- LuckySXyd
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人称代词(Personal Pronoun)
定义
语法上对说话者、说话者的对手、以及所说及的人或事物所作的区分叫作人称(Person),而表达人称之区别的代词就叫作人称代词(Personal pronoun)。
人称共有下列三种:
(1)第一人称(First Person):指说话者本身(包括个人及团体。)
(2)第二人称(Second Person):指说话者的对方(包括个人及团体。)
(3)第三人称(Third Person):指所说及的人或事物(包括个体或整体。)
人称代词在词形上没有复数的词尾变化,但是在数(Number)、性(Gender)、及格(Case)却有其各不相同的代表词,
A.人称代词的用法
(1)人称代词依其格的区分,用法如下:
(a)主格:作主语或主语补语。
例:I speak English better now.
(我现在英语讲得比较好了。——主语)
例:It is she who sings the best in my class.
(在我的班里歌唱得最好的就是她。——主语补语)
注:
① “It is I”与“It is me.”
传统文法以“It is I.”为正确,但是现代英语使用“It is me.”已很普遍,甚至于要说“It is I who…”也常改说“I am the one who…”,以避开“It is I…”。
② 第三人称单数为主语时,应注意与单数动词一致。
例:He does everything very carefully.
(他做事都很小心。)
例:She was not at the party yesterday.
(昨天她没有参加宴会。)
(b)所有格:表达对人、事物等的拥有或所有。
例:This is our school.
(这是我们的学校。)
例:He always did his best to help others.
(他总是会尽他的一切去帮助别人。)
注:“所有格代词+own”可表达自身的拥有或所有。
例:This is his own house(=This house is his own.)
(这是他自己的房子。——表示非租借的意思。)
(c)宾格:作直接宾语、间接宾语、宾语补语、介词的宾语。
例:We all know him.
(我们都认识他。——直接宾语)
例:The teacher asks us questions in class.
(老师在上课中都会问我们问题。——间接宾语)
例:The new teacher took Amy for me this morning.
(今天早上新到的老师把Amy错认是我。——宾语补语)
例:I sometimes go camping with them.
(我有时候和他们去露营。——介词的宾语)
注:
① 主语的比较皆使用主格。
例:Mary is older than he by two years.
(玛丽年岁比他大两岁。)
请注意下列例句的不同比较
例:I love you more than he (loves you).
(我比他更爱你。)
I love you more than (I love) her.
(我爱你甚于爱她。)
② 作补语用的人称代词,其格与相关的名词或代词须一致。
例:I believe (that ) it was he who wrote that letter.
(我相信写了那封信的人是他。——“it”为主语)
Do you really believe it to be him?
(你真的相信是他吗?——“it”为宾语)
③ 两个以上的人称代词并列时,礼貌的表达次序是:
you and I/me
you, he/she, and I/me
he/she and I/me
you and he/she
例:You and I are to blame, not she.
(不对的是你和我,不是她。)
例:Would you and Mary like to come with us?
(你和玛丽要不要和我们一道来?)
例:She didn"t know whether to ring you or me.
(她不知道是否该打个电话给你或我。)
(2)We, You, They的特别用法
(a)We
(i)总称:如中文的“我们,咱们”。
例:Indeed we want freedom, but we must obey laws.
(诚然我们要自由,但是我们必须服从法律。)
(ii)本地:指自己出生或所在的地方
例:We grow rice in Taiwan.
(台湾是生产稻米的。——说话者是台湾人,说话时人可能在台湾,亦有可能不在台湾。)
例:We don"t have much rain here in autumn.
(本地秋天雨量不多。)
(b)You
指包括对方的一般大众。
例:Nowadays you young people don"t marry so early as we did years ago.
(当今你们年轻人不像多年前的我们那样早婚。)
例:When you are in Rome, do as the Romans do.
(入乡随俗。——格言)
(c)They
(i)指有关人士、团体或政府当局等。
例:They always say the same words when an accident happens.
(一有意外事故发生他们总是说同样的话。)
(ii)其他地方:“We”(ii)的相反
例:They grow corn in those states.
(那几州是生产玉米的。)
(iii)They = People
例:They say that there will be a new war in the Middle East.
(=People say that…)
(=It is said that…)
(大家都说中东将会发生一场新的战争。)
B.“It”的用法
(1)指事物,人(不明性别或何人时),婴孩、动物(不提性别)或昆虫等。
例:“Where is my watch, dear?”
(我的手表在哪儿,亲爱的?)
“I saw it in your drawer last night.”
(昨晚我看到它在你的抽屉里。)
例:“Who is it?”
(是谁?——如敲门时,不明对方的性别或何人。)
“It"s me, Peter.”
(是我,彼得。)
例:Mrs. Huang had a baby last night.It weighs 4 kilos.
(黄太太昨夜生了一个婴儿,体重达四公斤。)
例:What"s that?
(那是什么?)
It"s a silkworm.
(是蚕。)
(2)表达时间、日期、季节、天气、距离、环境等。
例:“What time is it?”—“It"s five to twelve.”
(几点钟了?——现在是十一点五十五分。)
例:“What"s the date?”—“It is the third of October.”
(今天几月几日?——今天是十月三日。)
例:It is very hot in summer.
(夏天的天气都是很热。)
例:How far is it from here to the station?
(这里到车站有多远?)
例:I like it here very much.
(我很喜欢这里的环境。)
(3)表达强调
句型It +be…+that(who)…
例:It was Paul that (who) broke the window.
(=Paul broke the window.)
(打破了窗的人是保罗。)
解说 “It… that…”是表达强调的正常句式,但是若强调点是“人”,则使用“It…who…”也很普通。本句式可用于一个句子中的任何强调点,例如:
例:Peter met Helen and Bill at the theater yesterday.
→It was Peter who met Helen and Bill at the theater yesterday.
(昨天在戏院看到海伦和比尔的人是彼得。)
→It was Helen and Bill that Peter met at the theater yesterday.
(昨天彼得在戏院所遇见的人是海伦和比尔。)
→It was at the theater that Peter met Helen and Bill yesterday.
(昨天彼得遇见海伦和比尔的地点是戏院。)
→It was yesterday that Peter met Helen and Bill at the theater.
(彼得在戏院遇见海伦和比尔的时间是昨天。)
(4)形式主语
例:It is shameful the way he behaves himself before girls.
(他在女生面前的举止真叫人脸红。)
例:It is easy to find fault with others.
(批评别人是容易的。)
例:It is wrong for you to speak ill of her.
(你讲她的坏话是不对的。)
例:It is a great convenience living / to live in a big city.
(住在大城市里事事都方便。)
例:It is surprising that she should have married a farmer.
(她居然和农民结婚实在令人意想不到。)
解说 上面各例句都可以把“It”所代表的实际主语移到句首来,例如:
The way he behaves himself before girls is shameful.
To find fault with others is easy.
虽然如此,现代英语仍以“It…”较普通。
(5)形式宾语
例:I consider it wrong to cheat in an examination.
(我认为考试作弊是不对的。)
例:Don"t you find it a waste of time watching television too much?
(你不觉得电视看得太多是浪费时间吗?)
例:I thought it strange that Jack should have had so much money to spend these days.
(我觉得杰克近日来会有这么多的钱可花费是一件奇怪的事。)
解说 本句式都用于有宾语补语的不完全及物动词的句子,“it”代表着宾语补语之后的实际宾语(不定式、动名词、或that-clause)。本句式的实际宾语不可以移入“it”的位置而把“it”省略。常可用本句式来表达的不完全及物动词有:
find(发现,觉得),think(想,觉得),believe(相信),consider(认为),make,take,etc.
(6)“it”可以代表前述的短语或句子
例:Don"t let your children play with matches or lighters.It is dangerous.
(不要让你的小孩们玩火柴或打火机。那是危险的。)
例:“Jim can solve that puzzle.”
(吉姆能解答那个谜题。)
“I don"t believe it.”
(我不相信。)
(7)“it”常作非人称动词的主语
例:It happened that I was there then.
(碰巧当时我也在场。)
例:It appears that he"ll be elected.
(他像是会当选的样子。)
例:It occurred to me then that I had an appointment with her that evening.
(当时我突然想起来我本来和她在当天晚上有约会。)
C.独立所有格代词
定义:代词能独立表达对事物的拥有或所有,并在句子中扮其所代表的名词的功能者叫做独立所有格代词(Independent Possessive)
注:“its”几乎不作独立所有格使用。
用法
(1)代表前述或后述的名词
例:This is your umbrella and mine(=my umbrella)is the one in your hand.
(这一把是你的雨伞,我的是你手拿着的那一把。)
例:These are your balls, mine(=my balls)are those in that basket.
(这些是你的球,我的是在那个篮子里的那些。)
例:Ours(=Our car)is a sports car so it runs the fastest.
(我们的是一辆赛车,所以它跑得最快。)
解说 独立所有格可以作句子的主语、补语、宾语等使用,全为第三人称,其数则由它所代表的名词来决定(由上示各例可知)。
(2)代表对话内共知的事物
例:You eat yours,and I eat mine.
(你吃你的,我吃我的。——他们在吃什么?这自是对话者之间共知的事。)
(3)独立用法:
Yours truly(sincerely…).
Sincerely(Truly…)yours.
这种用法都是书信结尾的客套语,等于中文的“……敬启”,只用于“yours”。
(4)of +独立所有格代词:双重所有表达法
例:He is an old friend of mine.
(他是我的一个老朋友。)
例:They are beautiful,those flowers of yours.
=Those flowers of yours are beautiful.
(你的这些花很美。)
(请参考第十五章,第六节,C3双重所有格。)
D.反身代词
定义:人称代词的宾格或所有格词尾加“-self,-selves”的代词称为反身代词(Reflexive Pronoun),亦称复合人称代词(Compound Personal Pronoun)。
用法
(1)反身用法:及物动词的宾语即为主语本身的用法叫作反身用法。
例A:The old man killed himself last night.
(那个老人昨夜自杀了。)
例B:We enjoyed ourselves very much at the party last night.
(昨夜我们在宴会中过得很愉快。)
例C:Help yourselves,please.
(请各位不要客气。)
解说 如各例句所示,各反身代词都是指其主语本身。这种用法有些已成为惯用表达法(例B),例如:
例:He absented himself from school this morning.
(他今天早晨缺席,没有到学校。)
例:She seated herself by the window.
(她拣了窗边的一个座位坐下来。)
例:I was late this morning because I overslept myself.
(今天早晨我迟到是因为我睡过头了。)
例:Don"t overeat yourself,or you"ll get sick.
(不要暴食,否则你会生病的)
例:They dressed themselves up quickly and left the house.
(他们匆匆地穿好衣服后就出去了。)
(2)作介词的宾语用:也是属于反身用法。
例A:The door opened of itself. (无外力干预,即"自动")
(门自动地开了。)
例B:I like to travel by myself. (无外人参加,即"独自")
(我喜欢独自旅行。)
例C:She was beside herself with grief. (脱离自我, 即"失常")
(她悲伤过度,神经失常了。)
(3)表达强调
例:I myself heard him say so yesterday.
(我昨天亲自听他这么说的。)
例:she did it herself.(=She herself did it.)
(她自己做的。)
例:The story itself is not interesting.
(故事本身并不令人感到有趣。)
- wpBeta
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english 不是代词,是名词
人称代词包括第一人称代词 I,和第三人称代词he,she,it,they
- gitcloud
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he --him
she-- her
it--it
they--them
- 瑞瑞爱吃桃
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he she it they都是第三人称代词