肯尼迪

玛丽莲梦露和肯尼迪众多情妇之一 和 花花公子 的关系。

角色 待遇 出厂次数

《肯尼迪家族》百度网盘高清资源免费在线观看：链接: https://pan.baidu.com/s/17QtV4bD1N5zxpattQm3wVg?pwd=8mc6 提取码: 8mc6《肯尼迪家族》导演: 强·卡萨编剧: Stephen Kronish主演: 杰克·比尔、克莉丝汀·布丝、蕾切尔·威尔森、巴里·佩珀、舍治·哈德、克里斯·迪亚曼托普洛斯、克里斯丁·亚当斯、凯蒂·霍尔姆斯、汤姆·威尔金森、Diana Hardcastle、格雷戈·金尼尔类型: 历史制片国家/地区: 美国语言: 英语上映日期: 2011-04-03(美国)集数: 8片长: 44分钟八集迷你剧《肯尼迪家族》（The Kennedys）描述了美国前总统肯尼迪的传奇人生，包括他的早期政坛生涯、兄弟矛盾、与黑帮组织的牵连、滥用毒品和与几个重要女性的关系。本剧还提到了猪湾事件、古巴导弹危机、民权运动及至今仍无定论的肯尼迪遇刺案等重要历史事件。全剧投资3000万美元，演员阵容强大，制作精良，但因为题材太敏感，加上来自高层的压力，美国绝大多数电视网（台）都拒绝播出该剧。几经周折后，该剧被数字电视频道Reelz购得。

1961款林肯大陆74A敞篷车。肯尼迪总统最喜爱的就是一辆1961款林肯大陆74A敞篷车，这个车在美国特勤局的代号是SS-100-X。翰·肯尼迪（1917年5月29日—1963年11月22日，全名翰·菲茨杰尔德·肯尼迪/JohnFitzgeraldKennedy，也被称作翰·F·肯尼迪/JohnF.Kennedy、杰克·肯尼迪/JackKennedy、JFK），出生于美国马萨诸塞州布鲁克莱恩，爱尔兰裔美国政治家、军人，第35任美国总统。

The best way is take a yellow cab from JFK to LGA. It is fixed price. I forget how many, but should be around $20-25. Or you can take bus but it took forever (4+ hours with multiple transfers).

大机场一般都是24小时运营，因此，在机场过夜没问题。但要注意行李的安全，背包可以当枕头用，但是其他行李就只能放在身旁，熟睡后有可能会被偷。建议您把行李存放，JFK 有3个行李存放处，其中两个晚上11点就已关门，因此，您只能去 T4 二楼到达厅的24小时的行李存放处。每件行李一天收费是4-16元，根据行李大小而定。在T1 提取行李后，可以搭乘免费的 Airtrain 到 T4；直接在 T4 过夜，第二天从T4 搭乘 ETS Air Shuttle、All County Express 或 NYC Airporter 巴士到 拉瓜尔迪亚机场 (约 1小时)。

FDR，罗斯福

从JFK-LGA有以下三种办法：打车，机场大巴，找私人性质的租车公司。具体的你可以去美国旅游机票网cetour上看看，里面有关于这类问题的解答

JFK、FDR、TR

从纽约肯尼迪机场JFK入境时间的长短取决于许多因素，如航班到达时间、航班的安排、机场的繁忙程度、旅客的数量以及海关和边境保护局官员的处理效率等。一般而言，从航班降落到入境完成，通常需要一个半小时到两个小时的时间。但是，具体时间可能会因上述因素而有所不同。如果旅客需要过海关和边境保护局进行入境审查，排队等候的时间可能会比较长，特别是在旅游旺季或周末期间。因此，如果您需要在纽约肯尼迪机场JFK入境，建议您提前安排好充足的时间，并了解机场的相关信息和规定，以便顺利完成入境手续。

实名反对所有利益集团的答案，如果是利益集团或者政府议会中不满的势力，完全可以利用正常法律程序，或者政治运作迫使其下台，压根用不到如此原始的恐怖暴力手法，而且这也不是对反对集团最有利的做法。所以最有可能的就是个人主观偶然因素。

英文缩写JFK的英文全称查询结果是John Fitzgerald Kennedy,中文意思是 约翰·菲茨杰拉德·肯尼迪,中文简介美国第35届总统

约翰·菲茨杰拉德·肯尼迪（John Fitzgerald Kennedy，1917年5月29日－1963年11月22日），通常被称作约翰·F·肯尼迪（John F.Kennedy）、JFK或杰克·肯尼迪（Jack Kennedy），美国第35任总统。美国著名的肯尼迪家族成员，他的执政时间从1961年1月20日开始到1963年11月22日在达拉斯遇刺身亡为止。肯尼迪在1946年—1960年期间曾先后任众议员和参议员，并于1960年当选为美国总统，成为美国历史上最年轻的当选总统，也是美国历史上唯一信奉罗马天主教的总统和唯一获得普利策奖的总统。

是得

如下：1、Connor 康纳2、Kennedy 甘乃迪3、Kenneth 肯尼斯4、Conner 康纳5、Kenny 肯尼6、Kellan 凯兰7、Cannon 坎农8、Kenna 肯纳9、Kenyon 凯尼恩10、Kenzie 肯齐

肯定不是 那是《货币战争》里胡说的

你联系一下纽约的华人旅行社让他们待定吧，他们有协议价再加点服务费，和你自己订价格差不多

没有这么回事。

成为美国第一夫人后，肯尼迪夫人的风格深刻隐喻着总统丈夫年轻化和国际化的治理基调，也象征着白宫进入了雅致文化的时代。官方出行时，她一边借鉴英国皇家的着装密码，一边省略繁杂的印花，改用大胆地色彩和简单的线条，使自己在人群中脱颖而出。 1960年10月19日，总统竞选游行期间，怀孕的杰奎琳·肯尼迪穿着纪梵希大衣，戴着白色圆盒帽向人群挥手。 1961年1月20日，总统就职日前往白宫时，杰奎琳·肯尼迪穿着Oleg Cassini设计的坯布羊毛大衣，戴着她的标签饰品——Halston设计的圆盒礼帽。一圈黑色貂毛围脖和一个护手罩突出整体风格。貂皮饰品遮于前为了掩盖其怀孕造成的身材走形。 1949年的巴黎游学，让杰奎琳彻底爱上了法国时装，迷上了纪梵希、香奈儿、迪奥等高级时装，但她依然钟爱美国的爱尔登高级皮鞋，并对当时享誉美国的白宫充满了好奇与向往，它深厚的历史文化，更是让杰奎琳惊叹不已，从此便爱上了这种由内而外散发的雄浑历史感。传闻杰奎琳在住白宫之后，着力恢复白宫本来模样和历史形象，就是受此影响。左图为1963年达拉斯游行香奈儿粉红套装。 1962年3月12日，肯尼迪夫人穿着Oleg Cassini设计的粉红色王公外套，戴着Halston同色圆帽在印度新德里进行国事访问，总理尼赫鲁（右）热情接待了她。 1960年总统竞选游行，杰奎琳引领延续50年代流传的名媛风格，抗击20世纪60年代风靡的破衣烂鞋嬉皮风貌，肯尼迪夫妇保持了传统的绅士淑女形象，杰奎琳因此成为美国当时下至18岁上至80岁的女士们疯狂模仿的对象。 左图为杰奎琳外访乘坐空军一号下舱身着Oleg Cassini设计的黄绿色羊毛大衣，搭配同色系大帽以及极简手袋和标志性的手套，成功引起一阵新的时尚狂潮。 1961年杰奎琳出国访问，穿的就是Chanel经典的套装系列，利落的线条、精致的收边诠释出这位第一夫人的时尚风采。 杰奎琳身着貂皮大衣与极简手包，搭配全黑皮革手套，与白宫特工克林特·希尔出现白宫外。 红色套装与其他经典套装相似，搭配代表优雅的珍珠项链，连同她标准的站姿也成为了美国上流社会的标征。 从与她的丈夫美国遇刺前总统约翰·肯尼迪(她是在1953年结婚)，整洁和恰当的裙装套服，戴着白手套，贝雷帽，链条手袋成为平常人的经典。左图为杰奎琳偕其子小约翰会见英国伊丽莎白二世女王。 杰奎琳穿上挺拔的套装和一些面料精良剪裁一流的上衣，加上巨大的太阳镜、最舒适的平底鞋和大号手提包，乘坐豪华游艇和私人飞机游走于各大派对。她拥有一种真正的，将优美和高贵融为一体的魅力。杰奎琳于家中休息同样也爱穿鲜艳、设计与剪裁一流的无袖A型连衣裙，过膝的裙摆除了60年代的潮流之外，也使得女性就坐时防止因裙摆过短而造成的不雅现象，从而至始至终保持优雅的姿态。

杰奎琳的霓裳外交在身为第一夫人期间，杰奎琳·肯尼迪树立起了自己时尚偶像的形象，这当中有一部分功劳要归于肯尼迪家族的好友、美国服装设计师Oleg Cassini。传闻当设计师Oleg Cassini第一次见到杰奎琳时，她那蓬松丰厚的黑色短发和大大的黑色眼眸马上使他想起了一位优雅神秘的埃及公主。他设计的别致的简洁和细节上的搭配，是优雅的杰奎琳·肯尼迪所崇尚的，简单中的精致才最能体现出女人的细心与品位。因此杰奎琳缔造了这样一个真理——“简洁的经典服饰被合适的女性穿着，能散发出无穷魅力。”Oleg Cassini为杰奎琳设计的经典套装+盒子形状的帽子，被妇女们竞相模仿。她并非美艳过人，两只眼睛分得很开，平板的身材没什么可圈可点之处。她曾想过去当一名麻杆模特，和一个标准的美国绅士结婚，但这只是不成熟的假设，她那半瓶水的上流社会出身和爱面子的父母早早就暗示她：“社会地位和荣誉比什么都来得重要。”杰奎琳·肯尼迪·奥纳西斯，她聪明、幽默、老练，富有层次的谈吐、卓越不群的气质和勇敢坚定的意志为她扫除一切障碍，先后征服了美利坚合众国最有地位的男人和富可敌国的希腊船王。更重要的是，她以独到的眼光和穿着方式将时尚带进白宫，给美国流行时尚吹进前所未有的优雅之风。

艾达，艾达艾达艾达

35

What number president was Kennedy?

到百度百科吧

例文Abraham Lincoln was elected senator in 1846 Senator Kennedy was elected in 1946 Abraham Lincoln was elected President in 1860 Kennedy was elected President in 1960 Two people were working on human rights Two people are lost in the White House, the wife of children Both the assassination on Friday Both was shot in the head by a bullet The following is more amazing... Lincoln"s secretary called Kennedy Kennedy"s secretary was named Lincoln Two people are in the south of the assassination Two people"s successor, JOHNSON was called Lincoln"s successor, ANDREW JOHNSON, was born in 1808, Kennedy"s successor, LYNDON JOHNSON, was born in 1908 in 1839, the assassination of Abraham Lincoln"s life to assassinate Kennedy"s life in 1939, two assassin"s name have three words Both the name of the assassin has 15 letters

国民主党伊利诺伊州参议员巴拉克·奥巴马日前击败纽约州参议员希拉里·克林顿，获得美国历史上第一位黑人总统候选人提名。英国《泰晤士报》以26个英文字母的形式，盘点和分析了对奥巴马来说最为重要的26个人和事件。 　　A——代表奥巴马的母亲斯坦利·安·邓纳姆(Ann)，她是堪萨斯州一个钻塔石油工人的女儿，被人们亲切地称为“来自堪萨斯的白人女子”，她对奥巴马的一生产生了巨大的影响。 　　B——代表奥巴马的父亲老巴拉克(Barack Snr)，他出生在非洲国家肯尼亚的一个小村庄中，以牧羊为生。后来前往夏威夷留学，并在那里认识了奥巴马的母亲斯坦利。 　　C——代表芝加哥(Chicago)，奥巴马称这里为自己的家，他在那里找到了第一份工作，并且加入了芝加哥三一联合基督教会。此外C还代表红辣椒(Chilli)，据说是奥巴马的拿手好菜。 　　D——代表奥巴马第一本畅销书《父亲的梦想》(Dreams from my Father)。同时也代表酗酒(drunk)，1982年8月，奥巴马的父亲巴贝拉克因为酒后驾车，发生事故死亡。 　　E——代表电子邮件(e-mails)。美国一个保守主义团体曾在网站上发布广告，将奥巴马和本·拉登扯在一起。因为乌萨马(Osama)与奥巴马(Obama)两个词，在英文中仅一个字母的差别。 　　F——代表数字五(five)。奥巴马是美国历史上第五个成为参议员的非洲裔美国人。现在他似乎有望成为美国历史上第一位黑人总统。 　　G——代表花园(garden)，延伸为土地交易。奥巴马的老朋友兼募资经理托尼·雷兹科被证明犯有诈骗罪，并利用他的政治关系来要求回扣并赢得政府合同。奥巴马已经承认，这是一种“笨蛋”行为。 　　H——代表夏威夷(Hawaii)。奥巴马的父母就是在当地大学中一见钟情的。奥巴马是1961年8月4日出生的，在夏威夷首府檀香山生活了六年，尽管父母在他两岁的时候就分开了。 　　I——代表印尼(Indonesia)。奥巴马曾与母亲和继父苏托罗在印尼生活了一段时间。 　　J——代表雅加达(Jakarta)。奥巴马在那里开始上学，直到10岁。J还代表他的牧师杰里米亚·赖特，他为奥巴马洗礼。但为了在总统提名战中胜出，奥巴马已经与频频发表发对言论的牧师“决裂”。 　　K——代表肯尼亚(Kenya)，那是奥巴马祖辈生活的地方。K也代表丹尼斯·库钦奇(Dennis Kucinich)，是伊利诺伊州民主党初选中被奥巴马打败的第一个总统候选人对手。 　　L——代表奥巴马的签名(Leo)。也代表着卢奥民族(Luo)，是其肯尼亚家族部落的标志。 　　M——代表他的妻子米歇尔(Michelle LaVaughn Robinson)和他们的长女玛丽雅(Malia)，以及奥巴马同母异父的妹妹马娅(Maya Soetoro)。 　　N——代表英籍伊拉克亿万富翁纳达米·奥奇(Nadhmi Auchi)。他曾在奥巴马在芝加哥购买一套豪华别墅几周前，借350万美元给他的募资经理托尼·雷兹科。 　　O——代表卵巢癌(ovarian cancer)，1995年，奥巴马的母亲因患卵巢癌去世。O还代表美国脱口秀节目女王欧普拉·温芙蕾(Oprah)，她是奥巴马最有影响力的支持者之一。 　　P——代表纸牌游戏(poker)，奥巴马声称那是他的隐藏天赋。 　　Q——代表戒烟(quitting smoking)，据说这是奥巴马过去经常做的一件事情。 　　R——还是代表奥巴马的募资经理托尼·雷兹科(Rezko)。 　　S——代表奥巴马的继母莎拉，如今她已80岁高龄了，依然生活在肯尼亚农场中。S还代表伊利诺伊州小镇斯普林菲尔德，2007年2月10日，奥巴马就是从这里宣布开始竞选总统候选人资格的。 　　T——代表奥巴马第二本畅销书《大无畏的希望》(The Audacity of Hope)，据说这本书的书名来自奥巴马牧师赖特的说教。 　　U——代表奥巴马对自己家庭的描述：“一个袖珍联合国”(a little mini United Nations)。他说：“我有的亲戚像喜剧明星伯尼·迈克，有的看起来像撒切尔夫人，简直什么样的人都有。” 　　V——代表胜利(victory)。奥巴马4日晚上获得了2118个代表的支持投票，获得了美国民主党总统候选人提名。 　　W——代表代表威斯康星州(Wisconsin)。奥巴马的妻子米歇尔于2007年2月份在威斯康辛州一个集会中宣称：“她成年后第一次为国家感到自豪”。 　　X——代表大卫·艾素罗德(David Axelrod)，他是2002年奥巴马第一个征募的政治战略家，帮助他赢得参议员席位。 　　Y——代表青春(youth)。鼓励年轻人投票是奥巴马取得成功的一个关键因素

VOA Learning English presents America"s Presidents. 美国之音慢速英语介绍美国总统栏目。 Today we are talking about John Fitzgerald Kennedy. He was also known as Jack Kennedy, or by the letters JFK. 今天，我们来谈论约翰·菲茨杰尔德·肯尼迪。他也被称作杰克·肯尼迪，或名字首字母JFK。 When he took office in 1961, Kennedy was 43 years old. He was the youngest elected president in United States" history. 1961年就任总统时，肯尼迪年仅43岁。他是美国历史上最年轻的当选为总统的人。 Kennedy was also the first Catholic to be elected U.S. president. 肯尼迪也是第一位罗马天主教徒的美国总统。 Kennedy"s youth and religion raised questions in the minds of some Americans that Kennedy could lead the country. They wondered if he would always follow the policies of the Roman Catholic Church . 肯尼迪的年轻和信仰让一些美国人不禁产生了他是否能够领导美国的疑问。他们怀疑肯尼迪会一直遵循 罗马天主教会 的政策。 But Kennedy became well-known as a statesman, and popular with people around the world. He was intelligent, funny and good-looking. For many, Kennedy was a sign of new energy and hope. 但肯尼迪成为了一名著名的政治家，并受到全世界人民的欢迎。他富有智慧，有趣并且英俊。对许多人而言，肯尼迪意味着新能量和希望。 The public was shocked, then, when the president"s term was violently cut short. 然而，公众对于这位总统的职业生涯被暴力打断而感到震惊。 John F. Kennedy was born in 1917 near Boston, Massachusetts. He was the second of nine children. 约翰·F·肯尼迪1917年出生于马萨诸塞州的波士顿附近。他在九个孩子当中排行老二。 Both his parents were Catholic, with ancestors from Ireland. Many years ago, Irish Catholics often faced discrimination in the United States. But the Kennedy family was also politically powerful and wealthy. 他的父母都是天主教徒，祖先来自爱尔兰。很多年前，爱尔兰天主教徒在美国经常受到歧视。但肯尼迪家族在政治上非常有影响力并且很富有。 As a result, young Jack Kennedy grew up in big, beautiful houses and received a top quality education. His family did not suffer during the Great Depression, as many Americans had. Instead, the Kennedy children swam, sailed boats and played sports. 因此，年轻的杰克·肯尼迪是在宽敞漂亮的房子里长大，并且接受最顶尖的教育。美国经济大萧条时期，很多美国人受到了影响，但肯尼迪家族却没有。相反，肯尼迪的孩子们照常游泳，划船和进行体育运动。 Jack also enjoyed reading books and following the news. His older brother Joe wanted to enter politics, but Jack said he might become a teacher or writer. When he was a college student at Harvard, Jack wrote a long paper about Britain in the years leading up to World War II. A version of it was published in 1940 as a book . 杰克还沉迷于阅读以及追踪新闻。他的哥哥约瑟夫想要进入政坛，但杰克说他想要成为教师或作家。杰克在哈佛期间写了关于英国在二战前期的长篇论文。这篇论文的一个版本在1940年出版成书。 The war changed Jack"s thinking about his future plans. During World War II, both Jack and his older brother joined the U.S. Navy. In the Pacific, Jack became a hero. He won medals for leading some of his troops to safety after a Japanese warship struck a boat they were on. 战争改变了杰克的未来规划。二战期间，杰克和他的哥哥都参加了美国海军。杰克在太平洋成为了英雄。一艘日本军舰撞上了他们的船，他带领部队脱险，因此获得了一枚勋章。 But Joe was killed. In 1944, his airplane exploded over Europe. 但他的哥哥约瑟夫牺牲了。1944年，他的飞机在欧洲坠毁。 When the war ended, Jack"s father urged him to follow his brother"s dream of succeeding in politics. Jack agreed, and he set his sights on becoming the country"s first Catholic president. 战争结束后，杰克的父亲催促他去完成他哥哥在政治上的遗愿。杰克同意了，并将目标瞄准在美国第一位天主教徒总统。 Kennedy was nominated as the Democratic Party"s candidate, and he was elected in 1960. 肯尼迪被提名为民主党总统候选人，并于1960年当选为总统。 He easily defeated Vice President Richard Nixon, the Republican candidate, in the Electoral College. But Kennedy won only narrowly in the popular vote. 他在选举团的投票中，轻松击败了共和党候选人、副总统理查德·尼克松。但在普选中肯尼迪只稍微赢了一点点。 Though he was young, Kennedy brought experience to the job. In addition to being a naval officer, Kennedy had been a member of the U.S. House of Representatives as well as a senator from Massachusetts. 尽管肯尼迪年轻，但当总统前还是积累了不少经验。肯尼迪除了当过海军军官，还当过众议员以及马萨诸塞州的参议员。 He also published a Pulitzer Prize-winning book called “Profiles in Courage.” 他还出版了一本获得普利策奖的书，叫作《 肯尼迪：信仰在风中飘扬 》 And he had become a husband and father. He married a wealthy, well-educated woman who had been working as a newspaper photographer. Her name was Jacqueline Bouvier , but she was sometimes called Jackie. 他是一位丈夫和父亲。他娶了一位富有、受过良好教育的报社摄影师，她的名字叫杰奎琳·鲍维尔，但有时人们称她为杰基。 She became pregnant five times, but only two of her children would survive: a daughter named Caroline, and a son, John F. Kennedy, Junior. 她怀孕了五次，但只有两个孩子活了下来：一个女儿卡罗琳，一个儿子小约翰·F·肯尼迪。 The family of four moved into the White House in January 1961. On the day he was sworn-in, Kennedy gave a speech that many people still remember today. It celebrated the “new generation of Americans,” and promised to “pay any price” for liberty. 1961年1月，这个四口之家搬到了白宫。肯尼迪宣誓当天，发表了一篇至今让人们记忆犹新的演讲。他宣告了“新一代美国人”的到来，并承诺不惜任何代价来捍卫自由。 Supporters of the new president loved his energy and sense of hope. In his most famous line, Kennedy said, “Ask not what your country can do for you – ask what you can do for your country.” 这位新任总统的支持者喜欢他的活力和希望。肯尼迪最著名的一句话是：“不要问国家能为你做什么，而要问你能为国家做什么。” Many young people remembered that line when they volunteered for a program Kennedy created in 1961: the Peace Corps. 许多年轻人在自愿参加肯尼迪1961年创建的“ 和平队 ”项目时，还记得这句话。 Other Americans remembered the line when they watched two Apollo 11 astronauts walk on the moon in 1969. Kennedy strongly supported the country"s space program. He promised that Americans would land on the moon by the end of the 1960s, and they did. 1969年，当其他美国人看到两位阿波罗11号宇航员登上月球时，他们想到了这句话。肯尼迪非常支持美国太空项目。他承诺美国人会在20世纪60年代末登上月球，他们做到了。 Kennedy also supported efforts to improve civil rights across the U.S., although his administration moved slowly. Calls to end legalized racism were growing stronger during Kennedy"s time in office, particularly because of the leadership of Martin Luther King, Junior . 尽管肯尼迪政府行动缓慢，但肯尼迪还是支持改善美国的公民权利。肯尼迪执政期间，呼吁废除种族歧视合法化的声音越来越强，尤其是因为马丁·路德·金的领导。 In June of 1963, King spoke to hundreds of thousands of people at a civil rights protest called the March on Washington. He told the crowd that he dreamed “my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content [1] of their character.” 1963年6月，马丁·路德·金在一个名为“华盛顿大游行”的民权抗议活动中对数十万人发表了讲话。他对群众说，他梦想“我的四个孩子将来有一天能够生活在一个不以肤色，而是以他们的品格优劣来评价的国家。” The March on Washington, among other events, showed the power of the civil rights movement. In late 1963, President Kennedy sent a civil rights bill to Congress and spoke to Americans about the injustice that remained in the country. 夹杂在其他事件中的“华盛顿大游行”显示了民权运动的力量。1963年末，肯尼迪总统向国会递交了一项民权法案，并向美国人民讲述了这个国家仍然存在的不公正。 The Peace Corps, the Space Race, and civil rights are all part of Kennedy"s legacy [2] . 和平队，太空竞赛，以及民权都是肯尼迪的部分功绩。 Kennedy is also remembered for several troubling international events. In one, known as the Bay of Pigs, Americans supported Cuban refugees in an effort to oust the government of Fidel Castro. Not only did the refugees fail, but Kennedy"s government was found to be lying about their support of the effort. 肯尼迪也因多个棘手的国际事件而知名。其中一个便是 猪湾事件 ，美国人支持古巴流亡分子驱逐菲德尔·卡斯特罗政府。但流亡分子失败了，而且肯尼迪政府还被发现在支持流亡分子的问题上撒谎。 And Kennedy faced off with the leader of the Soviet Union, Nikita Khrushchev. In 1962, American leaders learned that the Soviets had hidden nuclear weapons in Cuba. The missiles would be able to reach the U.S. mainland easily. 并且，肯尼迪与苏联领导人赫鲁晓夫也一直对峙。1962年，美国领导人了解到苏联在古巴秘密部署了核武器，这些导弹能够轻易打到美国本土。 Kennedy ordered a blockade of Cuba. People around the world held their breath as they waited to see if the U.S. and the Soviet Union would launch a nuclear war. They did not. After several very tense weeks, Kennedy and Khrushchev reached an agreement that ended the crisis. 肯尼迪命令 封锁 古巴。全世界人民都屏住呼吸， 等着看 美国和苏联是否会发动一场核战争。最终，他们没有。经过几周非常紧张的局势之后，肯尼迪和赫鲁晓夫达成一致，结束了危机。 Kennedy went on to reach an agreement with the Soviet Union and Britain to limit nuclear weapons testing. He said the agreement was one of the presidential acts of which he was most satisfied. 肯尼迪与苏联和英国后来达成一项协议来限制核武器试验。他说，这项协议是他总统生涯中最满意的成果之一。 Historians still debate Kennedy"s actions, and what else might have happened during his presidency. They wonder especially what he would have done about the increasing conflict in Vietnam. 历史学家对于肯尼迪的行动一直持有争议，以及在他总统任期内可能会发生的其他事。他们尤其想知道，肯尼迪在持续升级、日益加剧的越南冲突中会做些什么。 But Kennedy did not live to finish his first term. 但肯尼迪没有活到第一届任期结束。 By November 22, 1963, Kennedy had been president for just under three years. The next election was still a year away, but it was time to start campaigning again. 截至1963年11月22日，肯尼迪执政不到3年。下届大选还有一年时间，但是时候再次开始竞选活动了。 So the president and his wife went to Dallas, Texas to connect with voters. They were riding in a car with other official vehicles that drove slowly through the center of the city. Jack, Jackie, and the Texas governor and his wife sat in a convertible – an automobile without protection over the seats. 所以，总统和他的妻子去了得克萨斯州的达拉斯与选民互动。他们坐在一辆车里，和其他政府车辆缓慢驶过市中心。杰克，杰基，以及德州州长和他的妻子坐在一辆敞篷轿车里，没有保护座位。 The president was waving at the crowd. Suddenly, several gunshots were fired. The president was struck twice. 总统正向群众挥手致意。突然，几声枪响，总统被射中了两枪。 The governor was also hit and injured. 州长也被击中并受伤。 Kennedy was hurried to a hospital, but doctors were unable to help him. News reporters announced his death to a stunned public. 肯尼迪立即被送往一家医院，但医生们束手无策。新闻记者向还处于震惊当中的公众宣布了他的死讯。 Hours later, Jackie Kennedy appeared next to the former vice president – now president – Lyndon Johnson. She still wore the clothes with her husband"s blood on them. 数小时后，杰基肯尼迪出现在前副总统、现任总统林登·约翰逊的身旁。她仍然穿着沾有他丈夫鲜血的衣服。 The events remain intense in the minds of many Americans who were alive at the time. The images remain easily recognizable parts of American history. The pictures of Kennedy"s family at his funeral are especially memorable. In one, three-year-old John holds up his arm and salutes his father"s casket [3] . 该事件在当时许多美国人的记忆中仍然非常强烈。当时的场景仍然是美国历史当中很容易回忆起的一部分。肯尼迪一家在葬礼上的照片尤其令人印象深刻。其中一张是3岁的约翰举起手臂向他父亲的棺材致敬。 Attention quickly turned to the gunman. It was reportedly a 24-year-old man named Lee Harvey Oswald . Shortly after the president and the governor were shot, Oswald shot a policeman who questioned him. 注意力很快转移到凶手身上。据报道，凶手是一名叫 李·哈维·奥斯瓦尔德 的24岁男子。总统和州长被射击后不久，奥斯瓦尔德又射杀了一名询问他的警察。 Oswald was eventually detained. Officials planned to bring him to court for the death of the president and the policeman. But on the way from the police station to the jail, a local night-club [4] owner shot and killed Oswald. 奥斯瓦尔德最终被拘留。警察计划将他告上法庭，因为他杀害了总统和警察。但当奥斯瓦尔德从警察局转移到监狱的途中时，当地一名夜总会老板开枪击毙了他。 As a result, the case never came to trial. Many Americans believe the reason for the attack has yet to be clarified. 因此，这件案子一直没有审讯。许多美国人认为此次暗杀的原因还没有调查清楚。 Historians have a mixed reaction to Kennedy"s years as a president, although their opinions are generally positive [5] . 历史学家对于肯尼迪的总统生涯有着不同的反应，尽管他们的看法总体上是积极的。 His image with the public suffered some years after his death because of reports that he had romantic relationships with women other than Jackie throughout his marriage. 他死后几年，公众对他的印象有所下降，因为有报道说他与杰基的整个婚姻过程中与其他女人有染。 In time, the public also learned about Kennedy"s health problems. He suffered from severe back pain and Addison"s disease. He often used strong medicine to help control the conditions. The health problems are at odds [6] with Kennedy"s image of health and love of sports. 最后，公众了解到肯尼迪的健康问题。他有严重的背痛和爱迪生氏病。他经常通过大量药物来控制身体状况。健康问题由于肯尼迪给人们以健康和热爱运动的印象而存在争执。 Quai D"Orsay, Paris Yet even with these new details, Kennedy is still one of the country"s best-remembered leaders. He was a charismatic [7] man whose career influenced many other Americans to enter public service. 然而，即使有这些传闻，肯尼迪仍然是美国最出名的领导人之一。他拥有超凡魅力，职业生涯影响了其他许多美国人进入公共服务。 Americans also remember his stylish, cultured wife. Jackie Kennedy compared the Kennedy years at the White House to Camelot , the legendary court of King Arthur. 美国人对他的时尚以及有涵养的妻子印象深刻。杰基·肯尼迪将肯尼迪在白宫的岁月比作传说中亚瑟王的宫殿卡米洛特。 Their remains, along with those of two of their children, are buried at Arlington National Cemetery , across the Potomac River from Washington. They are honored there with an eternal [8] flame [9] – one designed so the fire will never go out. 他们和两个孩子的遗体，被安葬在阿灵顿国家公墓，公墓从华盛顿穿过波托马克河。他们在那里被纪念为永恒的火焰 — 一种被设计为永不熄灭的火焰。 https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/americas-presidents-john-kennedy/4085635.html

Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy was the oldest of six children born to Josephine Hannon and John "Honey Fitz" Fitzgerald, a colorful and corrupt Boston politician. She attended the New England Conservatory, where she polished her skills as a pianist, and went on to the Convent of the Sacred Heart in Boston, Manhattanville College in Purchase, N.Y., and finally a Catholic finishing school in the Netherlands. Not content with society teas, Rose organized groups to discuss current affairs and taught catechism in Boston"s slums. She married young bank president Joseph Kennedy in 1914 and then devoted herself to raising her family of nine children: Joseph, John Fitzgerald, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, Jean, and Edward. 最后两句话是九个孩子的名字.

FRIDAY,JANUARY20,1961 VicePresidentJohnson,Mr.Speaker,Mr.ChiefJustice,PresidentEisenhower,VicePresidentNixon,PresidentTruman,reverendclergy,fellowcitizens,weobservetodaynotavictoryofparty,butacelebrationoffreedom--symbolizinganend,aswellasabeginning--signifyingrenewal,aswellaschange.ForIhaveswornIbeforeyouandAlmightyGodthesamesolemnoathourforebearslprescribednearlyacenturyandthreequartersago. theworldisverydifferentnow.Formanholdsinhismortalhandsthepowertoabolishallformsofhumanpovertyandallformsofhumanlife.Andyetthesamerevolutionarybeliefsforwhichourforebearsfoughtarestillatissuearoundtheglobe--thebeliefthattherightsofmancomenotfromthegenerosityofthestate,butfromthehandofGod. Wedarenotforgettodaythatwearetheheirsofthatfirstrevolution.Letthewordgoforthfromthistimeandplace,tofriendandfoealike,thatthetorchhasbeenpassedtoanewgenerationofAmericans--borninthiscentury,temperedbywar,disciplinedbyahardandbitterpeace,proudofourancientheritage--andunwillingtowitnessorpermittheslowundoingofthosehumanrightstowhichthisNationhasalwaysbeencommitted,andtowhichwearecommittedtodayathomeandaroundtheworld. Leteverynationknow,whetheritwishesuswellorill,thatweshallpayanyprice,bearanyburden,meetanyhardship,supportanyfriend,opposeanyfoe,inordertoassurethesurvivalandthesuccessofliberty. Thismuchwepledge--andmore. Tothoseoldallieswhoseculturalandspiritualoriginsweshare,wepledgetheloyaltyoffaithfulfriends.United,thereislittlewecannotdoinahostofcooperativeventures.Divided,thereislittlewecando--forwedarenotmeetapowerfulchallengeatoddsandsplitasunder. TothosenewStateswhomwewelcometotheranksofthefree,wepledgeourwordthatoneformofcolonialcontrolshallnothavepassedawaymerelytobereplacedbyafarmoreirontyranny.Weshallnotalwaysexpecttofindthemsupportingourview.Butweshallalwayshopetofindthemstronglysupportingtheirownfreedom--andtorememberthat,inthepast,thosewhofoolishlysoughtpowerbyridingthebackofthetigerendedupinside. Tothosepeoplesinthehutsandvillagesacrosstheglobestrugglingtobreakthebondsofmassmisery,wepledgeourbesteffortstohelpthemhelpthemselves,forwhateverperiodisrequired--notbecausetheCommunistsmaybedoingit,notbecauseweseektheirvotes,butbecauseitisright.Ifafreesocietycannothelpthemanywhoarepoor,itcannotsavethefewwhoarerich. Tooursisterrepublicssouthofourborder,weofferaspecialpledge--toconvertourgoodwordsintogooddeeds--inanewallianceforproGREss--toassistfreemenandfreegovernmentsincastingoffthechainsofpoverty.Butthispeacefulrevolutionofhopecannotbecomethepreyofhostilepowers.LetallourneighborsknowthatweshalljoinwiththemtoopposeaggressionorsubversionanywhereintheAmericas.AndleteveryotherpowerknowthatthisHemisphereintendstoremainthemasterofitsownhouse. Tothatworldassemblyofsovereignstates,theUnitedNations,ourlastbesthopeinanagewheretheinstrumentsofwarhavefaroutpacedtheinstrumentsofpeace,werenewourpledgeofsupport--topreventitfrombecomingmerelyaforumforinvective--tostrengthenitsshieldofthenewandtheweak--andtoenlargetheareainwhichitswritmayrun. Finally,tothosenationswhowouldmakethemselvesouradversary,weoffernotapledgebutarequest:thatbothsidesbeginanewthequestforpeace,beforethedarkpowersofdestructionunleashedbyscienceengulfallhumanityinplannedoraccidentalself-destruction. Wedarenottemptthemwithweakness.Foronlywhenourarmsaresufficientbeyonddoubtcanwebecertainbeyonddoubtthattheywillneverbeemployed. ButneithercantwoGREatandpowerfulgroupsofnationstakecomfortfromourpresentcourse--bothsidesoverburdenedbythecostofmodernweapons,bothrightlyalarmedbythesteadyspreadofthedeadlyatom,yetbothracingtoalterthatuncertainbalanceofterrorthatstaysthehandofmankind"sfinalwar. Soletusbeginanew--rememberingonbothsidesthatcivilityisnotasignofweakness,andsincerityisalwayssubjecttoproof.Letusnevernegotiateoutoffear.Butletusneverfeartonegotiate. Letbothsidesexplorewhatproblemsuniteusinsteadofbelaboringthoseproblemswhichdivideus. Letbothsides,forthefirsttime,formulateseriousandpreciseproposalsfortheinspectionandcontrolofarms--andbringtheabsolutepowertodestroyothernationsundertheabsolutecontrolofallnations. Letbothsidesseektoinvokethewondersofscienceinsteadofitsterrors.Togetherletusexplorethestars,conquerthedeserts,eradicatedisease,taptheoceandepths,andencouragetheartsandcommerce. LetbothsidesunitetoheedinallcornersoftheearththecommandofIsaiah--to"undotheheavyburdens...andtolettheoppressedgofree." Andifabeachheadofcooperationmaypushbackthejungleofsuspicion,letbothsidesjoinincreatinganewendeavor,notanewbalanceofpower,butanewworldoflaw,wherethestrongarejustandtheweaksecureandthepeacepreserved. Allthiswillnotbefinishedinthefirst100days.Norwillitbefinishedinthefirst1,000days,norinthelifeofthisAdministration,norevenperhapsinourlifetimeonthisplanet.Butletusbegin. Inyourhands,myfellowcitizens,morethaninmine,willrestthefinalsuccessorfailureofourcourse.Sincethiscountrywasfounded,eachgenerationofAmericanshasbeensummonedtogivetestimonytoitsnationalloyalty.ThegravesofyoungAmericanswhoansweredthecalltoservicesurroundtheglobe. Nowthetrumpetsummonsusagain--notasacalltobeararms,thougharmsweneed;notasacalltobattle,thoughembattledweare--butacalltobeartheburdenofalongtwilightstruggle,yearinandyearout,"rejoicinginhope,patientintribulation"--astruggleagainstthecommonenemiesofman:tyranny,poverty,disease,andwaritself. Canweforgeagainsttheseenemiesagrandandglobalalliance,NorthandSouth,EastandWest,thatcanassureamorefruitfullifeforallmankind?Willyoujoininthathistoriceffort? Inthelonghistoryoftheworld,onlyafewgenerationshavebeengrantedtheroleofdefendingfreedominitshourofmaximumdanger.Idonotshankfromthisresponsibility--Iwelcomeit.Idonotbelievethatanyofuswouldexchangeplaceswithanyotherpeopleoranyothergeneration.Theenergy,thefaith,thedevotionwhichwebringtothisendeavorwilllightourcountryandallwhoserveit--andtheglowfromthatfirecantrulylighttheworld. Andso,myfellowAmericans:asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou--askwhatyoucandoforyourcountry. Myfellowcitizensoftheworld:asknotwhatAmericawilldoforyou,butwhattogetherwecandoforthefreedomofman. Finally,whetheryouarecitizensofAmericaorcitizensoftheworld,askofusthesamehighstandardsofstrengthandsacrificewhichweaskofyou.Withagoodconscienceouronlysurereward,withhistorythefinaljudgeofourdeeds,letusgoforthtoleadthelandwelove,askingHisblessingandHishelp,butknowingthathereonearthGod"sworkmusttrulybeourown. 这就是他的演说稿了!!!

We choose to go to the MoonIn this 1962 speech given at Rice University in Houston, Texas, President John F. Kennedy reaffirmed America"s commitment to landing a man on the moon before the end of the 1960s. The President spoke in philosophical terms about the need to solve the mysteries of space and also defended the enormous expense of the space program.President Pitzer, Mr. Vice President, Governor, Congressman Thomas, Senator Wiley, and Congressman Miller, Mr. Webb, Mr. Bell, scientists, distinguished guests, and ladies and gentlemen: I appreciate your president having made me an honorary visiting professor, and I will assure you that my first lecture will be very brief.I am delighted to be here and I"m particularly delighted to be here on this occasion.We meet at a college noted for knowledge, in a city noted for progress, in a state noted for strength, and we stand in need of all three, for we meet in an hour of change and challenge, in a decade of hope and fear, in an age of both knowledge and ignorance. The greater our knowledge increases, the greater our ignorance unfolds.Despite the striking fact that most of the scientists that the world has ever known are alive and working today, despite the fact that this Nation"s own scientific manpower is doubling every 12 years in a rate of growth more than three times that of our population as a whole, despite that, the vast stretches of the unknown and the unanswered and the unfinished still far outstrip our collective comprehension. No man can fully grasp how far and how fast we have come, but condense, if you will, the 50,000 years of man"s recorded history in a time span of but a half-century. Stated in these terms, we know very little about the first 40 years, except at the end of them advanced man had learned to use the skins of animals to cover them. Then about 10 years ago, under this standard, man emerged from his caves to construct other kinds of shelter. Only five years ago man learned to write and use a cart with wheels. Christianity began less than two years ago. The printing press came this year, and then less than two months ago, during this whole 50-year span of human history, the steam engine provided a new source of power. Newton explored the meaning of gravity. Last month electric lights and telephones and automobiles and airplanes became available. Only last week did we develop penicillin and television and nuclear power, and now if America"s new spacecraft succeeds in reaching Venus, we will have literally reached the stars before midnight tonight.This is a breathtaking pace, and such a pace cannot help but create new ills as it dispels old, new ignorance, new problems, new dangers. Surely the opening vistas of space promise high costs and hardships, as well as high reward. So it is not surprising that some would have us stay where we are a little longer to rest, to wait. But this city of Houston, this state of Texas, this country of the United States was not built by those who waited and rested and wished to look behind them. This country was conquered by those who moved forward--and so will space. William Bradford, speaking in 1630 of the founding of the Plymouth Bay Colony, said that all great and honorable actions are accompanied with great difficulties, and both must be enterprised and overcome with answerable courage. If this capsule history of our progress teaches us anything, it is that man, in his quest for knowledge and progress, is determined and cannot be deterred. The exploration of space will go ahead, whether we join in it or not, and it is one of the great adventures of all time, and no nation which expects to be the leader of other nations can expect to stay behind in this race for space. Those who came before us made certain that this country rode the first waves of the industrial revolution, the first waves of modern invention, and the first wave of nuclear power, and this generation does not intend to founder in the backwash of the coming age of space. We mean to be a part of it--we mean to lead it. For the eyes of the world now look into space, to the moon and to the planets beyond, and we have vowed that we shall not see it governed by a hostile flag of conquest, but by a banner of freedom and peace. We have vowed that we shall not see space filled with weapons of mass destruction, but with instruments of knowledge and understanding.Yet the vows of this Nation can only be fulfilled if we in this Nation are first, and, therefore, we intend to be first. In short, our leadership in science and industry, our hopes for peace and security, our obligations to ourselves as well as others, all require us to make this effort, to solve these mysteries, to solve them for the good of all men, and to become the world"s leading space-faring nation.We set sail on this new sea because there is new knowledge to be gained, and new rights to be won, and they must be won and used for the progress of all people. For space science, like nuclear science and all technology, has no conscience of its own. Whether it will become a force for good or ill depends on man, and only if the United States occupies a position of pre-eminence can we help decide whether this new ocean will be a sea of peace or a new terrifying theater of war. I do not say that we should or will go unprotected against the hostile misuse of space any more than we go unprotected against the hostile use of land or sea, but I do say that space can be explored and mastered without feeding the fires of war, without repeating the mistakes that man has made in extending his writ around this globe of ours.There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet. Its hazards are hostile to us all. Its conquest deserves the best of all mankind, and its opportunity for peaceful cooperation many never come again. But why, some say, the moon? Why choose this as our goal? And they may well ask why climb the highest mountain? Why, 35 years ago, fly the Atlantic? Why does Rice play Texas? We choose to go to the moon. We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win, and the others, too. It is for these reasons that I regard the decision last year to shift our efforts in space from low to high gear as among the most important decisions that will be made during my incumbency in the office of the Presidency. In the last 24 hours we have seen facilities now being created for the greatest and most complex exploration in man"s history. We have felt the ground shake and the air shattered by the testing of a Saturn C-1 booster rocket, many times as powerful as the Atlas which launched John Glenn, generating power equivalent to 10,000 automobiles with their accelerators on the floor. We have seen the site where five F-1 rocket engines, each one as powerful as all eight engines of the Saturn combined, will be clustered together to make the advanced Saturn missile, assembled in a new building to be built at Cape Canaveral as tall as a 48 story structure, as wide as a city block, and as long as two lengths of this field.Within these last 19 months at least 45 satellites have circled the earth. Some 40 of them were made in the United States of America and they were far more sophisticated and supplied far more knowledge to the people of the world than those of the Soviet Union.The Mariner spacecraft now on its way to Venus is the most intricate instrument in the history of space science. The accuracy of that shot is comparable to firing a missile from Cape Canaveral and dropping it in this stadium between the 40-yard lines.Transit satellites are helping our ships at sea to steer a safer course. Tiros satellites have given us unprecedented warnings of hurricanes and storms, and will do the same for forest fires and icebergs.We have had our failures, but so have others, even if they do not admit them. And they may be less public.To be sure, we are behind, and will be behind for some time in manned flight. But we do not intend to stay behind, and in this decade, we shall make up and move ahead.The growth of our science and education will be enriched by new knowledge of our universe and environment, by new techniques of learning and mapping and observation, by new tools and computers for industry, medicine, the home as well as the school. Technical institutions, such as Rice, will reap the harvest of these gains.And finally, the space effort itself, while still in its infancy, has already created a great number of new companies, and tens of thousands of new jobs. Space and related industries are generating new demands in investment and skilled personnel, and this city and this state, and this region, will share greatly in this growth. What was once the furthest outpost on the old frontier of the West will be the furthest outpost on the new frontier of science and space. Houston, your city of Houston, with its Manned Spacecraft Center, will become the heart of a large scientific and engineering community. During the next 5 years the National Aeronautics and Space Administration expects to double the number of scientists and engineers in this area, to increase its outlays for salaries and expenses to $60 million a year; to invest some $200 million in plant and laboratory facilities; and to direct or contract for new space efforts over $1 billion from this center in this city.To be sure, all this costs us all a good deal of money. This year"s space budget is three times what it was in January 1961, and it is greater than the space budget of the previous eight years combined. That budget now stands at $5,400 million a year--a staggering sum, though somewhat less than we pay for cigarettes and cigars every year. Space expenditures will soon rise some more, from 40 cents per person per week to more than 50 cents a week for every man, woman and child in the United States, for we have given this program a high national priority--even though I realize that this is in some measure an act of faith and vision, for we do not now know what benefits await us. But if I were to say, my fellow citizens, that we shall send to the moon, 240,000 miles away from the control station in Houston, a giant rocket more than 300 feet tall, the length of this football field, made of new metal alloys, some of which have not yet been invented, capable of standing heat and stresses several times more than have ever been experienced, fitted together with a precision better than the finest watch, carrying all the equipment needed for propulsion, guidance, control, communications, food and survival, on an untried mission, to an unknown celestial body, and then return it safely to earth, re-entering the atmosphere at speeds of over 25,000 miles per hour, causing heat about half that of the temperature of the sun--almost as hot as it is here today--and do all this, and do it right, and do it first before this decade is out--then we must be bold. I"m the one who is doing all the work, so we just want you to stay cool for a minute. [laughter]However, I think we"re going to do it, and I think that we must pay what needs to be paid. I don"t think we ought to waste any money, but I think we ought to do the job. And this will be done in the decade of the Sixties. It may be done while some of you are still here at school at this college and university. It will be done during the terms of office of some of the people who sit here on this platform. But it will be done. And it will be done before the end of this decade.And I am delighted that this university is playing a part in putting a man on the moon as part of a great national effort of the United States of America.Many years ago the great British explorer George Mallory, who was to die on Mount Everest, was asked why did he want to climb it. He said, "Because it is there." Well, space is there, and we"re going to climb it, and the moon and the planets are there, and new hopes for knowledge and peace are there. And, therefore, as we set sail we ask God"s blessing on the most hazardous and dangerous and greatest adventure on which man has ever embarked. Thank you.

　　对于美国人来说，1963年11月22日是一个不寻常的日子，肯尼迪总统在德克萨斯州的达拉斯市遇刺身亡。噩耗传来，整个美国都陷入了震惊和悲伤之中。几十年以后，人们在说起这一时刻时，很多人都能清楚地记得当时自己在干什麽。究竟是谁，为什麽刺杀肯尼迪至今仍众说纷纭。美国官方的沃伦委员会的最终结论是一个名叫奥斯瓦德的凶手单独作案，但是此案的疑点实在太多，几十年来社会上流传着各种阴谋论。　　最明显的疑点是凶手被警方抓获不到48小时，就在众目睽睽之下被另一名犹太杀手近距离枪杀，上百万人在电视机旁看到了谋杀全过程，而该凶手的动机竟然是“要向全世界的人展示犹太人的胆量”。　　Jack Rubyshooting Lee Harvey Oswald.　　另一个巨大的疑点是到底几个人参与了谋杀肯尼迪，沃伦委员会的结论是奥斯瓦德在5.6秒的时间里连发三枪，其中一发子弹打飞，一发击中肯尼迪的颈部，另外一发致命的子弹命中头部。几乎没有人相信奥斯瓦德能在这样短的时间里准确射击三次，更奇怪的是打中肯尼迪的颈部的子弹是先击中了坐在肯尼迪前方的德州州长后，再射中肯尼迪的，而这样的几率几乎为零，所以人们称之为一发“神奇的子弹”。更多的专家相信，不只一人从不同的方向朝肯尼迪开枪，而且不止三发子弹。　　据后来护卫肯尼迪车驾的一名巡警回忆，“当肯尼迪在机场忙着和欢迎的人群握手时，约翰逊（副总统）的秘密特勤（Secrete Service）走过来给我们做安全工作指示。最让我吃惊的是他们说总统在德利广场（刺杀现场）的行车路线临时作了修改。如果保持原来的路线，杀手可能完全没有机会下手。他们还给我们下了一个闻所未闻的命令，通常情况下，我们四个摩托护警应该紧靠总统座车的四周，但是他们这次让我们全部退到车后，任何情况下不得超过总统座车的后轮。他们说这是为了让大家有一个‘没有遮拦的视野"……我的另一位朋友（保护副总统约翰逊）看见他（约翰逊）在听到第一发子弹前30或40秒时，开始在车里弯下身来，甚至在车队拐上休斯敦大街之前。也许他在车里的地毯上找什么东西，但是他看起来就好像预感到会有子弹飞过来一样”。　　当第一夫人杰奎琳随着丈夫的遗体乘空军一号到达华盛顿机场时，她仍然穿着溅满肯尼迪鲜血的大衣，她坚持这样做就是为了让“他们看看犯下的罪恶”，此时的凶手奥斯瓦德仍被警方看押，杰奎琳所说的“他们”又是？杰奎琳在自己的遗嘱中说道，在她死后50周年（2044年5月19日），如果她的最小的孩子已经去世，她授权肯尼迪图书馆公开一份500页的关于肯尼迪的文件。让她没有想到的是她最小的儿子在1999年的一次飞机失事中丧了命。　　肯尼迪的弟弟罗伯特，著名的民权运动推动者，在1968年当选民主党总统候选人之后，几乎肯定可以最终当选总统，但是就在他欢庆胜利的时候，又是在大庭广众的场合被乱抢打死。　　在肯尼迪被刺杀后的短短三年中，18名关键证人相继死亡，其中6人被枪杀，3人死于车祸，2人自杀，1人被割喉，1人被拧断了脖子，5人“自然”死亡。英国的一名数学家在1967年2月的伦敦星期日时报声称，这种巧合的概率为10万万亿分之一。从1963年到1993年，115名相关证人在各种离奇的事件中自杀或被谋杀。〔注 7.8〕　　沃伦委员会让人生疑的还有封存所有文件、档案和证据长达75年直到2039年才解密，这些文件涉及CIA、FBI、总统特警保镖、NSA(国家安全局)、国务院、海军陆战队等机构。另外，FBI和其它政府机构还涉嫌销毁证据。　　2003年肯尼迪遇刺40周年，美国ABC广播公司搞了一次调查，70％的美国人认为刺杀肯尼迪是一个更大规模的阴谋。　　如此大规模地协调和组织，如此明显的证据和证人的封杀都说明肯尼迪刺杀事件其实已经不是一次秘密谋杀，而更像是公开处决，意在警告今后的美国总统们要搞清楚谁才是这个国家的真正主宰。　　问题是，肯尼迪家族也是国际银行家集团中的“圈里人”，其父约瑟夫就是1929年股票崩盘时大发其财，后来被罗斯福总统任命的首届美国证券交易委员会（SEC）的主席，早在40年代就跻身在亿万富豪的行列中了，如果不是这样显赫的家境，肯尼迪也不可能成为美国历史上第一位信仰天主教的总统。那麽肯尼迪何以开罪了整个统治精英阶层，以至于落得杀身之祸呢？　　毫无疑问，肯尼迪是一位富有雄心和才干的人物，当年纪青青的他坐上了总统的宝座，就碰上了古巴导弹危机这样重大挑战，他的表现坚定陈稳，可圈可点，面对和苏联可能爆发核战争的巨大危险而毫不妥协，最终逼退了赫鲁晓夫。肯尼迪还意气风发地推动了美国航天计划，最终使人类的足迹第一次踏上了月球，尽管他没能亲眼看到这一伟大的时刻，但他的神奇的感召力却伴随着整个计划。在推动民权运动方面，肯尼迪兄弟更是功勋卓著。1962年当第一名黑人大学生试图到密西西比大学注册时，引发了当地白人的激烈反对，全美国的目光都聚焦在了民权运动的这个焦点上。肯尼迪毅然下令出动400名联邦执法人员和3000名国民警卫队护送这名黑人学生上学，此举震惊美国社会，肯尼迪顿时深得人民爱戴。在他的号召下，美国青年踊跃参加和平队（Peace Corps），志愿奔赴世界第三世界国家去帮助当地的教育、卫生和农业的发展。　　在肯尼迪主政的短短3年中，能有如此耀眼的政绩，的确堪称一代豪杰。这样雄才大略的抱负，如此果断坚毅的心志，再加上美国人民的热爱和世界各国的敬仰，肯尼迪岂是愿做“傀儡”的人物？　　当肯尼迪越来越强烈地想按照自己良好的意愿来运作这个国家时，他就必然与他背后的强大而无形的统治精英集团产生尖锐的冲突。当冲突的焦点涉及到国际银行家所主导的统治精英的最核心最敏感的问题 － 货币发行权的时候，肯尼迪也许并不知道自己的大限已经到了。　　1963年6月4日，肯尼迪签署了一份鲜为人知的11110号总统令（Executive Order），着令美国财政部“以财政部所拥有的任何形式的白银，包括：银锭、银币和标准白银美元作为支撑，发行‘白银券"（Silver Certificate）”，并立刻进入货币流通。肯尼迪的意图十分明显，从私有的中央银行美联储手中夺回货币发行权！如果该计划最终得以实施，美国政府将逐步摆脱必须从美联储“借钱”并支付高昂利息的荒谬境地，并且以白银为支撑的货币不是“透支未来”的债务货币，而是基于人们已有劳动成果的“诚实货币”。“白银券”的流通将逐渐降低美联储发行的“美元”（Federal Reserve Note）的流通度，很可能最终迫使美联储银行破产。　　如果失去控制货币发行的权力，国际银行家对美国这个最大的财富创造国将失去大部分影响力，这是生死存亡的根本问题。　　要搞清楚11110号总统令的由来和意义，我们必须从白银在美国的几起几落说起。　　白银在美国成为合法货币始于1792年的《1792年铸币法案》（Coinage Act of 1792），该法案奠定了美元的法律地位。一美元包含纯银24.1克，金银比价1比15。美元作为美国货币最基准的度量衡是基于白银之上的。此后美国长期保持金银货币双轨制。　　到了1873年2月，《1873年铸币法案》在欧洲罗斯切尔德家族的压力下，废除了白银的货币地位，实行了单一的金本位，由于罗斯切尔德家族掌握着世界上大部分的黄金矿产和黄金供应，他们实际上控制了整个欧洲的货币供应。白银的产地比黄金更为分散，产量和供应量也大得多，控制起来难度更大，所以在1873年前后，罗斯切尔德家族先后胁迫欧洲大部分国家废除白银的货币地位，实行完全的金本位。美国也是这个总体步骤中的一步。这个法案在美国西部产银州激起了强烈反对，人们称这个法案为“1873年恶法”（Crime of 1873），随后产生了轰轰烈烈的支持白银的民间草根运动。　　美国国会为了平衡纽约地区欧洲势力背景的银行家的影响力，又通过了《1878年布兰德－埃勒森法案》（Bland-Allison Act of 1878），要求美国财政部必须每月购买价值200到400万美元的白银，金银比价重新设定为1比16。银币与金币同样具有法律效力，可以用于支付所有公共和私人债务。和“黄金券”一样，财政部同样发行“白银券”，一美元的“白银券”直接对应一美元的银币，以便于流通。　　(一美元的“白银券”，可直接兑换一美元等价银币)　　后来《1878年布兰德－埃勒森法案》被《1890年谢尔曼白银采购法》（Sherman Silver Purchase Act）所取代，新法案增加了财政部必须购买白银的数量，在以前的基础上，财政部必须每月增加450万盎司的购买量。　　1913年美联储成立以来，“美联储券”（Federal Reserve Note）开始发行，到1929年大衰退时，“美联储券”已经逐渐占有货币流通的主要份额。到1933年时，“美联储券”仍能兑换等价黄金。　　(1914年一美元“美联储券”，可以间接兑换等价金币)　　在1933年时，在货币流通领域中还有“黄金券”（Gold Certificate）和“美国政府券”。　　（1913年50美元黄金券，可直接兑换50美元等价金币，1933年后持有该货币违法）　　“美国政府券”（United States Note）就是林肯在内战时期发行的美国第一种法币，即“林肯绿币”（Greenbacks）。它的总发行量被限定在6,681,016。1960年，它仅占美国货币流通总量的1％。　　（“美国政府券”，即“林肯绿币”）　　除了上述4种主要货币，还有少量的其它货币形式共存。　　在1933年罗斯福废除金本位并宣布拥有黄金非法之后，黄金券即退出流通。美国货币流通领域仅剩下“美联储券”、“白银券”和“美国政府券”，由于“美国政府券”先天不足，有发行上限，所以不被国际银行家视作重大威胁。“白银券”就麻烦多了。　　由于美国财政部被法律规定常年购买白银，到30年代，美国财政部已经拥有高达60多亿盎司（Troy Once）的白银，大致接近20万吨的庞大储备，再加上白银矿产遍布世界，生产量也颇为可观，要是全部实现货币化发行“白银券”，势必成为国际银行家最大的梦靥。　　1913年的《联邦储备法案》中规定，如果美联储解散，所有还在流通领域的美联储券必须以等价白银回收，1933年罗斯福帮助国际银行家废除了金本位之后，美国货币流通实际上是处在“银本位”之下。　　不废除白银的货币地位，“廉价货币”和“赤字财政”的“大业”就会受到严重掣肘，国际银行家梦寐以求的通过通货膨胀这种更高效率的金融工具来神不知鬼不觉地掠夺公民财富的计划就会受到牵制。　　随着第二次世界大战和大规模赤字财政的推行，再加上战后重建欧洲经济的庞大开支以及朝鲜战争的卷入和越南战争升级，美联储大规模发行国债货币逐渐被市场发觉，美国人民从40年代开始不断用“白银券”兑换成银币和银锭，导致财政部天文数字的白银储备急剧缩水。50年代开始蓬勃发展的电子工业和航天工业对白银的需求量急剧增长，更是雪上加霜，到60年代初肯尼迪入主白宫时，财政部的白银储备已锐减到19亿盎司。同时白银的市场价格猛涨，已逐渐逼近银币的货币价值1.29美元。当“白银券”被兑换成白银实物后，“白银券”也就自然退出流通，“劣币驱除好币”的“格雷欣法则”的效应显现了出来。　　这一切就是肯尼迪签署11110号总统令的大背景。　　保卫白银和废除白银的货币地位成为肯尼迪和国际银行家斗争的焦点。　　对于国际银行家而言，彻底废除黄金的货币地位已在全盘计划之中，但解决白银问题拥有着更高的优先级别。由于白银的潜在矿藏资源非常巨大，一旦世界各国在市场价格引导下开始更大规模的勘探和开发，不仅废除金本位的目标将难以实现，而且还将陷入黄金和白银的两线作战。一旦白银供应量大涨，“白银券” 很可能死灰复燃，重新与“美联储券”一争高下，由于美国政府掌握着发行“白银券”的大权，到时候鹿死谁手尚无定论。“白银券”如果占了上风，美联储的生存就面临着极大的风险。　　所以国际银行家最紧迫的任务是尽最大可能压低银价，一方面让世界银矿行业处在亏损或是微利状态，从而延缓银矿的勘探和开发，减少供应量；另一方面促使工业用银量猛增，使得替代白银材料的研究和应用变得毫无必要，从而以最快速度消耗美国财政部仅存的白银储备。当财政部拿不出白银的时候，“白银券” 自然就不战而降，废除白银的货币地位也就顺理成章了。关键是争取时间。　　肯尼迪自然是对此心知肚明，他一方面对国际银行家表态适当时机可以考虑废除白银的货币地位，另一方面却另作安排。不幸的是，他的财政部长道格拉斯.第伦（Douglas Dillon）并非他的心腹，第伦出身于华尔街银行大家族，身为共和党人被国际银行家强塞到肯尼迪的民主党内阁中，主要财政大权由第伦向国际银行家们负责。在第伦上任后，他的首要工作就是以最快速度消耗财政部的白银储备。果然第伦不负众望，他以91美分一盎司的超低市场价向工业用户大量倾销白银。1947年成立的美国白银用户协会（TheSilverUsersAssociation）与第伦遥相呼应，强烈要求“卖掉（财政部）剩余的存银来满足白银用户的需求”〔注 7.9〕　　1961年3月19日的纽约时报这样报道：　　参议员抱怨美国（财政部）低价抛售（白银）　　参议员艾伦.百博（Alan Bible）今天向财政部提出重新审查以低于国际市场的价格大量抛售白银的政策。这位内华达的民主党议员在给财政部长道格拉斯.第伦的信中说，美国国内的银矿开发已经落后于消费需求，而财政部的倾销行为是控制一个不现实的价格上限。世界性的白银短缺只有通过在北美和南美地区大量开发新产能来解决。他说‘只有当财政部缓解对国内市场和邻国的严酷的价格压力后，这一切才谈得上。”　　1961年8月19日的纽约时报还登载了这样一篇消息：　　主要来自产银州的13个西部民主党参议员今天向肯尼迪总统提交了一封联名信，信中要求财政部立刻停止抛售白银的行为。财政部的倾销压低了国际和国内市场的白银价格。　　1961年10月16日，纽约时报：　　财政部抛售白银储备已经对白银市场的价格加上了一个紧紧的盖子。工业用户知道他们可以从财政部得到每盎司91到92美分的白银，所以他们拒绝支付更多的钱给新的白银生产商。　　1961年11月29日，纽约时报：　　白银生产商们昨天欣喜地听到一则消息，肯尼迪总统已经下令财政部体停止向工业界抛售货币白银。白银的工业用户被震惊了。　　1961年11月30日，纽约时报：　　白银的价格冲上了41年来纽约市场的最高价位，随着星期二肯尼迪总统宣布全面改变美国政府的白银政策，决定由市场来决定白银的价格。第一步就是立刻停止财政部出售不必支撑纸币（“白银券“）的白银的行为。　　肯尼迪总统终于出手了，虽然时间已经稍显晚了一些，因为财政部的白银此时已剩下不足17亿盎司了。但是他的果断措施已经使市场银价向世界各地的白银生产厂家发出了明确的信号，白银产量的上升和财政部的存量企稳都是可以预期的事。白银公司的股票一飞冲天。　　肯尼迪的这一行为颠覆性地破坏了国际银行家的图谋。　　1963年4月，美联储主席威廉.马丁在国会听证会上说：“美联储委员会确信，没有必要在美国货币系统中使用白银。尽管有人觉得把白银从支撑我们一部分货币系统中抽出可能会造成货币贬值，我不能认同这种观点。”　　按照一般规律，当白银市场得到明确的价格上涨的信号，到重新开始新的资源勘探，新增设备扩大生产规模，最后提高总供应量，需要5年左右的周期，所以能否最终保住白银的货币地位，从而保留下美国政府直接发行货币的希望，关键时刻将是1966年。　　肯尼迪与国际银行家争夺的制高点就是白银的货币地位，整个战役关系着美国民选政府是否能够最后保留住货币发行权。一旦白银重新开始大量供应，肯尼迪就可以与西部白银生产州联手进一步推动美元货币的白银含量重估的立法，加大“白银券”的发行量，“白银券”势必再度崛起。　　到那时，1963年6月4日肯尼迪签署的11110号总统令就会立刻成为对付“美联储券”的利害杀招。　　可惜的是，国际银行家也同样看出了肯尼迪的部署。这个深受选民热爱的总统几乎可以肯定会在1964年底的大选中获得连任，如果肯尼迪再作4年总统，局面将变得无法收拾。除掉肯尼迪成了唯一的选择。　　当国际银行家中意的副总统在肯尼迪被刺当天在飞机上继任美利坚第36届总统时，他深知国际银行家们对他的期许是什么，他不能也不敢辜负这种“期许”。

肯尼迪遇刺前两分钟 对于美国人来说，1963年11月22日是一个不寻常的日子，肯尼迪总统在德克萨斯州的达拉斯市遇刺身亡。噩耗传来，整个美国都陷入了震惊和悲伤之中。几十年以后，人们在说起这一时刻时，很多人都能清楚地记得当时自己在干什麽。究竟是谁，为什麽刺杀肯尼迪至今仍众说纷纭。美国官方的沃伦委员会的最终结论是一个名叫奥斯瓦德的凶手单独作案，但是此案的疑点实在太多，几十年来社会上流传着各种阴谋论。 最明显的疑点是凶手被警方抓获不到48小时，就在众目睽睽之下被另一名犹太杀手近距离枪杀，上百万人在电视机旁看到了谋杀全过程，而该凶手的动机竟然是“要向全世界的人展示犹太人的胆量”。 Jack Rubyshooting Lee Harvey Oswald. 另一个巨大的疑点是到底几个人参与了谋杀肯尼迪，沃伦委员会的结论是奥斯瓦德在5.6秒的时间里连发三枪，其中一发子弹打飞，一发击中肯尼迪的颈部，另外一发致命的子弹命中头部。几乎没有人相信奥斯瓦德能在这样短的时间里准确射击三次，更奇怪的是打中肯尼迪的颈部的子弹是先击中了坐在肯尼迪前方的德州州长后，再射中肯尼迪的，而这样的几率几乎为零，所以人们称之为一发“神奇的子弹”。更多的专家相信，不只一人从不同的方向朝肯尼迪开枪，而且不止三发子弹。 据后来护卫肯尼迪车驾的一名巡警回忆，“当肯尼迪在机场忙着和欢迎的人群握手时，约翰逊（副总统）的秘密特勤（Secrete Service）走过来给我们做安全工作指示。最让我吃惊的是他们说总统在德利广场（刺杀现场）的行车路线临时作了修改。如果保持原来的路线，杀手可能完全没有机会下手。他们还给我们下了一个闻所未闻的命令，通常情况下，我们四个摩托护警应该紧靠总统座车的四周，但是他们这次让我们全部退到车后，任何情况下不得超过总统座车的后轮。他们说这是为了让大家有一个‘没有遮拦的视野"……我的另一位朋友（保护副总统约翰逊）看见他（约翰逊）在听到第一发子弹前30或40秒时，开始在车里弯下身来，甚至在车队拐上休斯敦大街之前。也许他在车里的地毯上找什么东西，但是他看起来就好像预感到会有子弹飞过来一样”。 当第一夫人杰奎琳随着丈夫的遗体乘空军一号到达华盛顿机场时，她仍然穿着溅满肯尼迪鲜血的大衣，她坚持这样做就是为了让“他们看看犯下的罪恶”，此时的凶手奥斯瓦德仍被警方看押，杰奎琳所说的“他们”又是？杰奎琳在自己的遗嘱中说道，在她死后50周年（2044年5月19日），如果她的最小的孩子已经去世，她授权肯尼迪图书馆公开一份500页的关于肯尼迪的文件。让她没有想到的是她最小的儿子在1999年的一次飞机失事中丧了命。 肯尼迪的弟弟罗伯特，著名的民权运动推动者，在1968年当选民主党总统候选人之后，几乎肯定可以最终当选总统，但是就在他欢庆胜利的时候，又是在大庭广众的场合被乱抢打死。 在肯尼迪被刺杀后的短短三年中，18名关键证人相继死亡，其中6人被枪杀，3人死于车祸，2人自杀，1人被割喉，1人被拧断了脖子，5人“自然”死亡。英国的一名数学家在1967年2月的伦敦星期日时报声称，这种巧合的概率为10万万亿分之一。从1963年到1993年，115名相关证人在各种离奇的事件中自杀或被谋杀。〔注 7.8〕 沃伦委员会让人生疑的还有封存所有文件、档案和证据长达75年直到2039年才解密，这些文件涉及CIA、FBI、总统特警保镖、NSA(国家安全局)、国务院、海军陆战队等机构。另外，FBI和其它政府机构还涉嫌销毁证据。 2003年肯尼迪遇刺40周年，美国ABC广播公司搞了一次调查，70％的美国人认为刺杀肯尼迪是一个更大规模的阴谋。 如此大规模地协调和组织，如此明显的证据和证人的封杀都说明肯尼迪刺杀事件其实已经不是一次秘密谋杀，而更像是公开处决，意在警告今后的美国总统们要搞清楚谁才是这个国家的真正主宰。 问题是，肯尼迪家族也是国际银行家集团中的“圈里人”，其父约瑟夫就是1929年股票崩盘时大发其财，后来被罗斯福总统任命的首届美国证券交易委员会（SEC）的主席，早在40年代就跻身在亿万富豪的行列中了，如果不是这样显赫的家境，肯尼迪也不可能成为美国历史上第一位信仰天主教的总统。那麽肯尼迪何以开罪了整个统治精英阶层，以至于落得杀身之祸呢？ 毫无疑问，肯尼迪是一位富有雄心和才干的人物，当年纪青青的他坐上了总统的宝座，就碰上了古巴导弹危机这样重大挑战，他的表现坚定陈稳，可圈可点，面对和苏联可能爆发核战争的巨大危险而毫不妥协，最终逼退了赫鲁晓夫。肯尼迪还意气风发地推动了美国航天计划，最终使人类的足迹第一次踏上了月球，尽管他没能亲眼看到这一伟大的时刻，但他的神奇的感召力却伴随着整个计划。在推动民权运动方面，肯尼迪兄弟更是功勋卓著。1962年当第一名黑人大学生试图到密西西比大学注册时，引发了当地白人的激烈反对，全美国的目光都聚焦在了民权运动的这个焦点上。肯尼迪毅然下令出动400名联邦执法人员和3000名国民警卫队护送这名黑人学生上学，此举震惊美国社会，肯尼迪顿时深得人民爱戴。在他的号召下，美国青年踊跃参加和平队（Peace Corps），志愿奔赴世界第三世界国家去帮助当地的教育、卫生和农业的发展。 在肯尼迪主政的短短3年中，能有如此耀眼的政绩，的确堪称一代豪杰。这样雄才大略的抱负，如此果断坚毅的心志，再加上美国人民的热爱和世界各国的敬仰，肯尼迪岂是愿做“傀儡”的人物？ 当肯尼迪越来越强烈地想按照自己良好的意愿来运作这个国家时，他就必然与他背后的强大而无形的统治精英集团产生尖锐的冲突。当冲突的焦点涉及到国际银行家所主导的统治精英的最核心最敏感的问题 － 货币发行权的时候，肯尼迪也许并不知道自己的大限已经到了。 1963年6月4日，肯尼迪签署了一份鲜为人知的11110号总统令（Executive Order），着令美国财政部“以财政部所拥有的任何形式的白银，包括：银锭、银币和标准白银美元作为支撑，发行‘白银券"（Silver Certificate）”，并立刻进入货币流通。肯尼迪的意图十分明显，从私有的中央银行美联储手中夺回货币发行权！如果该计划最终得以实施，美国政府将逐步摆脱必须从美联储“借钱”并支付高昂利息的荒谬境地，并且以白银为支撑的货币不是“透支未来”的债务货币，而是基于人们已有劳动成果的“诚实货币”。“白银券”的流通将逐渐降低美联储发行的“美元”（Federal Reserve Note）的流通度，很可能最终迫使美联储银行破产。 如果失去控制货币发行的权力，国际银行家对美国这个最大的财富创造国将失去大部分影响力，这是生死存亡的根本问题。 要搞清楚11110号总统令的由来和意义，我们必须从白银在美国的几起几落说起。 白银在美国成为合法货币始于1792年的《1792年铸币法案》（Coinage Act of 1792），该法案奠定了美元的法律地位。一美元包含纯银24.1克，金银比价1比15。美元作为美国货币最基准的度量衡是基于白银之上的。此后美国长期保持金银货币双轨制。 到了1873年2月，《1873年铸币法案》在欧洲罗斯切尔德家族的压力下，废除了白银的货币地位，实行了单一的金本位，由于罗斯切尔德家族掌握着世界上大部分的黄金矿产和黄金供应，他们实际上控制了整个欧洲的货币供应。白银的产地比黄金更为分散，产量和供应量也大得多，控制起来难度更大，所以在1873年前后，罗斯切尔德家族先后胁迫欧洲大部分国家废除白银的货币地位，实行完全的金本位。美国也是这个总体步骤中的一步。这个法案在美国西部产银州激起了强烈反对，人们称这个法案为“1873年恶法”（Crime of 1873），随后产生了轰轰烈烈的支持白银的民间草根运动。 美国国会为了平衡纽约地区欧洲势力背景的银行家的影响力，又通过了《1878年布兰德－埃勒森法案》（Bland-Allison Act of 1878），要求美国财政部必须每月购买价值200到400万美元的白银，金银比价重新设定为1比16。银币与金币同样具有法律效力，可以用于支付所有公共和私人债务。和“黄金券”一样，财政部同样发行“白银券”，一美元的“白银券”直接对应一美元的银币，以便于流通。 (一美元的“白银券”，可直接兑换一美元等价银币) 后来《1878年布兰德－埃勒森法案》被《1890年谢尔曼白银采购法》（Sherman Silver Purchase Act）所取代，新法案增加了财政部必须购买白银的数量，在以前的基础上，财政部必须每月增加450万盎司的购买量。 1913年美联储成立以来，“美联储券”（Federal Reserve Note）开始发行，到1929年大衰退时，“美联储券”已经逐渐占有货币流通的主要份额。到1933年时，“美联储券”仍能兑换等价黄金。 (1914年一美元“美联储券”，可以间接兑换等价金币) 在1933年时，在货币流通领域中还有“黄金券”（Gold Certificate）和“美国政府券”。 （1913年50美元黄金券，可直接兑换50美元等价金币，1933年后持有该货币违法） “美国政府券”（United States Note）就是林肯在内战时期发行的美国第一种法币，即“林肯绿币”（Greenbacks）。它的总发行量被限定在6,681,016。1960年，它仅占美国货币流通总量的1％。 （“美国政府券”，即“林肯绿币”） 除了上述4种主要货币，还有少量的其它货币形式共存。 在1933年罗斯福废除金本位并宣布拥有黄金非法之后，黄金券即退出流通。美国货币流通领域仅剩下“美联储券”、“白银券”和“美国政府券”，由于“美国政府券”先天不足，有发行上限，所以不被国际银行家视作重大威胁。“白银券”就麻烦多了。 由于美国财政部被法律规定常年购买白银，到30年代，美国财政部已经拥有高达60多亿盎司（Troy Once）的白银，大致接近20万吨的庞大储备，再加上白银矿产遍布世界，生产量也颇为可观，要是全部实现货币化发行“白银券”，势必成为国际银行家最大的梦靥。 1913年的《联邦储备法案》中规定，如果美联储解散，所有还在流通领域的美联储券必须以等价白银回收，1933年罗斯福帮助国际银行家废除了金本位之后，美国货币流通实际上是处在“银本位”之下。 不废除白银的货币地位，“廉价货币”和“赤字财政”的“大业”就会受到严重掣肘，国际银行家梦寐以求的通过通货膨胀这种更高效率的金融工具来神不知鬼不觉地掠夺公民财富的计划就会受到牵制。 随着第二次世界大战和大规模赤字财政的推行，再加上战后重建欧洲经济的庞大开支以及朝鲜战争的卷入和越南战争升级，美联储大规模发行国债货币逐渐被市场发觉，美国人民从40年代开始不断用“白银券”兑换成银币和银锭，导致财政部天文数字的白银储备急剧缩水。50年代开始蓬勃发展的电子工业和航天工业对白银的需求量急剧增长，更是雪上加霜，到60年代初肯尼迪入主白宫时，财政部的白银储备已锐减到19亿盎司。同时白银的市场价格猛涨，已逐渐逼近银币的货币价值1.29美元。当“白银券”被兑换成白银实物后，“白银券”也就自然退出流通，“劣币驱除好币”的“格雷欣法则”的效应显现了出来。 这一切就是肯尼迪签署11110号总统令的大背景。 保卫白银和废除白银的货币地位成为肯尼迪和国际银行家斗争的焦点。 对于国际银行家而言，彻底废除黄金的货币地位已在全盘计划之中，但解决白银问题拥有着更高的优先级别。由于白银的潜在矿藏资源非常巨大，一旦世界各国在市场价格引导下开始更大规模的勘探和开发，不仅废除金本位的目标将难以实现，而且还将陷入黄金和白银的两线作战。一旦白银供应量大涨，“白银券” 很可能死灰复燃，重新与“美联储券”一争高下，由于美国政府掌握着发行“白银券”的大权，到时候鹿死谁手尚无定论。“白银券”如果占了上风，美联储的生存就面临着极大的风险。 所以国际银行家最紧迫的任务是尽最大可能压低银价，一方面让世界银矿行业处在亏损或是微利状态，从而延缓银矿的勘探和开发，减少供应量；另一方面促使工业用银量猛增，使得替代白银材料的研究和应用变得毫无必要，从而以最快速度消耗美国财政部仅存的白银储备。当财政部拿不出白银的时候，“白银券” 自然就不战而降，废除白银的货币地位也就顺理成章了。关键是争取时间。 肯尼迪自然是对此心知肚明，他一方面对国际银行家表态适当时机可以考虑废除白银的货币地位，另一方面却另作安排。不幸的是，他的财政部长道格拉斯.第伦（Douglas Dillon）并非他的心腹，第伦出身于华尔街银行大家族，身为共和党人被国际银行家强塞到肯尼迪的民主党内阁中，主要财政大权由第伦向国际银行家们负责。在第伦上任后，他的首要工作就是以最快速度消耗财政部的白银储备。果然第伦不负众望，他以91美分一盎司的超低市场价向工业用户大量倾销白银。1947年成立的美国白银用户协会（TheSilverUsersAssociation）与第伦遥相呼应，强烈要求“卖掉（财政部）剩余的存银来满足白银用户的需求”〔注 7.9〕 1961年3月19日的纽约时报这样报道： 参议员抱怨美国（财政部）低价抛售（白银） 参议员艾伦.百博（Alan Bible）今天向财政部提出重新审查以低于国际市场的价格大量抛售白银的政策。这位内华达的民主党议员在给财政部长道格拉斯.第伦的信中说，美国国内的银矿开发已经落后于消费需求，而财政部的倾销行为是控制一个不现实的价格上限。世界性的白银短缺只有通过在北美和南美地区大量开发新产能来解决。他说‘只有当财政部缓解对国内市场和邻国的严酷的价格压力后，这一切才谈得上。” 1961年8月19日的纽约时报还登载了这样一篇消息： 主要来自产银州的13个西部民主党参议员今天向肯尼迪总统提交了一封联名信，信中要求财政部立刻停止抛售白银的行为。财政部的倾销压低了国际和国内市场的白银价格。 1961年10月16日，纽约时报： 财政部抛售白银储备已经对白银市场的价格加上了一个紧紧的盖子。工业用户知道他们可以从财政部得到每盎司91到92美分的白银，所以他们拒绝支付更多的钱给新的白银生产商。 1961年11月29日，纽约时报： 白银生产商们昨天欣喜地听到一则消息，肯尼迪总统已经下令财政部体停止向工业界抛售货币白银。白银的工业用户被震惊了。 1961年11月30日，纽约时报： 白银的价格冲上了41年来纽约市场的最高价位，随着星期二肯尼迪总统宣布全面改变美国政府的白银政策，决定由市场来决定白银的价格。第一步就是立刻停止财政部出售不必支撑纸币（“白银券“）的白银的行为。 肯尼迪总统终于出手了，虽然时间已经稍显晚了一些，因为财政部的白银此时已剩下不足17亿盎司了。但是他的果断措施已经使市场银价向世界各地的白银生产厂家发出了明确的信号，白银产量的上升和财政部的存量企稳都是可以预期的事。白银公司的股票一飞冲天。 肯尼迪的这一行为颠覆性地破坏了国际银行家的图谋。 1963年4月，美联储主席威廉.马丁在国会听证会上说：“美联储委员会确信，没有必要在美国货币系统中使用白银。尽管有人觉得把白银从支撑我们一部分货币系统中抽出可能会造成货币贬值，我不能认同这种观点。” 按照一般规律，当白银市场得到明确的价格上涨的信号，到重新开始新的资源勘探，新增设备扩大生产规模，最后提高总供应量，需要5年左右的周期，所以能否最终保住白银的货币地位，从而保留下美国政府直接发行货币的希望，关键时刻将是1966年。 肯尼迪与国际银行家争夺的制高点就是白银的货币地位，整个战役关系着美国民选政府是否能够最后保留住货币发行权。一旦白银重新开始大量供应，肯尼迪就可以与西部白银生产州联手进一步推动美元货币的白银含量重估的立法，加大“白银券”的发行量，“白银券”势必再度崛起。 到那时，1963年6月4日肯尼迪签署的11110号总统令就会立刻成为对付“美联储券”的利害杀招。 可惜的是，国际银行家也同样看出了肯尼迪的部署。这个深受选民热爱的总统几乎可以肯定会在1964年底的大选中获得连任，如果肯尼迪再作4年总统，局面将变得无法收拾。除掉肯尼迪成了唯一的选择。 当国际银行家中意的副总统在肯尼迪被刺当天在飞机上继任美利坚第36届总统时，他深知国际银行家们对他的期许是什么，他不能也不敢辜负这种“期许”。

　　从奥兰多驱车向东南,大约45分钟,就可以到达肯尼迪航天中心(KSC)了。它位于佛罗里达州卡纳维拉尔角,南北最大距离55公里,东西向最宽10公里,是美国重要的载人航天中心,拥有各种独特装备和设施。不过,亲临现场感觉到的不仅仅是现代科技和人类建筑物,还有原始状态的地理环境和众多的野生动植物。头上有老鹰在盘旋,附近有羽毛鲜艳的水鸟在觅食,路边的沼泽里时常漂浮着懒洋洋的鳄鱼,象一段段长年抛弃的朽木。原来,这里还是美国规模庞大的濒危野生动植物及生态环境保护地。当然,人们长途跋涉来到这里,并不是观赏这里的野生环境,而是被这里的航天事业所吸引。题图照片为肯尼迪航天中心飞行大楼,航天飞机在这里与火箭助推器及推进剂组合在一起,然后送往发射台。 　　 　　美国的航天运输系统 　　1972年1月5日,美国总统尼克松批准美国国家航空航天局(NASA)研制可重复使用的航天飞行系统,称之为“航天飞机”。它不同于火箭和飞船体系,但也不只是飞行器,而是整个“航天运输概念”,其飞行任务代号即为航天运输系统(SpaceTransportationSystem,简称STS)加上系列号。比如,1999年7月23日第一次由一位名叫艾琳u30fb柯林斯女士担任指令长的飞行任务命名为STS-93。美国航空航天局代表美国政府,全面负责国内外的航天飞行业务。 　　航天运输系统整个合同由德州休斯顿的美国航空航天局约翰逊航天中心(JSC)负责组织实施,它由四大单元组成:一套轨道飞行器即俗称航天飞机,两套火箭助推器(SRB),一套推进剂箱和三台主发动机。航天飞机由位于加州的洛克韦尔国际集团航天运输系统部制造,它也负责全机系统集成及整套航天运输系统。火箭助推器由犹他州的马顿集团设计制造,但在肯尼迪航天中心完成总装和系统集成。推进剂箱由新奥尔良的马丁u30fb马瑞塔集团制造。发动机系统由美国航空航天局马歇尔航天飞行中心负责,由洛克韦尔集团的加州洛克代尼分部制造。 　　航天运输系统主要用于近地轨道往返运输,其指挥控制中心在约翰逊航天中心。肯尼迪航天中心负责发射升空、返航着陆和地面周转及保障。 　　第一架航天飞机代号为OV-101,正式命名为“企业”号,用于地面各类实验和飞行验证。正式用于升空的是OV-102即“哥伦比亚”号,于1979年3月25日由波音747驮载到肯尼迪航天中心。之后,改进过的OV-099命名为“挑战者”,于1982年7月5日交付,OV-103命名为“发现者”,1983年11月9日抵达肯尼迪航天中心。1985年4月3日交付的OV-104命名为“亚特兰蒂斯”。这些名字来源于美国历史上著名的航海舰艇:“哥伦比亚”号是1836年投入使用的挂帆快艇,为美国海军环球航行的主要舰船之一。“挑战者”也是海军舰艇的名字,它参加过1872年至1876年间的大西洋和太平洋远洋探险。“发现者”在1610年至1611年间探索大西洋和太平洋西北方向的捷径,并发现了夏威夷群岛等地。“亚特兰蒂斯”为美国海洋地理研究所1930年到1966年间使用的一艘双桅帆船。 　　当前,美国有两个航天运输系统发射中心,肯尼迪航天中心负责赤道轨道、加州范登堡空军基地负责两极轨道发射任务。它们也是航天飞机的正常着陆点。加州爱德华兹空军基地作为主备降基地,白沙空军基地供紧急返航着陆使用。如在外地着陆,需用特制的波音747把它驮载回到肯尼迪航天中心,再次飞行准备时间增加一周,费用也增加100万美元左右。但爱德华兹拥有独特的先天条件:11400公顷坚硬广阔的干涸湖床作为基本跑道,长达12公里,还建有一条水泥跑道,用于夜间着陆,以免沙尘过多影响灯光引导系统,天气条件也比肯尼迪航天中心好,特别是航天飞机较重或肯尼迪航天中心天气变化时,只要在着陆之前提前一段时间,都可以临时备降到爱德华兹。目前,在这里着陆次数多达半数以上。 　　为了获得着陆飞行和地面保障经验,航天飞机头三次返回着陆,也在爱德华兹空军基地进行。1983年6月,由“挑战者”号航天飞机完成了代号为“航天运输系统-7”的航天飞行,原计划首次实现在肯尼迪航天中心着陆,因天气原因,依然在爱德华兹着陆。之后的两次也是如此。一直到了1984年2月11日,代号“41-B”的飞行任务才实现了在肯尼迪航天中心的第一次着陆。但在1985年的一次着陆中,由于刹车过度,一个机轮爆破,导致有关方面再次考虑肯尼迪航天中心着陆的安全性。在加装了前轮操纵系统和改进了刹车系统后,1986年元月,“挑战者”代号“61-C”的飞行计划才重新安排肯尼迪航天中心作为返航着陆点,但因天气恶劣再次改降爱德华兹。两周后,“挑战者”自身在发射中不幸损失,因此重新考虑肯尼迪航天中心的着陆设施是否足够安全。之后,改进了航天飞机的主起落架和碳刹车,增强了前轮操纵性,更换了轮胎型号。1991年交付的“奋进”号就是第一架改进后的航天飞机。同时,重新设计了肯尼迪航天中心的跑道表面摩擦性,减少了两端头1066米正常接地区域对轮胎产生的磨损,加长了安全道长度。1991年,肯尼迪航天中心得以重新作为返航着陆基地使用。 　　 　　复杂繁多的准备 　　发射前的准备工作在肯尼迪航天中心飞行保障中心大楼内进行,在那里,航天飞机与火箭助推器组合在推进剂箱上,姿态垂直向上,然后,用履带式平板运载车把它们整体运往指定的发射台。肯尼迪航天中心第一个用于航天运输系统任务的发射台代号为39-A。在正常情况下,机组人员通过旋转悬臂式通道进入航天飞机,该通道高44.8米,回转幅度70度,时间30秒,航天飞机在点火前7分24秒与它脱离。机组的紧急撤离通道为封闭式消防撤离滑梯,一共有7套,每套里面有一个直径1.5米、高度1.05米的撤离笼,可搭载3人,经4组缆索吊落到发射台下,然后,机组通过台下的防爆斗,撤离可能爆炸的发射台。在正常情况下,它在发射前30秒脱开。 　　专门为航天运输系统设计了着陆设施,于1976年完成。跑道长度4571米,宽91米。中间高,两侧低,以形成良好的排水能力。此外,有300米延长道。跑道南停机坪为常规停机坪,东北停机坪为装卸停机坪,用于将航天飞机装在波音747机背上,或者从该机机背上卸下来。专用的装卸台长45米,宽28米,高32米。在跑道中段外侧,设有指挥塔台、救护队和消防队,还有一个供舆论界和宾客观赏着陆过程的看台。 　　航天飞机相当于DC-9飞机大小。从这个角度说,并不需要这么长的跑道。但它没有动力,又以超音速大速度下滑,以及没有复飞能力,必须尽量为其着陆操作创造便利条件。 　　跑道异物对这样大速度着陆的飞机十分危险。因此,在飞机接地前15分钟,地面人员要对跑道进行最后检查。然而,飞鸟很容易打伤航天飞机表面的隔热瓦。作为野生自然保护区,这里的鸟类有300多种。工作人员使用驱鸟广播,经常修剪跑道两侧草坪,以免鸟类接近跑道。 　　飞机接地后,由于它没有动力,需要用柴油牵引车把它拖回飞行保障中心。训练用的航天飞机飞行模拟器也坐落在这里。航天飞机的飞行技能也通过T-38教练机来训练。这些飞机也停放在这个区域。此外,用于保障工作的其它运输机和直升机也在这里作业。 　　此外,还有一套由电子控制的精密着陆灯光辅助系统。从高度2285米起,如果航天飞机高于预定的下滑道,机组人员看见的灯光是红色的,反之,是白色的。只有飞机处于预定的下滑道之内,他们才可以同时看见红白两色的灯光信号。整个着陆机动阶段均有灯光引导信号,机组人员只要调整飞机姿态,同时看见红白相间的灯光信号,就说明飞机处于正确的下滑道上。在离地面高度676米左右时,可以看见4组,每组各24个灯源的接地指示信号。如果机组人员看见它们为红白两色,就可以放下起落架,使飞机进入接地状态。夜间着陆时,跑道灯光呈背光照明状态,以免机组人员感觉眩目。 　　在气象条件要求方面,在航天飞机处于轨道上,要决策是否开始着陆时,从时间上说,大约距离着陆点90分钟时,要求肯尼迪航天中心当地低于3047米的云不多于20%,能见度不小于8公里,侧风不大于22公里/小时。如果本次着陆重量较大,则还需要把侧风条件提高到不大于19公里/小时。同时,在着陆地带55公里范围内,不得有雷暴条件,在19公里内,不得有降水的可能。 　　气象预报由约翰逊航天中心航天飞行气象中心发布,也需要肯尼迪航天中心现场观测小组的实际数据,并与相邻的美国空军卡纳维拉尔角空军基地的气象预报中心协调。同时,美国航空航天局的气象探测飞机在空中进行实际数据探测。对所有这些数据进行综合分析比较后,才能做出是否可以开始着陆的气象预报。 　　 　　着陆后工作 　　在着陆前两小时,着陆保障部门就投入了工作。这涉及到150多人,30辆专用车辆。他们对机组的引导和护航不仅仅在飞机落地后,而是从航天飞机脱离轨道就开始了。无论航天飞机在哪里着陆,都由这些保障人员负责。 　　在飞机着陆后,飞机停在跑道上,首先由身着全封闭保护服的探测人员对飞机外围进行探测,检验分析是否有高度可燃或有毒气体及浓度如何。如果探测到有关气体浓度很高,而且当时无自然风,就需要使用专用车辆对航天飞机吹风。之后,由净化冷却车辆接上补给管,通过这根管道,以检测氢的浓度。如果浓度高于3%,应立刻对航天飞机停车关机,并对机组实施紧急撤离。反之,着陆后的行动继续按正常程序进行,即通过补给管道,向飞机内注入净化空气和冷却剂,进一步除去飞机各舱位或腔体内可能存在的有害或可燃气体。这些都在着陆后45分钟内进行,当然,地面空调系统接通后,就可以关闭机上冷却系统了。 　　当确认一切无误后,机组舷梯车靠上航天飞机舱门,打开“安全检查间”,机组人员进入这里,由医生进行短暂的体检,通常,这种检查工作需在飞机着陆后60分钟内完成。 　　接下来便是机组人员撤离飞机。他们从“安全检查间”直接走向机组接送车。这个接送车是用普通机场旅客摆渡车改装过来的。所以,在外面观看着陆的人看不见机组人员下机。 　　在机组人员离开飞机后,整个引导和护航行动结束,约翰逊航天中心则把后继工作交给肯尼迪航天中心。地面保障人员登上航天飞机,准备把它牵引回飞行保障中心。轮胎系统冷却需要45分钟,这个期间的工作是把各种开关关闭并打开保险,从实验装置上取下实验数据记录和存贮器。还需要把起落架彻底锁定在“放下”位置上,卸下前轮减速装置,连接好牵引杆。通常,在着陆后4小时开始牵引,整个牵引工作在6小时之内结束。 　　虽然航天飞行任务由约翰逊航天中心指挥,但肯尼迪航天中心的工程测试小组位于发射控制中心内,一直在监测航天飞机上的数据。在约翰逊航天中心把航天飞机控制权移交给肯尼迪航天中心后,该小组开始指挥后续工作,直至把航天飞机拖回到指定的飞行保障中心。那里,也是它下一次飞行的准备地点。肯尼迪航天中心目前有三个飞行保障中心,将根据任务不同决定在哪里准备下一次升空。 　　 　　中断起飞和紧急返航 　　象普通飞机要考虑紧急迫降一样,航天运输系统必须考虑发射后,遇到紧急情况航天飞机如何中断起飞或者紧急返航。 　　在上升阶段,如果飞行性能受到影响,如主发动机故障,或姿态控制发动机故障,就要考虑中断起飞。入轨飞行后,如果发生舱体泄漏、环境系统故障、人员或者实验本身发生意外影响到飞行安全等,需要缩短日程,紧急返航。无论哪种非正常返航,都可归结为“返场着陆”和“就近着陆”两类,前者是返回预定着陆点,后者则为了尽最大努力拯救机组人员的生命安全,在来不及返回预定地点情况下实施。由于“就近着陆”保障条件差,风险相对比较大,因此,这个方案往往是在最后抉择。只要条件允许,应首先采用“返场着陆”方案。 　　在“返场着陆”方案中,又可分为四种情形:如果在上升过程中发现问题,应立刻降低预定飞行轨道高度,立刻减少所需功率,提前进入平飞,抓紧时间评估故障情况,决定是否继续上升,还是立刻返航。因此,需要研制继续上升或者立刻返航下降这两套临时机动推力程序。这套程序称之为“中断入轨程序”(ATO――AborttoOrbit)。这时,如果可以返回发射地,则执行“返回发射地着陆程序”(RTLS――ReturnToLaunchSite)。与正常着陆程序不同的是,与紧急着陆时飞机需要空中放油以减轻着陆重量类似,首先降低轨道,继续飞行,以便尽快消耗燃料,然后再返航。第三种情况是,入轨后需要返航,即需要立刻缩短后续日程,则按正常返航程序脱轨,再入大气层。这套紧急返航程序称之为“中断任务程序”(AOO――AbortOnceOrbit)。第四,如已错过执行“返回发射地着陆程序”(RTLS――ReturnToLaunchSite)点,则按弹道轨迹飞越大西洋下降着陆,称之为“飞越大西洋着陆程序”(TAL――TransatlanticLanding)。预定的备降点设在沿着飞行轨迹预定的有关机场,以尽量减少航天飞机的机动飞行。 　　如果两台主发动机发生故障,或其它系统也相继发生故障,无法完成任务,就必须考虑“就近着陆”方案了。这时,首先考虑如何保障机组人身安全,并不在乎航天飞机在哪里着陆。尤其在发动机相继故障或者引起其它系统的连锁反应后,无法很好地控制住飞行姿态,这时,可能需要实施“俯冲返航方案”,即机组人员使用救生逃逸装置脱离航天飞机。 　　 　　肯尼迪航天中心未来的发展 　　自从第一次发射火箭以来,肯尼迪航天中心已经运转了半个世纪。如今,这里已是世界上规模最大、发射品种最多的航天发射场。当前,它由美国空军第45航天联队和肯尼迪航天中心工作队共同支持发射任务。在这里,还从事相关科研工作,包括研究今后的太空港技术,这里也是美国在阿拉斯加州卡迪亚克岛新建的火箭发射基地的主要技术支持者。当前的商业飞行主要是把价值几百亿美元的卫星送上预定轨道,将来有哪些运输需要呢? 　　计划之一是,在今后10年内,可以为科研、制造和国际运输、商务旅行,甚至普通旅游业提供航天飞行。在旅游业方面,目前最具实用情景的是在近地轨道上小住。也许在不远的将来,就会有普通旅游者来到肯尼迪航天中心,搭乘航天飞机去近地轨道上的太空旅馆。 　　因此,首先要考虑在肯尼迪航天中心如何部署相应的太空港。开发航天运输系统大致与航空运输系统类似,首先,需要一个机场。这个机场应该是什么样子,在没有先例可供参考的情况下,主要靠科学和艺术的想象力。可以预计,如果航天技术继续保持现有的发展增长,在不久的将来,太空旅行也会成为一种大众运输方式。航空运输之所以从探险演变为大众运输工具,主要归功于技术进步。肯尼迪航天中心的科研目标正是如此:努力开发航天运输技术,使之更安全、更便捷,更便宜。 　　新型航天飞行器由美国航空航天局的其他科研中心研制,肯尼迪航天中心则负责先进的太空港技术,以全面降低飞行器的运行成本。当前,送一位体重仅30公斤的孩子上近地轨道的成本是60万美元,大多数家庭无力负担。美国航空航天局的目标是,未来20年内,大幅度降低航天运输成本,当前是20000美元/公斤,今后10年内降低到2000美元/公斤,接下来的10年,降低到200美元/公斤。 　　太空港技术,包括用于准备空间货物、航天飞行器、发射和回收航天飞行器的方法、机械和运转机构。今天的航天运输不仅仅是火箭技术,它也是一种改进人类生活的科学技术。比如说,已经从肯尼迪航天中心发射上天的卫星降低了长途电话的成本,提供了更多更好的电视频道和节目,提供了更便捷的个人信用卡交易,还有非常便宜的个人卫星定位导航系统、全球范围的互连网络,以及全球范围的气象监测能力。当然,未来的太空港应该便于洲际旅行,首先是在邮递和货物运输方面。也许在将来,他们还应该是人类前往近地轨道旅馆的起点。说得更远一点,也是人类飞往火星的起飞机场。 　　责任编辑:京勉■ 　　

罗伯特·弗朗西斯·肯尼迪（Robert Francis Kennedy，1925年11月20日—1968年6月6日），俗称Bobby“巴比”，是美国政客，来自马萨诸塞州。他是第35任美国总统约翰·肯尼迪的弟弟。在约翰·肯尼迪总统任内，他担任美国司法部长，在和平解决古巴导弹危机和促进民权方面发挥了极大的作用。1965年，他当选美国纽约州参议员，是著名的反对越战的民主党人。1968年，他是民主党无可争议总统候选人，享有极高的威望。但突然遇刺身亡，导致共和党的理查德·尼克松最终赢得总统选举。

瑞恩·肯尼迪 （Ryan Kennedy） 加拿大演员，男 　　生于1982年12月6日，加拿大Winnipeg 　　星座： 射手座 　【曾演出电影】 　　2009-分手专家 Break-Up Artist 　　混合 Hybrid 　　Hunter 急冻末日 Ice Twisters 　　Tornade de glaceIce Twisters 　　2008-风暴模型 Storm Cell 　　食人魔 Ogre 　　Monster Village 　　欲海潮4 Poison Ivy: The Secret Society 　　Poison Ivy 4: The Secret SocietyPoison Ivy: The Secret Society 　2007- 　　同居女孩 About a Girl 　　隐形人 The Invisible 　　幽灵人口InvisibleUnsichtbar - Zwischen den Welten 　　宽恕之路 Crossroads: A Story of Forgiveness 　　2006-惠斯勒 Whistler 　　Shock to the System 　　系统震撼 Shock to the System 　　烽火爆2 Firestorm: Last Stand at Yellowstone 　　有件小事叫谋杀 A Little Thing Called Murder 　　A Little Thing Called MurderDead End 　　刀锋战士电视版 Blade: The Series 　　刀锋战士 2004-瑞恩·肯尼迪 Ryan Kennedy 　　Category 6: Day of Destruction 　　Category 6 - Der Tag des TornadoCyclone, catégorie 6 - Le choc des tempêtes 　　2002- 　　失魂落魄 Abandon (演员) 　　小心，女人！ / 永不放弃Abandoned 　　卧底潜龙 $windle 　　Swindle 　　1996- 　　家有杰克 Jack (演员) 　　超级插班生 / 杰克 　　惊声尖叫 Scream (演员) 　　夺命狂呼Scary Movie

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The people thought like this certainly is not as a result of theKennedy family"s wealth and the political status, but is becauserevolves around this unique family the noble glory. From "World WarII" a time naval officer, to becomes in the American history 35thpresident, he is this kind of glory incarnation. Kennedy abolished theracial segregation system, has established the peaceful army, and thesuccess has solved the Cuban missile crisis. Unfortunately Kennedy wasattacked by an assassin with November, 1963 in Dallas died. Fills theenergy as, is rich in the attraction president, he is the Americanessence representative without doubt. Do not ask your country has madeany for you, but is asks you have made any for yours country. Leavesoutside ten be selected, the evaluation also mentions theprestige to rip especially " Shi Tailong. Shi Tailong certainly is notthat time greatest actor, but he molds all most famous roles, all arein the American mind heroes. His movie greatly is also welcome inworld each place. "First Drop of Blood" the center orchid wasabundant, consolidates him act star"s status. Looked like in the worldstudy multi- countries people. Shi Tailong is US. In person"s life, ifappears live or die the time, he will have to choose leaves a goodname to posterity the eternity, otherwise, he in vain lived.

有谁会哀悼 Who grieves for Lee Harvey Oswald 埋在廉价坟墓中的李.夏维.奥斯华？ buried in a cheap grave under the name Oswald?没有人。 Nobody.虚假的指控及有关奥斯华的报导散发全球 False statements and press leaks about Oswald circulate the globe.政府制造了传说， The official legend is created媒体就马上接手。 and the media takes it from there.官方华丽的谎言 The glitter of official lies和为肯尼迪举行的盛大葬礼 and the epic splendor of JFK"s funeral...混淆了视听、误导了的判断。 ...confuse the eye and confound the understanding.希特勒说过： Hitler said:谎言越大，就越多人相信。 "The bigger the lie,the more people will believe it."一个孤独的疯子奥斯华为了引人注意 Lee Harvey Oswald, a crazed,lonely man who wanted attention…而去杀死总统。 ...and got it by killing a President他只是众多代罪羔羊之一。 was only the first in a long line of patsies.随后，罗比肯尼迪、马丁路德金， In later years, Bobby Kennedy,Martin Luther King…这些立志于改变现状、追求和平、 ...men whose commitment to change and peace…妨碍了好战分子的人 ...made them dangerous to men committed to war, would follow…也同样被这种孤独的疯子杀死了。 ...also killed by such lonely, crazed men.他们把谋杀伪装成孤独者的愚行。 Men who remove all guilt by making murder a meaningless act of a loner.在自己的国度中，我们成了父王被杀的哈姆雷特 We"ve all become Hamlets in our country, children of a slain father-leader...杀父仇人仍占有着王位。 ...whose killers still possess the throne.约翰肯尼迪的灵魂使我们 The ghost of John F. Kennedy confronts us向往美国梦的心灵直面 with the secret murder...秘密的谋杀。 ...at the heart of the American Dream.他向我们追问宪法的内涵是什么？ He forces on us the appalling questions: Of what is our Constitution made?我们的生命价值又是什么？ What are our lives worth?总统在可疑的情况下遭刺杀 What is the future of a democracy... ...where a President can be assassinated而司法制度却畏缩不前， under suspicious circumstances... ...while the machinery of legal action这种情况下，民主的前途何在？ scarcely trembles?还有多少宗政治谋杀， How many more political murders disguised as heart attacks…是假借心脏病、自杀、癌症、吸毒为名？ ...suicides, cancers, drug overdoses?还有多少起飞机失事、交通意外 How many plane and car crashes will occur…掩盖了事实的真相？ ...before they are exposed for what they are?一英国诗人写过叛逆者不会持久。 Treason doth never prosper,wrote an English poet.为什么？ What"s the reason?因为如果可以持久的话，就没人敢说是叛逆。 "For if it prosper,none dare call it treason."美国民众还没有看到撒氏拍摄的影片。 The American public has yet to see the Zapruder film.为什么？ Why?他们还要看真正的X光片和解剖照片 The American public has yet to see the real X-rays and autopsy photographs.为什么？ Why?数以百计的文件可以证明这是一个阴谋。 Hundreds of documents could help prove this conspiracy.为什么政府会把这些证据扣压甚至销毁？ Why are they being withheld or burned by the government?当我们检察官，当你们，当人民 When my office or you, the people, asked提出质询，想要查看证据时， those questions, demanded evidence...政府高层总是回答道：“国家安全。” ...the answer from on high has always been: National security.国家的领导人也可以被杀， What kind of national security do we have这是什么“国家安全”？ when we"re robbed of our leaders?什么样的“国家安全”容许剥夺… What national security permits the removal...人民的基本权利、 ...of fundamental power from the people...确立隐形政府的权势？ ...and validates the ascendancy of an invisible government in the US?那样的“国家安全”， That kind of national security is...闻起来、触摸起来、看起来… ...when it smells like it, feels like it,and looks like it…你们会说它就是—— ...you call it what it is:法西斯！ Fascism!我来告诉你们， I submit to you that what took place1963年11月22日发生的事情， on November 22, 1963...是一场政变。 ...was a "coup d"etat".它最直接的悲惨结果， Its most direct and tragic result...就是改变了肯尼迪从越南撤兵的决定。 ...was the reversal of Kennedy"s decision to withdraw from Vietnam.越战是美国最有利可图的生意， The war is the biggest business in America…每年价值八百亿美元。 ...worth $80 billion a year.肯尼迪总统是被阴谋杀害… President Kennedy was murdered by a conspiracy…由政府的最高层策划，并由… ...planned at the highest levels of our government...国防部及中情局秘密行动机构的 ...carried out by fanatical and disciplined cold warriors…受严格训练的疯狂士兵执行。 covert-operation apparatus.其中一位，就是各位面前的克雷萧。 Among them, Clay Shaw, here before you.这是一次公开处决，但却被 It was a public execution,and it was covered up by…臭味相投的人，例如达拉斯警方 ...like-minded people in the Dallas Police...特务工作局，联邦调查局 ...the Secret Service, the FBI,和白宫 and the White House...政府高层，包括J埃德加胡佛和兰道詹森所掩饰 ...up to and including J. Edgar Hoover,and Lyndon Johnson…他们两位是事件背后的同谋。 ...who were accomplices after the fact.暗杀使总统成为一个过渡性官员。 The assassination reduced the President to a transient official.他的工作是倡言国家渴望和平 His job is to speak as often as possible of the nation"s desire for peace...（而他忘记了他本应该）在国会担当军方和 ...while he acts as a business agent in the Congress...军火商的代理人（所以他被杀害了）。 ...for the military and their contractors.有人说我是疯了。 Some people say I"m crazy.一个南方的土包子想混政治资本。 Southern caricature seeking higher office.然而有个判断我是否为偏执狂的简单方法： There"s a simple way to determineif I am paranoid.请两位从暗杀中获利最大的人—— Ask the two men who profited most from the assassination...前总统詹森及新总统尼克逊 ...former President Johnson and your new President, Nixon...提出中情局关于 ...to release the 51 CIA documents李奥斯华和杰克罗比的51份文件， pertaining to Lee Oswald and Jack Ruby.或者机密的中情局备忘录。 Or the secret CIA memo...奥斯华在俄国活动的文件，影印时被毁。 ...on Oswald"s activities in Russia that was destroyed while being photocopied.这些文件是你们的。 These documents are yours.那是人民的财产，是你们为此纳税的。 The people"s property. You pay for it.但政府把你们看成小孩子， But as the government sees you as children…认为你们无法接受事实真相， ...who might be too disturbed to face this reality…或是你们可能对有关人等施行私刑。 ...or because you might lynch those involved…因此你们看不得那些文件，除非再过75年。 ...you cannot see these documents for another 75 years.我已经40多岁了， I"m in my 40s...到时我可能已经“入土为安”了。 ...so I"ll have "shuffled off this mortal coil" by then.但我要告诉八岁的儿子， But I"m telling my eight-year-old son要他保持身体健康， to keep himself physically fit...那样的话，他可以在2038年9月的一个灿烂的清晨， ...so that one glorious September morning,in 2038…翻看中情局及联邦调查局的档案。 he can go to the National Archives and learn what the CIA and FBI knew.他们可能会推迟这一天的到来， They may push it back then.这可能成为世代相传的不解之谜， It may become a generational affair. Questions passed from parent to child.但是终有一天， But someday, somewhere,某地某人，会使那该死的真相重见天日。 someone may find out the damn truth.我们最好能等到那一天。 We better.或者干脆像《独立宣言》所说的 Or we might just as well build ourselves another government...“当旧的政府无法运作， ...like the Declaration of Independence便在西面建立一个新的。” says to, when the old one don"t work. Just a bit farther out West.某位美国自然主义者曾写道： An American naturalist wrote:“一个爱国者要随时准备 A patriot must always be ready为了捍卫他的祖国而对抗政府。” to defend his country against its government.（面对众陪审员） 我不想面对你们所要作的决择。 I"d hate to be in your shoes today.你们要深思熟虑 You have a lot to think about. 你们看过公众看不到的证据。 You"ve seen evidence the public hasn"t seen.回想我们年幼的时候， Going back to when we were children...我猜测法庭上大部人都认为， ...I think most of us in this courtroom正义是自然而来的、 thought justice came automatically.好人自有好报、 That virtue was its own reward.正定能胜邪。 That good triumphs over evil.但越是长大成人就越是知道事实并非如此。 But as we get older we know this isn"t true.每一个人都要去“创造”正义，这并不容易。 Individual human beings have to create justice, and this is not easy...因为真相往往威胁有权势的人。 ...because the truth often poses a threat to power...坚持真理的人挑战权贵之时 ...and one often has to fight power往往要冒极大的风险。 at great risk to themselves.像S.M.霍兰、 People like S.M. Holland...李保华、 ...Lee Bowers...希珍妮和柯威利这样的人、 ...Jean Hill, Willie O"Keefe...他们以身犯险、出庭作证。 ...have all taken that risk and they"ve all come forward.我手中这些信里有大约八千美元。 I have here some $8,000 in these letters...是由全国各地寄来的， ...sent from all over the country.是家庭主妇、水喉匠、教师以及 Quarters, dimes, dollars from housewives...汽车推销员寄来的零碎小钱 ...plumbers, car salesmen, teachers, invalids.他们生活拮据但还是把钱寄来了 These are people who cannot afford to send money but do.开计程车的人 People who drive cabs...在医院当护士的人 ...who nurse in hospitals...目送孩子到南越的人 ...who see their kids go to Vietnam.他们为何寄钱来？ Why?因为他们关心 Because they care.因为他们想知道事情的真相。 Because they want to know the truth.因为他们想要回属于他们的国家。 Because they want their country back. Because it still belongs to us...只要人民还有为信仰奋斗的勇气， ...as long as the people have the guts这个国家就仍然属于我们。 to fight for what they believe in.我们所拥有的最珍贵的就是真理， The truth is the most important value因为如果真理无法持久， we have, because if it doesn"t endure...如果政府抹杀真相， ...if the government murders truth...如果我们无法尊重这些人， ...if we cannot respect these people...那这里就不再是我生于斯死于斯的祖国， ...then this is not the country I was born in, or the country I want to die in.丁尼生写过： Tennyson wrote:“权力遗忘死去的帝王” Authority forgets a dying king.对约翰F肯尼迪来说，这是千真万确的事实。 This was never more true than for John F. Kennedy...他的遇刺可能是美国历史上 ...whose murder was probably one最恐怖的时刻。 of the most terrible moments... ...in the history of our country.我们、人民、陪审团制度 We, the people, the jury system sitting对克雷萧的审判 in judgment on Clay Shaw...代表了 ...represent the hope...人性对抗暴政的希望 ...of humanity against government power.为了履行你们的职责 In discharging your duty...请在这风雨飘摇的时刻 ...to bring a first conviction in this house of cards...对克雷萧作出裁决。 ...against Clay Shaw...别问国家能为你做些什么该问你能为国家做些什么 "...ask not what your country can do foryou but what you can do for your country."不要忘记… Do not forget...你们死去的帝王 ...your dying king.向世人显示 Show this world...这仍是一个民有、 ...this is still a government "of the people,民享、民治的政府 for the people and by the people."在我们有生之年， Nothing as long as you live...没什么比这个更重要了。 ...will ever be more important.这是你们抉择。 It"s up to you.

John F. Kennedy LibraryThe John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library is the presidential library and museum of U.S. President John F. Kennedy. It is located on Dorchester"s Columbia Point in Boston, Massachusetts, USA, and was designed by the architect I.M. Pei. The building is the official repository for original papers and correspondence of the Kennedy Administration. The library and museum were dedicated in 1979 by President Jimmy Carter and members of the Kennedy family.[edit]FeaturesThe library"s first floor features a museum containing video monitors, family photographs, political memorabilia, and many replicas — most notably, the Kennedy Oval Office and a replica of his brother Robert F. Kennedy"s office at the Department of Justice. Two cinemas show documentary films. Other rooms display changing exhibits. Outside the library is Kennedy"s sailboat, Victura.[edit]Location and transportationThe library is located next to the Boston campus of the University of Massachusetts, overlooking Dorchester Bay, with a view of Boston Harbor and the city skyline. It can be reached from nearby Interstate 93 or via shuttle bus from the JFK/UMass stop on the Boston subway"s Red linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Library

Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy Onassis An internationally famous First Lady, Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy Onassis (1929-1994) raised her two children after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in 1963. After a seven-year remarriage she turned to a career as a book editor. Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy Onassis was born on July 28, 1929. Her mother was Janet Lee Bouvier, and her father, though named John Vernon Bouvier III, was known by all as Black Jack. Her sister Caroline Lee (who was called Lee) was born four years later. Jackie was a headstrong child who was initially a discipline problem at Miss Chapin"s, the fashionable school on Manhattan"s east side that she attended as a young girl. Janet and Black Jack had a troubled marriage and they separated in 1936. They reconciled briefly in 1937 but were divorced in 1940. Jackie lived with her mother, though she did see her beloved father frequently. In 1942 Janet married Hugh Dubley Auchincloss, Jr., who was a lawyer from a prestigious old family. The Auchinclosses were much wealthier than the Bouviers, and Jackie and Lee lived with their mother and her new husband. The Auchinclosses had two more children, Janet, Jr., who was born in 1945, and Jamie, who was born in 1947. The mother"s remarriage created a rift in the family. Though Jackie adored her father, she saw less and less of him, particularly since her mother and stepfather moved their family to Washington, D.C. The summers were spent at the Auchincloss home, Hammersmith Farm, in Newport, Rhode Island. In 1944 Jackie was sent to boarding school at Miss Porter"s in Farmington, Connecticut. Jackie was a beautiful and elegant young woman, and when she made her social debut the Hearst newspaper gossip columnist named her Debutante of 1947. Jackie went on to college at Vassar, where she seemed embarrassed by the notoriety attached to her social success. She was a serious student who worked hard and made the dean"s list. She spent her junior year abroad in Paris, which she loved. Career as a Photographer Ends in Marriage Jackie returned to the United States and finished college at George Washington University in Washington, D.C. She entered a writing contest sponsored by Vogue magazine called the "Prix de Paris," which she won. The winner was to receive a year-long position as a trainee at Vogue, spending six months in their New York office and six months in the Paris office. Jackie"s parents, especially her stepfather, felt that she had spent a long time in Europe already, and they were concerned that if she took the job she would not return to the United States. At their request Jackie turned down the offer and went to work instead at the Washington Times-Herald newspaper as a photographer. In 1951 Jackie met John Fitzgerald Kennedy for the first time. The next year Kennedy was elected senator from Massachusetts and moved to Washington. The two continued to see each other and became engaged in June 1953. On September 12, 1953, Jacqueline Lee Bouvier married John Fitzgerald Kennedy at an enormous wedding that was the social event of the season. There were 1,300 guests at the reception. The only event that marred the wedding for the bride was the fact that her father, who had become an alcoholic, was incapable of escorting her down the aisle or even of attending the wedding. Jackie Kennedy was a shy, private woman with little experience in politics or knowledge of politicians, but she was a help to her husband in many ways. She worked with him on his public speaking, helping to develop the charismatic style for which he would become so famous. In 1954 Kennedy had surgery to try to alleviate the constant pain he suffered from a back injury. Jackie spent the recovery period by his side. In 1956 there was speculation that John Kennedy would be the Democratic vice presidential nominee. Many members of the Kennedy family attended the convention, which was an exciting and exhausting one. Jackie was there to lend her support, despite the fact that she was seven months pregnant. Though Jack Kennedy gave a speech nominating Adlai Stevenson as the Democratic candidate for president, Estes Kefauver was selected as the vice presidential candidate. On August 23, soon after her husband had left for a short vacation, Jackie went into premature labor. The baby was stillborn, and it was Jackie"s brother-in-law Bobby Kennedy who consoled her and made the arrangements for the baby"s burial. In 1957 Jackie suffered another loss when her father died. This was also a difficult period in the Kennedy marriage. Much was rumored at the time and has been written subsequently about the various extramarital affairs that John Kennedy had both before and during his presidency, all of which undoubtedly put a strain on his and Jackie"s marriage. On November 27, 1957, Caroline Bouvier Kennedy was born. Just months after Caroline"s birth her father was up for reelection as senator from Massachusetts, and Jackie was active in the 1958 senatorial campaign as well. Jackie Becomes First Lady Soon after Kennedy was returned to Washington by his constituents he began to seek the presidential nomination. Jackie campaigned vigorously for her husband until she became pregnant in 1960, and even afterwards continued to help as much as she was physically able until the birth of her son John Jr. As soon as John Kennedy was elected president, Jackie began working to reorganize the White House so that she could turn it into a home for her children and protect their privacy. At the same time she was well aware of the importance of the White House as a public institution. She formed the White House Historical Association to help her with the task of redecorating the building. She also formed a Special Committee for White House Paintings to further advise her. While as a mother Jackie was interested in protecting her children, as First Lady she felt strongly that the White House was a national monument. She wrote the forward to The White House: A Historical Guide. She also developed the idea of a filmed tour of the White House that she would conduct. The tour was broadcast on Valentine"s Day 1962 and was eventually distributed to 106 countries. In April of 1963 the Kennedys announced that Jackie was pregnant. On August 7, 1963, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy was born. He died three days later. In November of 1963 Jackie Kennedy accompanied her husband on a trip to Texas. She was riding by his side when he was assassinated. In the days that followed John Kennedy"s death the image of his widow and children, and the dignity with which they conducted themselves, were very much a part of the nation"s experience of mourning and loss. Jackie became an icon and a symbol. After Leaving the White House In the years immediately after her husband"s death Jackie Kennedy was seen very much in the role of his widow, while at the same time there was constant speculation about whether or not she would remarry. Jackie was actively involved in Bobby Kennedy"s bid for election as president in 1968. After his assassination in June 1968 she was again a prominent figure at a very public funeral. In October 1968 Jackie Kennedy married Aristotle Onassis, a Greek shipping magnate. He was 62 and she was 39. Jackie spent large portions of her time in New York to be with her children. As the years went by, the Onassis marriage was rumored to be a difficult one, and the couple began to spend most of their time apart. Aristotle Onassis died in 1975 and, widowed for a second time, Jackie returned permanently to New York. In 1975 she began working as a book editor at Viking amidst much speculation about whether or not she would be able to get along with her fellow workers, or if her very presence would make it difficult for the office to function. She quickly adapted to her new job and remained at Viking until she resigned in 1977. In 1978 she took a job as an associate editor at Doubleday Publishing where she continued to work into the 1990s. In 1982 she was promoted to full editor and later became a senior editor. In 1994 Jackie Kennedy made public the information that she was being treated for non-Hodgkin"s lymphoma and that her condition was responding well to therapy. However, the disease proved fatal on May 19, 1994. She is buried next to John F. Kennedy in Arlington National Cemetary. Further Reading There are several biographies of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, including Jackie by Illie Frishauer (1976), Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis by Stephen Birmingham (1978), Jackie Oh! by Kitty Kelly (1978), and A Woman Named Jackie by C. David Heymann (1989).Edward M. Kennedy:My fellow citizens: I have requested this opportunity to talk to the people of Massachusetts about the tragedy which happened last Friday evening. This morning I entered a plea of guilty to the charge of leaving the scene of an accident. Prior to my appearance in court it would have been improper for me to comment on these matters. But tonight I am free to tell you what happened and to say what it means to me. On the weekend of July 18, I was on Martha" s Vineyard Island participating with my nephew, Joe Kennedy -- as for thirty years my family has participated -- in the annual Edgartown Sailing Regatta. Only reasons of health prevented my wife from accompanying me. On Chappaquiddick Island, off Martha"s Vineyard, I attended, on Friday evening, July 18, a cook-out, I had encouraged and helped sponsor for devoted group of Kennedy campaign secretaries. When I left the party, around 11:15 P.M., I was accompanied by one of these girls, Miss Mary Jo Kopechne. Mary J was one of the most devoted members of the staff of Senator Robert Kennedy. She worked for him for four years and was broken up over his death. For this reason, and because she was such a gentle, kind, and idealistic person, all of us tried to help her feel that she still had a home with the Kennedy family. Mary Jo KopechneThere is not truth, not truth whatever, to the widely circulated suspicions of immoral conduct that have been leveled at my behavior and hers regarding that evening. There has never been a private relationship between us of any kind. I know of nothing in Mary Jo"s conduct on that or nay other occasion -- the same is true of the other girls at that party -- that would lend any substance to such ugly speculation about their character. Nor was I driving under the influence of liquor. Little over one mile away, the car that I was driving on the unlit road went of a narrow bridge which had no guard rails and was built on a left angle to the road. The car overturned in a deep pond and immediately filled with water. I remember thinking as the cold water rushed in around my head that I was for certain drowning. Then water entered my lungs and I actual felt the sensation of drowning. But somehow I struggled to the surface alive.

凯蒂·赫尔姆斯(KatieHolmes)在2011年的迷你剧《肯尼迪家族》中，凯蒂·赫尔姆斯饰演肯尼迪夫人。 敏卡·凯利(MinkaKelly)在好莱坞2013年的新片《白宫管家》中，MinkaKelly将饰演前总统约翰·肯尼迪的夫人。珍妮·特里普里霍恩(JeanneTripplehorn)2009年HBO原创电影《灰色花园》中饰演肯尼迪夫人。吉尔·亨内斯（JillHennessy）2001年在电视电影《Jackie , Ethel , Joan :Women of Camelot》中饰演肯尼迪夫人。亨内斯说：“难点在于如何演出她公正的一面。她被人民所深爱。”琼妮·威利（JoanneWhalley）在2000年的电视电影中和Tim Matheson出演对手戏。杰克琳·史密斯（JaclynSmith）1981年在《Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy》中饰演肯尼迪夫人，并为此获得当年金球奖最佳女演员提名。罗马·多内（RomaDowney）这位爱尔兰女演员在1991年的迷你剧《杰奎琳》中饰演肯尼迪夫人，这部剧获得了艾美奖最佳迷你剧奖。布莱尔·布朗(BlairBrown)在1983年的迷你剧中饰演肯尼迪夫人，并获得了当年的金球奖最佳女演员提名。

Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy Onassis An internationally famous First Lady, Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy Onassis (1929-1994) raised her two children after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in 1963. After a seven-year remarriage she turned to a career as a book editor.Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy Onassis was born on July 28, 1929. Her mother was Janet Lee Bouvier, and her father, though named John Vernon Bouvier III, was known by all as Black Jack. Her sister Caroline Lee (who was called Lee) was born four years later. Jackie was a headstrong child who was initially a discipline problem at Miss Chapin"s, the fashionable school on Manhattan"s east side that she attended as a young girl.Janet and Black Jack had a troubled marriage and they separated in 1936. They reconciled briefly in 1937 but were divorced in 1940. Jackie lived with her mother, though she did see her beloved father frequently. In 1942 Janet married Hugh Dubley Auchincloss, Jr., who was a lawyer from a prestigious old family. The Auchinclosses were much wealthier than the Bouviers, and Jackie and Lee lived with their mother and her new husband. The Auchinclosses had two more children, Janet, Jr., who was born in 1945, and Jamie, who was born in 1947.The mother"s remarriage created a rift in the family. Though Jackie adored her father, she saw less and less of him, particularly since her mother and stepfather moved their family to Washington, D.C. The summers were spent at the Auchincloss home, Hammersmith Farm, in Newport, Rhode Island. In 1944 Jackie was sent to boarding school at Miss Porter"s in Farmington, Connecticut.Jackie was a beautiful and elegant young woman, and when she made her social debut the Hearst newspaper gossip columnist named her Debutante of 1947. Jackie went on to college at Vassar, where she seemed embarrassed by the notoriety attached to her social success. She was a serious student who worked hard and made the dean"s list. She spent her junior year abroad in Paris, which she loved.Career as a Photographer Ends in MarriageJackie returned to the United States and finished college at George Washington University in Washington, D.C. She entered a writing contest sponsored by Vogue magazine called the "Prix de Paris," which she won. The winner was to receive a year-long position as a trainee at Vogue, spending six months in their New York office and six months in the Paris office. Jackie"s parents, especially her stepfather, felt that she had spent a long time in Europe already, and they were concerned that if she took the job she would not return to the United States. At their request Jackie turned down the offer and went to work instead at the Washington Times-Herald newspaper as a photographer.In 1951 Jackie met John Fitzgerald Kennedy for the first time. The next year Kennedy was elected senator from Massachusetts and moved to Washington. The two continued to see each other and became engaged in June 1953. On September 12, 1953, Jacqueline Lee Bouvier married John Fitzgerald Kennedy at an enormous wedding that was the social event of the season. There were 1,300 guests at the reception. The only event that marred the wedding for the bride was the fact that her father, who had become an alcoholic, was incapable of escorting her down the aisle or even of attending the wedding.Jackie Kennedy was a shy, private woman with little experience in politics or knowledge of politicians, but she was a help to her husband in many ways. She worked with him on his public speaking, helping to develop the charismatic style for which he would become so famous. In 1954 Kennedy had surgery to try to alleviate the constant pain he suffered from a back injury. Jackie spent the recovery period by his side.In 1956 there was speculation that John Kennedy would be the Democratic vice presidential nominee. Many members of the Kennedy family attended the convention, which was an exciting and exhausting one. Jackie was there to lend her support, despite the fact that she was seven months pregnant. Though Jack Kennedy gave a speech nominating Adlai Stevenson as the Democratic candidate for president, Estes Kefauver was selected as the vice presidential candidate.On August 23, soon after her husband had left for a short vacation, Jackie went into premature labor. The baby was stillborn, and it was Jackie"s brother-in-law Bobby Kennedy who consoled her and made the arrangements for the baby"s burial.In 1957 Jackie suffered another loss when her father died. This was also a difficult period in the Kennedy marriage. Much was rumored at the time and has been written subsequently about the various extramarital affairs that John Kennedy had both before and during his presidency, all of which undoubtedly put a strain on his and Jackie"s marriage.On November 27, 1957, Caroline Bouvier Kennedy was born. Just months after Caroline"s birth her father was up for reelection as senator from Massachusetts, and Jackie was active in the 1958 senatorial campaign as well.Jackie Becomes First LadySoon after Kennedy was returned to Washington by his constituents he began to seek the presidential nomination. Jackie campaigned vigorously for her husband until she became pregnant in 1960, and even afterwards continued to help as much as she was physically able until the birth of her son John Jr.As soon as John Kennedy was elected president, Jackie began working to reorganize the White House so that she could turn it into a home for her children and protect their privacy. At the same time she was well aware of the importance of the White House as a public institution. She formed the White House Historical Association to help her with the task of redecorating the building. She also formed a Special Committee for White House Paintings to further advise her. While as a mother Jackie was interested in protecting her children, as First Lady she felt strongly that the White House was a national monument. She wrote the forward to The White House: A Historical Guide. She also developed the idea of a filmed tour of the White House that she would conduct. The tour was broadcast on Valentine"s Day 1962 and was eventually distributed to 106 countries.In April of 1963 the Kennedys announced that Jackie was pregnant. On August 7, 1963, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy was born. He died three days later.In November of 1963 Jackie Kennedy accompanied her husband on a trip to Texas. She was riding by his side when he was assassinated. In the days that followed John Kennedy"s death the image of his widow and children, and the dignity with which they conducted themselves, were very much a part of the nation"s experience of mourning and loss. Jackie became an icon and a symbol.After Leaving the White HouseIn the years immediately after her husband"s death Jackie Kennedy was seen very much in the role of his widow, while at the same time there was constant speculation about whether or not she would remarry. Jackie was actively involved in Bobby Kennedy"s bid for election as president in 1968. After his assassination in June 1968 she was again a prominent figure at a very public funeral.In October 1968 Jackie Kennedy married Aristotle Onassis, a Greek shipping magnate. He was 62 and she was 39. Jackie spent large portions of her time in New York to be with her children. As the years went by, the Onassis marriage was rumored to be a difficult one, and the couple began to spend most of their time apart. Aristotle Onassis died in 1975 and, widowed for a second time, Jackie returned permanently to New York.In 1975 she began working as a book editor at Viking amidst much speculation about whether or not she would be able to get along with her fellow workers, or if her very presence would make it difficult for the office to function. She quickly adapted to her new job and remained at Viking until she resigned in 1977. In 1978 she took a job as an associate editor at Doubleday Publishing where she continued to work into the 1990s. In 1982 she was promoted to full editor and later became a senior editor.In 1994 Jackie Kennedy made public the information that she was being treated for non-Hodgkin"s lymphoma and that her condition was responding well to therapy. However, the disease proved fatal on May 19, 1994. She is buried next to John F. Kennedy in Arlington National Cemetary.Further ReadingThere are several biographies of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, including Jackie by Illie Frishauer (1976), Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis by Stephen Birmingham (1978), Jackie Oh! by Kitty Kelly (1978), and A Woman Named Jackie by C. David Heymann (1989).

Kennedy vs. Lincoln Abraham Lincoln was elected to Congress in l846. John F. Kennedy was elected to Congress in l946. Abraham Lincoln was elected President in l860. John F. Kennedy was elected President in l960. The names Lincoln and Kennedy each contain seven letters. Both were particularly concerned with civil rights. Both wives lost their children while living in the White House. Both Presidents were shot in the head. Lincoln"s secretary was named Kennedy. Kennedy"s secretary was named Lincoln. Both were assassinated by Southerners. Both were succeeded by Southerners. Both successors were named Johnson. Andrew Johnson, who succeeded Lincoln, was born in 1808. Lyndon Johnson, who succeeded Kennedy, was born in l908. John Wilkes Booth, who assassinated Lincoln, was born in 1839. Lee Harvey Oswald, who assassinated Kennedy, was born in 1939. Both assassins were known by the there three names. Both names are comprised of fifteen letters. Lincoln was shot at the theater named Kennedy Kennedy was shot in a car called Lincoln. Booth ran from the theater and was caught in a warehouse. Oswald ran from a warehouse and was caught in a theater. Booth and Oswald were assassinated before their trials.

看得我头昏眼花，楼上无敌了。