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your home government 什么意思

2023-05-20 00:38:46
共1条回复
陶小凡

your home government

你家的政府

government 英[ˈgʌvənmənt] 美[ˈgʌvərnmənt]

n. 政府; 政体; 治理的形式; 管辖,治理;

[例句]The Government has insisted that confidence is needed before the economy can improve.

政府坚持认为只有坚定信心经济才会有起色。

[其他] 复数:governments

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2023-01-13 07:56:271

英语中的歧义类型浅议

论文关键词: 英语 歧义类型 语法歧义 词汇歧义 语音歧义 论文摘要: 在 英语学习 的过程中,常常会遇到歧义现象。歧义产生的原因有多种,本文试从语法、词汇和语音三个方面对英语中的歧义类型作一浅析。 在英语中常常会遇到一些模棱两可的 句子 ,即一句话可以作两种或多种解释,这就是通常所说的“歧义”。歧义的产生有多种情况,本文试从语法、词汇和语音的层面对英语中的歧义类型作一简要的归纳和分析。 1.语法歧义(Grammatical Ambiguity) Paul Robert在《英语句子结构》(English Sentence Structure)一书中指出:“据多数情况来看,歧义的产生并非故意的。它是由运用句子结构时的疏忽造成的,以致没有能够将可以使意义清晰的标记包罗到句子中去。(周立人,1997∶6)”于是忽视使用表明句子结构的句法代号就引起了语法歧义。伍谦光(1995∶199)认为:“‘语法歧义"是指由于对句子中的句法结构有不同理解而产生的歧义。”语法歧义最常见,也最复杂。下面是一些具有代表性的类例: 1.1词性 一个句子往往由于无法确定某个词的词性而变得无法理解。 (1)College demands change. 很明显,例句中的demands既可理解为动词,也可理解为名词。change同样如此。于是此句就产生了两个不同的意思:(1)大学要求改革。demands是动词,change是名词。(2)大学的要求改变了。demands是名词,change是动词。 1.2名词(修饰语)+名词 1.2.1复合名词或名词 短语 (2)an English teacher 此例在书面语中易引起歧义:(1)一位教英语的老师。English teacher是一个复合名词。(2)一位来自英国的老师。English作为修饰语加在名词前构成名词短语。 1.2.2-ing+名词 (3)Flying planes can be dangerous. 此句也产生了两种意思:(1)驾驶飞机会是危险的。Flying是动名词。(2)正在驾驶的飞机会有危险。Fling是现在分词,作形容词用。 1.3带有"s的名词所有格 (4)This is his teacher"s book. 句子中teacher"s book可以是一个整体,即“教师用书”。但his teacher也可以是一个整体,即“他的老师”。所以此句产生了两个意思:(1)这是他的教师用书。(2)这是他老师的书。 1.4不定式动词短语 (5)The tiger is too small to kill. 此例也有两种含义:(1)这只老虎太小以致于不能伤人。此意对tiger来说,是主动的动作。(2)这只老虎太小了,还不能被杀。此意对tiger来说,是被动的动作。 1.5“及物动词+宾语”结构 (6)I found Jim an experienced teacher. 及物动词found后面接了两个名词Jim和an experienced teacher。这句话有两个意思:(1)我发现吉姆原来是一位有 经验 的老师。(2)我为吉姆找到了一位有经验的老师。 1.6并列连词and (7)Tom and Lucy are married. 此句可理解为:(1)汤姆和露西两个成了亲。其中and连接两个名词,构成一个简单句。(2)汤姆和露西两个都已结婚。该句可看作一个并列句。 1.7悬挂式否定词not (8)His object is not to eat. 此句产生的两种意思为:(1)他的目的不是吃。作此意讲时,is和not的关系紧密,可写作isn"t。(2)他的目的是绝食。作此意讲时,not与to eat的关系紧密,形成“绝食”的含义。因此not是悬挂式的(即可以自由摆动)。 1.8悬挂式代词 (9)The man informed his brother that he should lose weight. 人称代词he位于两个名词the man和his brother之后,句意变得模糊:(1)这个男的告诉他的哥哥他自己应该减肥。人称代词he代指the man。(2)这个男的告诉他的哥哥他应该减肥。这时人称代词he代指his brother。 1.9悬挂式状语修饰成分 (10)The people who saw the play frequently praised it. 这里的frequently很难说是修饰saw the play还是praised的,因为状语修饰成分是“悬挂的”,所以产生了两个意思:(1)经常看戏的人们称赞了它。(2)看了这出戏的人们频繁地称赞它。 1.10悬挂式定语修饰成分 (11)Lily likes the vase on the table which she bought yesterday. 此句中的which she bought yesterday是定语从句,这个定语从句可认为是修饰vase,也可以认为是修饰table。也引起了歧义:(1)莉莉喜欢放在桌子上的那个昨天买的花瓶。(2)莉莉喜欢放在昨天买的桌子上的那个花瓶。 2.词汇歧义(Lexical Ambiguity) 伍谦光(1995∶199)指出:“‘词汇歧义"是指由于对句子中某一个词的意义有不同的理解而产生的歧义。” 2.1因“一词多义”(Polysemy)引起的歧义 Robert.A.Hall指出“人们在各种不同场合赋予一个词以各种不同的意义。这些意义自然也就是这个词的真正涵义”(周立人,1997∶4)。由此可见,一个词的词义往往是多义的。侯国金(1998∶66)说:“一个词若具备两个或两个以上的意义便是‘多义词"。”因此,用多义词 造句 就可能产生歧义。当然,只要我们把多义词放到一定的语境里,一般可以避免歧义。不过有时我们会遇到一个多义词的两个不同意义在句子中都讲得通,这样,句子就产生了歧义。下面是一些实例: 2.1.1名词 (12)Mr.Smith gave me a ring yesterday. 句子中的ring可理解为“戒指”,也可理解为“打电话”。 2.1.2动词 (13)He painted a tree. 此句中的painted可作“涂上油漆”解,也可作“用颜料画”解。 2.1.3形容词 (14)It is hard. 句中的hard可作“艰难的”解,又可作“坚硬的”解。 2.1.4副词 (15)The man was walking backwards. 句中的backwards可作“向后”解,又可作“背朝后”解。 2.1.5介词 (16)The vase is on the television. 此句中的on,可作“在……之上”解,也可作“上了电视屏幕”解。 2.1.6连词 (17)Oil the machine in case it gets rusty. 句中的in case可解释为“以防”,也可解释为“如果”或“当……时候(尤其在美国英语中)”。 2.1.7代词 (18)You should be quiet. 句中的You可以是主格第二人称代词“你,你们”,也可以是不定人称代词,泛指“任何人”。 2.1.8数词 (19)She is a mother of sixteen. 句中的基数词sixteen既可作“十六岁”解,又可作“十六个孩子”解。 2.1.9冠词 (20)It can be moved by a child. 句中的不定冠词a既有数量的概念,即“one”的意义,也有种类的概念,即指孩子,而不是大人或 其它 什么东西。 2.2因“完全同形同音异义词”(Perfect homonyms)引起的歧义 林承璋(1997∶82)认为:“同形同音异义是指两个或两个以上的词具有相同形式不同意义的现象。”具体来说,同形同音异义词是指意义不同、读音和拼写都相同或意义不同、但在读音或拼写某一方 面相 同的词。 完全同形同音异义中的B类由于读音、拼写和词性都相同,所以易引起歧义。下面是一些实例: (21)a.John drove to the bank. b.He was attracted by the ball. c.The tourists passed the port at midnight. 这三个例句中的bank,ball,port都属于完全同形同音异义词,即读音、拼写和词性都相同,但由于意义不同而引起了歧义。例(21)a中的bank既可以理解为“银行”,又可以理解为“河岸”。例(21)b中的ball既可以理解为“球”,又可以理解为“正式舞会”。例(21)c中的port既可以理解为“港口”,又可以理解为“葡萄酒”。 3.语音歧义(Phonological Ambiguity) 伍谦光(1995∶200)指出:“‘语音歧义"往往是由于句中词语的‘连续"而产生的歧义。”语音歧义多出现于口语中,主要是由上图表中的同音异义词以及部分同形同音异义中的C类(即一些意义不同,但某些语法形式相同的词(Homoforms))造成的。下面是一实例: (22)“面包是怎么做的?” “这我知道!”阿丽丝热心地叫道。 “准备一些面粉(flour)——” “到哪儿去采花(flower)?”白女王问道,“花园里还是树篱上?” “咦,面粉不是采(picked)来的,”阿丽丝解释道, “它是磨(ground)出来的——” “那要多少英亩土地(ground)呢?”白女王又问道。 ——刘易士·卡罗尔《阿丽丝漫游奇境记》 上面这一段文字因为运用了语音歧义,造成了很好的幽默效果。首先flour与flower是同音异义词,因此白女王把面粉flour理解成了花粉flower。其次阿丽丝用的ground是动词grind(磨碎、碾碎)的过去分词,而白女王把ground理解成了“土地”。这一组就是笔者认为的由意义不同、但某些语法形式相同的词(Homoforms)造成的语音歧义。 4.结论 许多研究语言中的歧义现象的学者都认为,我们说话和写 文章 都应力求“准确、简明、生动”,避免歧义。不过歧义也并不只有消极的作用。在我们的日常生活中,歧义同样也产生了积极的作用,如在商业 广告 、政治宣传中,歧义都达到了很好的幽默诙谐的效果。本文从语法、词汇和语音的角度分析了英语中的歧义类型。当然,有些提法还有待商榷(比如因“完全同形同音异义词”引起的词汇歧义,由“意义不同、但某些语法形式相同的词”引起的语音歧义等),以便进一步探讨。 参考文献: [1]Lyons,J.Linguistic Semantics: An Introduction[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1995. [2]Saeed,J.I.Semantics[M].Oxford:Blackwell Publisher Itd,1997. [3]陈汉生.基础英语中的几种歧义现象[J].外国语,1994,(4):72-74. [4]侯国金.英语语言学精要回答与考试指南[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1998. [5]胡壮麟,刘润清,李延福.语言学教程[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1988. [6]林承璋.英语词汇学引论(修订版)[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,1997. [7]维多利亚·弗罗姆金,罗伯特·罗德曼.语言导论[M].北京:北京语言学院出版社,1994. [8]伍谦光.语义学导论[M].长沙:湖南 教育 出版社,1995. [9]周立人.英语歧义类例论析[J].国外外语教学,1997,(1):1-7.
2023-01-13 07:56:301

500g等于多少斤ycyv

500克=1斤-----------------------------
2023-01-13 07:56:303

christ为什么翻译成基督

基督是从cristo来的,本来是“基利斯督”,后来简称“基督”,就一直沿用下来了。cristo是希腊文,译成英文就是christ,christian就是基督人,意指属基督的人。我们现在看到的圣经是在晚清时代翻译的。
2023-01-13 07:56:301

英语毕业的论文答辩稿

英语毕业的论文答辩稿(精选6篇)   毕业论文答辩是一种有组织、有准备、有计划、有鉴定的比较正规的审查论文的重要形式。为了搞好毕业论文答辩,在举行答辩会前,校方、答辩委员会、答辩者(撰写毕业论文的作者)三方都要作好充分的准备。下面是我整理的英语毕业的论文答辩稿(精选6篇),欢迎大家分享。   英语毕业的论文答辩稿 篇1   Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am xxx and my supervisor is prof.xxx. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year"s hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.   The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style.   I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.   Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .   This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and A Rose for Emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel,that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily"s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.   Ok, that"s all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !   晚上好,所有的评估委员会成员。我来自HUST,主修外国语言学和应用语言学。我是xxx,我的主管是教授。 xxx。凭着她的真诚和智慧的指导,近一年的辛苦工作,我已经完成了我的论文。最后,这是展示时间。今天晚上,我将向大家致以衷心的感谢,我衷心地欢迎您的加入。   我的论文的标题是哥特式风格的研究   我希望通过研究这个短小的故事,我们可以在某些历史和文化中更多地描述美国南方妇女,更多地要求帮助现代社会的妇女对自己有一个广泛的了解,帮助我们提高我的独立性和信心,并更多地关注我们的心理健康该   接下来,我将向您介绍。这是我演讲的大纲。他们是文学评论,哥特式传统,哥特式风格的故事和哥特风格的原因。   本文由六部分组成。第一部分提出了作者威廉·福克纳(William Faulkner)和艾米莉·艾丝丽(A Rose)的作者,指出了这项研究的目的.和意义。第二部分是文献综述,对国内外这本小说进行了相关研究,并指出了理论依据和方法。第三部分给出了小说中哥特式传统的时间表,即死亡主题,独特的人物和神秘的气氛。部分原因,详细介绍了这本小说中哥特式风格的原因:父权制的压迫,南方女士的神话和艾米莉对爱情的态度。最后,在结论中,笔者对以前的部分进行了梳理,再次强调了论文论证的意义。   好的,就是这样。现在你可以提出你的问题!我准备好了!谢谢 !   英语毕业的论文答辩稿 篇2   Good morning,   Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) :   I am Wu Lin. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professor Hu Anjiang, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.   My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van Winkle).   The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic"s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures" background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes" failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.   Thank you!   英语毕业的论文答辩稿 篇3   good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. i am xxxx and my supervisor is xxx. with her constant encouragement and guidance, i have finished my paper. now, it is the show time. i will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.the title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.i hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.the way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.so when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.next, it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five parts.part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices.ok! that is all. thank you!   英语毕业的论文答辩稿 篇4   stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it"s show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any correction.The topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》。 I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.Angela Carter (1940-1992) is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen"s writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter"s death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter"s works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve into.With the emergence of western women"s movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women"s social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter"s most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and propositions.Next, is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five parts.Chapter one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the thesis.Chapter two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter"s life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the future.Chapter three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter"s life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women"s freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual relationship.Chapter four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter"s demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist matriarchy.And her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two genders.Chapter five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further study.OK! That is all. Thank you!   英语毕业的论文答辩稿 篇5   Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I"m xxx and come from class x. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. Li.With his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.   The title of my paper is xxxxxxxxxxxxx. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.   Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.   Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.   Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.   For the above facts, I select this title.   Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.   The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.   The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars"s main views.   The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between Engl
2023-01-13 07:56:241

Christ是什么意思

Christ[kraIst]n.[基督教]救世主(特指耶稣基督)Christ[kraIst]n基督(亦作:JesusChrist)Christ[kraist]n.(基督教)救世主(指耶稣基督)(JususChrist)基督Christ-Churchn.(牛津大学的)基督学院Christ-crossn.十字形的记号[画押]Christ-cross-rown.字母表Christhoodn.基督的品格[身分]Christlessadj.违反基督精神的;不信基督教的Christlike,Christlyadj.具有耶稣精神[德性]的,象基督一样的BeforeChrist公元前(缩写为B.C.)inChrist"sname[强调语气](=inthenameofChrist)究竟ChristAHD:[kr簊t]D.J.:[kraist]K.K.:[kra!st]n.abbr:Chr.TheMessiah,asforetoldbytheprophetsoftheOldTestament.Jesus.ChristianScience揟hedivinemanifestationofGod,whichcomestothefleshtodestroyincarnateerror?(MaryBakerEddy).MiddleEnglishCristfromOldEnglishCr簊tfromLatinChr簊tusfromGreekKhristosfromkhristos[anointed],pastparticipleofkhriein[toanoint]*SeeAlso:ghr秈-InAppendixChristlikeChristlikenessChristlinessChristlyChristAHD:[kr簊t]D.J.:[kraist]K.K.:[kra!st]n.abbr:Chr.TheMessiah,asforetoldbytheprophetsoftheOldTestament.救世主《旧约》中的先知们预言的救世主Jesus.耶稣ChristianScience【基督教科学派】揟hedivinemanifestationofGod,whichcomestothefleshtodestroyincarnateerror?(MaryBakerEddy).圣灵箴言“上帝的神圣表现就是通过肉体来毁灭罪恶的化身”(玛丽·贝克·埃德)MiddleEnglishCrist中古英语CristfromOldEnglishCr簊t源自古英语Cr簊tfromLatinChr簊tus源自拉丁语Chr簊tusfromGreekKhristos源自希腊语Khristosfromkhristos[anointed],pastparticipleofkhriein[toanoint]源自khristos[被涂油],khriein的过去分词[涂油]*SeeAlso:ghr秈-InAppendixChristlikeChristlikenessChristlinessChristlychristn.基督
2023-01-13 07:56:233

汉语中的“措辞”,英语怎么说?

cuo ci
2023-01-13 07:56:188

关于 minimal attachment 和late closure

歧义现象是自然语言的普遍现象,涉及的层面主要有词、短语和句子。关系从句(relative clause,RC)挂靠歧义(attachment ambiguity)是歧义句的一种,指的是句中的单词或短语包含一个以上的挂靠关系。例如:We adore the secretary of the psychologist who takes a walk downtown.句中由who引导的关系从句既可以挂靠在of之前的名词短语(NP1)the secretary上,也可以挂靠在of之后的名词短语(NP2)the psychologist上。研究L2学习者对关系从句挂靠歧义的加工,本质上主要是探讨一语句子加工跟二语句子加工的异同问题,看看制约一语句子加工的因素是否同样制约二语句子加工,二语句子加工是否有其自身的特点等等。本帖在介绍一语RC挂靠歧义句加工的基础上,提出若干问题供感兴趣的人士讨论。一语RC挂靠歧义句的加工1. RC挂靠歧义句的消解因语言而异。法语、西班牙语、荷兰语、德语、意大利语等等偏好高挂靠(high attachment),即RC挂靠到NP1上;英语、巴西葡萄牙语、挪威语、罗马尼亚语等倾向于低挂靠(low attachment),即RC挂靠到NP2上。2. 频率的因素。Cuetos & Mitchell (1998)认为,句法分析器(parser)会追踪输入中无歧义挂靠的频率。不同语言中,无歧义高/低挂靠的频率不同,可能是制约歧义挂靠的因素之一。3. 句法的因素。最小节点挂靠(Minimal attachment)(Frazier,1978)认为句法加工通常生成节点最少的结构。迟关闭原则(late closure)(Frazier& Fodor,1978)认为后续出现的词汇或短语尽可能挂靠在最近的成分上。不同的句法加工原则对歧义挂靠可能会有不同的预测结果。4. 音韵的因素。不同的语言对音韵的要求可能是不同的,因而对挂靠的倾向性也不同。Fodor(2002)认为,法语之所以倾向于高挂靠,是因为法语中的RC倾向于构成独立的音韵成分(prosodic constituent);而英语之所以倾向于低挂靠,是因为英语中的RC倾向于跟NP2一起构成一个独立的音韵成分。5. 其他因素。词义、语境、语用、百科知识、工作记忆等其他因素也影响歧义挂靠的选择。小鱼,哈哈
2023-01-13 07:56:141

500g,是一斤吗?

对,是一斤,
2023-01-13 07:56:136