english

= ≠ ＞ ＜ ≥ ≤

少一个关联词 whyDo you know the reason why I like Sweden Pavilion?

根据音标记很好记的

怎么读？你把邮箱留下吧

This is our new timetable. We have English,chinese,maths,art,pe,music and science.这是我们的新的时间表。我们有英语课，语文课，数学课，美术课，体育课，音乐课和科学课。

Thisisournewtimetable.WehaveEnglish,chinese,maths,art,pe,musicandscience.这是我们的新的时间表。我们有英语课，语文课，数学课，美术课，体育课，音乐课和科学课。

◎ surname; ancient state◎ 赵赵 Chiu ，chao，zhao(英文拼写) ，cho，jo（韩国赵姓英文拼写），如：赵雅芝ANGIE CHIU赵仕顺Nathan Chiu赵颂茹Chiu Chung Yu赵自强Chiu, Zi Keung赵小兰Elaine Chao赵代稳 Diven Zhao赵本山 ZhaoBen Shan赵逸飞 Zhao Yifei

english people是对。english people读音：英 [ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ ˈpiːpl]   美 [ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ ˈpiːpl]  。释义：英国人。直接源自古英语的Englisc；最初源自该语的Engle，意为盎格鲁人，传说这个称呼的来由是：当年这群人原来居住在一个叫Angul的岛上，这个岛状似鱼钩。相关词组：English muffin 英式松饼 。English horn 英国管。English disease 支气管炎，英国式社会。English setter 英国塞特种猎狗。English Channel 英吉利海峡 。British English 英式英语。basic English 基础英语 。broken English 蹩脚英语。

english party意思是：英语晚会以下双语例句：1.There will be an english party next thursday. 下星期四将有一场英语晚会。2.Will you come to our english party? 你会来我们的英语聚会吗？3.I have a english party on sunday! 我礼拜天有一个英语派对！4.Is this the line for the english party? 这是为看英语晚会入场而排的队吗？5.But what impressed us most was the english party. Some were singing in english and others were dancing. 但是最令我们难忘的是英语晚会，一些同学唱英文歌曲，另外一些人跳舞。

China English 是一种积极的语言变体，跟chinglish完全不同。它具有合理性，可接受性，主要是通过音译、译借、语意再生来的，有汉语的文化特色，比如说TG每年开会提出的那些说法，一个中国政策- One China Policy、流动人口-floating population，还有比较常用的纸老虎-paper tiger之类的……可以说是对英语的一种积极补充吧 chinglish是一种不规范、畸形的英语，带汉语语法的特色，注意不是文化特色啊= =两者区别很大邓炎昌说过chinglish is unacceptable，跟China English不能混为一谈啊在各个英语学习论坛上，经常可以看到有关Chinglish（中式英语）的文章，但一般都是中国人写的。不过我看到一篇长文，也是有关Chinglish的，但却是美国人写的，很有意思。这篇长文的标题是Chinglish 2 English（从中式英语到标准英语），作者是浙江大学的美国外教Chuck Allanson，内容则是Chuck在中国五年任教期间所听到、所看到的各种Chinglish说法。比如Chuck第一次来中国，下飞机后，负责接待他的东北某大学英语系陈老师说：您刚到，我们吃点饭吧。我们要点Chinese dumpling（饺子）和Chinese beancurd（豆腐），您看可以吗？Chuck以前从未听说过这两种东西，但出于好奇，就说可以，结果饭菜端上来一看，原来就是ravioli（饺子，来自意大利语）和tofu（豆腐，来自日语）。Chuck当时心里暗想，这两种东西，国际上早已经有通用的说法（ravioli和tofu），他们中国人为什么还要用那种生僻的说法呢？以后Chuck跟陈先生混熟了，就问他，当初你为什么不说ravioli和tofu呢？陈先生听了大吃一惊，连忙解释说，我真的不知道这两个词，而且我们的《英汉词典》上也没有这两个词。于是Chuck开始意识到，中国的英语教师、英语课本、甚至英语词典肯定存在问题，否则不可能发生这种事情。在中国五年的任教期间，Chuck收集了大量的Chinglish说法，从中挑选出一组最常见的，编写了上面提到的那篇长文。下面就是这些Chinglish说法，其中每行第一部分是汉语说法，第二部分是Chinglish说法，第三部分则是英语的标准说法。① 欢迎你到... ② welcome you to ... ③ welcome to ...① 永远记住你 ② remember you forever ③ always remember you（没有人能活到forever）① 祝你有个... ② wish you have a ... ③ I wish you a ...① 给你 ② give you ③ here you are① 很喜欢... ② very like ... ③ like ... very much① 黄头发 ② yellow hair ③ blond/blonde（西方人没有yellow hair的说法）① 厕所 ② WC ③ men"s room/women"s room/restroom① 真遗憾 ② it"s a pity ③ that"s too bad/it"s a shame（it"s a pity说法太老）① 裤子 ② trousers ③ pants/slacks/jeans① 修理 ② mend ③ fix/repair① 入口 ② way in ③ entrance① 出口 ② way out ③ exit（way out在口语中是crazy的意思）① 勤奋 ② diligent ③ hardworking/studious/conscientious① 应该 ② should ③ must/shall① 火锅 ② chafing dish ③ hot pot① 大厦 ② mansion ③ center/plaza① 马马虎虎 ② so-so ③ average/fair/all right/not too bad/OK（西方人很少使用so-so）① 好吃 ② delicious ③ good/nice/tasty/appetizing（delicious在中国被滥用）① 尽我最大努力 ② try my best ③ try/strive（try的本意就是try my best）① 有名 ② famous ③ well-known/renowned/legendary/popular（famous在中国被滥用）① 滑稽 ② humorous ③ funny/witty/amusing/entertaining① 欺骗 ② to cheat ③ to trick/to play a joke on/to con/to deceive/to rip off① 车门 ② the door of the car ③ the car"s door① 怎么拼? ② how to spell? ③ how do you spell?希望能够帮到你！

China English与Chinglish的区别为：成因不同、适用范围不同、句法不同。一、成因不同1、China English：中国英语(China English)是英语在全球化传播中与中国特有的社会文化相结合的产物，是具有中国特色的语言变体。2、Chinglish：中式英语(Chinglish)是中国的英语学习者受母语思维干扰和影响在英语交际中出现的不符合规范而带有明显缺陷的英语。二、适用范围不同1、China English：China English属于规范英语，其构成和适用范围远比Chinglish丰富和广泛，对英语的影响将随着我国对外宣传的进一步扩大而增强。2、Chinglish：Chinglish是一种畸形语言描述，其构成和适用范围不稳定也不广泛，在对外交际和文化交流中起阻碍作用，随着中西文化交流的深化，这种语言描述会日趋减少直至消亡。三、句法不同1、China English：China English句法结果有明显的汉语痕迹，不可与短语动词、及物动词合用。2、Chinglish：可与短语动词、及物动词合用。

China English与Chinglish的区别为：成因不同、适用范围不同、句法不同。一、成因不同1、China English：中国英语(China English)是英语在全球化传播中与中国特有的社会文化相结合的产物，是具有中国特色的语言变体。2、Chinglish：中式英语(Chinglish)是中国的英语学习者受母语思维干扰和影响在英语交际中出现的不符合规范而带有明显缺陷的英语。二、适用范围不同1、China English：China English属于规范英语，其构成和适用范围远比Chinglish丰富和广泛，对英语的影响将随着我国对外宣传的进一步扩大而增强。2、Chinglish：Chinglish是一种畸形语言描述，其构成和适用范围不稳定也不广泛，在对外交际和文化交流中起阻碍作用，随着中西文化交流的深化，这种语言描述会日趋减少直至消亡。三、句法不同1、China English：China English句法结果有明显的汉语痕迹，不可与短语动词、及物动词合用。2、Chinglish：可与短语动词、及物动词合用。

China English与Chinglish的区别为：成因不同、适用范围不同、句法不同。一、成因不同1、China English：中国英语(China English)是英语在全球化传播中与中国特有的社会文化相结合的产物，是具有中国特色的语言变体。2、Chinglish：中式英语(Chinglish)是中国的英语学习者受母语思维干扰和影响在英语交际中出现的不符合规范而带有明显缺陷的英语。二、适用范围不同1、China English：China English属于规范英语，其构成和适用范围远比Chinglish丰富和广泛，对英语的影响将随着我国对外宣传的进一步扩大而增强。2、Chinglish：Chinglish是一种畸形语言描述，其构成和适用范围不稳定也不广泛，在对外交际和文化交流中起阻碍作用，随着中西文化交流的深化，这种语言描述会日趋减少直至消亡

China English 是一种积极的语言变体，跟chinglish完全不同。它具有合理性，可接受性，主要是通过音译、译借、语意再生来的，有汉语的文化特色，比如说TG每年开会提出的那些说法，一个中国政策- One China Policy、流动人口-floating population，还有比较常用的纸老虎-paper tiger之类的……可以说是对英语的一种积极补充吧 chinglish是一种不规范、畸形的英语，带汉语语法的特色，注意不是文化特色啊= =两者区别很大邓炎昌说过chinglish is unacceptable，跟China English不能混为一谈啊在各个英语学习论坛上，经常可以看到有关Chinglish（中式英语）的文章，但一般都是中国人写的。不过我看到一篇长文，也是有关Chinglish的，但却是美国人写的，很有意思。这篇长文的标题是Chinglish 2 English（从中式英语到标准英语），作者是浙江大学的美国外教Chuck Allanson，内容则是Chuck在中国五年任教期间所听到、所看到的各种Chinglish说法。比如Chuck第一次来中国，下飞机后，负责接待他的东北某大学英语系陈老师说：您刚到，我们吃点饭吧。我们要点Chinese dumpling（饺子）和Chinese beancurd（豆腐），您看可以吗？Chuck以前从未听说过这两种东西，但出于好奇，就说可以，结果饭菜端上来一看，原来就是ravioli（饺子，来自意大利语）和tofu（豆腐，来自日语）。Chuck当时心里暗想，这两种东西，国际上早已经有通用的说法（ravioli和tofu），他们中国人为什么还要用那种生僻的说法呢？以后Chuck跟陈先生混熟了，就问他，当初你为什么不说ravioli和tofu呢？陈先生听了大吃一惊，连忙解释说，我真的不知道这两个词，而且我们的《英汉词典》上也没有这两个词。于是Chuck开始意识到，中国的英语教师、英语课本、甚至英语词典肯定存在问题，否则不可能发生这种事情。在中国五年的任教期间，Chuck收集了大量的Chinglish说法，从中挑选出一组最常见的，编写了上面提到的那篇长文。下面就是这些Chinglish说法，其中每行第一部分是汉语说法，第二部分是Chinglish说法，第三部分则是英语的标准说法。① 欢迎你到... ② welcome you to ... ③ welcome to ...① 永远记住你 ② remember you forever ③ always remember you（没有人能活到forever）① 祝你有个... ② wish you have a ... ③ I wish you a ...① 给你 ② give you ③ here you are① 很喜欢... ② very like ... ③ like ... very much① 黄头发 ② yellow hair ③ blond/blonde（西方人没有yellow hair的说法）① 厕所 ② WC ③ men"s room/women"s room/restroom① 真遗憾 ② it"s a pity ③ that"s too bad/it"s a shame（it"s a pity说法太老）① 裤子 ② trousers ③ pants/slacks/jeans① 修理 ② mend ③ fix/repair① 入口 ② way in ③ entrance① 出口 ② way out ③ exit（way out在口语中是crazy的意思）① 勤奋 ② diligent ③ hardworking/studious/conscientious① 应该 ② should ③ must/shall① 火锅 ② chafing dish ③ hot pot① 大厦 ② mansion ③ center/plaza① 马马虎虎 ② so-so ③ average/fair/all right/not too bad/OK（西方人很少使用so-so）① 好吃 ② delicious ③ good/nice/tasty/appetizing（delicious在中国被滥用）① 尽我最大努力 ② try my best ③ try/strive（try的本意就是try my best）① 有名 ② famous ③ well-known/renowned/legendary/popular（famous在中国被滥用）① 滑稽 ② humorous ③ funny/witty/amusing/entertaining① 欺骗 ② to cheat ③ to trick/to play a joke on/to con/to deceive/to rip off① 车门 ② the door of the car ③ the car"s door① 怎么拼? ② how to spell? ③ how do you spell?希望能够帮到你！

China English与Chinglish的区别为：成因不同、适用范围不同、句法不同。一、成因不同1、China English：中国英语(China English)是英语在全球化传播中与中国特有的社会文化相结合的产物，是具有中国特色的语言变体。2、Chinglish：中式英语(Chinglish)是中国的英语学习者受母语思维干扰和影响在英语交际中出现的不符合规范而带有明显缺陷的英语。二、适用范围不同1、China English：China English属于规范英语，其构成和适用范围远比Chinglish丰富和广泛，对英语的影响将随着我国对外宣传的进一步扩大而增强。2、Chinglish：Chinglish是一种畸形语言描述，其构成和适用范围不稳定也不广泛，在对外交际和文化交流中起阻碍作用，随着中西文化交流的深化，这种语言描述会日趋减少直至消亡。三、句法不同1、China English：China English句法结果有明显的汉语痕迹，不可与短语动词、及物动词合用。2、Chinglish：可与短语动词、及物动词合用。

China English 是一种积极的语言变体，跟chinglish完全不同。它具有合理性，可接受性，主要是通过音译、译借、语意再生来的，有汉语的文化特色，比如说TG每年开会提出的那些说法，一个中国政策- One China Policy、流动人口-floating population，还有比较常用的纸老虎-paper tiger之类的……可以说是对英语的一种积极补充吧 chinglish是一种不规范、畸形的英语，带汉语语法的特色，注意不是文化特色啊= =两者区别很大邓炎昌说过chinglish is unacceptable，跟China English不能混为一谈啊在各个英语学习论坛上，经常可以看到有关Chinglish（中式英语）的文章，但一般都是中国人写的。不过我看到一篇长文，也是有关Chinglish的，但却是美国人写的，很有意思。这篇长文的标题是Chinglish 2 English（从中式英语到标准英语），作者是浙江大学的美国外教Chuck Allanson，内容则是Chuck在中国五年任教期间所听到、所看到的各种Chinglish说法。比如Chuck第一次来中国，下飞机后，负责接待他的东北某大学英语系陈老师说：您刚到，我们吃点饭吧。我们要点Chinese dumpling（饺子）和Chinese beancurd（豆腐），您看可以吗？Chuck以前从未听说过这两种东西，但出于好奇，就说可以，结果饭菜端上来一看，原来就是ravioli（饺子，来自意大利语）和tofu（豆腐，来自日语）。Chuck当时心里暗想，这两种东西，国际上早已经有通用的说法（ravioli和tofu），他们中国人为什么还要用那种生僻的说法呢？以后Chuck跟陈先生混熟了，就问他，当初你为什么不说ravioli和tofu呢？陈先生听了大吃一惊，连忙解释说，我真的不知道这两个词，而且我们的《英汉词典》上也没有这两个词。于是Chuck开始意识到，中国的英语教师、英语课本、甚至英语词典肯定存在问题，否则不可能发生这种事情。在中国五年的任教期间，Chuck收集了大量的Chinglish说法，从中挑选出一组最常见的，编写了上面提到的那篇长文。下面就是这些Chinglish说法，其中每行第一部分是汉语说法，第二部分是Chinglish说法，第三部分则是英语的标准说法。① 欢迎你到... ② welcome you to ... ③ welcome to ...① 永远记住你 ② remember you forever ③ always remember you（没有人能活到forever）① 祝你有个... ② wish you have a ... ③ I wish you a ...① 给你 ② give you ③ here you are① 很喜欢... ② very like ... ③ like ... very much① 黄头发 ② yellow hair ③ blond/blonde（西方人没有yellow hair的说法）① 厕所 ② WC ③ men"s room/women"s room/restroom① 真遗憾 ② it"s a pity ③ that"s too bad/it"s a shame（it"s a pity说法太老）① 裤子 ② trousers ③ pants/slacks/jeans① 修理 ② mend ③ fix/repair① 入口 ② way in ③ entrance① 出口 ② way out ③ exit（way out在口语中是crazy的意思）① 勤奋 ② diligent ③ hardworking/studious/conscientious① 应该 ② should ③ must/shall① 火锅 ② chafing dish ③ hot pot① 大厦 ② mansion ③ center/plaza① 马马虎虎 ② so-so ③ average/fair/all right/not too bad/OK（西方人很少使用so-so）① 好吃 ② delicious ③ good/nice/tasty/appetizing（delicious在中国被滥用）① 尽我最大努力 ② try my best ③ try/strive（try的本意就是try my best）① 有名 ② famous ③ well-known/renowned/legendary/popular（famous在中国被滥用）① 滑稽 ② humorous ③ funny/witty/amusing/entertaining① 欺骗 ② to cheat ③ to trick/to play a joke on/to con/to deceive/to rip off① 车门 ② the door of the car ③ the car"s door① 怎么拼? ② how to spell? ③ how do you spell?希望能够帮到你！

英语字母表

China English与Chinglish的区别为：成因不同、适用范围不同、句法不同。一、成因不同1、China English：中国英语(China English)是英语在全球化传播中与中国特有的社会文化相结合的产物，是具有中国特色的语言变体。2、Chinglish：中式英语(Chinglish)是中国的英语学习者受母语思维干扰和影响在英语交际中出现的不符合规范而带有明显缺陷的英语。二、适用范围不同1、China English：China English属于规范英语，其构成和适用范围远比Chinglish丰富和广泛，对英语的影响将随着我国对外宣传的进一步扩大而增强。2、Chinglish：Chinglish是一种畸形语言描述，其构成和适用范围不稳定也不广泛，在对外交际和文化交流中起阻碍作用，随着中西文化交流的深化，这种语言描述会日趋减少直至消亡

chinglish means people who speak English with Chinese Grammar,ignore the grammar of English itself.for example:我 喜欢 吃 苹果CHINGLISH:I like eat apples.Correct answer:I like eating apples.

China English与Chinglish的区别是释义不同，表示方法不同。一、释义不同1、China English：China English是中国英语，是以英语为母语的人所看懂好、为他们所接受的英语。2、Chinglish：Chinglish即中国式英语，是一种不规范、畸形的英语，带汉语语法的特色。二、表示方法不同1、China English：China English是以基本句型结构符合英语基本语法规则的规范英语为核心、以地道的英语表达方式为手段来翻译中国社会各领域的特有事物。2、Chinglish：Chinglish不符合英语的规律和习惯，说者的思维方式、表达方法以及词汇的选择和搭配都是中国式的。扩展资料Chinglish的具体表现：一、搭配不当  由于受到汉语字面的影响，翻译中往往不是犯语法错误就是出现更深层的搭配不当的问题。二、重复和累赘  英语和汉语对名词、动词、形容词和副词的用法不同，所以对重复强调的用法也不一样。汉语中经常出现重复使用名词的现象，而英语则较多地使用代词、短语或省略来表达。

俺听过个讲座就是说他们不一样，chinglish就是不地道的中式英语，而chinese english就是有中国特色的，比如你看china daily时常常出现的三个代表啊，和谐社会啊这样的英语。

Chinglish是说中文的时候用英文词（比如，这个boy很好。），而Chinese English是中式英文（就是有错误的英文翻译。比如，小心地滑：Carefully slide等等）。

这样的表达，对中国的英语学习者，含有贬低的意思chinglish 中式英语ChineseEnglish（这本身就是中式英语的体现啊）

China English与Chinglish的区别是释义不同，表示方法不同。一、释义不同1、China English：China English是中国英语，是以英语为母语的人所看懂好、为他们所接受的英语。2、Chinglish：Chinglish即中国式英语，是一种不规范、畸形的英语，带汉语语法的特色。二、表示方法不同1、China English：China English是以基本句型结构符合英语基本语法规则的规范英语为核心、以地道的英语表达方式为手段来翻译中国社会各领域的特有事物。2、Chinglish：Chinglish不符合英语的规律和习惯，说者的思维方式、表达方法以及词汇的选择和搭配都是中国式的。扩展资料Chinglish的具体表现：一、搭配不当  由于受到汉语字面的影响，翻译中往往不是犯语法错误就是出现更深层的搭配不当的问题。二、重复和累赘  英语和汉语对名词、动词、形容词和副词的用法不同，所以对重复强调的用法也不一样。汉语中经常出现重复使用名词的现象，而英语则较多地使用代词、短语或省略来表达。

参考:回答者：pythonharbin - 助理 三级One of my friends asked me for a thesis whose title is How to Learn English Well. I"m pasting here for I think it will be helpful for you to read these tips if you really need them. If you have better tips or anything you wanna communicate with me,free free to let me know.i am awaiting. How to Learn English Well After China became the Official member in WTO (World Trade Organization) and the Reform & Opening Policy is being implemented deeper and deeper, the international communications in all domains has become far more than before. English, as an important tool for cross-cultural communication, has got its status among thousands of languages. People in China have been aware of this trend, but the way to master a foreign language is not always smooth for every one. Someone who has learnt English for over 12 years cannot open his mouth and speak smoothly in English. It is not only his tragedy but our teaching system"s. Here I want introduce fellow English lovers some experience according to my feelings in Learning English. First of all, develop our interest in English at the beginning of our study. To develop interest in English study is not very hard. We may have the feeling of satisfaction and achievement from our English study when we are able to say something simple in English, talk with others or foreigners in English and act as others" interpreters. Please do NOT neglect interest is the first teacher. As you know English is a language that represents the sounds of pronunciation; but Chinese language is not. The grammar and structure between these two languages are not very much alike. In fact, besides the tens of thousands of offensive vocabulary words, the problems in listening and speaking are more outstanding. You can never hear a whole meaningful fragment, let alone to say something in your own words. Therefore, in my opinion, listening and speaking skills is the most important thing of all the five skills in mastering a language --- listening, speaking, reading, writing and translation (interpretation). Here, I want to show you some basic methods to train yourselves listening and speaking competence: Listening: before you want to understand what others have said, you should try your best to let yourself clearly hear what they just said. That is, you should pay attention to the stress of a word and a sentence, the sound-linking, the tone intervals and etc. You can listen to the recorded training material by looking at the original lines. And if you insist in doing so at least a month, you will find you can hear and understand 40% of words in a particular listening material. Since you will understand the meaning of a whole sentence by only catching part of words, the 40% words you have caught are enough for you to get the 70% of the holistic meaning. Of course, it is the basic way to set your feet in speaking training. You should go on experiencing in harder and harder exercises and not stop though you feel you have made great progress. Watching English movies, English TV programs, listening to English songs and learn English on some special occasions are also excellent and vivid English learning ways as we may combine English with some certain scenes to deepen our memory. Speaking: Nowadays, it is too embarrassing for you to master only 2,000 words; however, it doesn"t matter for you to make speaking exercises. Someone will say it is too easy when he gets into an oral training material; and he will feel the material is not suitable for him. But we should know clearly that speaking skill is not reading comprehension. Sometimes you cannot speak out ONE word though maybe you know all the meaning of the sentence. To practice speaking competence, the material should not be too difficult. The aim is to make your mouth active with some easy-operating dialogs. So a good and suitable textbook should be the one that is native and suitable and helpful for you. “INSTANT”--- it is an “instant” age now. We have instant noodle, instant porridge, and instant dinner even instant marriage. But we should not believe that there is an instant language-learning method existed! We should get our mind and set down to learning English step by step. I think from very beginning that the course of mastering a foreign language is a quality improvement from quantity accumulation. As to reading comprehension, the more the vocabulary words you know, the better you can read and accurately understand the meaning. Intensive Reading: When we read the intensive articles, we should make notes of the new words and phrases and good sentences. After reading them, we may ask ourselves some questions about them by using such words: Who, What, Why, When and Where. Then try to answer them in our own words. Extensive reading: We must train our ability to scan, skip and read fast, namely, the ability to catch the key words, the topic sentences and the drift of the articles. Reading speed: Three ways to improve our reading speed: 1) Reading the articles from the beginning to the end without intervals so to catch the rough idea of the articles on the whole. Never waste too much time on some new words and single sentences. 2) We may keep time when reading articles.3) When reading articles, we can point at the words with our finger or pen point and our eyes move with the finger quickly so that we are able to read very fast. Now I want to take my own experience for example. Usually I read an article by “two-times reading method”, that is, I read it for two times. At the first time, I aim at training of reading speed and efficiency. And the second time, I aim at broadening my vocabulary words capacity and the feeling towards a particular language. At the very beginning, I took the book Active Readers for reference. I trained myself reading skill from reading speed. I recorded the exact time I started and keep the time I finished reading; and then I calculated the words I read in a particular period. I forced myself to read as fast as possible; it became very natural eventually. This is the first time for every try, aiming at reading speed. At the second time the essential thing is to learn vocabulary words. This course is very concrete and no short-cut to go along. Notes should be made whenever we study any articles. We may follow this advice: Don"t read book without making notes. As we know that notes are the summarization, the core content, our understanding and the abbreviations of the books. Our notes are much thinner than the books so that we can learn them by heart easier and can often review and read them. We may also record our notes on tapes so as to often listen to them easier, to deepen our impression and to lighten our burden of memory. Sometimes it is needful to draw some tables and illustrations that are very impressive, visual and concise. Newspaper as good reading materials can widen our horizon and richen our knowledge. I recommend you should buy some English newspaper at regular time; current events are more interesting for you to read, because sometimes reading is an extremely boring thing. Let"s shift into our training of writing skills. It should be sorted in the higher level of using a language. And the fundamentality is words" usage and the way of thinking in the target language. Like one of our Chinese saying “After you smoothly recite Three Hundred Poems from Tang Dynasty, you will naturally become a poet.” So is English. Reading with thinking is an effective way to improve your writing competence. Many teachers have said keeping dairies was the best way to practice recording the real things happened around you. I have tried this advice for an interval time. But I haven"t insisted on it, partly because the interest towards it was lost. However, I found another way that was really effective, that is, making pen pals with peers abroad. For instance, I had a pen pal from Sri Lanka when I was in high school. At that time, she was still a primary school student. But her English was FAR better than me, because the English is their second language and they teach and learn at school in English. During the happy time when we wrote each other, I could notice the improvement of my written English; all the reason is I am interested in the culture there and the feeling of achievement. As to the writing techniques, they are very important and can help you compose an article efficiently and make your composition active and attractive to readers. For some English learners, their minds become blank as they hold their pens for writing compositions. They don"t know where they should start and what they should begin with. The commonest situation is assembling arbitrarily. Therefore, their writing level cannot be improved and just remains where it was. If they could get some information about writing techniques and knowledge, their compositions would be much better! As follows, I want to show you some helpful writing knowledge and techniques: a. First you should know there are mainly 5 kinds of article styles, that is, Narration, Exposition (Description), Diary, Letters and Notice (Note). Every style has its own particular structures that you should pay much attention to. Since the limited space here, I don"t want to analyze them respectively. b. Try to use the basic sentence structure to compose your article. Don"t always like to use BIG and LESS-USED words. You should endeavor to master some useful expressions and set phrases and add suitable tenses; a good composition will be born. c. The more you read good articles and excellent examples, the easier you will find when you start to write. d. Pay attention to the situation you describe. A Chinese saying goes Sing Different Songs on Different Hills. You should clearly concern who you are writing to or whether it is a casual composition or a comparatively serious one and etc. In a word, the lack of properly expressing something in written tasks exists commonly. But in this fiercely competitive society, it seems more and more important. If you follow the tips above and insist doing so, you will win eventually in this domain. The last aspect I want to mention is translation or interpretation. To tell the truth, it is the highest level for an English learner. The course of translation or interpretation is the one using all kinds of lingual knowledge synchronically. Compared with English-to-Chinese translation, the Chinese-to-English translation is comparatively easier. 回答者：pythonharbin - 助理 三级 11-25 19:10

可能到最后，真的会有一个女孩子，不用受半点委屈就可以得到他全部的爱，而我从眼红到失声痛哭，都没人知道.

ENGLISHMAN FRENCHMAN都是指男人吧 没有DISCRIMINATION

poor的意思很多，除了贫穷的可怜的外，还有劣质的，差劲的，处境不好的，脆弱的身体虚弱的等等。

我的英语是词穷de

。。。我的英语 很差。poor 在这里表示贫乏的;缺少的;不充足的。。就是 很差的意思。。。

ENGCHN

1. Transcendentalism: A literary and philosophical movement, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition.2. The Lost Generation: The term was first used by Gertrude Stein (1874-1946), one of the leaders of this group. It included the young English and American expatriates as well as men and women caught in the war and cut off from the old values and yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization had gone mad. It means this generation had lost the beautiful sense of the calm idyllic past.3. Morality play: It is also called morality, an allegorical drama popular in Europe especially during the 15th and 16th centuries, in which the characters personify moral qualities (such as charity or vice) or abstractions (as death or youth) and in which moral lessons are taught.4. Feminism: Feminism refers to movements aimed at establishing and defending equal political, economic and social rights and opportunities for women.5. Imagism: A literary movement launched by British and American poets early in the 20th century in reaction against Victorian sentimentalism that advocated the use of free verse, common speech patterns and clear concrete images.

英语是一种西日耳曼语，在中世纪早期的英国最早被使用，并因其广阔的殖民地而成为世界使用面积最广的语言。它是由德国人（Angles）命名的，该部落是后来迁移到大不列颠地区的日耳曼部落之一，称为英格兰。这两个名字都来自波罗的海半岛的Anglia。该语言与弗里斯兰语和下撒克森语密切相关，其词汇已受到其他日耳曼语系语言的重大影响，尤其是北欧语（北日耳曼语），并在很大程度上由拉丁文和法文撰写。英语已经发展了1400多年。英语的最早形式是由盎格鲁-撒克逊移民于5世纪带到英国的一组西日耳曼语（Ingvaeonic）方言，被统称为古英语。中古英语始于11世纪末，诺曼征服英格兰；这是该语言受到法语影响的时期。早期现代英语始于15世纪后期引进的的印刷机到伦敦，在印刷国王詹姆斯圣经和开始元音大推移。自17世纪以来，现代英语在英国和美国的广泛影响下在世界各地传播。通过各类这些国家的印刷和电子媒体，英语已成为国际主导语言之一，在许多地区和专业的环境下的语言也有主导地位，例如科学，导航和法律。英语是按照分布面积而言最流行的语言且母语者数量是世界第三，仅次于汉语，西班牙语。它是学习最广泛的第二语言，是近60个主权国家的官方语言或官方语言之一。与英语为母语的人相比，将其作为第二语言学习的人更多。它是英国，美国，加拿大，澳大利亚，新西兰等国家的母语，在加勒比海，非洲和南亚被广泛使用。它是联合国，欧洲联盟以及许多其他世界和区域国际组织的官方语言之一。

英语english["iŋɡliʃ] adj. 英文的；英国的；英国人的n. 英语；英文；英国人；英格兰人vt. 把…译成英语

english ["iŋɡliʃ]n.1.an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries同义词： English language2.the people of England同义词： English people3.the discipline that studies the English language and literature4.(sports) the spin given to a ball by striking it on one side or releasing it with a sharp twist同义词： sideadj.1.of or relating to or characteristic of England or its culture or people2.of or relating to the English language

你的意思是“english”这个词的缩写嘛？是的话就是“eng.”.english的缩写是eng.但是eng.不一定是english的意思，它还有其他意思，例如electronicnewsgathering（电子新闻采访）,emptynetgoal（空门球）,等等。

English是英国和英语的意思，英国人是British（没有复数形式）

English英 [ˈɪŋglɪʃ] 美 [ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ] n.英语adj.英语的;英国的;英格兰的;英格兰人的

English指英语也指英文。还有形容词的意思，比如英国的，英国人的。举个例子：theEnglishliterature英国文学

UK单独指国家，English可以有英语和英国人的意思。English英 [ˈɪŋglɪʃ] 美 [ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ] n.英语adj.英语的;英国的;英格兰的;英格兰人的Their knowledge of written English is certainly better. 他们的书面英语显然更好。

不可以表示国籍English 英[ˈɪŋglɪʃ] 美[ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ] n. 英语; adj. 英语的; 英国的; 英格兰的; 英格兰人的; [例句]English students are forced to learn too much too soon.英国学生被迫在极短的时间内学习太多的东西。牛津词典 柯林斯词典 双语例句

British是形容词，意思是不列颠的，英国的；不列颠人的，英国人的；英联邦的；古英语的；名词意思是英国、英语。english 是形容词，意思是英格兰的；英国的；英语的。名词意思为英语，英国人。british和english的异同1. English 是语言；British 不是。2. English 是“英语的”；British 不是。3. English 是“英格兰的，英格兰人的”； British 不是。4. British 是“不列颠的，不列颠人的”；English 不是。5. the English 既是“英格兰人”的总称，也是“英国人”的总称；the British 只是“英国人”的总称。6. British English 英国英语(在英国说和写的英语，尤指与美国英语相区别)；English English 英国英语(指英格兰人讲的英语，以区别于其他地区的英语)7. English 和British 的相同点：都可以指“英国的，英国人的”。

english是形容词,意思是英语的,可作英国人 england是名词,意思是英格兰或广泛的指英国这个地方

就是英文。

english表示英国人,英语,英国化的. england表示英格兰岛. 主要差别是前者表示人和语言比较多, 后者表示地名.

早期日耳曼人四支部落（盎格鲁族、撒克逊族、朱特族和弗里西族）移民到英格兰,英语就是从他们的语言中变化继承下来.据《盎格鲁撒克逊编年史》记载,公元449年左右,不列颠群岛国王伏提庚（Vortigern）邀请“盎格鲁亲戚们”来帮助他对抗皮克特人,于是他赐予盎格鲁族东南部的领土作为回报.随后他又进一步寻求支援,撒克逊族、盎格鲁族与朱特族人便纷纷前来.《编年史》记载,最终这些“移民”建立了七个王国：诺森伯利亚、麦西亚、东盎格利亚、肯特、埃塞克斯、苏塞克斯、威塞克斯.日尔曼人入侵后,统治了当地的凯尔特语民族,本地语言主要于苏格兰、威尔士、康瓦耳与爱尔兰岛存活了下来.这些入侵者的语言逐渐形成了“古英语”,与近代弗里西语极为相像.English（英格兰人、英语）、England（英格兰）和East Anglia（东盎格利亚）这三个词是分别从描绘盎格鲁族的词汇发展而来：Englisc、 Angelcynn、Englaland.

England 意思是 英格兰、英国English 意思是 英格兰的、英格兰人、英国的、英国人England 用法是 He is from Ehgland 他是来自英格兰English 用法是 He is English 他是英格兰人、他是英国人

English是英语的意思，英格兰的;英国的;英语的;英格兰人的。

English 英[ˈɪŋglɪʃ] 美[ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ] n. 英语; adj. 英语的; 英国的; 英格兰的; 英格兰人的; [例句]English students are forced to learn too much too soon.英国学生被迫在极短的时间内学习太多的东西。

English 本身就是名词,有英语,英国人,英国的等词义. England是English的词根,是英国的意思,也是名词.

english和england的区别具体如下：一、表达意思不同1、English：adj.英格兰人的；英格兰的；英文的、n.英语；英格兰人；（台球中的）侧旋、v.把……译成英语2、England：n.英格兰。二、用法不同1、English：可以用作表语，还多用于状语从句和定语从句中。2、England：多用于状语从句中，用来修饰主语。british和english的异同1、 English 是语言；British 不是。2、English 是“英语的”；British 不是。3、 English 是“英格兰的，英格兰人的”； British 不是。4、 British 是“不列颠的，不列颠人的”；English 不是。5、the English 既是“英格兰人”的总称，也是“英国人”的总称；the British 只是“英国人”的总称。

English 英 [ˈɪŋglɪʃ] 美 [ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ] n. 英语; adj. 英语的; 英国的; 英格兰的; 英格兰人的; [例句]English students are forced to learn too much too soon.英国学生被迫在极短的时间内学习太多的东西。

English 英[ˈɪŋglɪʃ] 美[ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ] n. 英语; adj. 英语的; 英国的; 英格兰的; 英格兰人的; [例句]English students are forced to learn too much too soon.英国学生被迫在极短的时间内学习太多的东西。

yglxukelasi

英国。English意思是英语、英国的、英格兰的。英 [ˈɪŋglɪʃ]   美 [ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ]  n.英语adj.英语的;英国的;英格兰的;英格兰人的1、He is not competent to the task of teaching English. 扩展资料：相关词：一、England英 ["ɪŋɡlənd]   美 [ˈɪŋɡlənd]  n.英格兰;英国She severed her ties with England 她断绝了和英国的往来。二、Britain英 [ˈbrɪtn]   美 [ˈbrɪtn]  n.不列颠，英国The British have a very odd sense of humour.英国人的幽默感很奇特。

英语的单词：English。 English： n.英语;英文;(作为一门学科的)英语语言文学;英语学科;英格兰人(有时误用以指包括苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰人在内的英国人)； adj.英格兰的;英格兰人的;英语的 扩展资料 　　Can you help me put this letter into good English, please? 　　请问你能帮我用通顺的英语来表达这信的`内容吗？ 　　American English is significantly different from British English. 　　美国英语与英国英语有很大差异。 　　Is English an official language in your country? 　　英语在你们国家是官方语言吗？ 　　Respect for life is a cardinal principle of English law. 　　尊重生命是英国法律最重要的原则。 　　She has acquired a good knowledge of English. 　　她英语已经学得很好。 　　She"s part French, part English. 　　她是英法血统各半。 　　Sorry, my English is not very good. 　　对不起，我的英语不太好。

England是“英格兰”,是大不列颠共和国的一部分.English可以有两种理一是作名词的时候,是英语这种语言；二是作形容词,“英国的”.

英语 英国（美国等国也用）

UK单独指国家，English可以有英语和英国人的意思。English英[ˈɪŋglɪʃ]美[ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ]n.英语adj.英语的;英国的;英格兰的;英格兰人的TheirknowledgeofwrittenEnglishiscertainlybetter.他们的书面英语显然更好。

english表示英国人，英语，英国化的，表示人和语言比较多。england表示英格兰岛，表示地名。英格兰是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国的主体，因此习惯上英格兰一词也泛指英国。 English、England区别 一、表达意思不同 1、English：adj.英格兰人的；英格兰的；英文的、n.英语；英格兰人；（台球中的）侧旋、v. 把……译成英语 2、England：n. 英格兰。 二、用法不同 1、English：可以用作表语，还多用于状语从句和定语从句中。 例句：It is often said that the English are reserved. 人们常说英格兰人保守。 2、England：多用于状语从句中，用来修饰主语。 例句：That I could go with him to England. 我要是能和他去英国多好。 English基本含义 n.英语; 英文; (作为一门学科的)英语语言文学; 英语学科; 英格兰人(有时误用以指包括苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰人在内的英国人); adj.英格兰的; 英格兰人的; 英语的; [例句]What books have been set for the English course? 英语课布置要用哪些书？ england基本含义 n.英格兰（英国的主要部分），（泛指）英国; [例句]I"ve lived in England for most of my life. 我大半生都住在英格兰。

你的意思是“English”这个词的缩写嘛?是的话就是“Eng.”.English 的缩写是Eng.但是Eng.不一定是English的意思,它还有其他意思,例如 Electronic News Gathering（电子新闻采访）,Empty Net Goal（空门球）,等等.

应该是国际英语和美国英语吧

English [ˈiŋɡliʃ]n.英语, 英文English is not easy to master.英语不易掌握。英格兰人adj.英格兰的, 英国的, 英国人的The works of some English artists show an eastern influence.这些英国艺术家的作品显然受了东方的影响。英语的, 用英语写的, 用英语说的 现代英汉综合大辞典 English [ˈiŋɡliʃ]adj.英格兰的英国的, 英国人的; 英语的English Channel英吉利海峡the English literature英国文学the English Prime Minister英国首相English Canadian祖籍英国的加拿大人, 说英语的加拿大人an English translation of the book这本书的英译本English sonnet英国十四行诗 词性变化English [ˈiŋɡliʃ]n.英语[the English][总称]英吉利人, 英国人, 英国人民, 英军[english ](打网球 、弹子球时的)旋转运动[english ]【刷】十四号铅字(约相当于中国四号铅字)vt.把...译成英语使(外国字等)英国化, 使英语化, 使成英国式使(球)旋转The word “Liqueur” is not yet Englished. “Liqueur”这个词尚未被正式采纳为英语。 继承用法Englisher[ˈɪŋɡlɪʃə(r)]n.英国人; 翻译英语的人Englishism[ˈɪŋɡlɪʃɪzɚm]n.英国式; 英国人的特点英国人特有的英语习惯用法Englishryn.(特指住在爱尔兰的英格兰籍的)英国人Englishman [ˈiŋɡliʃmən]n.英格兰(男)人; 英国(男)人谢谢

["i ɡli ]

Who is there? Meaning: 谁在那儿？Are you (……)? Meaning: 你是(……)吗？我们做个朋友吧！ Let us be friends!我有事，再见。 I have something on, bye.星期一学校见。 See you in school on Monday.邮局在哪？ Where is the post office?Hope that this helps!!!

1、English，英语的。读音：美/ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/；英/ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/。 2、释义：adj.英文的；英国的；英国人的。n.英语；英文；英国人；英格兰人。vt.把…译成英语。 3、例句：I like the quiet life in the English countryside.我喜欢英格兰乡村的宁静生活。

English=the language of the Anglos, or of the Anglos

这个单词没有缩写！

none you can speak:england men

英国包括四个部分，England，Scotland, Wales, Northern IrelandEnglish 是英格兰人，也就是特指这个人来自英国的英格兰British是英国人，此人来自英国British包括English当然，除了指人，English还有英语的意思。

英语的单词是：english； English： n.英语;英文;(作为一门学科的)英语语言文学;英语学科;英格兰人(有时误用以指包括苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰人在内的英国人)。 adj.英格兰的;英格兰人的;英语的。 扩展资料 　　What books have been set for the English course? 　　英语课布置要用哪些书？ 　　All students without exception must take the English examination. 　　所有学生都必须参加英语考试，无一例外。 　　She asked me if I would give her English lessons. 　　她问我愿不愿意给她上英语课。 　　I need to improve my English. 　　我需要提高我的.英语水平。 　　There is a growing need for qualified teachers of Business English. 　　对合格的商务英语教师的需求日益增长。

有没有搞错 ！这种问题？ english是什么意思？ 消遣我们也不要用这个吗！

EG

english的读音：ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ。english作为形容词时，意思是英文的、英国的、英国人的；作为名词时，意思是英语、英文、英国人、英格兰人，作为及物动词时，意思是把……译成英语。常用搭配：in english用英语，learn english学习英语，speak english说英语、讲英语。例句1、English teachers are very popular with students in school.英语老师在学校里很受学生的欢迎。2、I like the quiet life in the English countryside.我喜欢英格兰乡村的宁静生活。3、American English and British English are slightly different in pronunciation and spelling.美式英语和英式英语的发音和拼写略有不同。4、I do not speak English very well.我英语说得不太好。5、English majors are used to being asked to proofread papers for friends.英语专业的人习惯了为朋友校对文件。

新东方老师力荐口语学习必看25部电影!1． 阿甘正传 “FORREST GUMP” 主演：Tom Hanks 汤姆 汉克斯2． 电子情书 “YOU"VE GOT MAIL” 主演：Tom Hanks 汤姆 汉克斯 Meg Ryan 梅格 瑞安3居家男人 “THE FAMILY MAN” 主演：Nicolas Cage 尼科拉斯 凯奇 Tea Leoni 蒂 里奥尼4公主日记I.II. “THE PRINCESS DIARIES I II” 主演：Julie Andrews 朱丽 安德鲁斯 Anne Hatthaway 安妮 哈德威5逃跑的新娘 “THE RUNAWAY BRIDE” 主演：Juliet Roberts 朱丽叶 罗伯斯 Richard Gere 理查 基尔6新岳父大人 “FATHER OF THE BRIDE” 主演：Steve Martin 斯蒂夫 马丁 Diane Keaton 戴安 基顿7BJ单身日记 “BRIDGET JONES" DIARY I II” 主演：Renee Zellweger 雷尼 奇维格 Hugh Grant 休 格兰特8奔腾年代 “SEA BISCUIT” 主演：Toby McQuaire 托比 迈奎尔9蒙娜丽莎的微笑 “Mona Lisa"s Smile”主演：Julia Roberts朱丽叶 罗伯斯 Julia Stiles 朱丽亚 斯蒂尔斯Kristen Dunst 克里斯滕 等斯特10甜心先生 “Jerry Maguaire”主演：Tom Cruise 汤姆 克鲁斯 Renee Zelleweger 雷尼 奇维格11热血强人 “Remember the Titans”主演：Danzel Washington 丹泽尔 华盛顿12铁血教练 “Coach Carter”主演： Samuel Jackson萨姆尔 杰克逊13重建人生 “Life As a House”主演：Kevin Cline 凯文 克莱恩 Kristin Scott Thomas 克里斯丁 斯科特 托马斯Hayden Christensen 海登 克里斯滕森14．海上钢琴师 “The Legend of 1900”主演：Tim Roth 蒂姆 罗斯15．大话王 “Liar Liar”主演：Jim Carrie 金 凯利16. 单身插班生 “About a Boy”主演：Hugn Grant 修 格兰特17. 风流奇男子 “Alfie”主演： Jude Law 裘德 洛18. 妙手情真 “Patch Adams”主演： Robin Williams 罗宾 威廉斯19．变人 “Bicentennial Man”主演： Robin Williams 罗宾 威廉斯20. 猫屎先生 “As good as it gets”主演：Jack NIckelson 杰克 尼科尔森Helen Hunt 海伦 亨特21．完美男人 “The Perfect Man”主演： Hilary Duff 希拉里 荙芙 Chris Noth 克里斯 诺斯22．婚礼男友 “The Wedding Date”主演：Debra Messing 戴博拉 梅西 Dermot Mulroney 德莫特 麦隆尼23． 男人百分百 “What Women Want”主演：Mel Gibson 梅尔 吉普森 Helen Hunt 海伦 亨特24. 老爸向前冲/冒牌老爸 “Big Daddy”主演：Adam Sandler 亚当 桑德勒25． 大鱼 “Big Fish”主演：Evan McGregor 伊万 麦克格追加：gossip girl 皮囊 全民情圣

village 指乡村,单指行政村，就是农村的一个村庄，town以下的行政单位town 城镇，相当于县级市country农村,和town相对而言的,还有国家的意思可以说in an English country 在英国

b

Polish name: Mikolaj Kopernik. Polish astronomer and mathematician who, as a student, studied canon law, mathematics, and medicine at Cracow, Bologna, Rome, Padua, and Ferrara. Copernicus became interested in astronomy and published an early description of his "heliocentric" model of the solar system in Commentariolus (1512). In this model, the sun was actually not exactly the center of the solar system, but was slightly offset from the center using a device invented by Ptolemy known as the equant point. The idea that the Sun was the center of the solar system was not new (similar theories had been proposed by Aristarchus and Nicholas of Cusa), but Copernicus also worked out his system in full mathematical detail. Even though the mathematics in his description was not any simpler than Ptolemy"s, it required fewer basic assumptions. By postulating only the rotation of the Earth, revolution about the sun, and tilt of Earth"s rotational axis, Copernicus could explain the observed motion of the heavens. However, because Copernicus retained circular orbits, his system required the inclusion of epicycles. Unfortunately, out of fear that his ideas might get him into trouble with the church, Copernicus delayed publication of them.In 1539, Copernicus took on Rheticus as a student and handed over his manuscript to him to write a popularization of the heliocentric theory, published as Narratio Prima in 1540. Shortly before his death, Rheticus convinced Copernicus to allow publication of his original manuscript, and De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium was published in 1543. Copernicus proposed his theory as a true description, not just a theory to save appearances. Unlike Buridan and Oresme, he did not think that any theory which saved appearances was valid, instead believing that there could only be a single true theory. When the work was published, however, Andreas Osiander added an unauthorized preface stating that the contents was merely a device to simplify calculations.Copernicus adapted physics to the demands of astronomy, believing that the principles of Ptolemy"s system were incorrect, not the math or observations. He was the first person in history to create a complete and general system, combining mathematics, physics, and cosmology. (Ptolemy, for instance, had treated each planet separately.) Copernicus"s system was taught in some universities in the 1500s but had not permeated the academic world until approximately 1600. Some people, among whom John Donne and William Shakespeare were the most influential, feared Copernicus"s theory, feeling that it destroyed hierarchal natural order which would in turn destroy social order and bring about chaos. Indeed, some people (such as Bruno), used Copernicus"s theory to justify radical theological views.Before Copernicus formulated his theory of the solar system, astronomy in Europe had stagnated. After the Almagest had been translated into Latin, European astronomers such as the Austrian mathematician Georg von Peurbach and the German astronomer Regiomontanus proposed no new theories, attempting instead to refine the flawed system already laid out by Ptolemy. The astronomy textbook used for teaching was still The Sphere, the same book that had been in use since the 1200s. Rather than formulating new theories, astronomers had busied themselves in "saving appearances," which consisted of trying to patch it up Ptolemy"s cumbersome and inaccurate model. Copernicus, however, wiped the slate clean in a single broad stroke, and proposed a fundamentally different model in which the planets all circled the Sun in De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium. While radically different from Ptolemy"s model, Copernicus"s heliocentric theory was hardly an original idea. Similar theories had been proposed by Aristarchus as early as the third century B. C., and Nicholas de Cusa, a German scholar, had independently made the same assertion in a book he published in 1440. We know for a fact that Copernicus was well aware of Aristarchus"s priority, since his original draft of De Revolutionibus has survived and features a passage referring to Aristarchus which Copernicus crossed out so as not to compromise the originality of his theory. In his belief that his theory was an accurate description of nature rather than just a mathematical model, Copernicus was therefore not truly revolutionary.What was a little revolutionary was that Copernicus worked out his system in full mathematical detail in De Revolutionibus. By doing this, Copernicus went a step beyond Ptolemy, de Cusa, and Aristarchus. Ptolemy had regarded his theory as simply a mathematic tool for calculation, having no physical basis. On the other side of the coin, de Cusa and Aristarchus had proposed a purely physical model, not endeavoring to mathematically investigate its consequences. Copernicus"s most significant achievement was his combination of mathematics and physics, adapting physics to conform to his view of astronomical truth, with a good bit of cosmology thrown in for good measure.This achievement alone, however, hardly qualifies as a "revolution." Copernicus offered mathematics which were every bit as entangled as Ptolemy"s, and because he retained circular orbits, his system required the inelegant inclusion of epicycles and their accompanying complication. To Copernicus"s credit, although his description was not any simpler than Ptolemy"s, it did require fewer basic assumptions. In addition, Copernicus"s theory explained some problems, such as the reason that Mercury and Venus are only observed close to the Sun (their orbits always kept them nearer the sun than Earth ) and Mars"s retrograde motion (the Earth, traveling in its smaller orbit, overtakes Mars, causing Mars to appear to move change direction and move backward relative to distant "fixed" stars). However, like Ptolemy, Copernicus could still not explain variations in the brightness of Venus.Copernicus was the first person in history to create a complete and general system, combining mathematics, physics, and cosmology. Yet, by themselves Copernicus"s achievements, do not constitute a revolution. Copernicus had been motivated to this theory by Neoplatonic and Pythagorean considerations. His reasoning seems to have been predominantly motivated by aesthetics. In his view, equally spaced planets in circular orbits would represent harmony in the universe. But Copernicus had made no observations and stated no general laws. His mathematics could describe the motion of the planets, but his theory was of a very ad hoc nature.It took the accurate observational work of Brahe, the exhaustive mathematics of Kepler, and the mathematical genius of Newton to take Copernicus"s theory as a starting point, and glean from it the underlying truths and laws governing celestial mechanics. Copernicus was an important player in the development of these theories, but his work would likely have likely remained in relative obscurity without the observational work of Brahe. It would have been discarded by the wayside, until subsequent investigation brought it back to light. It is likely, in fact, that given Kepler would have independently arrived at a heliocentric theory just in the process of interpreting Brahe"s data, and the scientific revolution would have been born anyway. To a large extent, then, Copernicus has achieved his prominent place in history through what amounted to a lucky, albeit shrewd, guess. It is therefore more appropriate to view Copernicus"s achievements as a preliminary step towards scientific revolution, rather than a revolution in itself.波兰名:哥白尼Mikolaj. 波兰天文学家、数学家,他作为学生学习卡法律、数学、医学、克拉科夫、博洛尼亚、罗马、帕多瓦、Ferrara. 哥白尼天文学产生兴趣,早日出版说明"心"模式在太阳系 Commentariolus (1512). 这一模式的 太阳其实并非太阳系中心,由中心以弥补略发明的装置 心 称为 Equant点. 以为 太阳 中心的太阳之(已提出类似理论 Aristarchus 尼古拉的大学生和,但他创立并制定全面系统的数学内容. 虽然并没有说明他的数学简单得多 心的 ,要少要点. 只有通过假定的轮换 地球 , 对革命太阳 , 倾斜,对 地球 轴轮,可以说明哥白尼发现天动议. 不过,由于保留哥白尼圆形轨道,他必须把epicycles系统. 可惜,担心他会想法使他的事情教会哥白尼推迟公布.在1539年,哥白尼危机 Rheticus 作为学生,他交了手,他写的普及心论出版 看来Narratio 在1540. 他去世前不久, Rheticus 哥白尼使他相信发表原稿, DeRevolutionibusOrbiumCoelestium 1543年出版. 哥白尼提出的理论是正确的说明,不仅使理论出现. 与 Buridan , Oresme 他不相信任何理论,出现了有效,而认为只有一个真正的理论. 在出版工作,AndreasOsiander擅自增加前言说明内容只是手段,简化计算.哥白尼的要求天文物理调整,认为原则 心的 系统错误,而不是数学和意见. 他是第一个创造历史,完成总系统将数学、物理、宇宙学. ( 心例如,分别把每个星球). 哥白尼的系统的一些大学教授1500s并未进入学术界之前约16. 有人称赞约翰,其中最有影响的是英国的威廉,恐怕哥白尼理论,认为它破坏自然hierarchal,从而破坏社会秩序,造成混乱. 甚至有人(如布鲁诺 )用哥白尼的理论来解释根本理论观点.在哥白尼提出太阳中心论,欧洲天文学停滞. 在 Almagest 译成拉丁文、奥地利等欧洲天文学家数学家乔治冯 Peurbach 德国天文学家和 Regiomontanus 没有提出新的理论,而是努力完善制度,制定了错误 心 . 天文教学课本还是 领域 ,这本书中所使用的自1200s. 而不是制定新的理论、天文学家已经忙自己"拯救亮相,其中包括设法补起来 心的 麻烦和错误示范. 哥白尼,丧失了一个大过,不干净,提出了根本变化,地球上所有的模式盘旋 太阳 在 DeRevolutionibusOrbiumCoelestium. 而迥异 心的 模型、哥白尼的理论几乎没有一个心本意. 已提出类似理论 Aristarchus 早在公元前三世纪,体育局取消,德国学者中提出同样主张独立成书于1440年发表. 我们所知道的是,天知道 Aristarchus的 优先,原草案 DeRevolutionibus 渡过一段内容,指 Aristarchus 哥白尼,以免交叉影响,他的理论创新. 他认为,他的理论是正确的,而非描述性的数学模型,因此并未真正哥白尼革命.什么是小革命是哥白尼制定全面系统的数学细节 revolutionibusde. 对此,关进了超越 心 ,取消体育、 Aristarchus . 他已经把心之论的数学计算工具,并没有实际的. 在另一方面,在体育和 Aristarchus 建议纯物理模型,其结果不致力于数学研究. 哥白尼的最大成就是他综合数学、物理、应用物理,他认为天文学符合事实,好一点的好,学医.这一成绩仅限定几乎是"革命". 哥白尼数学所提供不亚于错综复杂 心的 ,因为保留循环的轨道,其制度规定不够配套,将epicycles复杂. 在哥白尼的贷款,但他没有说明是不是简单 心的 ,确需减少的基本设想. 此外,哥白尼的理论解释一些问题,例如,因为 水星 , 金星 只看到接近 太阳 (永远的轨道接近太阳比留 地球 和 火星的 落后的议案( 地球 , 旅行小轨道超越 火星 , 令 火星 出现倒退,提出改革的方向与远"固定"星星. 但如 心 ,也不能说明关亮度的变化 金星 .哥白尼是历史上最早建立全面彻底的系统将数学、物理、宇宙学. 但哥白尼自己的成就,不是革命. 哥白尼是这一理论的自觉,Neoplatonic 定理 考虑. 其主要理由似乎是出于美学. 他认为,地球的圆形轨道间隔同样将是宇宙和谐. 但哥白尼未表示任何意见,一般规律. 他可以说数学的议案 地球 , 但他的理论是一个非常特别的.它把准确监测工作 Brahe ,详细的数学 本片 和数学天才 牛顿 采取哥白尼的理论为起点,从搜集的基本原理和规律,天体力学. 哥白尼是一个重要的角色,这些理论的发展,工作仍然可能会有比较模糊的观测工作,而 Brahe . 就被丢弃在路旁,在调查后发现带回. 很可能实际上,由于 本片 有独立心论达成刚开始使用 Brahe的 数据和科学革命诞生了. 在很大程度上,再关他取得突出地位相当于一个历史的幸运,但精明,估计. 因此,比较适合哥白尼的科学成果为革命的第一步,而不是革命本身.

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