相。在凝胶相分子运动速度减慢，聚合反应由于“凝胶作用”而加速，聚合物的厚度逐渐增厚，聚合终止于PMMA管子中心，从而获得一根折射率沿径向呈梯度分布的光纤预制棒，最后再将塑料光纤预制棒送入加热炉内加温拉制成梯度折射率分布塑料光纤；4．光纤性能塑料光纤的性能研究重点则是衰减、色散、热稳定性等。（1）衰减塑料光纤的衰减主要受限于芯包塑料材料的吸收损耗和色散损耗。人们是通过选用低折射率和等温压缩率小的塑料材料和通过稳定塑料光纤制造工艺降低结构缺陷（如芯直径波动，芯包界面缺陷等），来使塑料光纤获得小的散射损耗，而塑料材料的吸收损耗则是由分子键（碳氢、碳氟等）伸缩振动吸收和电子跃吸收所致的。在碳氢键为基本骨架的塑料材料中，在波长650nm处的衰减系数大约为120db／km，如果用氟原子置换碳氢键中的氢所组成的氟化塑料材料，其不仅本征衰减小，而且色散也降低了。用氟化塑料制成的梯度折射率塑料光纤，其在红外区无原子振动引起的吸收损耗。故可制得在可见光至红外范围的衰减很小，即在0．85μm波长处衰减系数为41db／km，在1．3μm波长处衰减为33db／km的梯度折射率分布的塑料光纤。（2）带宽用作短距离光传输介质的塑料光纤，按其折射率分布形状可分为两种：阶跃折射率分布塑料光纤和梯度折射率分布塑料光纤。阶跃折射率分布塑料光纤由于模间色散作用使入射光发生反复的反射，射出的波形相对于入射波形出现展宽，故其传输带宽仅为几十至上百MHz．km。氟化梯度折射率分布塑料光纤从选择低色散的材料出发，再以优化的梯度折射率分布手段，即可将其折射率分布指数在0．85－1．3μm波长范围内选定为2．07－2．33，从而抑制模间色散，控制出射光波相对于入射光波展宽的效果，进而可制得传输带宽高达几百MHz．km至10GHz．km的梯度折射率分布的塑料光纤。（3）热稳定由于塑料光纤是由塑料材料构成的，故其在高温环境中工作会发生氧化降解。氧化降解是光纤芯材料中的羰基、双键和交联形成的。氧化降解将促使电子跃迁加快，进而引起光纤损耗增大。为切实提高塑料光纤的热稳定性，通常的做法是：①选用含氟或硅的塑料材料来制造塑料光纤；②将塑料光纤的光源工作波长选择在大于660nm，以求得塑料光纤热稳定性长期可靠。五、技术关键目前对塑料光纤产品的技术关键攻关问题有两个：一是设计新的透光材料和包皮材料。塑料光纤同石英玻璃光纤一样由两部分组成：一为芯材，二为皮层。要制造出高质量的光纤二者都很重要，光纤的芯材要求透明度和折射率越高越好，而皮层则要求折射率小于芯材，并且两者相差越大越好。但要提高芯材的折射率比较难，而降低皮层折射率还有潜力可挖，主要集中在含氟高聚物上。第二个攻关点是工艺条件，研究如何控制芯材聚合物分子量、均匀性和提高透明度的新的光纤技术，进一步提高光的传输效率，降低光损耗率。这两个问题一旦得以圆满解决，则塑料光纤将完全可取代石英光纤。近年来，日本公司针对塑料光纤透光性较差进行了分析和改进，他们认为，其主要原因在于树脂内的碳氢结合吸收了近红外波长。为此，旭玻璃制造公司开发了一种全氟树脂材料，因为不含氢所以不会吸收近红外波长。同时，由于其具有的环状构造是非晶质的，可见光的透光率已达95％以上。? 光纤内侧的芯线，光的折射率高，而外侧的金属包层折射率低。因此，要采用在芯线中轴线处光的折射率最高，向四周逐渐降低的缓变折射率的结构形式。采用此种结构，能够扩大传送带域，可以每秒传送1 吉字节的速度将信息传送200～500米。旭玻璃制造公司将视样品上市情况，在一两年内将这种新型光纤投入批量生产。这些新开发的塑料光纤改善了中心部分的折射率，克服了信号容易衰减的缺点，每条纤维的传输能力可达1～ 2.5GB／秒，同时在纤维连接时，不需要精确对准位置，在这方面优于玻璃光纤。?在塑料光纤的容量方面，日本三菱人造纤维公司研制的高容量塑料光纤，有可能取代石英玻璃光纤。这种塑料光纤的原料很普通，由一种在60年代发明的称之为Polym-ethyl methacrylate的合成树脂制成。三菱人造纤维公司采用一种从光纤中央到边缘递减的渐变折射技术，使信号能够以恒定的正弦曲线在光纤内有效地通过，传输容量是普通塑料光纤的30倍。 与直径为0．1—0．01mm的玻璃光纤相比，这种直径1mm的塑料光纤截面大，较易联接，因此安装成本也只有玻璃光纤的1／10左右，与普通铜缆线差不多。过去的玻璃光纤连接一处需花费2万一3万日元，而新塑料光纤的连接费用只要1O日元，可大幅度地节省费用。有关人士称，从成本的角度考虑，若没有此技术，将光纤铺设到家庭是不能实现的。 六、发展展望 塑料光纤作为短距离通信网络的理想传输介质，在未来家庭智能化、办公自动化、工控网络化。车载机载通信网、军事通信网以及多媒体设备中的数据传输中具有重要的地位。 通过塑料光纤，我们可实现智能家电（家用PC、HDTV、电话、数字成象设备、家庭安全设备、空调、冰箱、音响系统、厨用电器等）的联网，达到家庭自动化和远程控制管理，提高生活质量；通过塑料光纤，我们可实现办公设备的联网，如计算机联网可以实现计算机并行处理，办公设备间数据的高速传输可大大提高工作效率，实现远程办公等。 在低速局域网的数据速率小于100Mbps时，100米范围内的传输用SI型塑料光纤即可实现；150Mbps50米范围内的传输可用小数值孔径POF实现。 POF在制造工业中可得到广泛的应用。通过转换器，POF可以与RS232、RS422、100Mbps以太网、令牌网等标准协议接口相连，从而在恶劣的工业制造环境中提供稳定、可靠的通信线路。能够高速地传输工业控制信号和指令，避免因使用金属电缆线路而受电磁干扰导致通信传输中断的危险。 POF重量轻且耐用，可以将车载机通信网络和控制系统组成一个网络，将微型计算机、卫星导航设备、移动电话、传真等外设纳入机车整体设计中，旅客还可通过塑料光纤网络在座位上享受音乐、电影、视频游戏、购物、Internet等服务。 在军事通信上，POF正在被开发用于高速传输大量的第三、保密信息，如利用POF重量轻、可挠性好、连接快捷，适用于在身配戴的特点，用于士兵穿戴式的轻型计算机系统，并能够插入通信网络下载、存储、发送、接收关键任务信息，且在头盔显示器中显示。 综上所述，随着科技的发展，塑料光纤的应用领域越来越广，其市场的发展会越来越广阔。国外在塑料光纤的应用开发上已取得了较大的成果，且不断在在加大新的应用研究投入，韩国、我国以及台湾地区已经有厂商开始投入研发生产，因此产业界更应就塑料光纤的研究和发展予以密切注视。本篇文章来源于 “863建筑工程资讯网” 转载请以链接形式注明出处 网址：http://www.863p.com/power/powerzmgc/200611/19477_4.html

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1Pumasarelarge,cat-likeanimalswhicharefoundinAmerica.WhenreportscameintoLondonZoothatawildpumahadbeenspottedforty-fivemilessouthofLondon,theywerenottakenseriously.However,astheevidencebegantoaccumulate,expertsfromtheZoofeltobligedtoinvestigate,forthedescriptionsgivenbypeoplewhoclaimedtohaveseenthepumawereextraordinarilysimilar. Thehuntforthepumabeganinasmallvillagewhereawomanpickingblackberriessaw"alargecat"onlyfiveyardsawayfromher.Itimmediatelyranawaywhenshesawit,andexpertsconfirmedthatapumawillnotattackahumanbeingunlessitiscornered（adj.被困得走投无路的）.Thesearchproveddifficult,forthepumawasoftenobservedatoneplaceinthemorningandatanotherplacetwentymilesawayintheevening.Whereveritwent,itleftbehinditatrailofdeaddeerandsmallanimalslikerabbits.Pawprintswereseeninanumberofplacesandpumafurwasfoundclingingtobushes.Severalpeoplecomplainedof"cat-likenoises"atnightandabusinessmanonafishingtripsawthepumaupatree.Theexpertswerenowfullyconvincedthattheanimalwasapuma,butwherehaditcomefrom?Asnopumashadbeenreportedmissingfromanyzoointhecountry,thisonemusthavebeeninthepossessionofaprivatecollectorandsomehowmanagedtoescape.Thehuntwentonforseveralweeks,butthepumawasnotcaught.Itisdisturbingtothinkthatadangerouswildanimalisstillatlargeinthequietcountryside. 2Ourvicarisalwaysraisingmoneyforonecauseoranother,buthehasnevermanagedtogetenoughmoneytohavethechurchclockrepaired.Thebigclockwhichusedtostrikethehoursdayandnightwasdamagedmanyyearsagoandhasbeensilenteversince. "Onenight,however,ourvicarwokeupwithastart:theclockwasstrikingthehours!Lookingathiswatch,hesawthatitwasoneo"clock,butthebellstruckthirteentimesbeforeitstopped.Armedwithatorch,thevicarwentupintotheclocktowertoseewhatwasgoingon.Inthetorchlight,hecaughtsightofafigurewhomheimmediatelyrecognizedasBillWilkins,ourlocalgrocer."WhateverareyoudoinguphereBill?"askedthevicarinsurprise. "I"mtryingtorepairthebell,"answeredBill."I"vebeencomingupherenightafternightforweeksnow.Yousee,Iwashopingtogiveyouasurprise." "Youcertainlydidgivemeasurprise!"saidthevicar."You"veprobablywokenupeveryoneinthevillageaswell.Still,I"mgladthebellisworkingagain." "That"sthetrouble,vicar,"answeredBill."It"sworkingallright,butI"mafraidthatatoneo"clockitwillstrikethirteentimesandthere"snothingIcandoaboutit." "We"llgetusedtothatBill,"saidthevicar."Thirteenisnotasgoodasonebutit"sbetterthannothing.Nowlet"sgodownstairsandhaveacupoftea." 3Sometimeago，aninterestingdiscoverywasmadebyarchaeologistsontheAegean（adj.爱琴海的；n.）islandofKea．AnAmericanteamexploredatemplewhichstandsinanancientcityonthepromontoryofAyiaIrini．Thecityatonetimemusthavebeenprosperous，foritenjoyedahighlevelofcivilization．Houses--oftenthreestoreyshigh--werebuiltofstone．Theyhadlargeroomswithbeautifullydecoratedwalls．Thecitywasevenequippedwithadrainagesystem，foragreatmanyclaypipeswerefoundbeneaththenarrowstreets． ThetemplewhichthearchaeologistsexploredwasusedasaplaceofworshipfromthefifteenthcenturyB.C.untilRomantimes.Inthemostsacredroomofthetemple,clayfragmentsoffifteenstatueswerefound.Eachoftheserepresentedagoddessandhad,atonetime,beenpainted.ThebodyofonestatuewasfoundamongremainsdatingfromthefifteenthcenturyB.C.ItsmissingheadhappenedtobeamongremainsofthefifthcenturyB.C.ThisheadmusthavebeenfoundinClassicaltimesandcarefullypreserved.Itwasveryoldandpreciouseventhen.Whenthearchaeologistsreconstructedthefragments,theywereamazedtofindthatthegoddessturnedouttobeaverymodern-lookingwoman.Shestoodthreefeethighandherhandsrestedonherhip.Shewaswearingafull-lengthskirtwhichswepttheground.Despitehergreatage,shewasverygracefulindeed,but,sofar,thearchaeologistshavebeenunabletodiscoverheridentity. 4 Thesedays,peoplewhodomanualworkoftenreceivefarmoremoneythanclerkswhoworkinoffices.Peoplewhoworkinofficesarefrequentlyreferredtoas"whitecollarworkers"forthesimplereasonthattheyusuallywearacollarandtietogotowork.Suchishumannature,thatagreatmanypeopleareoftenwillingtosacrificehigherpayfortheprivilegeofbecomingwhitecollarworkers.Thiscangiverisetocurioussituations,asitdidinthecaseofAlfredBloggswhoworkedasadustmanfortheEllesmereCorporation. Whenhegotmarried,Alfwastooembarrassedtosayanythingtohiswifeabouthisjob.HesimplytoldherthatheworkedfortheCorporation.Everymorning,helefthomedressedinasmartblacksuit.Hethenchangedintooveralls(n.工作服)andspentthenexteighthoursasadustman.Beforereturninghomeatnight,hetookashowerandchangedbackintohissuit.Alfdidthisforovertwoyearsandhisfellowdustmenkepthissecret.Alf"swifehasneverdiscoveredthatshemarriedadustmanandsheneverwill,forAlfhasjustfoundanotherjob.Hewillsoonbeworkinginanofficeasajuniorclerk.Hewillbeearningonlyhalfasmuchasheusedto,buthefeelsthathisriseinstatusiswellworththelossofmoney.Fromnowon,hewillwearasuitalldayandotherswillcallhim"Mr.Bloggs",not"Alf".

1 Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America. When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously. However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar. The hunt for the puma began in a small village where a woman picking blackberries saw "a large cat" only five yards away from her. It immediately ran away when she saw it, and experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it is cornered（adj.被困得走投无路的）. The search proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning and at another place twenty miles away in the evening. Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits. Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found clinging to bushes. Several people complained of "cat-like noises" at night and a businessman on a fishing trip saw the puma up a tree. The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma, but where had it come from ? As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country, this one must have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape. The hunt went on for several weeks, but the puma was not caught. It is disturbing to think that a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.2 Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another, but he has never managed to get enough money to have the church clock repaired. The big clock which used to strike the hours day and night was damaged many years ago and has been silent ever since." One night, however, our vicar woke up with a start: the clock was striking the hours! Looking at his watch, he saw that it was one o"clock, but the bell struck thirteen times before it stopped. Armed with a torch, the vicar went up into the clock tower to see what was going on. In the torchlight, he caught sight of a figure whom he immediately recognized as Bill Wilkins, our local grocer. "Whatever are you doing up here Bill ?" asked the vicar in surprise. " I"m trying to repair the bell," answered Bill." I"ve been coming up here night after night for weeks now. You see, I was hoping to give you a surprise.""You certainly did give me a surprise!" said the vicar. "You"ve probably woken up everyone in the village as well. Still, I"m glad the bell is working again." "That"s the trouble, vicar," answered Bill. "It"s working all right, but I"m afraid that at one o"clock it will strike thirteen times and there"s nothing I can do about it." "We"ll get used to that Bill," said the vicar. "Thirteen is not as good as one but it"s better than nothing. Now let"s go downstairs and have a cup of tea." 3 Some time ago，an interesting discovery was made by archaeologists on the Aegean（adj.爱琴海的；n.）island of Kea．An American team explored a temple which stands in an ancient city on the promontory of Ayia Irini．The city at one time must have been prosperous，for it enjoyed a high level of civilization．Houses--often three storeys high--were built of stone．They had large rooms with beautifully decorated walls．The city was even equipped with a drainage system，for a great many clay pipes were found beneath the narrow streets．The temple which the archaeologists explored was used as a place of worship from the fifteenth century B.C. until Roman times. In the most sacred room of the temple, clay fragments of fifteen statues were found. Each of these represented a goddess and had, at one time, been painted. The body of one statue was found among remains dating from the fifteenth century B.C. Its missing head happened to be among remains of the fifth century B.C. This head must have been found in Classical times and carefully preserved. It was very old and precious even then. When the archaeologists reconstructed the fragments, they were amazed to find that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman. She stood three feet high and her hands rested on her hip. She was wearing a full-length skirt which swept the ground. Despite her great age, she was very graceful indeed, but, so far, the archaeologists have been unable to discover her identity.4 These days, people who do manual work often receive far more money than clerks who work in offices. People who work in offices are frequently referred to as" white collar workers" for the simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work. Such is human nature, that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers. This can give rise to curious situations, as it did in the case of Alfred Bloggs who worked as a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation. When he got married, Alf was too embarrassed to say anything to his wife about his job. He simply told her that he worked for the Corporation. Every morning, he left home dressed in a smart black suit. He then changed into overalls (n.工作服) and spent the next eight hours as a dustman. Before returning home at night, he took a shower and changed back into his suit. Alf did this for over two years and his fellow dustmen kept his secret. Alf"s wife has never discovered that she married a dustman and she never will, for Alf has just found another job. He will soon be working in an office as a junior clerk. He will be earning only half as much as he used to, but he feels that his rise in status is well worth the loss of money. From now on, he will wear a suit all day and others will call him "Mr. Bloggs", not "Alf".

　　提升英语阅读能力是我们学习初中英语的重中之重，下面我为大家带来，欢迎大家阅读! 　　篇一： 　　Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America. When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously. However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar. 　　The hunt for the puma began in a *** all village where a woman picking blackberries saw "a large cat" only five yards away from her. It immediately ran away when she saw it, and experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it is corneredadj.被困得走投无路的. The search proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning and at another place twenty miles away in the evening. Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and *** all animals like rabbits. Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found clinging to bushes. Several people plained of "cat-like noises" at night and a busines *** an on a fishing trip saw the puma up a tree. The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma, but where had it e from ? As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country, this one must have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape. The hunt went on for several weeks, but the puma was not caught. It is disturbing to think that a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside. 　　美洲狮是一种体形似猫的大动物，产于美洲。当伦敦动物园接到报告说，在伦敦以南45英里处发现一只美洲狮时，这些报告并没有受到重视。可是，随着证据越来越多，动物园的专家们感到有必要进行一番调查，因为凡是声称见到过美洲狮的人们所描述的情况竟是出奇地相似。 　　搜寻美洲狮的工作是从一座小村庄开始的。那里的一位妇女在采摘黑莓时的看见"一只大猫"，离她仅5码远，她刚看见它，它就立刻逃走了。专家证实，美洲狮非被逼得走投无路，是决不会伤人的。事实上搜寻工作很困难，因为常常是早晨在甲地发现那只美洲狮，晚上却在20英里外的乙地发现它的踪迹。无论它走哪儿，一路上总会留下一串死鹿及死兔子之类的小动物，在许多地方看见爪印，灌木丛中发现了粘在上面的美洲狮毛。有人抱怨说夜里听见"像猫一样的叫声";一位商人去钓鱼，看见那只美洲狮在树上。专家们如今已经完全肯定那只动物就是美洲狮，但它是从哪儿来的呢?由于全国动物园没有一家报告丢了美洲狮，因此那只美洲狮一定是某位私人收藏豢养的，不知怎么设法逃出来了。搜寻工作进行了好几个星期，但始终未能逮住那只美洲狮。想到在宁静的乡村里有一头危险的野兽继续逍遥流窜，真令人担心。 　　篇二： 　　Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another, but he has never managed to get enough money to have the church clock repaired. The big clock which used to strike the hours day and night was damaged many years ago and has been silent ever since. 　　" One night, however, our vicar woke up with a start: the clock was striking the hours! Looking at his watch, he saw that it was one o"clock, but the bell struck thirteen times before it stopped. Armed with a torch, the vicar went up into the clock tower to see what was going on. In the torchlight, he caught sight of a figure whom he immediately recognized as Bill Wilkins, our local grocer. "Whatever are you doing up here Bill ?" asked the vicar in surprise. 　　" I"m trying to repair the bell," answered Bill." I"ve been ing up here night after night for weeks now. You see, I was hoping to give you a surprise." 　　"You certainly did give me a surprise!" said the vicar. "You"ve probably woken up everyone in the village as well. Still, I"m glad the bell is working again." 　　"That"s the trouble, vicar," answered Bill. "It"s working all right, but I"m afraid that at one o"clock it will strike thirteen times and there"s nothing I can do about it." 　　"We"ll get used to that Bill," said the vicar. "Thirteen is not as good as one but it"s better than nothing. Now let"s go downstairs and have a cup of tea." 　　我们教区的牧师总是为各种各样的事筹集资金。但始终未能筹足资金把教堂的钟修好。教堂的钟很大，以前不分昼夜打点报时，但很多年前遭到毁坏，从此便无声无息了。 　　一天夜里，我们的牧师突然被惊醒了，大钟又在"打点"报时了!他一看表，才1点钟，可是那钟一边敲了13下才停。牧师拿着一支电筒走上钟楼想去看看究竟发生了什么事情。藉著电筒光。他看见一个人，马上认出那是本地杂货店主经比尔.威尔金斯。 　　"你究竟在这上面干什么，比尔?"牧师惊讶地问。 　　"我想把这口钟修好，"比尔回答说。"好几个星期了，我天天夜里到钟楼上来。嗯，我是想让你大吃一惊。" 　　"你确实使我大吃了一惊!"牧师说，"也许同时你把村里所有的人都吵醒了。不过，钟又能报时了，我还是很高兴的。" 　　"问题就在这里，牧师，"比尔回答说。"不错，钟能报时了，但是，恐怕每到1点钟，它总要敲13下，对此我已无能为力了。" 　　"大家慢慢就习惯了，比尔，"牧师说。"13下是不如1下好，但总比1下也不敲强。来，咱们下楼去喝杯茶吧。" 　　篇三： 　　Some time ago，an interesting discovery was made by archaeologists on the Aegeanadj.爱琴海的;n.island of Kea.An American team explored a temple which stands in an ancient city on the promontory海角 of Ayia Irini.The city at one time must have been prosperous繁荣的，for it enjoyed a high level of civilization.Houses--often three storeys楼层 high--were built of stone.They had large rooms with beautifully decorated walls.The city was even equipped with a drainage system，for a great many clay pipes were found beneath the narrow streets. 　　The temple which the archaeologists explored was used as a place of worship礼拜 from the fifteenth century B.C. until Roman times. In the most sacred room of the temple, clay fragments碎片 of fifteen statues were found. Each of these represented a goddess and had, at one time, been painted. The body of one statue was found among remains dating from the fifteenth century B.C. Its missing head happened to be among remains of the fifth century B.C. This head must have been found in Classical times and carefully preserved. It was very old and precious even then即使在那时. When the archaeologists reconstructed the fragments, they were amazed to find that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman. She stood three feet high and her hands rested on her hip. She was wearing a full-length skirt which swept the ground. Despite her great age, she was very graceful indeed, but, so far, the archaeologists have been unable to discover her identity. 　　不久之前，在爱琴海的基亚岛上，考古工作者有一项有趣的发现。一个美国考古队在阿伊亚.依里尼海角的一座古城里考察了一座庙宇。这座古城肯定一度很繁荣，因为它曾享有高度的文明，房子一般有3层楼高，用石块修建。里面房间很大，墙壁装饰华丽。城里甚至还敷设了排水系统，因为在狭窄的街道底下发现了许许多多陶土制作的排水管道。 　　考古工作者考察的这座庙宇从公元前15世纪直到罗马时代一直是祭祀祈祷的场所。在庙中最神圣的一间殿堂里发现了15尊陶雕像的碎片。每一尊雕像代表一位女神，而且一度上过色。其中有一尊雕像，她的躯体是在公元前15世纪的历史文物中发现的，而她那身异处的脑袋却碰巧是在公元前5世纪的文物中找到的。她的脑袋一定是在古希腊罗马时代就为人所发现，并受到精心的保护。却使在当时，它也属历史悠久的珍奇之物。考古工作者把这些碎片重新拼装起来后，惊奇地发现那位女神原来是一位相貌十分摩登的女郎。她身高3英尺，双手叉腰。身穿一条拖地长裙，尽管上了年纪，但体态确实优美。不过，考古工作者至今未能确定这位女神的身份。

Listen to the tape then answer the question below.听录音，然后回答以下问题。Where must the puma have come from? Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America. When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously. However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar. The hunt for the puma began in a small village where a woman picking blackberries saw "a large cat" only five yards away from her. It immediately ran away when she saw it, and experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it is cornered. The search proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning and at another place twenty miles away in the evening. Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits. Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found clinging to bushes. Several people complained of "cat-like noises" at night and a businessman on a fishing trip saw the puma up a tree. The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma, but where had it come from? As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country, this one must have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape. The hunt went on for several weeks, but the puma was not caught. It is disturbing to think that a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.New words and expressions 生词和短语 puman. 美洲狮 spotv. 看出，发现 evidencen. 证据 accumulatev. 积累，积聚 obligev. 使……感到必须 huntn. 追猎；寻找 blackberryn. 黑莓 human being 人类 cornerv. 使走投无路，使陷入困境 trailn. 一串，一系列 printn. 印痕 clingv. 粘 convincev. 使……信服 somehowadv. 不知怎么搞地，不知什么原因 disturbv. 令人不安参考译文 美洲狮是一种体形似猫的大动物，产于美洲。当伦敦动物园接到报告说，在伦敦以南45英里处发现一只美洲狮时，这些报告并没有受到重视。可是，随着证据越来越多，动物园的专家们感到有必要进行一番调查，因为凡是声称见到过美洲狮的人们所描述的情况竟是出奇地相似。 搜寻美洲狮的工作是从一座小村庄开始的。那里的一位妇女在采摘黑莓时的看见“一只大猫”，离她仅5码远，她刚看见它，它就立刻逃走了。专家证实，美洲狮非被逼得走投无路，是决不会伤人的。事实上搜寻工作很困难，因为常常是早晨在甲地发现那只美洲狮，晚上却在20英里外的乙地发现它的踪迹。无论它走哪儿，一路上总会留下一串死鹿及死兔子之类的小动物，在许多地方看见爪印，灌木丛中发现了粘在上面的美洲狮毛。有人抱怨说夜里听见“像猫一样的叫声”；一位商人去钓鱼，看见那只美洲狮在树上。专家们如今已经完全肯定那只动物就是美洲狮，但它是从哪儿来的呢？由于全国动物园没有一家报告丢了美洲狮，因此那只美洲狮一定是某位私人收藏豢养的，不知怎么设法逃出来了。搜寻工作进行了好几个星期，但始终未能逮住那只美洲狮。想到在宁静的乡村里有一头危险的野兽继续逍遥流窜，真令人担心。

第1课：A Puma at Large 一只逃遁的山狮 Pumas are large, cat like animals which are found in America. When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously. However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar. The hunt for the puma began in a small village where a woman picking blackberries saw "a large cat" only five yards away from her. It immediately run away when she saw it, and experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it is cornered. The search proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning and at another place twenty miles away in the evening. Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found clinging to bushes. Several people complained of ‘cat like noises"at night and a business man on a fish trip saw the puma up a tree. The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma, but where had it come from? As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country. This one must have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape. The hunt went on for several weeks, but the puma was not caught. It is disturbing to think that a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside. 第10课：The Loss of the‘Titanic"泰坦尼克号的沉没 The great ship, Titanic, sailed for New York from Southampton on April 10th,1912. She was carrying 1316 passengers and a crew of 891. Even by modern standards, the 46,000 ton Titanic was a colossal ship. At that time, however, she was not only the largest ship that had ever been built, but was regarded as unsinkable, for she had sixteen water tight compartments. Even if two of these were flooded, she would still be able to float. The tragic sinking of this great liner will always be remembered, for shewent down on her first voyage with heavy loss of life. Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a look out. After the alarm. had been given, the great ship sharply turned sharply to avoid a direct collision. The Titanic turned just in time, narrowly missing the immense wall of ice which rose over 100 feet out of the water beside her. Suddenly, there was a slight trembling sound from below, and the captain went down to see what had happened. The noise had been so faint that no one thought that the ship had been damaged. Below, the captain realized to his horror that the Titanic was sinking rapidly, for five of her sixteen water tight compartments had already been flooded! The order to abandon ship was given and hundreds of people plunged into the icy water. As there were not enough life boats for everybody, 1500 lives were lost. 第20课：Pioneer Pilots 飞行员的先驱 In 1908 Lord Northcliffe offered a prize of &1000 to the first man who would fly across the English Channel. Over a year passed before the first attempt was made.On July 19th, 1909, in the early morning,Hubert Latham took off from the French coast in his plane the "Antoinette IV". He had travelled only seven miles across the Channel when his engine failed and he was forced to land on the sea. The "Antoinette" floated on the water until Latham was picked up by a ship. Two days later, Louis Bleriot arrived near Calais with a plane called "No. XI". Bleriot had been making planes since 1905 and this was his latest model. A week before, he had completed a successful overland flight during which he covered twenty six miles. Latham, however did not give up easily. He, too, arrived near Calais on the same day with a new "Antonette". It looks as if there would be an exciting race across the Channel. Both planes were going to take off on July 25th, but Latham failed to get up early enough. After making a short test flight at 4.15 a.m., Bleriot set off half an hour later. His great flight lasted thirty seven minutes. When he landed near Dover, the first person to greet him was a local policeman. Latham made another attempt a week later and got within half a mile of Dover, but he was unlucky again. His engine failed and he landed on the sea for the second time. 第30课：The Death of a Ghost 鬼魂之死 For years villagers believed that Endley farm was haunted. The farm was owned by two brothers, Joe and Bert Cox. They employed a few farm hands, but no one was willing to work there long. Every time a worker gave up his job, he told the same story. Farm labourers said that they always woke up to find the work had been done overnight. Hay had been cut and cow sheds had been cleaned. A farm worker,who stayed up all night, claimed to have seen a figure cutting corn in the moonlight. In time, it became an accepted fact that the Cox brothers employed a conscientious ghost that did most of their work for them. NO one suspected that there might be someone else on the farm who had never been seen. This was indeed the case. A short time ago, villagers were astonished to learn that the ghost of Endley had died. Everyone went to the funeral, for the "ghost" was none other than Eric Cox, a third brother who was supposed to have died as a young man. After the funeral, Joe and Bert revealed a secret which they had kept for over forty years. Eric had been the eldest son of the family. He had been obliged to join the army during the first World War. As he hatedarmy life he decided to desert his regiment. When he learnt that he would be sent abroad, he returned to the farm and his farther hid him until the end of the war. Fearing the authorities, Eric remained in hiding after the war as well. His father told everybody that Eric had been killed in action. The only other people who knew the secret were Joe and Bert. They did not even tell their wives. When their father died, they thought it their duty to keep Eric in hiding. All these years, Eric had lived as a recluse.He used to sleep during the day and work at night, quite unaware of the fact that he had become the ghost of Endley. When he died, however, his brothers found it impossible to keep the secret any longer.

Work-life balance: Tips to reclaim controlWhen your work life and personal life are out of balance, your stress level is likely to soar. Use these practical strategies to restore harmony.By Mayo Clinic staffThere was a time when the boundaries between work and home were fairly clear. Today, however, work is likely to invade your personal life — and maintaining work-life balance is no simple task. Still, work-life balance isn"t out of reach. Start by evaluating your relationship to work. Then apply specific strategies to help you strike a healthier balance.Married to your work? Consider the costIt can be tempting to rack up hours at work, especially if you"re trying to earn a promotion or manage an ever-increasing workload. Sometimes overtime may even be required. If you"re spending most of your time working, though, your home life will take a hit. Consider the consequences of poor work-life balance: Fatigue. When you"re tired, your ability to work productively and think clearly may suffer — which could take a toll on your professional reputation or lead to dangerous or costly mistakes. Lost time with friends and loved ones. If you"re working too much, you may miss important family events or milestones. This can leave you feeling left out and may harm relationships with your loved ones. It"s also difficult to nurture friendships if you"re always working. Increased expectations. If you regularly work extra hours, you may be given more responsibility. This may lead to only more concerns and challenges.Strike a better work-life balanceAs long as you"re working, juggling the demands of career and personal life will probably be an ongoing challenge. Use these ideas to help you find the work-life balance that"s best for you: Track your time. Track everything you do for one week, including work-related and personal activities. Decide what"s necessary and what satisfies you the most. Cut or delegate activities you don"t enjoy or can"t handle — or share your concerns and possible solutions with your employer or others. Take advantage of your options. Ask your employer about flex hours, a compressed workweek, job sharing, telecommuting or other scheduling flexibility. The more control you have over your hours, the less stressed you"re likely to be. Learn to say no. Whether it"s a co-worker asking you to spearhead an extra project or your child"s teacher asking you to manage the class play, remember that it"s OK to respectfully say no. When you quit doing the things you do only out of guilt or a false sense of obligation, you"ll make more room in your life for the activities that are meaningful to you and bring you joy. Leave work at work. With the technology to connect to anyone at any time from virtually anywhere, there may be no boundary between work and home — unless you create it. Make a conscious decision to separate work time from personal time. When you"re with your family, for instance, turn off your cell phone and put away your laptop computer. Manage your time. Organize household tasks efficiently, such as running errands in batches or doing a load of laundry every day, rather than saving it all for your day off. Put family events on a weekly family calendar and keep a daily to-do list. Do what needs to be done and let the rest go. Limit time-consuming misunderstandings by communicating clearly and listening carefully. Take notes if necessary. Bolster your support system. At work, join forces with co-workers who can cover for you — and vice versa — when family conflicts arise. At home, enlist trusted friends and loved ones to pitch in with child care or household responsibilities when you need to work overtime or travel. Nurture yourself. Eat healthy foods, include physical activity in your daily routine and get enough sleep. Set aside time each day for an activity that you enjoy, such as practicing yoga or reading. Better yet, discover activities you can do with your partner, family or friends — such as hiking, dancing or taking cooking classes.Know when to seek professional helpEveryone needs help from time to time. If your life feels too chaotic to manage and you"re spinning your wheels worrying about it, talk with a professional — such as a counselor or other mental health professional. If your employer offers an employee assistance program (EAP), take advantage of available services.Remember, striking a healthy work-life balance isn"t a one-shot deal. Creating work-life balance is a continuous process as your family, interests and work life change. Periodically examine your priorities — and make changes, if necessary — to make sure you"re keeping on track.

Purple flowers of many people has been the dream of Provence landscape, and flowers of this is that by the hundreds of 10 000 small lavender flowers such as rice woven. Each year in July, lavender flowers bloom, set off the dark green of the olive trees, blue sky and bright and lively as the sunflower. That the U.S. is the kind of visual shock, as people praise, it"s unique aroma is more enchanting than its color. In addition to use as a spice, Provence, people have also painted lavender jelly made of bread, made of ice cream, desserts and cookies, made you think to or have never imagined all kinds of small points. Sometimes a strong game in some sauce, theIt will appear in your tongue. However, you most likely met in this case it is: under the shade in the summer or in winter in the fire, and after dinner meal typical of Provence, lavender in a cup of clear soup golden magnetic cup of tea. Cold or warm light slowly drink discretion, if you feel happy, you"re right, because it is being said to the highest index of vanilla.61 Peter Meyer in "eternal Provence" in desperation: "escape the city, enjoy the lazy, to be a time of thieves in Provence." You can like me, with sows to the oak tree in mining truffles; or driving a car, bought from the market come with olives, cherry, ham, Quwang overlooking the whole piece of purple to lavender in the valley. Finished in a delicious picnic to enjoy after the blue sky, looking for an olive tree to shade a lengthy nap, purple lavender fragrance will be like a dream floating out from the same romance. At this point you will understand why Peter 61 Meier Ning can give up the high life in New York,To live in this secluded mountain to!

　　梦想是一种思想的力量。但是,没有社会主义的价值观,就没有正确的梦想,没有正确的梦想就没有正确的奋斗方向。下面是我带来的有关于梦想意义的英语 文章 ，欢迎阅读!　　有关于梦想意义的英语文章篇一 　　By presenting examples of successful people whose dreams contributed greatly to their success, this passage emphasizes the importance of dreams and advocates that people should have dreams and never give them up. 　　Nobody will deny that dreams play a very important part in oneu2019s life. I think dreams influence people in the following ways. Firstly, having dreams means intense concentration on specific goals, which undoubtedly increases the possibility of success. Besides, dreams can serve as great motivations, pushing the dreamers to go ahead with courage and overcome difficulties with effort. Lastly, those who have dreams are more likely to be self-disciplined and well-organized, which are necessary qualities for ambitious people. 　　I have witnessed how much dreams have meant to my fatheru2019s life. Country born and country bred, he dreamed of becoming an architect as a kid. For many years, he spared no effort to approach his dream by working extremely hard at his lessons and reading books related to architecture. As was expected, he was finally admitted to his ideal university and majored in architecture. Now he is an authority in architecture and is well-known at home and abroad. 　　To be brief, no matter who you are and what you are doing, you should have your dreams and hold on to them because they give you chances to taste success. 　　有关于梦想意义的英语文章篇二 　　梦想还是要有的，万一实现了呢 　　I donu2019t know what that dream is that you have. I donu2019t care how disappointing it might be as youu2019re working toward that dream. But that dream that youu2019re holding in your mind u2013 itu2019s possible. Some of you already know that itu2019s hard. Itu2019s not easy. Itu2019s hard changing your life. In the process of chasing your dreams, you are going to incur a lot of disappointment, a lot of failure, a lot of pain. 　　我不知道你有什么样的梦。我也不在乎你在逐梦之时它曾令你有多沮丧。但我要告诉你，你心中所坚持的那个梦，它是有可能实现的。你们中有的人应该也已经知道要实现它很难。的确并不容易。要改变你的人生，这很难。在逐梦的过程中，你们会遇到各种各样的困难，沮丧，失败，痛苦。 　　There will be moments when you are going to doubt yourself. Youu2019ll say, “Why? Why is this happening to me? Iu2019m just trying to take care of my children, and my mother. Iu2019m not trying to steal or rob from anybody. How did this have to happen to me?” For those of you who have experienced some hardships u2013 donu2019t give up on your dream. The rough times are gonna come, but they will not stay, they will come to pass. 　　有时候你会怀疑你自己。你会问：“为什么?为什么这事会发生在我身上?我只是想照顾我的孩子，我的母亲。我并没想过要去偷和抢。为什么这事一定要发生在我身上?”遭遇过困难的你们，请别放弃你们的梦。糟糕的日子总会来，但不会停留太长，并终究会过去。 　　Many of you fail to seek your purpose in life and you should. You dream and then follow it up with a list of all the reasons why the dream is unachievable. You fill your life with excuses and "I can"t." Many great companies were conceived from a dream, nurtured in a garage or basement and grew to be traded on the New York Stock Exchange. Why not you? Why not your dream? The only true limits you experience in life are those you create or those you allow others to impose upon you. If you can dream it, you can do it! 　　你们许多人在一生中或许会有找不到人生目标的时候，这很正常。你追求自己的梦，跟着出现一大堆告诉你这梦不可能实现的理由。你开始为自己的人生找各种借口，告诉自己“我不行。” 很多大公司都是由一个梦演变而来，从车库或地下室里发展成为纽约交易所的上市公司。为什么不是你?为什么不是你的梦?你在人生路上所遇到的那些障碍都是你自己设置的，要么就是你让他人施加在你身上的。梦想还是要有的，万一实现了呢! 　　Dreaming is the easy part. Acting on the dream is harder. Recognize that a dream is a journey. On the simplest level, it takes commitment, time, desire, and courage. But rarely is something great easily realized. Dreaming is recognizing and embracing the potential for greatness and seeking it in all areas of your life. Believe in your dreams and your ability to accomplish them. Keep your dreams in front of you. I"m here to challange you to reach for your dream. Do not be afraid to dream. Never forget, if you can dream it, you can do it! 　　做梦很容易，为梦而行才难。要知道，一个梦就是一段旅程。最简单地说，这梦需要你做出承诺，付出时间，坚定渴望，以及拥有勇气。道理很简单，却很少有人懂。梦就是要你意识到并拥抱生活中所有可能的美好。相信你的梦，相信自己能实现它。让它带领你。不要忘记，梦想还是要有的，万一实现了呢! 　　有关于梦想意义的英语文章篇三 　　Catch the Star That Will Take You to Your Dreams 　　追随你的梦想 　　Catch the star that holds your destiny, the one that forever twinkles within your heart. Take advantage of precious opportunities while they still sparkle before you. Always believe that your ultimate goal is attainable as long as you commit yourself to it. 　　追随能够改变你命运的那颗星，那颗永远在你心中闪烁的明星。当它在你面前闪耀时，抓住这宝贵的机会。请谨记，只要你坚持不懈，最终的目标总能实现。 　　Though barriers may sometimes stand in the way of your dreams, remember that your destiny is hiding behind them. Accept the fact that not everyone is going to approve of the choices you"ve made, have faith in your judgment, catch the star that twinkles in your heart, and it will lead you to your destiny"s path. Follow that pathway and uncover the sweet sunrises that await you. 　　尽管实现梦想的途中有时会遇到障碍，要知道这是命运对你的挑战。不是每个人都会赞成你的选择，接受这个现实，并相信自我的判断，追随那颗在你心中闪烁的明星，它会引领你踏上命运的征途。坚持不懈，你就能享受那些幸福时刻。 　　Take pride in your accomplishments, as they are stepping stones to your dreams. Understand that you may make mistakes, but don"t let them discourage you. Value your capabilities and talents for they are what make you truly unique. The greatest gifts in life are not purchased, but acquired through hard work and determination. 　　每前进一步，你都应引以为豪，因为它们是你实现梦想的阶梯。要知道在这个过程中你也许会犯错误，但不要气馁。珍视自我的潜能，因为它们使你独一无二。生命中最珍贵的礼物不是花钱买来的，而是通过努力和决心而获取的。

空间站的“天"。太空中24小时内能看到15次日出日落。。。。。。。。。。

There are two days in every weekabout which we should not worry,Two days which should be kept free of fear and apprehension.One of these days is YESTERDAY,With its mistakes and cares,Its faults and blunders,Its aches and pains.YESTERDAY has passed forever beyond our control.All the money in the world cannot bring back YESTERDAY.We cannot undo a single act we performed;We cannot erase a single word we said.YESTERDAY is gone.The other day we should not worry about is TOMORROWWith its possible adversities, its burdens, its larger promise.TOMORROW is also beyond our immediate control.TOMORROW, the sun will rise,Either in splendor or behind a mask of clouds,But it will rise.Until it does, we have no stake in TOMORROWFor it is as yet unborn.This leaves only one day - TODAY.Any man can fight the battles of just one day.It is only when you and I add the burdens of those two awful eternities- YESTERDAY and TOMORROW -That we break down.It is not the experience of TODAY that drives men mad.It is remorse or bitterness for something which happened YESTERDAYAnd the dread of what TOMORROW may bring.Let us, therefore, live but ONE day at a time.

给你几个选择: 1.Dieses Jahr war ich in Sommerferien meistens zu Hause. Ich traf mich mit meinem Kumpel, wir gingen zusammen in die Pubs oder in die Discos. Mittags ging ich ins Schwimmbad oder spazieren. Ich war auch ein paar Male auf achtzehnten Geburtstagpartys, wo ich mich sehr gut amusierte. Im August verbrachte ich mit meinen Freunden eine Woche in (这里随便写一个地名). Ich unterhielt mich wunderbar dort. Ich schwamm, ging spazieren oder spielte Volleyball. Das Wetter war schon, ich wanderte also stundenlang in der Umgebung. Ich lernte viele Menschen kennen und merkte, dass eine Woche dort zu wenig war. Nachstes Jahr fahre ich auch dorthin, alle meinen neuen Bekannten besuchen. Ich besichtigte viele interessante Orten und ich kann jetzt sagen, dass ich diese Zeit sehr gut verbrachte. 2.Meine Sommerferien habe ich mit meiner Familie an (随便写个旅游地,要靠海的地方)verbracht. Ich bin gesegelt, geschwommen, gelaufen. Ich habe Fische geangelt, gebadet und in der Sonne gelegen. Ich habe viel fotografiert. Ich bin in den Wald gegangen. Ich habe mich nicht gelangweilt. Das Wetter war windig und neblig. Die Sommerferien waren super, toll und fantastisch. Ich m?chte n?chstes Jahr meine Ferien in Spanien verbringen. 3.Ich bin in den Sommerferien auf dem Lande und an der See. Ich bin oft spazieren gegangen. Ich habe Ganse und Enten gefuttern. Ich habe sogar Kuhe gemolken! Auf dem Lande ist fantastisch !!! Ich war auch in Wroclaw und bin fast jeden Tag ins Schwimmbad gegangen. Ich habe gebadet .

有一次,农民住在一条道路的附近.这并不是一条繁忙的道路上,但不时,有汽车通过农场.附近的农场门口,有一个大洞.这个洞是始终充满水,司机无法看到有多深.他们认为它可能很浅.然后当他们驱车到该洞,他们无法行走,因为它是如此之深.农民并没有花太多时间工作在他的农场.他的大部分时间都在看洞.当车开到这,他拿出汽车与拖拉机,并控诉司机,得到很多钱,.一天,司机向他说,“你一定有很多钱,在夜裏和白天要拉车走出这个洞” .“哦,不,”农民说.“我不拉车,拉出洞在夜间进行.在晚上,我填补这个洞的水.

The blue whale is the biggest a whale in 1904, the elderly are to 1920 whaling in Antarctic waters of a female whale, long 33.58 m, weight 1.7 tons.The blue whale is the comparison in the size of the largest life on earth. From the age of dinosaurs largest known biological is a Mesozoic Argentina dragon, Argentina dragon estimated 90 tons. The biggest blue whale have multiple is uncertain. Most of the data from the 20th century, the blue whale hunt Antarctic waters by is not proficient in standard data measurement methods of animal whale measurement. The whale is the longest recorded for two female, respectively, and 33.3 meters. 3.36 But the reliability of the measurement. America"s national Marine mammals laboratory scientists to measure the length of the longest for 29.9 m, whales and probably Boeing 737 or three double-decker buses.The blue whale is very big, the head of the tongue can stand 50 people. It"s the heart and cars. Baby can climb over its artery, just gave birth to the blue whale cub weighs more than an adult elephant. In the first seven months of life, the whale to drink milk everyday 400 liters. The whale grows quickly, weight increased 90 kilograms every 24 hours.Because of the huge volume, we cannot directly says it"s weight. Most of the blue whale hunt was not the whole head says, whale in weighing before cut it into the right size. Because of the loss of blood and other body fluids, and in this way the blue whale underestimated. Even so, 27 meters long whale record weighed 170 tons of 150 -. The scientists believe that NMML 30 meters long whale estimated more than 180 tons will. Now scientists have NMML accurate measurement of the largest weighs 177 tons.　　蓝鲸是须鲸中最大的一种，最长者是1904到1920年间捕于南极海域的一头雌鲸，长33.58m，体重170吨。　　大小比较蓝鲸是曾在地球上生活过的最大动物。来自恐龙时代所知的最大的生物是中生代的阿根廷龙，阿根廷龙估计有90吨。最大的蓝鲸有多重还不确定。大部分的数据取自20世纪上半叶南极海域捕杀的蓝鲸，数据由并不精通标准动物测量方法的捕鲸人测得。有记载的最长的鲸为两头雌性，分别为33.6米和33.3米。但是这些测量的可靠性存在争议。美国国家海洋哺乳动物实验室的科学家测量到的最长的鲸长度为29.9米，大概和波音737或三辆双层公共汽车一样长。 　　蓝鲸的头非常大，舌头上能站50个人。它的心脏和小汽车一样大。婴儿可以爬过它的动脉，刚生下的蓝鲸幼崽比一头成年象还要重。在其生命的头七个月，幼鲸每天要喝400升母乳。幼鲸的生长速度很快，体重每24小时增加90公斤。 　　由于蓝鲸巨大的体积，我们不能直接称它的体重。大部分被捕杀的蓝鲸都不是整头上称的，捕鲸人在称重之前将其切成合适的大小。因为血液和其它体液丧失，这种方式低估了蓝鲸的体重。即使这样，有记载27米长的鲸重达150－1

正在修改文章

这并不意味着对个体、智者或人类没有空间，但是，例如，在后现代建筑中我讨厌的是，缺乏任何分析及对一种普遍原则的浅层次的评价。建筑是一种经久不衰的状态，它必须要体现现实的本质，它要作为被一独立建筑师所标志的它那个时代的见证人。我所描述的分析是起点，但是当讨论发生时，当很有可能达成一致的理念时，协作的时刻到来了。比起语言上的，工作奇迹般的，几乎，更倾向于创造性的，集中记忆力和精力，所研究的每件事都将创新性融入到新的事物中去，成为更有活力，更神秘的艺术品。正是这些原因，建筑师们应把设计家俱或灯饰或生产产品作为一项严肃的事情来做。一些经典的设计比如椅子，能够经历持续五十、七十甚至是一百年的时间或许比这更长。一古董家俱是它时间的见证人，仍能够表达一种真实的状态，即使就其使用更适合路易斯XII,XIV,XV的时代。但是对于一物体的设计的改变的唯一有效理由是基于需要、目的、社会和暂时的状况的变化而定。例如，没有事情比看到某人为适应一种新的更时尚的风格试图改变酒杯的形状更让我害怕。传统的B玻璃杯的形状随着时间变化以满足它自己的理论。它形状的任何改变来自于外界，而不是形成于设计者的随意。因此，我们能谈论设计基础的种类，保持它们自己功用的物体，这是通过不以潮流标志的数年的工艺过程发展的。它们不应被改变，不是出于对过去的虔诚而是因为没有必要改变它们。为商业、市场或经济原因修改它们是对其内涵的稀释，对设计的侮辱。

我是楼主。竟然不能补充问题。所以我换一个号上来了。翻译好的可以发到工邮箱:ou_ding@yahoo.com.cn 非常感谢！

我来试一下，请高手斧正，修缮，谢谢！--------------------------------------------------------------------We are sincerely sorry for the shipment delay. Recently months we are busy in dealing with plenty of orders from Europe and North America, & all the orders was handled according to receipt time strictly; & with regerett your order was delivered to us with postpone. However we are glad to inform you that your cargos has been loaded into Vessel Ben. The vessel will depart on sept-17 & arrive in London on Oct-10. We believe you will receive the notification from the carrier soon.Enclosed pls find a copy of B/L. Pls assist to extend the Validity period of L/C. Thanks!We hope our further cooperation will be not affected by the postpone of the cargo this time. & we promise that we will do our best to expedite arrangement of future shipments. In order to smooth our further business, we suggest that your end can place orders,in advance, for the items which will be sold in the Winter. Appreicate your cooments if any. Thank you & have a nice day!

这不是100分能解决的问题...

给的分太少，不翻

　　随着入世及全球化程序的发展,中国的商务旅行活动日趋频繁。下面是我带来的，欢迎阅读! 　　 1 　　How to Find a Profitable Niche for Your Online Business 　　Do you struggle with knowing what to do when it es to building an online business? 　　Most people struggle, a lot. 　　The truth of the matter is that if you do not pick the right niche, or focus on serving people who are willing to pay you, chances are that you will fail. But this doesn"t mean you have to figure it all out right away: when I started my online business, I didn"t know what I wanted to focus on. 　　I knew I was passionate about personal development. I also knew that the personal development market was extremely saturated, but I didn"t know what else to do, so I jumped in anyway. I started building an audience, and as I started getting feedback, I started to discover my niche. 　　You see, it"s not about perfection—it"s about constant improvement. If you have a vague idea of what you want to do, but aren"t sure, the best thing you can do is to jump in and see what happens. If you can"t figure it out, you just have to take action, otherwise you"ll stay stuck for a long time. 　　Why Most People Fail 　　One of the main reasons people fail is because they are unrealistic. They may follow their passion, but they never stop to think if people would be willing to pay for what they want to do, so always stay focused on what problems people have, and if they would be willing to pay you to solve those problems. 　　When I started, I dove into the personal development market. My odds of success were low, but I knew there was demand. I knew the market was viable, because there was petition; I could find books, courses, workshops, and coaches. If I could just build an audience, I could succeed. I didn"t know what I was doing, but I took things one step at a time, and here I am today, getting paid to do what I love. 　　How to Find a Profitable Niche for Your Online Business 　　There are three main steps—or areas—you need to think about when you"re determining what you want to build an online business about. Let"s dive into the first and most important one. 　　Step 1: Passion 　　The first area is passion. 　　Yes, there are people who have businesses in markets they aren"t passionate about, but are they happy? They may be making a lot of money, but money alone won"t bring you fulfillment in life. It is when you are passionate about something that you excel. You have a drive to learn more because you love it. 　　And I was passionate about personal development when I started: I was willing to work hard, and be open to constantly learning new things. This drive allowed me to build an audience of thousands of people, and it later helped me uncover my niche, which was to help people turn their passion into a thriving lifestyle business. 　　Action step: Look at what you"re passionate about. Brainstorm a list of topics. Don"t censor yourself, and don"t worry about if it"s profitable or not. 　　Step 2: Skill 　　The next area is skill. What are you good at? Or, what do you want to bee good at? People pay for skill; they pay for a job well done. This doesn"t mean you have to be an all-knowing expert—it just means you have to have skills that are needed by the people you"re helping. 　　For example: when I started, I certainly couldn"t hold up to some of the personal development experts like Tony Robbins or Wayne Dyer, but I had my own experiences to share. People enjoyed my unique, fresh perspective. Don"t underestimate how much you already know—you don"t have to know everything, you just have to know enough. 　　Action step: Write down a list of things you"re good at, or want to bee good at. Again, let it flow and you"ll be surprised at what es out. 　　Step 3: Demand 　　Demand is what makes it all work. 　　What are people willing to pay for? What already exists out there? Look at books, programs, courses, workshops, retreats, and anything where people are paying money for a solution. Also look at successful coaches: What problems are they solving? How are they helping people? How much are they charging? 　　When I dove into the personal development market, I knew there was demand there. People were paying thousands to attend retreats, workshops and take online courses because they wanted to be fulfilled, live their purpose, and to find their passion. Uncovering the demand doesn"t have to be plicated—just look at what people are spending money on. 　　Action step: Do some research. Use Amazon, Google, and just plain surfing around, to see what people are paying for. Then look at what you"ve written down in step 1 and 2. Try to find the intersection. 　　Finding the Intersection, Finding Your Niche 　　So, how do you find a profitable niche for your online business? Look at the three steps we"ve gone through above. Write down what you"re interested in, write down what you"re good at, and then look at what the petition is doing. If there is petition in a market, it means there is opportunity there. Once you"ve done your research, try to find the intersection between these three areas. 　　For example, my passion is personal growth and business: that"s my intersection. I"m passionate about it, I"m good at it, and there"s demand for it. In the end, there are no guarantees, so you have to be willing to start before you feel ready. Most entrepreneurs fail many, many times before they find something that works. 　　The Bottom Line 　　To find a profitable niche for your online business, you have to find the intersection between what people want, what you"re good at, and what you"re passionate about. 　　It"s not easy—that"s why most people give up—but if you keep going, you will succeed. That"s what I"ve discovered, and that"s what I"ve found to be true. 　　 2 　　How to Find New Revenue Sources for Your Online Business 　　Not only is your online business up and running, you"re doing a good job of selling what you have to offer and—most importantly—you"re actually turning a profit doing it. Kudos to you, and that"s not a reference to the delicious cereal bar. Making money with a startup is no easy feat, so that"s really something to celebrate. 　　You"ve probably learned a lot in the early going, like how to fgure out who your core audience is and why it"s more important to have a website that"s easy to use than one with all the bells and whistles unless you sell bells and whistles, of course. Maybe you"ve even discovered that the Pareto Principle applies to your business, with 20 percent of your products or services accounting for 80 percent of your sales, and used this knowledge to focus on your strengths. 　　While your business was still in its infancy, these were all important things to learn but now it seems like you"ve plateaued. Growth is stagnant and you might even be feeling a financial pinch from trying to expand before your revenue streams were ready for it. What do you do to get more money and keep growing? 　　Easy: find new revenue streams. 　　Okay, okay. Admittedly, “easy” probably isn"t the best word to use, but there are a number of ways that online businesses can do to add revenue sources, such as… 　　Add products or services. 　　Maybe your online tea business is selling hand-crafted tea cozies like crazy, but people don"t seem to be as interested in the tea kettles or the tea itself. You rightly focused more on the cozies because they were working but it"s not enough. Ever thought that perhaps you don"t have a tea business, but a cozy business? Try new products like coffee cozies, beer cozies, or toaster cozies and see how they do. A service pany like a junk removal business could think about offering a separate moving service because it still involves hauling things. 　　Expand your customer base. 　　If could be that you"ve hit your revenue ceiling with your current customers because they don"t have any more money, or they"ve already bought everything you have. Get new customers i.e. revenue sources by marketing yourself to a wider audience using new SEO terms, guest posting on different sites, joining more social networks, using PPC advertising, and more. Of course, that doesn"t mean you can stop appealing to your core audience; you just have to find ways to reach out to others without alienating them. 　　Join an affiliate ad network. 　　Most businesses don"t like the idea of putting up ads for other panies, and especially fear driving visitors away with banners and pop-ups that are intrusive and annoying, but it doesn"t have to be that way. Amazon"s Associates Program lets you link to anything on their site in a contextual way and make money doing it, while Yahoo Publisher Network, Google Adsense, and others pay surprisingly well for ads that do little to disrupt your site. Perhaps the best part is that you can typically choose the kinds of ads that you want to display. In this way, you ensure that they reflect products and services that interest your customers. Some people have had amazing success using affiliate marketing. 　　Get outside investments. 　　This one works best with panies that are “big ideas” but don"t have a plan on how to monetize the business. Business ideas like Facebook and Twitter, or even panies that want to create something like a video game and sell it but don"t have the necessary money to create the game themselves. Kickstarter and websites like it provide you with one option but you can also utilize your own network to find people willing to invest money now for a piece of the profits later. 　　These suggestions are only the tip of the iceberg when it es to finding new revenue sources for your business. You just have to be creative—some panies even make money by outsourcing their employees to other businesses when things are slow. The key is to keep the money ing in while you work on growing the pany.

感谢楼主提示 我也碰到了…确实是长度问题 拆开写入即可

I see trees of green........我看到绿色的树木.... red roses too红玫瑰太 I see em bloom.....我看到镜花:: for me and for you我和你 And I think to myself....我相信自己:: what a wonderful world.多么美妙的世界. I see skies of blue.....我看见蓝色的天空:: clouds of white白云 Bright blessed days....dark sacred nights光明幸福的日子::黑暗神圣之夜 And I think to myself .....what a wonderful world.我相信自己::什么美好的世界. The colors of a rainbow.....so pretty ..in the sky彩虹色彩的天空::如此漂亮.. Are also on the faces.....of people ..going by也是对人脸::::依此 I see friends shaking hands.....sayin..我看到朋友握手::::飒 how do you do怎么办 Theyre really sayin......i love you.theyre飒::我爱你真的. I hear babies cry......我听到婴儿哭:: I watch them grow我看他们成长 Theyll learn much more.....than Ill never knowtheyll学得多::不是生病从来不知道 And I think to myself .....what a wonderful world我想给自己一个美妙的世界:: (instrumental break)(器乐休息) The colors of a rainbow.....so pretty ..in the sky彩虹色彩的天空::如此漂亮.. Are there on the faces.....of people ..going by还有的人脸::::依此 I see friends shaking hands.....sayin..我看到朋友握手::::飒 how do you do怎么办 Theyre really sayin...*spoken*(I ....love....you).theyre真的说过:**飒(我爱::你::). I hear babies cry......我听到婴儿哭:: I watch them grow我看他们成长 *spoken*(you know their gonna learn*发言*(你知道它们的第二天学习 A whole lot more than Ill never know)生病多了一大堆永远不会知道) And I think to myself .....what a wonderful world我想给自己一个美妙的世界:: Yes I think to myself .......what a wonderful world.我觉得自己是多么美妙的世界之中.http://fannychew.blogspot.com/2007/05/blog-post_4628.html这片blog写得很好，可以练习以下

还推荐回答，Beyond是摇滚乐队不是流行乐队，他们玩的是摇滚乐，Beyond精神!

众所周知，讨论部分是在结合自己的研究结果基础上，对整个文章的结论的提炼和升华。这一部分是整个论文的精，往往点睛作用。 同时，很多杂志要求结果和讨论分开，这也就更突出了写好讨论的重要性。 那么，我们应该怎样写好讨论部分呢？ 下面我借助Jim Hesson and Eveline Farias-Hesson的资料来逐步讲解：general outline of a discussion：Beginning the Discussion Middle of the Discussion Taking Credit For Accomplishments of the Study Indicating the Novelty of the Study Noting Similarity in Findings Noting Differences in Findings Explaining Why Certain Results Were Obtained Concluding the Discussion Discussing Limitations Possible Applications of the Findings A Call for Future Studies Concluding Statement 上面是开始写讨论之前的需要思考的问题，在进行每一部分之前，初级写手需要注意区分结果和讨论的区别：一个主要的区别The discussion section is that it is characterized by a series of points, rather than facts as in the results section (Swales and Feaks, 2004). These points are interpretive rather than descriptive as in the factual reporting in the results section。根据以上的区分，我们可以认为讨论就是“解释性的，或者说明性的阐述几个观点”，讨论的另一个显著特点是：Compared to the results section, it tends to be: more abstract, general, theoretical, related to the real world, concerned with practical applications and implications, as well as engaged in dialogue with the larger field of study (Swales and Feaks, 2004). The discussion section is where you will draw out, delineate and consolidate the meaning of the results, as well as tactfully dialogue with the broader community of your field and attempt to build community consensus on the meaning of your findings (Swales and Feaks, 2004) 以上的表述说明，讨论部分要和研究结果联系起来，作者不能“天马行空”论述一些和自己的研究结果联系不太大，或者是牵强的理论或者观点。和研究结果的具体，特定，并且量化的特点比较起来，讨论部分应该体现出对研究结果更普遍的注解或者评论，所以讨论中每一个部分往往以陈述作者自己的发现开始：in general, (over all, on average, by and large, on the whole, etc.) we found that..........对于整个讨论，或者说讨论的每一个独立的部分，：it may be helpful to think of the discussion as a story, and like other clear and coherent stories, the discussion has a beginning, middle and end (Zeiger, 1999)。 开始：In the beginning of the story, you will introduce the reader to your original purpose, and then name your major findings and present results that support these findings. 中间部分：In the middle, you may show how other work supports your findings; report unexpected results; report on the novelty of the your work; explain conflicting results; suggest why your results are the way they are; explain how results of other studies do not agree with your findings, as well as defending your proposed answer against other possible answers to your main research question. 最后：At the end of the story, you may also discuss the limits of the method and validity of the assumptions as well as describing applications or implications of your findings. 以上就是很概括的描述了写一个讨论部分需要“keep in mind” 的概念。希望对我们写好英语论文都有点帮助。

You can use English translation? This article

While china continue to amaze the outside world with its stories of rapid economic growth,the country"s Gini Co-efficient-a standard measure of income inequality has exceed the 0.40 threshold viewed as danger level.Although china has lifted hundreds of millions of people out of absolute poverty during the period of reform and opening,has transformed from planning economy system to marked-oriented system,the gap between the rich and poor remains in rural-urban income as well as in every social classes are widening that will confine the long-term development of national economy as whole. The per capita disposable income of city dwellers released in 2003 was 8,472 yuan (US$1,024),compared with 2,622 yuan (US$317) of farmers that account for 80% of the national population. approx. 25% of chinese population is in the upper middle class to rich. But the larger segment-about 75% is in the low middle class to poor.Even though the past year of 2004 appears a good one for the country"s some 800 million farmers thanks to a substantial recovery in grain price and cuting tax,the task to uplift the farmer income,to narrow the disparity and inequality which will affect society stabilization in rural-urban development level is arduous. to achieve a coordinated development between urban and rural areas and to resolve issues concerning agriculture, farmers and rural areas,Wen called for reforms to increase assistance and protection for agriculture, to speed up urbanization, to let cities play a bigger role in promoting the development of rural areas and to coordinate the development of urban and rural areas, by unifying the management of issues like labor, family, compulsory education, and taxation.

话说我也在找那.........

　　中国ランキングテンの饮食ブランド企业が评定される　　--------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　先般、北京全聚徳(北京ダックの老舗)、上海杏花楼、天津狗不理(ブタまんじゅうの老舗)、四川成都谭鱼头、重庆陶然居など人気のある饮食企业が、uff62中国ランキングテンの饮食ブランド企业uff63にランクされた。　　商务部改革司関系筋によると、饮食业界においてこうした表彰活动を展开する目的は、中国饮食业発展の経験を広め、そのサービスの质と発展のレベルをさらに向上させ、饮食业の迅速で、持続的かつ健康的な発展を目指すことである。同时に、商务部はuff62中国饮食业优秀企业家uff63とuff62中华名コックuff63の受赏リストを公表した。　　中国の饮食业は良好な発展の势いを见せており、2006年全国饮食业の小売総额が1兆元の大台を突破し、一人当たりの年间外食消费额は800元に达すると商务部は予测している。今では、中国の人々はもう「腹いっぱい」まで満足するのではなく、食事の质の向上と多様化を绝えず追求するようになっている。　　発展しつつある饮食文化を提示するため、10月18日から20日まで、第二回中国饮食业博覧会が陕西省の西安市で催されることになっている。この博覧会は「中华饮食ブランドの形成及び国际化への発展」をテーマとし、その时には中国名物料理展示会、中华軽食展示即売会、内外料理の特技披露会、国际饮食业革新発展大会及び中国名コックコンテスト、中华老舗新料理コンテストなどのイベントも催されることになっている。　　uff62チャイナネットuff632006年10月16日

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Economic subsystemsTo reflect the economic development of the comprehensive level and ability. Economic development is the implementation of the sustainable development of cities, left the economic development, social development, environmental protection and resource utilization are no. The level of economic development is a comprehensive index of GDP, although traditional people use it as a measure of the level of development of the only indicator is one-sided, it is just so far reflect the human economic activity, the most important general indicators. In addition to economic structure, economic development is on the level of economic development necessary complement, choose spicing industry to increase the value of the GDP, the tertiary sector production value in GDP growth rates, investment in fixed assets, etc. In addition, the increase in foreign economic relations of indicators to reflect the cities of economic globalization.4) population subsystemIndustrial restructuring to prominent people-oriented, by restructuring to achieve all-round development of the ultimate goal. In addition, as a resource-based industries rely on non-renewable-resource is exhausted, the level of industrial development; and the development of new industry the necessary capital, technology, marketing, and other factors than talent factors are critical factors. The lack of qualified personnel, as well as by the lack of qualified personnel of technology development capabilities delivered on a weak, management level lower is the industry"s difficulties. Therefore, you cannot simply use economic indicators to measure whether restructuring must consist of a series of reflect modern urban level and quality of life and the quality of the population. As the people of concern range here only the use and industrial restructuring that are closely related to some important indicators.According to the information and data acquisition of reliability and accuracy, to Tangshan City, designed the industrial transformation of evaluation system (see table 4), divided into three levels, level 1, level 2 indicators index four, three-level index 10, four-level indicators of 33.2.2-degree assessmentIndustrial restructuring of evaluation mainly according to the assessment data, calculation of industrial transformation index (RZI). Refer to the industrial division of sustainable development, industrial transformation necessary degree RZI in [0, 1] range is divided into five classes, defined as follows:RZI = 0.1-0.2-degree high; the RZI = 0.2-0.4 industrial transformation of production;RZI = 0.4-0.6-degree in General;RZI = 0.6-0.8 industrial transformation of relatively weak;RZI = 0.8-1.0 industrial transformation of weak;On the industrial transformation of evaluation, should be determined by the index according to their meaning into distinct layers, each with AHP for indexes of weights. On each index according to the size of the value to compare with the standard to determine its score, and finally the subsystem RZI and total system RZI.RZI size depends on the size of each subsystem indicator and the amount of weight values, the smaller the RZI, represents the industrial transformation of the more serious; Bi for cities and industrial transformation of subsystems constituting the index value, resources, environment, economy, population various subsystems; an appropriate weight.2.3 case analysis to Tangshan 1996 data for industrial restructuring assessment. According to the above proposed model calculation RZI index (see table 2), in 1996 the transformation of necessity index for 0.48.Likewise 1990-2003 Tangshan City industrial transformation index (see Figure 2), where the data comes from Tangshan City Statistical Yearbook or is computed, and actual basic meet.Tangshan City industrial development in 1990-1991 in industrial transformation necessary degree higher status, 1992 has been in a steady-state, the necessary degree of medium to 2000 years in the industry a good status. As one of the cities, not hinder economic development resources are scarce, it benefits from a "rainy day" informations for industrial restructuring. Tangshan City now belongs to the degree of dependence on low mining (2001, 3.89%), economically developed region [, per capita GDP of 14379 million. Visible, by building industrial transformation of evaluation system, using analytic evaluation of industrial restructuring, is an objective evaluation of the possible.3 conclusionIndustrial restructuring of evaluation system is designed for the features of the cities, the index of addresses from which aspects of the industrial development of cities for evaluation, and other city industrial development compared to cities in the specialized areas of the industry, make more reasonable assessment, is found in the cities of industrial transformation, to determine the true source of industrial transformation of the main factors, to hold a reasonable transition time to formulate a reasonable transitional measures.Reference documents:

英国论文， 什么要的呢？

慈善就是自愿地助人，通常以捐赠金钱的方式，予有需要的人。说到捐赠金钱予陌生人，传统上，中国人一向态度冷淡：财富该留给家人。但三名青少年正向他人树立一个好榜样，试图改变这种态度。Wei Contai 及Wei Qitai两兄弟和他们的朋友Yang Xing，把过去十年收到的红包捐出来，共计50万元，成立了一个慈善组织，帮助在农村地区的贫困学生。三个生活得较富裕的青少年向较贫困的人施予援手。在中国，每年的人均慈善捐款是8美元，相比于美国每年1000美元的人均慈善捐款，这确是一个不寻常的慷慨之举。根据中国社会科学研究院表示，而在过去的一年，实际上在中国的慈善捐款下降了17％。最近这统计数据可能与中国某些大的慈善机构相继曝出丑闻攸关，如牵涉到红十字会的Guo Meimei案。中国的善长仁翁要确保他们的钱是用得其所。这就是为什么三个男孩要成立自己的慈善事业。现在，他们可以掌控制如何使用捐款，他们正在学习承担责任和如何经营一项慈善事业。更重要的是，他们还表明年轻人可以带头去帮助有需要的人，让他们生活得更好。~~~~~~~~~纯人手翻译，欢迎采纳~~~~~~~~~原文如下：Charity is the voluntary giving of help, usually in the form of money, to people in need.Traditionally, Chinese have not been open-handed when it comes to giving money to strangers: money is meant to stay in the family. But three teenagers are setting an example for others to try to change that attitude.Two brothers, Wei Contai and Wei Qitai, and their friend Yang Xing have taken all the hong bao they"ve saved over the past ten years, a total of 500,000 yuan, and set up a charity to help poor students in rural areas. The three boys who have much to help those who have less.This is an unusually generous gesture when you compare charitable donations in China with that in the U.S. Chinese individuals give just $8 a year to charity, while American individuals give $1,000 a year. And in the past year, charitable donations in China have actually fallen by 17 percent according to the Chinese Social Science Academy.This last statistic may have something to do with the scandals that have surrounded some of the big charities in China, such as the Guo Meimei scandal involving the Red Cross. Chinese donors want to be sure that their money is being spent wisely.That"s why the three boys have set up their own charity. Now they can control how the money is spent and they are learning about responsibility and how to operate a charity. More importantly, they are also showing that young people can lead the way in helping those in need have a better life.

你疯啦!不用谢....

第二纪元是从20世纪早几十年开始的，并且可以被称为“维他命时期”。维他命从食物中被发现并且书上描述了很多维他命缺少的症状。随着逐渐发现在基本食物中的维他命是健康的基本组成成分。这变得越来越明显的说明每一种疾病和当前没有有效治疗的状态都可能与维他命治疗有关。就在那时，医学院开始对将他们日常的营养概念加入基本的科学原理越来越有兴趣。他们大多数的注意力都放在对于鉴别维他命缺失症的教育上。Herein 开始研究到底是如何从无知转变到拒绝承认营养学治疗价值的。不管是如何宣扬维他命的功效都还是离如何真正能达到利用维他命这个目标很远啊PO原文 就翻译 托福115分选手

　　The Fox and The Stork 　　The stork and the fox did not get along very well. The fox invited the stork over to his house first. The stork was looking forward to having a feast at fox"s house. The fox served a large bowl of soup to the stork. "Please have as much as you want, Mr. Stork.” "Mr. Fox, Thank you very much.” 　　The stork put his beak into the bowl, but he was not able to eat it. The stork tried very hard to eat the soup. On the other hand, the fox was slurping up the soup deliciously. 　　The stork realized that the fox had tricked him. Without even having a taste, stork left for his home. 　　A few days later the stork said to the fox. "Thank you for having invited me. Why don"t you come over to my house for dinner? I prepared a delicious beef soup." The fox couldn"t wait to go. He was looking forward to it. 　　Several days later, fox visited the stork"s house. The stork served the delicious beef soup in a long bottle. But, the fox"s mouth was too small, he could not reach the delicious soup. Drooling, the fox was only able to observe the stork savoring the delicious soup. 　　The Wind and The Sun 　　The wind and the sun decided to have a bet. The wind knew that the sun had no strength and believed that he could win. "I"m the best in the world.” "Mr. Wind, why don"t you and I find out who is the stronger one." The Wind and The Sun 　　Just then a traveler was walking by. "Why don"t we find out who could first take off that man"s jacket.” The sun confidently suggested. "Fine." 　　The wind confidently, with all his strength began to blow. Just then the clear blue sky and the sun was no where to be seen and only the wind began to blow. The traveler tucked his jacket in closer and said, "Why is it so cold all of a sudden?” The stronger the wind blew, the traveler pulled his jacket closer and closer to him. 　　"Whew, I"m so cold where has the sun gone to? If this keeps up, I"m going to fly off.” The traveler stopped and tucked in his jacket even more. 　　The sun arrived with a big smile on his face. "Now it is my turn." The sun beamed his warm sunlight. The exhausted wind stepped back. 　　The traveler wiped his sweat and said, "Just a little while ago, the wind was blowing strongly how is it all of a sudden, the sun is shining down." The traveler took off his jacket and threw it down. 　　The sun gave a big smile and said, "Wind, there are something in his world that can"t be done by strength alone." The boastful wind was so embarrassed that he ran off. 　　The Crow and the Water Bottle 　　It was a scorching hot summer day. One crow was very thirsty. "I"m so thirsty." The thirsty crow roamed around looking for water. After flying for a long time, the crow found a water bottle in one of the farmer"s yard. The crow was so happy that he was able to have a drink. 　　The crow put his beak into the bottle. However, because the bottle was so long, he was not able to reach the water. The crow was exhausted. 　　"Should I go some other place for a drink?" He thought. However, because his wings were damage, he was not able to move. "What shall I do?” 　　The crow flew round and round the farmer"s yard, and thought. "Sure, that"s what I will do." The crow had an idea. 　　With all his strength, the crow started picking up stones. "One, two." He did this several times until the bottle was filled with stones. Then the crow drank a lot of water. Finally, the crow had enough strength to fly again.

包括

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A glance at any newspaper will reveal hundreds of advertisement.Some are elaborate full-page displays while the majority are in the more economical classified sections.People and firms advertise for all sorts of reasons.We can read about job vacancies,new products,people wanting to sell or purchase houses and cars,announcement of births and deaths , lonely hearts looking for partner, home servicesand others.The list goes on and is expanding everyday.在任何报纸一眼就会发现数以百计的广告。一些精致的全页显示，大多数都是在更经济的章节分类。人和公司做广告，因为种种原因，我们可以读到有关职位空缺的新产品，人们希望出售或购买房子和汽车，出生和死亡的公告，寂寞的心，寻找合作伙伴，家庭服务他人。等等不断扩大。

朋友你好，直接往要投的报刊、网站或者其他媒体的电子邮箱投稿即可。根据我多年从事文字工作的经验，我认为：如果投稿更有针对性，命中率会更高一些。这就关系到，你是哪里的？干什么的？写的稿件是什么体裁？什么内容？如果说投稿的话，最好投当地的报刊、网络或者是你从事的职业报刊发表，要投哪个媒体首先要研究哪个媒体，看它需要什么内容、什么体裁、什么格式的稿件，“对症下药”，这样会更轻松一些、方便一些，命中率会更高一些。如果你能够告诉我你的具体情况（干什么工作，哪里的，写的小说的大致内容等），我可以给你一些建议。我1993年开始在部队时开始发表各类文章，包括：报告文学、新闻、诗歌、散文、小说、评论等体裁的，到目前，先后在《人民日报》《法制日报》《农民日报》《中国文化报》《法制文萃》《半月谈》《解放军报》《中国国防报》《中国绿色时报》《中国日报》《中国教育报》《人民公安报》《中国交通报》《中国安全生产报》《中国转业军官》《中国人事》《道路交通管理》等报刊发表的大约5000篇左右吧，有40多篇获奖。另外：投稿时，第一要有信心，第二要投对报刊媒体，这两点非常重要。祝你成功！

The Suspended TempleLocated at the foot of Mt. Hengshan in China"s Shanxi Province, the Suspended Temple is nestled in the steep precipices and cliffs of Cuiping Peak west of Jinlong Gorge. The temple was built among the cliffs, suspended in midair. It is arguably the No. 1 spectacle of Mt. Hengshan.The Suspended Temple was built in the late years of the Northern Wei Dynasty (around 471-523 AD), some 1,400 years ago. It was repeatedly renovated in later dynasties, but the original structure remained unchanged. The existing building is the ruins of the renovations carried out in the Ming and Qing dynasties. The temple is the only existing one featuring the integration Buddhist, Taoist and Confucian cultures. Completely built on the mountain cliff, the wood-structure temple is supported by the beams inserted into the chiseled holes in the cliff. The temple is suspended in the air, with precipices on the top and chasms at the bottom. Looked from afar, the temple is like an exquisite relief sculpture; looked at close quarters, the temple is on the point of flying into the sky. There are over 40 halls in the temple and more than 80 Buddhist sculptures made of bronze, iron, stone and mud.On the rock wall along the plank way of the temple, there are four engraved characters "Gong Shu Tian Qiao". "Gong Shu" is the name of Lu Ban, who is considered by the Chinese as the father of builders. The meaning of the four characters is that a marvelous temple like this could only be built by great masters with exceptionally superb skills like Lu Ban. A local ballad describing the breathtaking nature of the temple goes like this: "the Suspended Temple is in mid air; looks like the temple is suspended by three horsetails". The famous poet Li Bai of the Tang Dynasty wrote "zhuangguan" (which means "spectacular") on the cliff wall. And the great traveler Xu Xiake of the Ming Dynasty called the Suspended Temple "a marvelous wonder" in his travel notes.The Suspended Temple is located in the depths of mountains, with the reservoir of Mt. Hengshan at its side. Holding 13 million cubic meters of water the rippling reservoir is crystal clear. When the spillway gate is completely open, torrents are spewing in the valley. The water and the mountain contrast nicely with each other, adding luster and beauty to the fascinating Suspended Temple

担保人特此无条件及不可撤销担保银行到期按时缴纳担保责任,由对方以及在同一日到期支付,并承担相应支付给银行后,随即书面要求银行在地货币明主协议支付的对应,每一笔款项,或较有保证的负债对应的是在任何时间缴交,而对方一直没有支付.

梦露Spaght是一个企业领导人的品种之一---和他在该品种是数一数二的。当时，他收到他的教育作为一个科学家，获得博士学位度，在商业世界的裁决意见是这种培训必然呈现为一个决策和行动生活的人不适宜。我们现在先进的科学技术培训，是不是所有在实际事务的事业格格不入的。相反，它证明了一个深度和纪律，具有很大的价值能够在当今复杂的技术世界。但仍有人说，谁的科学教育训练水平高窄Outlook只生产专家。该收费是不正确的，这本书是它的充分的驳斥。该书的作者是活生生的例子，有一个到过我们是否应该培训专家或通才古辩论的解决方案。有那些谁认为，现代世界是建立专业化，那些谁达到高峰的业绩通常是专家，你就会明白一切更好，如果你知道一个深入的事情。有人则说，在这个世界上，我们深感需要专家与广度的人看到整个生命和他的专家一起编织。事实是，我们既需要，我们正在接近的时候，没有人将能够在我们的复杂的社会谁是不能同时专家和通才的领导作用。

Report:Lina"s defeated by her Russsia opponent报道：李娜被俄罗斯对手击败Chinese tennis player,Lina,lost the game on Oct. 7.The game lasted 58 minutes,and the result is here:6-2,6-0.To everyone"s surprise,Lina was totally defeated by her opponent.中国网球手李娜，在10月7日输掉了这场比赛。比赛历时58分钟，比分为6-2,6-0。令人吃惊的是，李娜竟然输的如此彻底。‘I f it were not taday,this competition season could be a nice one,"said Lina soon after the competition.“如果不是今天输了的话，整个赛季对我来说会是个不错的赛季。”李娜在比赛刚刚结束后说道。In the whole competition,Lina is not in the condition.She said,"In fact,I know her(Lina"s Russian opponent)advantanges and disadvantagesmbut I just can"t focus myself to do what the coach had told me.Maybe today is not a good day for me to play."在整个比赛过程中，李娜都不在状态。她说，“事实上，我了解她（李娜的对手）的优势与劣势，但是我就是没办法集中精力按照教练的布置去打比赛。也许今天这个日子不适合我比赛。After the contest,Lina"s competition season is also to an end.And now only national sports is left waiting for her.‘After the National Sports Meeting,I"ll take a holiday.And during the holiday,I will not touch my rackets or think ahout my training. And I"ll go on my training either in America or in German after the holiday."赛后，李娜的这个赛季也就划上了句号。接下来她等待她的也就只在全运会了。“全运会后我会休个假。假期期间我不会再动我的球拍，也不会再想着我的训练。假期之后，我要么会在美国训练，要么会在德国训练。”Anyhow,in the past several weeks,her achievements are seen by all of us. 不管怎么说，在过去的几周时间里，李娜的成绩是我们每个人都亲眼目睹的。精心手译哦！楼主细心验收啊！ 以下是修改：Report:Lina"s defeated by her Russsia opponent写成: Lina Defeated by Her Russian Opponent标题就不用写is了，实词要首字母大写，Russia要用形容词。Chinese tennis player Lina, lost the game on Oct. 7.The game only lasted 58 minutes with a result of 6-2,6-0. Such a complete defeat surprised everyone.‘If it were not for today, this competition season could be a nice one,"said Lina soon after the competition.Through the game,Lina was not in good form. She said,"In fact,I know very well both of her(Lina"s Russian opponent)advantanges and disadvantages. But I just couldn"t focus myself to do what the coach had told me to.Maybe today is not a good day for me to play."After the contest, Lina"s series also come to an end with only the National Games waiting for her.‘After the National Games,I"ll take a holiday. And during the holiday,I will neither touch my rackets nor think ahout my training. And I"ll go on my training either in America or in German after the holiday."Anyhow,in the past several weeks,her achievements have been seen by all of us.好啦，改好啦。 网球的赛季在英语里面应该叫系列赛，也就是series，如法网是一个series，温网也是一个series。

When comes to role model, people always think aboutsome pop stars or hero, but my role model is my grandpa. Grandpais a simple math teacher. when i was a child, i always thoughtto be weak because i"m thin and weak in sports and math. Notonly my teachers and classmates, but also my mother always scoldthat how stupid i was. But grandpa didn"t think so. Instead ofscolded, he always encouraged me that "don"t give up, just tryagain". I never forgot the day i had got the first full mark.when i showed it to grandpa, he smiled and shared the happinesswith me. During all these years, grandpa has been like a bigtree to me. Under the tree, i have felt comfortable, secure andbeen well protected by him. Because of his encouragement, Iovercome lots of difficulties and find back my confidence.What"s more, I became to know that very often a disappointmentsometimes can becomes a turning point for a wonderfulexperience .Now I want to express to grandpa that how gratefulI am, and his words "don"t give up, just try again" are alwaysin my heart

在10月第三个星期六（美国） 甜蜜的一天总是在10月的第三个星期六。这个节日更重要的是比其他人（底特律，克利夫兰和布法罗是最大最甜的日市）的一些地区。这是一个节日是越来越多的欢迎，每年在全国各地。 最甜蜜日是庆祝的第三个星期六为今天，为在10月的人快乐。这是一次机会，它提供了一个机会，我们大家要记住，不仅病人，老年人，和孤儿，更是朋友，亲戚和同事的乐于助人和友善，我们的口味。 超过60年前，克里夫兰人，认为这个城市的孤儿和关闭插件常常感到被遗忘和忽视，显示他们的设想，他们记住的想法。他通过对各区的小礼物。随着他的朋友和邻居的帮助下，他分布在10月1日在这些小纪念品。在随后的几年中，其他克利夫兰开始参加庆祝仪式，这后来被称为“甜蜜日”。随着时间的推移，最甜蜜的欢乐日蔓延到弱势群体的想法是扩大到每个人，成为了一种记忆与行为人或小型纪念之际。并很快蔓延到全国各地其他城市的想法。 甜蜜的一天是不基于任何一个团体的宗教感情或家庭关系。这是一个提醒，一个深思熟虑的字或终身契约，并赋予它丰富的含义。 因为需要记住很多人的送礼，为我们提供了最甜蜜的日向外界展示的机会，我们照顾住在有形的方式，形式。

青少年从未如此沉迷于技术。然而,它如何影响他们的生活吗?三个青少年描述影响技术和社交媒体对他们。大卫说:“到了晚上,我通常在我的卧室使用我的笔记本电脑搜索信息关于我的学习。但我通常有网站和社交媒体或其他有趣的事情跑,很容易给自己几分钟去检查这些网站。”Sadia说,“我有一台笔记本电脑,一个电视和一个IPod Touch在我的卧室和我也有一个黑莓手机,这是一个旧的。有时当我在做作业,我就不能帮助我的朋友在线交谈,但我的妈妈来了,告诉我什么时候停止。”奥利维亚说:“我使用互联网知道将发生什么。我足够成熟来处理社会媒体负责任。在线的原因在深夜,总是有更多的阅读。Teenagres好奇和他们找到更多的东西去点击。对于一些人来说,互联网就像另一个肢体。他们真的不能没有它。”

古代时期。有说服力的交流已经出现年初以来times.Inscriptions的片，墙壁，和纸莎草从古代巴比伦，埃及和希腊进行邮件列表提供的产品andupcoming events.Because广泛文盲岁之前打印，大多数信息是实际交付的小贩谁站在街角大声的器皿的sponsor.Stores ，和他们进行的商品，确定了signs.Information ，而不是说服的目的是早期的商业信息。 时代的打印。发明了活字印刷的约翰内斯古腾堡在1440年搬到社会走向一个新的水平沟通----大众communication.No不再resrticted通过所需的时间由一个文士来硬的信，将单一邮件广告现在可大批量生产。提供印刷媒体到更多的人增加的识字水平， whicn反过来，鼓励更多的企业advertise.In条款媒体，包括早期印刷品广告海报，传单，并在newspapers.The分类广告信息仍然是简单和翔实通过1700年和到19世纪。 形成时期。 19世纪中叶的开始，发展广告业在美国States.The新兴的重要性和增长的广告在此期间，由于一些社会和技术的发展与工业Revolution.By十九世纪末期的广告行业是更充分地developed.Agencies已采取的作用，有说服力的制造商宣传其products.Ads承担了更完整的宣传和教育role.Copywriting已成为polishen及信誉良好的船在该期限内。 现代Acvertising 。到20世纪初，广告业已经成为一支重要力量，在营销，并已取得了相当程度的尊重和自尊。 “软卖”广告创造的图像通过一个缓慢积累的正面信息比“硬卖” approach.With爆发第一次世界大战后，广告业提供了服务给安理会的国家Defense.Thus出生公共服务通告那些依赖于专业人员和志愿者捐赠的时间和space.Advertising大幅度减少后，开始在经济大萧条中1929.Then的发展主要媒体----电台和电视台已经改变advertising.In 20世纪60年代，在广告的革命带来了复苏的艺术，灵感和intuition.As我们接近二十一世纪，广告是在一个国家的巨大变化，并正在寻求新的方向，以加强双方的创造力和盈利能力。

当前的问题 组织的公关部门正在活动,而不是由功能或为通信过程中走向市场。 主要的组织决定在低等级的似乎作业。这是由单一的活动与腾冲主要输出(媒体监测、写作、公关为内部客户联络等),而不是其他工作的部门,包括一系列的活动,旨在支持多种输出(例如媒体报道,编辑的日历,口语教学等),为国内客户(例如生产线或公司)。 在更高的层次,cross-company活动进行了综合和转嫁给下级的行动,但这些活动负责通过回溯高管回到原产于部门或个人。这个地方的资深公关经理的额外负担上(无论是公司公关部主任或副主任)是项目管理或集成点的多重离散活动,可以更好地管理处于较低的水平(见图表)。 有可能是也可能不是一个中央行政管理中心负责公关行动。 机构联络涉及很多通信通道正反通过一个个体,从而建立一个组织的瓶颈,通常需要进入其他个体在部门内不得看见他们的角色,帮助机构。 在多个活动为主要通告(例如事件发生时,新闻报道,媒体的采访,执行通信代理、协调、全球协调等),尚不清楚谁是整合与责任的观点有任何的个人在较低的水平。 当前的模型和方向的沟通渠道,通过联络主任、副主任公关,可提供不同的方向,从任何项目由于缺乏一个集成点的活动。 由于没有明确的关联的内在的内部顾客和公关部门,它会变得极其困难的机构获取信息的组织来实现自己的方向的公关部门的机构。 该机构的内部模型为顾问,负责处理多个离散活动擅长创造和项目管理一个结果,为客户的基础上一个企业或产品的对齐。由于内部的公关的对准,活动,这迫使机构花时间追踪每一个个体的公关部门内部的活动,以影响较小,加快或修改输出根据其律师。