rmi

formidable的意思是：强大的。1、释义大得令人生畏的、令人惊叹的、令人钦佩的、可怕的、强大的、难对付、势如破竹。2、短语搭配（1）formidable challenge巨大挑战；难以应付的挑战。（2）formidable task艰巨的人物；巨大的任务；难以应付的任务。（3）formidable enemy强大的敌人；大敌；引起恐惧。（4）formidable opponent劲敌；难缠的对手。（5）formidable list令人生畏的名单。3、双语例句（1）Elena was staking out a role for herself as a formidable political force。埃琳娜坚守自己作为一股巨大政治势力的地位。（2）This task looks intimidating/formidable, but it is really not bad at all。这项任务看起来让人望而生畏，但其实不难。

强大 的意思

歌曲名:Stardust歌手:Hoagy Carmichael&The Hoagy Carmichael Trio专辑:Sings Stardust And His Other Great CompositionsStardust- Kenny RogersAnd now the purple dusk of twilight timeSteals across the meadows of my heartHigh up in the sky the little stars climbAlways reminding me that we"re apartYou wander down the lane and far awayLeaving me a song that will not dieLove is now the stardust of yesterdayThe music of the years gone bySometimes I wonder why I spendThe lonely night dreaming of a songThe melody haunts my reverieAnd I am once again with youWhen our love was newAnd each kiss an inspirationBut that was long agoNow my consolationIs in the stardust of a songBeside a garden wallWhen stars are brightYou are in my armsThe nightingale tells his fairy taleA paradise where roses bloomThough I dream in vainIn my heart it will remainMy stardust melodyThe memory of love"s refrain(------ Music ------)Though I dream in vainIn my heart it will remainMy stardust melodyThe memory of love"s refrainhttp://music.baidu.com/song/10286034

歌曲名:Stardust歌手:Hoagy Carmichael专辑:Take A Flight! A Bluebird CollectionStardust- Matt MonroAnd I am once again with youWhen our love was newAnd each kiss an inspirationBut that was long agoNow my consolationIs in the stardust of a songBeside a garden wallWhen stars are brightYou are in my armsThe nightingale tells his fairy taleA paradise where roses bloomThough I dream in vainIn my heart it will remainMy stardust melodyThe memory of love"s refrainhttp://music.baidu.com/song/7912924

歌曲名:Stardust歌手:Hoagy Carmichael专辑:Sings Stardust And His Other Great CompositionsStardust- Kenny RogersAnd now the purple dusk of twilight timeSteals across the meadows of my heartHigh up in the sky the little stars climbAlways reminding me that we"re apartYou wander down the lane and far awayLeaving me a song that will not dieLove is now the stardust of yesterdayThe music of the years gone bySometimes I wonder why I spendThe lonely night dreaming of a songThe melody haunts my reverieAnd I am once again with youWhen our love was newAnd each kiss an inspirationBut that was long agoNow my consolationIs in the stardust of a songBeside a garden wallWhen stars are brightYou are in my armsThe nightingale tells his fairy taleA paradise where roses bloomThough I dream in vainIn my heart it will remainMy stardust melodyThe memory of love"s refrain(------ Music ------)Though I dream in vainIn my heart it will remainMy stardust melodyThe memory of love"s refrainhttp://music.baidu.com/song/10286065

["mɑ:stu0259maind]吗思特尔卖的

masterming japan一般的东西都是上万的.~这双应该都要一万+..高仿的话.内行人的话就知道高仿.普通人应该看不出.不过高仿的料子应该不会好到哪里去.(我买过高仿的东西,质量不好)Juno最喜欢mastermind japan的.所以买的应该是限量版的.应该没得卖.

说点楼上都没提到的吧。【Blokus】，类似俄罗斯方块的对战类游戏，非常好玩，有2人版，4人版；【Rummikub】以色列麻将（简称拉蜜），易上手的动脑益智游戏，2-4人皆可玩，个人感觉跟麻将的乐趣不相上下。【小白世纪】2-8人游戏，打怪升级装备职业种族……竞争性非常强！如果只有两个人玩儿，小心把10几年交情/感情/爱情/亲情都玩儿没哦。【牛粪有的是】2010年新桌游，牧场饲养各种家畜家禽，竞争性亦很强，互相捣乱的过程很欢乐！2-6人游戏俺是北京簋街I玩I乐桌游吧吧主，这些都是我们店里小情侣和小桌客人玩的最多的游戏，也是我很喜欢的，打字很累，求分求光临！春节快乐。

有,上海专卖店：南京西路225号

低调的奢侈mastermind japan！我认为MMJ可以算作奢侈品，因为它的价格不是普通人能承受的。它甚至可以称为潮人的终极品牌！它就是MMJ！！！！

这个第一关更像是一个教学关卡，在这里我们会第一次操控我们的男主角TOMMY来进行整个游戏，现在游戏的时间线是第一部，我们主角刚刚回归的那段日子。原创作者：迷失攻略组-小锋3、走出大门，顺着提示走，走到街道口这里会出现使用怀表的提示，我们顺着提示使用怀表3.4、之后在街角口躲避监视来到酒馆门口，进入酒馆之后和酒保对话。4.5、与酒保对话完之后上楼，与黑人保安进行对话，为我们打开防盗门，之后我们爬上梯子5.6、上到顶楼之后走到对面的大门，进入到一片新的区域，这里有一个保安看守。在他视线转过去的时候绕过他。6.7、来到下一层，和栏杆后面的居民达成合作，操控居民去打开阀门。7.8、安全门打开之后我们向里面走，走进下一层。9、出门之后，和ada对话，ada回去帮与守卫对话分心，之后乘机溜过去。9.17、我们前往第三块区域，来到铁栏前和居民对话，打开安全门快速拿到香槟，这里有一个难点，那就是我们雇佣的居民一旦操作时间到了安全门就会关闭，我们就会被困在里面，我们要迅速拿到香槟离开，将香槟放在车上。17.1第一关第二关第三关第四关全怀表收集第一关未经授权禁止转载

在未正式创立mastermind JAPAN之前，设计师本间正章（Masaaki HOMMA）就于YOHJI YAMAMOTO担任了八年售货员。本间正章明白到一个品牌的成功是需要顾客接受，肯买肯穿才算是真正的成功。 　　当在1997年，当本间正章离开了YOHJI YAMAMOTO后，就成立有限公司“mastermind JAPAN CO.，Ltd.”，并创立品牌mastermind JAPAN。 　　 在品牌开始的初期，mastermind JAPAN的销售成绩一直未如理想，但本间正章并没有因而放弃，反而更努力钻研用料、手工、设计各方面的制作过程，务求提高mastermind JAPAN的商品质数，将最好的时装供给顾客。度过了数个事业失意的年头，mastermind JAPAN就转战欧洲，并于2001年踏入时装之都巴黎。 　　虽然mastermind JAPAN首个展示会成功招揽到不少欧洲及海外买手的注目，但可惜接受预订的顶单也是廖廖可数。直至翌年，当本间正章荣获时装大赏“NEO-COLOR GRAND PRIX WINNER”以后，mastermind JAPAN于国内及海外人气急升，再加上有名的STYLIST、时尚名人名所推崇，还有夹杂着骷髅的盛世热潮底下，mastermind JAPAN随即晋升为日本HI-END品牌前列位置。 　　现在的mastermind JAPAN已是日本国内远至海外的知名品牌，过去曾合作的单位更是数不胜收，名单包括藤原浩的FRAGMENT、中村世纪的VISVIM、滨中三郎的roar、时尚杂志《SENSE》、巴黎贵族包包品牌GOYARD、梦幻乐园迪士尼、电单车公司REDBRO等等，是一个多元化着重质数高贵时尚的超人气品牌。 ——Mastermind Japan X Converse All StarMastermind Japan X Converse 100周年限量纪念款 少有的浮夸CRYSTAL TEE，白色的棉质质地Mastermind Japan X Converse All Star只在日本的Bobos Shop限量发行Mastermind Japan X Converse 图案短袖TEE：NUMBER(N)INE Mastermind Japan X Converse 100周年限量纪念款 N(N)经典款式TEE,面料舒适,上身效果极佳。 白色麋鹿印花TEE：NUMBER(N)INE Mastermind Japan X Converse 100周年限量纪念款 拉链摇滚TEE：DSQUARED2 Mastermind Japan X Converse 100周年限量纪念款 新颖的拉链设计，效果极为抢眼。侧面摇滚的插图，充满了野性的气息土星印花T恤：Vivienne Westwood Mastermind Japan X Converse 100周年限量纪念款 土星喷绘的图案，在夏季搭配牛仔裤特别的亮眼。 图案短袖TEE：NUMBER(N)INE Mastermind Japan X Converse 100周年限量纪念款 N(N)经典款式TEE,面料舒适,上身效果极佳。

虽说出的东西不一样，关系还是会有。

只是他喜欢的一个品牌，日本品牌

不是最贵的，一条t恤就四五千在奢侈品里不算什么他们不是面向大众，而是极少数贵族上流社会的人在奢侈品里那些让人目瞪口呆的价格你常人晕眩的chanel的高级定制时装每件礼服在12万美元以上而晚装更是24万美元以上而这些只为全球200个人服务

在确定按钮的onok（）函数前设置if判断如果输入的值不是你要的这八种就return；

1,roen这个牌子和mmj没什么大关系 只不过 有的方面比较相似 例如 roen跟mastermind japan 的logo都是骷髅 也同属黑暗的潮流牌子 类似的还有双抢roar 等等 roen的价格来说要比mastermind japan便宜不少 但roen的品质绝不差 这是真的 2,我个人觉得mastermind japan 更牛逼 玩潮牌的人都知道 mmj是潮流牌子里 最贵的一家 hi潮牌 像bape ， cdg的play ，stussy 等等知名潮牌在价位上跟他差悬了 举个例子 牛仔裤 mmj的水洗要十三万多 bape的话只要三万左右（好多都是两万7,8千 还有4万多的） 不到mmj零头 mmj主要是限量 品质好（据说相当牛的用料 我没穿过这牌子 不感多说话 但是在专门店看过 的确不一样 贵的要死 奢侈品的价位 ） 走高端路线 还有名人穿等等 3,我觉得穿roen的确不错了 品质很棒 今天出去逛街还看到一家店铺有roen的东西呢 我看了看质量 相当不错了 不过只是t恤和内裤 也很低调的 看上去非常有档次 我想送你男朋友 他一定会喜欢的 自己女朋友送的 一定的 哈哈 希望我的回答够能帮助你 若是还有不明白的 希望你继续提出 我会尽力帮助你解答的

mastermind JAPAN 上海专卖店：南京西路225号

没有.

MASTERMIND是香港的,..,,,,, MASTERMIND JAPAN 是世界著名的潮牌..日本牌子. 万元级的 但还是一个品牌只是他们的地区位置不同所以后面的加的有JAPAN的字样用于区别日版和港版的....日版的是时尚奢侈品牌...而港版的却是一般的牌子,大众价格...

歌曲名:Mastermind歌手:Nas专辑:God"S SonArtist: NasAlbum: God"s SonSong: MastermindUh-uh, uh-uh, uh-uh...A Mastermind - Sees it coming before it comesA Mastermind - Before he go to war he counts his oneA Mastermind - Everything planned out perfect, in case y"all niggaz got to get murderedA Mastermind - Sleeps at night, real easyA Mastermind - Cause everything he does is by the bookA Mastermind - Never do a thing irrational, lives forever, these tales are classicalVelvet bowties, bulletproofs in the tux, when I roll byIn car similar to a suanas, in my diamondsAnd my principal is to study dramaLook what happened in ManhattanA couple of years ago when guns started clappin"Two of my dogs fell, two of my niggaz ranThey was amatures in beef with a grown manIt taught me the lessons of how the strong standAnd how the weak, end up in a coffinPlay it cool, that"s the old school rule, manKeep your ears to the street, y"all never lose manMake your enemies believe there"s love thereCause in war, belief is all fairRock them to sleep, shots in your jeepAnd you ain"t never know the plot was from meIt"s from my MastermindsA Mastermind - Sees it coming before it comesA Mastermind - Before he go to war he counts his oneA Mastermind - Everything planned out perfect, in case y"all niggaz got to get murderedA Mastermind - Sleeps at night, real easyA Mastermind - Cause everything he does is by the bookA Mastermind - Never do a thing irrational, lives forever, these tales are classicalIt ain"t a game it"s the lifeThink it"s a game, you layinAnd I"m nice on that black stone merloToast to my hero Nat TurnerWhether below zero, gave the keys to KelisWhispered in her earlobe, drive onCause she the wife and they the freaksThe underneath my girl caliberThey smiled at her and said "Goodbye"With niggaz who thug or die, they wild as usMy bodyguards are my Denali trucksKnownin" that I"m surrounded by OG"s that I don"t really get down withThey got a seperate table for their freaks bought them drinksSo we could talk man-to-man so real niggaz could linkI knew, they kill hos too like Rae CarruthThey used to spray troops, now they managing groupsThe main nigga sunny had big money since "82Had two of my dogs whacked, nothing I could doThat was back when I had no crew, I switch thatNow I"m strong with niggaz who felt Sonny was wrongMy money"s long his money is weak, he"s losing sleepTrying to feel me out, to see what it"s gonna beBut I"m a MastermindA Mastermind - Sees it coming before it comesA Mastermind - Before he go to war he counts his oneA Mastermind - Everything planned out perfect, in case y"all niggaz got to get murderedA Mastermind - Sleeps at night, real easyA Mastermind - Cause everything he does is by the bookA Mastermind - Never do a thing irrational, lives forever, these tales are classicalI live a clean life, I don"t even steal cableI speak for myslef, my niggaz will slay youLucky us, this rap done worked out fineFEDs, check me out, it"s no dirt y"all findThis King Of New York shit only last 15 minutesEvery nigga get burned, but it"s what you did with itNiggas who brillant, came in and killed itMade millions ever three months, new juryI"m low, smoking blueberry, with a hoWho know a few scary individuals eerie as she gets into itSquares they into voodooShe says a Hail Mary and she says she knew whoWould come and try to kill you tooA Mastermind - Sees it coming before it comesA Mastermind - Before he go to war he counts his oneA Mastermind - Everything planned out perfect, in case y"all niggaz got to get murderedA Mastermind - Sleeps at night, real easyA Mastermind - Cause everything he does is by the bookA Mastermind - Never do a thing irrational, lives forever, these tales are classicalhttp://music.baidu.com/song/9681614

是。mastermind是劳力士的意思，劳力士是全世界有名的手表厂商，劳力士所有的手表都是纯机械手表，如果是假的话就不一定是不是机械的了。

Mastermind World是一个在2017年成立的品牌，简称MMW，主要针对海外市场，设计延续了Mastermind Japan经典的“暗黑风”和“骷髅”元素。Mastermind Japan全称mastermind JAPAN，成立于1997年，2013年停产，在2017年初以Mastermind World的身份复出。MMW属于中高端档次，价格在200-2000元不等。

好象不是中国的...

"Mastermind" 的中文翻译是“主谋”或“策划者”等意思，并不是代表任何牌子或品牌。然而，"Mastermind" 也是日本的一个知名时尚品牌，品牌标志为白骨头，主要经营高级定制服饰、鞋履、眼镜、箱包等配件，属于奢侈品牌之一。可以说，"Mastermind" 除了一般的翻译外，在时尚圈也代表了日本奢侈品牌之一的含义。

马斯特慢的 姐喷 传说中的mmj 已经停产了

个人物品不偷窃

【答案】：D35.D【精析】本题考查形容词词义辨析。courageous有勇气的，bold勇敢的，determined坚决的，likely可能的，此处是说女性更可能提出好的建议，所以只有“likely可能的”符合题意，故选D。

uk residency permit不是brp。uk residency permit意思是：英国居留许可。BRP全称是Biometric Residence Permit，简单说，BRP是我们在英国甚至在欧洲的身份证和通行证。重点词汇：residency英［＇rezu026adu0259nsi］释义：n.住处；住院医生实习期。［复数：residencies］短语：Permanent residency永久居留权；澳洲永久居留权。例句：用作名词（n）You can apply for citizenship after five years＇residency.居住五年后方可申请公民资格。Only those who have a residency permit in the city can take the exam.按照规定，只有具备该市居住许可的人方可参加该考试。

Quarantinen.检疫，隔离，（政治或商业上的）封锁，检疫期间vt.鉴于，使在政治或商业上孤立Terminatev.停止，结束，终止

第一种： The vast majority of climate scientists think that the climate will become warmer and will have an adverse affect on our environment. we most likely wouldn"t be having this conversation. So, on the whole I support that we need to make some changes to avoid future problems.第二种： Global warming does not exist. The current change in weather patterns was forecast by the French in the early 1960"s. All their predictions are happening as stated. In fact the Earth is cooling down and there is an equalisation of temperature around the Earth. Global warming as portrayed by both the governmment and the media does not exist, but is a red herring to create more revenue via taxation. If people would do their own research they would see that the government is lying about these things because it produces fear among the people and that gives the government a greater grip on the people. Someday this will all be exposed for the con it is, but how long will we have to wait, and so many people will feel so foolish that they believed in global warning so easily. 希望帮到你！！！

Global warming is a growing problem in the world. Melting ice-caps in the Artics and Antartica, rising temperatures across the continents, increasing number of typhoons and tropical storms are just some of the effects of global warming. It must be realised that humans activities are the causes of global warming. The increasing levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) have rose at exponential rates. It is therefore our duty to save the earth. The task can be divided into a few levels: Individual level, national level and international level. Starting from the individual level, we can begin by minimising the amount of carbon dioxide by taking public transport instead of driving and using energy-efficient electrical appliances. At the national level, the government can probably limit the number of cars allowed on the roads by imposing fines on offenders and improving public transport systems. More trees can be planted too. Education to protect the environment should also be planned. At the international level, countries around the world can hold meetings and conferences and decide the steps to take to limit the CO2 levels. Economic sanctions can also be imposed on countries that have violated the rules. The Kyoto Protocol is one such example. It is important to cure the world, for the sake of ourselves and our descendants. We have to take action now.

We have only one earth; it"s our duty to protect the nature. But now the nature is getting worse and worse. It is necessary for us to

全球变暖会威胁人类的发展。

THE EARTH IS BECOMIG WARMER-BUT DOES ITMATTER?During the 20th century the temperature of the earth rose about onedegree Fahrenheit. That probably does not seem much to you or me, but it is arapid increase when compared to other natural changes. So how has this comeabout and does it matter? Earth care"s Sophie Armstrong explores thesequestions.There is no doubt that the earth isbecoming warmer(see Graph 1) and that it is human activity that has caused thisglobal warmig rather than a random but natural phenomenon.All scientists subscribe to the view that the increase in theearth"s temperature is due to the burning of fossil fuels like coal, naturalgas and oil to produce energy. Some byproducts of this process are called"greenhouse" gases, the most important one of which is carbondioxide. Dr Janice Foster explains: "There is a natural phenomenon thatscientists call the "greenhouse effect".This is when small amounts ofgases in the atmosphere, like carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour, trapheat from the sun and therefore warm the earth. Without the"greenhouse effectthe earth would be about thirty-threedegrees Celsciu cooler than it is. So, we need those gases. The problem beginswhen we add huge quantities of extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Itmeans that more heat energy tends to be trapped in the atmosphere causing theglobal temperature to go up.We know that the levels of carbon dioxide have increased greatlyover the last 100 to 150 years. It was a scientist called Charles Keeling, whomade accurate measurements of the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmospherefrom 1957 to 1997. He found that between these years the carbon dioxide in theatmosphere went up from around 315 parts to around 370 parts per million(seeGraph 2)All scientists accept this data. They also agree that it is theburning of more and more fossil fuels that has resulted in this increase incarbon dioxide. So how high will the temperature increase go? Dr Janice Fostersays that over the next 100 years the amount of warming could be as low as 1 to1.5 degrees Celsius, but it could be as high as 5 degrees.However, the attitude of scientists towards this rise in completelydifferent. On the one hand, Dr Foster thinks that the trend which increases thetemperature by 5 degrees would be a catastrophe. She says, " We can"tpredict the climate well enough to know what to expect, but it could be veryserious." Others who agree with her think there may be a rise of severalmetres in the sea level, or predict severe storms, floods, droughts, famines,the spread of diseases and the disappearance of species. On the other hand,there are those, like George Hambley, who are opposed to this view, believethat we should not worry about high levels of carbon dioxide in the air. Theypredict that any warming will be mild with few bad environmental consequences.In fact, Hambley states, "More carbon dioxide is actually a positivething. It will make plants grow quicker; crops will produce more; it willencourage a greater range of animals-all of which will make life for humanbeings better."Greenhouse gases continue to build up in the atmosphere. Even if westart reducing the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, theclimate is going to keep on warming for decades or centuries. No one knows theeffects of global warming. Does that mean we should do nothing? Or, are therisks too great?

选择：those解析：those 指代与上文同类的 people。〔参考译文〕 全球变暖不仅危及到发达国家的人民，也会危及到发展中国家的人民。

The Global Warming People around the world may feel that the climate has been getting steadily warmer and warmer in recent years.Places which used to be abundant in snowfall have frequently experienced snowfree(无雪的) winters.Drought lasts longer in some dry areas.People find that without air conditioners they could hardly work or fall asleep on hotter summer daysg. The side effects of global warming are alarminS.A warmer global climate melts the ice caps,raising sea levels.What is more,it disturbs weather patterns,causing droughts,severe storms,hurricanes (飓风).People suffer a lot from disasters relevant to global warming. To stop global warming we should make immediate and continual efforts.We hope the situation will soon change.Global warming catches and holds our concern,for it affects us and will affect our later generations.We cannot wait any longer.Do it.Do it right.Do it right now.

专有名词前面不用加the的。在这里global warming 就是一个专有名词。像China这个词的用法一样的呀，呵呵

the是定冠词,一般用于上文提到的事物;或上文为提到,但听话者一定知其所指的事物;也常用于天体,地点,方位,时间,比较级,最高级,序数词,集体名词,专有名词,物质名词前;当可数名词代表一类人或事物时也用the.二你说的college education可意为“大学教育”,不符合语法global warming固定用法,不加定冠词.动名词前可以加定冠词.定冠词the还可用在部分动名词前,即用在“do the（some）＋ V-ing”结构中.常见词组有：do the reading（看书）,do the cooking（做饭）,do the cleaning（打扫）,do the washing（洗衣服）等.例如：She often does the washing on Sundays．她常在星期天洗衣服.Do you usually do the cleaning?你经常打扫卫生吗?

Gbal 温暖是真正的和进行中。 主流科学公众舆论在全球性变暖变得更加清楚每day;change 在我们的气候是真正的并且他们是进行中Since 20 世纪的初期, 地球的卑鄙表面温度由大约1.1f(0.6 增加了摄氏度）．在过去40 年期间, 温度被0.5F(0.2-0.3 大约增加了摄氏度）Warming 在20 世纪任何时候是大于在过去400-600 年期间。 几年在20 世纪发生在90 年代由于一个最强的El Ninos.1998 的七十warmesi 是最热的年因为可靠的温度测量开始了。 另外, 变化在自然环境上支持使兴奋地球的事实; 山giaciers 后退; 冰在Arctic 丢失了大约40% 厚度过去四十年; 全球性海平面快速地上升了大约三次过去100 年与早先3,000 年比较; 有显示植物和动物改变他们的rangeandbehavior 以回应shifte 在气候研究的增加。

但愿我们还来得及 气温再升1度 地球走向不归路 愈来愈热 伦敦、台北将成海底城 地球万年冰河正在快速融化。极区冰帽一个个在海洋中消失，没有了极冰，北极地区的原住民发现他们赖以维生的动物一去不返，北极熊和海豹的栖息地相继消失，甚至有北极熊淹死。没有了冰河，亚洲和南美就没有了淡水。一切要从地球的两极出发，尤其南极。冰天雪地的南极有二千公里长，这里的冰如果全部融化，地球的海平面将上升80公尺，伦敦、纽约、雪梨，台北、曼谷都将变海底城。其实，全球所有大城市都会泡在海水里。征兆不少，例如「南极半岛」(从南极伸向南美南端的那段陆地)，气温过去50年来上升摄氏二度，是全球平均度的两倍。半岛上的冰河有87%正在消退。更重要的是南极冰棚每年平均变薄10公分。单是南极西侧冰棚融掉，全球海平面就可能上升5公尺。北极冰块过去20年薄了40%，目前估计每十年缩小8%，大约60年后，北极夏天将是无冰之地。夏季无冰，就不足以酝酿冬冰，恶性循环。冬冰不够，地球更暖。北极周边地带，如西伯利亚和阿拉斯加，已感觉到气温上升的冲击，冻原的永冻层开始缩小，冻原的南界逐渐往北撤退。冬季本来白雪耀目的阿尔卑斯山许多地方，今年要过一个「绿色耶诞」：无雪的耶诞。很多雪场为了吸引观光客，用造雪机来造雪。气温再上升1度 地球走向不归路 国航太总署 (NASA)的「哥达德太空研究所」说，今天的地球是一万年来最热的，人类已经走到一道关键门槛面前：温度只要再上升摄氏一度，地球就要走过不归路，变成我们不认识的另一个星球。过去30年，地球表面温度平均每十年上升摄氏0.2度，而高纬度地带暖化最快，尤其是邻近北极的西伯利亚和北美北缘。要是维持今天的二氧化碳排放速率，过不了多久，高纬地带的生态系统就要开始崩坏不可收拾，然后带著全球走上不归路。用实际的气候变化来说，比较可解：1982年开始卫星观察以来，西伯利亚春季提早两天，阿拉斯加则比1950年提早二周。芬兰暖冬 候鸟昏头不南飞 北欧国家芬兰今年十二月气候异常温暖，把许多鸟类都搞糊涂了。专家指出，早该南飞过冬的候鸟不但有许多还逗留在当地，有的甚至飞走后又飞了回来。还有不少小鸟误以为现在是春季，提早好几个月大唱求偶之歌。●绣眼画眉还在繁殖●温度高病媒蚊不死●蟒蛇蠕动忘了冬眠●近来每10年增加0.24度●病原增加植物易死台湾夏天 可能飙到40度「全球暖化，台湾完全不能幸免！」台湾大学大气科学系教授许晃雄忧心忡忡地说。他表示，过去100年全球平均温度上升了0.6度，未来的100年（到2100年），会因暖化速度加快，全球平均温度会快速上升1.5至5.8度，温度上升的速度增为3到10倍。其中，台湾的平均温度又比全球平均温度，再高出1至1.4度。台湾的暖化现象，不只发生在都会区，连玉山、东吉岛等无明显开发地区，也有显著的暖化现象。许晃雄说，温度上升，会影响天气，让天气产生变化。台风多，雨量大，有些地区会发生水灾，或是不下雨造成干旱，海平面上升，台湾西部沿海低洼地区海水倒灌，也会影响到自然生态。他估计，台湾夏季高温的天数会愈来愈多，秋天、冬天会不冷，冬天冷的天数会减少。夏季高温会从以往的28度、38度，未来更可能会飙到40度以上。民众要注意热衰竭的问题，但冬衣可能卖不出去。许晃雄表示，2003年的热浪，让欧洲地区三万多个老先生、老太太因热衰竭而死亡。台湾地区天气炎热，民众虽可以躲进冷气房，没有直接威胁，但仍是警讯。何况，冷气开愈多，代表燃媒、石油燃烧愈多，人类制造的温室气体愈多，全球暖化的问题会愈严重。

百度一下把 去文库里面

My suggested answer: Global warming is a growing problem in the world. Melting ice-caps in the Artics and Antartica, rising temperatures across the continents, increasing number of typhoons and tropical storms are just some of the effects of global warming. It must be realised that humans activities are the causes of global warming. The increasing levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) have rose at exponential rates. It is therefore our duty to save the earth. The task can be divided into a few levels: Individual level, national level and international level. Starting from the individual level, we can begin by minimising the amount of carbon dioxide by taking public transport instead of driving and using energy-efficient electrical appliances. At the national level, the government can probably limit the number of cars allowed on the roads by imposing fines on offenders and improving public transport systems. More trees can be planted too. Education to protect the environment should also be planned. At the international level, countries around the world can hold meetings and conferences and decide the steps to take to limit the CO2 levels. Economic sanctions can also be imposed on countries that have violated the rules. The Kyoto Protocol is one such example. It is important to cure the world, for the sake of ourselves and our descendants. We have to take action now.

　　您好，很高兴为您解答，不知道您要的是不是这篇文章的翻译。 THE EARTH IS BECOMING WARMER — BUT DOES IT MATTER? 全球在变暖一一这会带来什么影响吗? During the 20th century the temperature of the earth rose about one degree Fahrenheit. 在20世纪期间,地球温度大约升了华氏1度。That probably does not seem much to you or me, but it is a rapid increase when compared to other natural changes.这个数值对你我来说很可能是无所谓的,但是跟其他自然变化相比较而言,这却是一种快速的增长。So how has this come about and does it matter? Earth Care"s Sophie Armstrong explores these questions.那么,这种温度的增长是怎么产生的呢?会产生什么影响 呢? “关爱地球”组织的索菲·阿姆斯特朗就在探究这些问题。 There is no doubt that the earth is becoming warmer and that it is human activity that has caused this global warming rather than a random but natural phenomenon.毫无疑问,地球是在变暖 ,而地球变暖正是人类活动导致而成的,并非是一种无规律的自然现象。 All scientists subscribe to the view that the increase in the earth"s temperature is due to the burning of fossil fuels like coal, natural gas and oil to produce energy. Some byproducts of this process are called "greenhouse" gases, the most important one of which is carbon dioxide. Dr Janice Foster explains: "There is a natural phenomenon that scientists call the "greenhouse effect". This is when small amounts of gases in the atmosphere, like carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour, trap heat from the sun and therefore warm the earth. Without the "greenhouse effect", the earth would be about thirty-three degrees Celsius cooler than it is. So, we need those gases. The problem begins when we add huge quantities of extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. It means that more heat energy tends to be trapped in the atmosphere causing the global temperature to go up."所有的科学家赞同这种观点:人们为了生产能量而燃烧化石燃料(如煤、天然气和石油等) ,从而引起了地球温度的升高。这个升温过程的一些副产品就叫做"温室"气体,其中最重要的就是二氧化碳。贾尼丝·福斯特博士解释说"有一种科学家称之为‘温室效应"的自然现象。这种现象发生在大气层中少量的气体(如二氧化碳、甲皖、水蒸汽等)吸收太阳的热量,因而使地球变暖。如果没有这种‘温室效应",地球的温度将比现在的温度还要低33摄氏度左右。因此,我们需要这些气体。当我们在大气层中增加了大量额外的二氧化碳时,问题就来了。这意味着更多的热量被困在大气层中,从而引起全球温度上升。" We know that the levels of carbon dioxide have increased greatly over the last 100 to 150 years. It was a scientist called Charles Keeling, who made accurate measurements of the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from 1957 to 1997. He found that between these years the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere went up from around 315 parts to around 370 parts per million.我们知道,在过去100-150年期间,二氧化碳的含量急剧增加了。有一位名叫查尔斯·基林的科学家曾经把1957-1997年期间大气层中二氧化碳的含量作了精确的统计。他发现,在这些年里,大气层中 的二氧化碳含量从315/1000 000上升到370/1000 0000 All scientists accept this data. They also agree that it is the burning of more and more fossil fuels that has resulted in this increase in carbon dioxide. So how high will the temperature increase go? Dr Janice Foster says that over the next 100 years the amount of warming could be as low as 1 to 1,5 degrees Celsius, but it could be as high as 5 degrees.所有科学家都接受这个数据。他们还赞同下述观点,正是由于越来越多燃烧化石燃料导致了二氧化碳的增加。那么气温会升到多高?福斯特博士说,在今后的100年里,全球变暖的量可能低到1-1.5摄氏度, 但是也有可能高达5摄氏度。 However, the attitude of scientists towards this rise is completely different. On the one hand, Dr Foster thinks that the trend which increases the temperature by 5 degrees would be a catastrophe. She says, "We can"t predict the climate well enough to know what to expect, but it could be very serious." Others who agree with her think there may be a rise of several metres in the sea level, or predict severe storms, floods, droughts, famines, the spread of diseases and the disappearance of species. On the other hand, there are those, like George Hambley, who are opposed to this view, believe that we should not worry about high levels of carbon dioxide in the air. They predict that any warming will be mild with few bad environmental consequences. In fact, Hambley states, "More carbon dioxide is actually a positive thing. It will make plants grow quicker; crops will produce more; it will encourage a greater range of animals — all of which will make life for human beings better."然而,科学家们在对待升温的态度上却是大不相同的。一方面,福斯特博士认为气温升高5度的趋势可能是一场大灾难,她说"对于未来的气候,我们不可能作出精确的预测,但是那时的天气可能是很糟糕的。"同意她的观点的其他科学家认为,全球变暖会导致海平面上升好几米:也有人预言会出现严重的风暴、洪涝、干旱、饥荒、疫病和物种的绝灭。在另一方面,还有一些人,像科学家乔治·汉布利,反对上面的观点,他们认为我们不必担心空气中会有高含量的二氧化碳。他们预言说,变暖的情况不会很严重,对环境的影响也不会太坏。汉布利实际是这样说的: Greenhouse gases continue to build up in the atmosphere. Even if we start reducing the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, the climate is going to keep on warming for decades or centuries. No one knows the effects of global warming. Does that mean we should do nothing? Or, are the risks too great?"二氧化碳含量的增加实际上是件好事,它使植物成长更快,庄稼产量更高,还会促进动物的生长一一所有这些都能改善人类的生活。" 温室气体继续在大气层中聚集。即使我们开始减少二氧化碳和其他温室气体的含量,在(未来)几十 年或几个世纪内,气候仍会持续转暖。没有人知道全球变暖会带来什么样的影响。这是不是意味着我们就不必采取任何措施昵?还是说,这样不采取任何措施危险性会很大呢?

是什么原因导致全球变暖？我们开始在整个世界里看什么是真正导致全球变暖和全球变暖所带来的影响?.全球变暖的严重影响气委会表示，全球变暖这样严重的影响已开始. 在21世纪及以后的全球变暖的影响，预计将是灾难性的，根据2007年4月6日气候变化的科学家小组发出的全球领先的科学总结报告，许多这些变化已在进行之中。全球变暖的影响是在每一个地区和社会各级, 地球上没有任何人能逃脱它的后果。因此，在某种意义上，这成为一个全球性的责任.报告结果，包括： 预测的气候变化可能影响到千百万人。热浪，洪水，暴风雨，火灾和干旱将导致死亡，疾病和其他危害增加。全球变暖也将导致更多的死亡是由于营养不良，疾病引起的腹泻，心肺疾病相关的高浓度的地面臭氧，和更广泛的分布，由昆虫传播的疾病，啮齿动物，等。由于海平面上升数百万人预计在危险的沿海洪水中，尤其是在人口密集和低洼区已经面临的其他挑战，如飓风和热带风暴约有20 - 30%的植物和动物物种评估迄今可能是更高的灭绝风险增加全球平均温度超过1.5 - 2.5摄氏度。全球平均温度已经上升了约0.74摄氏度超过工业化前水平。 当然在目前的世纪，水上用品存放在冰川与积雪，预计将下降，减少水供应的地区所提供的融水主要山脉，那里有超过六分之一的世界人口目前生活。例如，冰川退缩在喜马拉雅山脉会破坏下游的水供应，这将影响数以亿计的人在印度，中国，尼泊尔和不丹。 到2020年，75-250百万非洲人民将面临水资源短缺是由于气候变化。 在同一时期，在一些非洲国家的雨养农业的产量，可以减少50％。 拉丁美洲面临着在温度升高，土壤水分导致部分亚马孙地区的热带稀树草原与热带雨林逐渐取代跌幅世纪中叶显着的生物多样性损失的风险。 迫切需要采取行动，减少全球变暖 全球气温上升可能带来一些暂时的利益，据报道，最值得注意的是增加粮食生产由于更多的降雨和较长的生长季节在高纬度和更少的死亡与冷天气。但科学家希望这些短期利益是压倒了更多的干旱，洪水，水资源短缺和饥饿在其他地区以及更多的死亡和疾病。现在很清楚，我们都归咎於过去50年气候变暖，这已经造成了不利的变化对我们这个星球，”凯瑟琳说皮尔斯，气候活动家国际地球之友。“除非我们采取行动减少排放量，更糟糕的还在后头，谴责数百万在世界最贫穷的地区损失的生命，生计和家庭。气候变化不再是一个环境问题。这是一个迫在眉睫的人道主义灾难的威胁，最终我们的全球安全和生存减缓，适应和可持续发展 缓解个人，行业和政府可能能够阻止或减少一些对全球变暖的预期效果，根据IPCC(委员会)报告，但没有缓解的金额将防止在未来的影响大部分发生在报告中概述几十年。人类，其他物种一样，必须适应不断变化的世界。同时，该报告是很清楚的，不折不扣的“气候变化将在长期，可能超出自然的能力，管理和人类系统的适应” 缓解个人，行业和政府可能能够阻止或减少一些对全球变暖的预期效果，根据IPCC(委员会)报告，但没有缓解的金额将防止在未来的影响大部分发生在报告中概述几十年。人类，其他物种一样，必须适应不断变化的世界。同时，该报告是很清楚的，不折不扣的“气候变化将在长期，可能超出自然的能力，管理和人类系统的适应” 可持续发展也可以帮助限制全球气候变暖的影响，最有可能受到严重影响的地区，通过减少人的脆弱性和增加对这些地区的人生活在那里的适应性。不幸的是，可持续发展是没有得到广泛的实践和发展计划但是，全球变暖是不是一个静态的目标。气候变化继续增加，随着时间的推移，其影响不断积累和产生更加深远的影响。因此，我们的能力，以实现有效的减缓，适应和可持续发展，通过这些措施是为了帮助缓解全球变暖的影响可能会被削弱。解决这些全球性问题，需要发达国家的投资增加与全球结合的更加积极的努力这样可以么？

global warmingPeople around the world may feel that the climate has been getting steadily warmer and warmer in recent years. Places which used to be abundant in snowfall have frequently experienced snowfree(无雪的) winters. Drought lasts longer in some dry areas. People find that without air conditioners they could hardly work or fall asleep on hotter summer daysg.　　The side effects of global warming are alarminS. A warmer global climate melts the ice caps, raising sea levels. What is more, it disturbs weather patterns, causing droughts, severe storms, hurricanes (飓风). People suffer a lot from disasters relevant to global warming.To stop global warming we should make immediate and continual efforts. We hope the situation will soon change. Global warming catches and holds our concern, for it affects us and will affect our later generations. We cannot wait any longer. Do it. Do it right. Do it right now.

Let me start with a few statements to indicate where I am coming from.First, the theory and evidence that I have seen all seems to strongly suggest that human-related emissions of carbon into the atmosphere is causing, and will in the future cause, significant global warming.Second, this global warming is on such a scale that it will wreak havoc on both poor and rich countries. It could even make large sections of the earth uninhabitable.Third, the costs of abatement are large.Therefore the decision to curtail emissions is a very serious one and it is clear that these decisions will also cause hardship in poor and in rich countries.Fourth, despite these high costs, the time has passed that policy makers should still be acting on the null hypothesis that global warming will not occur.Choice of nullHere I come to the first use of economics. It turns out that this point is central to current US policy. As I see it, current US policy is that the Federal Government should do continued research to ascertain the extent of global warming and its future path and the policy tree is to take future action only if the findings of this research are sufficiently conclusive.In the event of the findings being sufficiently conclusive, we should take serious corrective action to curtail our own emissions and also to participate in international treaties regarding abatement of emissions.An alternative null hypothesis—that global warming is already occurring—could be the basis of our policy. Were that to be the case, this alternative hypothesis would cause our policy to be very different : in this case we should be taking active steps now to curb emissions and to participate in international treaties to curb it.Which of these two null hypotheses guides our policy should be determined by the relative costs and benefits and the relative probabilities of the two hypotheses.The losses from failing to address global warming if it does occur are truly enormous. Even more serious, the effects are also irreversible. In contrast, the losses from addressing global warming, if it does not occur or if it is not very serious, are not enormous and the losses from addressing the problem are only very large. In addition, it seems that the likelihood of global warming with serious impacts on large segments of the planet seems now to be very high.If we add up the relative economic costs and benefits and weight them by their respective probabilities, that seems to show that we should definitely be acting on the presumption that global warming is going to occur.The unavoidable conclusion is that the current US administration and the US Congress have made the wrong call.We should be acting to curb it and we should be engaging in international co-operation to do so. And even those who have very serious doubts about whether global warming is occurring should still believe that we should be taking precautions against it. Economic remedy The second topic that I want to address is how we should fight global warming.Economic theory gives a simple natural way to fight global warming, which is to have escalating taxes on carbon emissions. There is a simple reason why this is the ideal remedy : carbon emissions into the atmosphere constitute a nuisance to everybody on the planet.People should be taxed to pay a penalty equal to the value of the nuisance that they cause. In this way people who value their emissions more than the nuisance they cause will make those emissions and they will pay the tax. People whose emissions are not valued as much as the nuisance they cause will curb them and will not pay the tax. Thus with such a tax, emissions will be curbed insofar as the nuisance they create exceeds their benefits.The economics here is as simple and straightforward as economics ever gets. It would be hard to find any economist who would disagree.It may also be worthwhile noting that this may be one place where economistsu2019 judgments may be different from that of other professionals. We economists tend to be fairly optimistic about the effects of prices or taxes on peopleu2019s behavior. So the size of the tax necessary to reduce these emissions may be large, but perhaps not extremely large.The reason for that is that we think that over fairly long periods of time that people are fairly responsive to changes in prices. In addition, there will be substitution of nuclear and other non-carbon forms of electricity generation.Steve Chuu2019s talk gave some indication as to how large these taxes would have to be to get important shifts even with current technology to carbon-free generation of electricity.With a carbon-tax people will switch to smaller and more fuel-efficient methods of transport. With sufficient time for innovation and a tax that is sufficiently high there will be other innovations as well. There are also possible innovations in carbon sequestration.A further recommendation from standard economics is that there should be large-scale government support for research into new technology that will reduce carbon emissions.However, this research must be supported by incentives to develop such technology further and put it in place.But it is important to note that the new technology will not and cannot be successful unless the appropriate incentives for its use are put into place : you may create the most beautiful inventions, but unless it pays people to use them, they wonu2019t.So we need a carbon tax or something like it to provide such incentives.Finally, because much of the use of energy involves networks of people who are doing the same thing, initial technologies may need some extra push from governmental subsidy and governmental regulations.Thus the economics of what should be done is fairly simple -- sufficiently simple, in fact, that it can be easily taught as an application of standard economic principles in a first-year undergraduate course. But it turns out that getting people to follow these economic principles is very difficult indeed.I have seen this at first hand at Congressional testimony given by my wife, who was the Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers from 1997 to 1999. It was her job to represent the economic case of the Clinton Administration as to why the Congress should support the Kyoto Treaty.The Congress-people were not willing to vote for this because they felt that the costs of supporting Kyoto were too high relative to the benefits. In a nutshell they were afraid that their constituents would rebel against the increases in the prices that would accompany reductions in carbon emissions called for in the Kyoto Accords.The moral basis of policyIn retrospect I think that the argument for the carbon tax has been pitched in the wrong way and at the wrong level.The Clinton Administration framed its argument in terms of costs and benefits, but instead, the issue of global warming needs to be phrased in moral terms. Phrasing it in moral terms should also be the stance for international agreements. The morality of it is fairly easy : if somebody does not do anything about global warming, the climate of the earth is likely to change drastically, with severe harm to future generations. Carbon emissions are the cause of this global warming. Therefore it is immoral for any country, any industrial entity, or any person to contribute more than her fair share to this nuisance.It is like a case of stealing. By adding more carbon to the atmosphere than our fair share, we are taking more than what rightfully belongs to us. We should not feel entitled to that any more than we would feel entitled to enter uninvited into our neighborsu2019 house and partake of the dinner sitting on the table for their family.Whether or not we should do that is not a question of costs and benefits and even less should it be a question of our costs and ourbenefits.It is a question of basic right and wrong.Opportunity for China I would like to make a suggestion to the Chinese delegation regarding the stance that they should take toward global warming. I do not think that you should look to the United States to take the lead before you take your own stance on global warming. China is the rising economic star. China is also the rising star on the stage of world leadership.World leadership should be given not to countries because they are rich and powerful. It should be given to countries that have a moral commitment to do what is humanitarian and right.Global warming is one such area. It is an area where the US especially has abdicated what is right for what is expedient. This is an opportunity, perhaps at not even very great cost, for China to assert its moral authority.It is a good place to begin the assertion of world leadership that China will increasingly take as this century progresses.

Global warming is the observed increase in the average temperature of the Earth"s atmosphere and oce in recent decades. The Earth"s average near-surface atmospheric temperature rose 0.6 ± 0.2 °Celsius (1.1 ± 0.4 °Fahrenheit) in the 20th century. The prevailing scientific opinion on climate change is that "most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities"[1]. The increased amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) are the primary causes of the human-induced ponent of warming. They are released by the burning of fossil fuels land clearing and agriculture e and lead to an increase in the greenhouse effect. The first speculation that a greenhouse effect might occur was by the Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius in 1897 although it did not bee a topic of popular debate until some 90 years later. [2] The measure of the response to increased GHGs and other anthropogenic and natural climate forcings is climate sensitivity. It is found by observational [3] and model studies. This sensitivity is usually expressed in terms of the temperature response expected from a doubling of CO2 in the atmosphere. The current literature estimates sensitivity in the range 1.5–4.5 °C (2.7–8.1 °F). Models referenced by the Interernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) project that global temperatures may increase beeen 1.4 and 5.8 °C (2.5 to 10.5 °F) beeen 1990 and 2100. The uncertainty in this range results from both the difficulty of estimating the volume of future greenhouse gas emissions and uncertainty about climate sensitivity. An increase in global temperatures can in turn cause other changes including a rising sea level and changes in the amount and pattern of precipitation. These changes may increase the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as floods droughts heat waves hurricanes and tornados. Other consequences include higher or lower agricultural yields glacial retreat reduced summer streamflows species extinctions and increases in the ranges of disease vectors. Warming is expected to affect the number and magnitude of these events; however it is difficult to connect particular events to global warming. Although most studies focus on the period up to 2100 warming (and sea level rise due to thermal expion) is expected to continue past then since CO2 has an estimated atmospheric lifetime of 50 to 200 years. [4]. Only a *** all minority of climate scientists discount the role that humanity"s actions have played in recent warming. However the uncertainty is more significant regarding how much climate change should be expected in the future and there is a hotly contested political and public debate over what if anything should be done to reduce or reverse future warming and how to deal with the predicted consequences. Global warming is the observed increase in the average temperature of the Earth"s atmosphere and oce in recent decades. （以上句子系由维基copy的） stopglobalwarming/sgw_learnmore What is Global Warming? The Earth as an ecosystem is changing attributable in great part to the effects of globalization and man. More carbon dioxide is now in the atmosphere than has been in the past 650 000 years. This carbon stays in the atmosphere acts like a warm blanket and holds in the heat — hence the name ‘global warming." 以下是自己打的: Greenhouse gases (e.g. carbon dioxide) trap the sun"s energy as heat therefore when the amount of greenhouse gases increase the Eath"s surface bees warmer and warmer. It is known as the global warming. Global warming is the Earth getting warmer and warmer. 参考: me

全球暖化有好多成因，而最大的成因就系温室效应。 "温室效应"是指地球大气层上的一种物理特性。假若没有大气层，地球表面的平均温度不会是现在 合宜的15℃，而是十分低的-18℃。这温度上的差别是由于一类名为温室气体所引致，这些气体吸收红外线辐射而影响到地球整 体的能量平衡。在现况中，地面和大气层在整体上吸收太阳辐射后能平衡于释放红外线辐射到太空外(图一)。但受到温室气体的 影响，大气层吸收红外线辐射的份量多过它释放出到太空外，这使地球表面温度上升，此过程可称为‘天然的温室效应"。但由 于人类活动释放出大量的温室气体，结果让更多红外线辐射被折返到地面上，加强了‘温室效应"的作用。 温室气体占大气层不足1%。其总浓度需视乎各‘源"和‘汇"的平衡结果。‘源"是指某些化学或物理过程使到温室气体浓 度增加，相反‘汇"是令其减少。人类的活动可直接影响各种温室气体的‘源"和‘汇"而因此改变了其浓度。 大气层中主要的温室气体可有二氧化碳(CO2)，甲烷(CH4)，一氧化二氮(N2O)，氯氟碳 化合物(CFCs)及臭氧(O3)。大气层中的水气(H2O)虽然是‘天然温室效应"的主要原因，但普遍认为它 的成份并不直接受人类活动所影响。表一显示了一些温室气体的特性。 各种温室气体对地球的能量平衡有不同程度的影响。为了帮助决策者能量度各种温室气体对地球变暖的影响，‘跨 *** 气候转变 委员会" (Interernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC)在1990年的报告中引入‘全球变暖潜能"的概念。‘全球变暖潜能" 是反映温室气体的相对强度，其定义是指某一单位质量的温室气体在一定时间内相对于CO2的累积辐射力*。表二列出 ‘跨 *** 气候转变委员会"报告内一些温室气体的‘全球变暖潜能"。对气候转变的影响来说，‘全球变暖潜能"的指数已考虑到 各温室气体在大气层中的存留时间与及其吸收辐射的能力。在计算‘全球变暖潜能"的时候，是需要明了各温室气体在大气层中的 演变情况(通常不太了解)和它们在大气层的余量所产生的辐射力(比较清楚知道)。因此，‘全球变暖潜能"含有一些不确定因素， 以CO2作为相对比较，一般约在±35%。 *辐射力的定义是由 于太阳或红外线辐射份量的转变而引致对流层顶部的平均辐射改变。辐射力影响了地球吸收和释放辐射的平衡。正值的辐射力会使地球 表面变暖，负值的辐射力使地球表面变凉。 温室气体浓度的转变 i) 二氧化碳(CO2) 夏威夷的冒纳罗亚观象台在1958年已开始对大气层CO2浓度作仔细量度。CO2每年平均浓度由1958年约315ppmv(百万份之一体积)升至1997年约363ppmv。冒纳罗亚观象台的数据亦反映了每年在北半球因为植 物呼吸作用而产生的周期变化：CO2浓度在秋冬季时增加而在春夏季时减少。与北半球比较，这种随着植物生长及凋萎 的CO2浓度周年变化在南半球的出现时间是刚刚相反，而且变化幅度较小，这种现象在赤度附近地区则完全看不到。 ii) 甲烷(CH4) CH4在大气层中的增长速度已在近十年减少下来，尤其在1991至1992年间有明显的下降，但在1993年后期亦有 些增长。1980至1990的平均增长速度是每年13ppbv(十亿份之一体积)。 iii) 一氧化二氮(N2O) 从过往40年间，N2O的平均升幅是每年0.25%(见图四)。现时在对 流层的N2O浓度在312到314ppbv左右。 iv) 氯氟碳化合物(CFCs) 在各种氯氟碳化合物中 以CFC-11及CFC-12较为重要，因为其浓度比较高与及它们对平流层内的O3有很大影响。 在多种人造的氯氟碳化合物中，以CFC-11及CFC-12的浓度最高，分别约为0.27及0.55ppbv(量度于冒纳罗亚观象台 1997 见图五 和六)。从它们的‘全球变暖潜能"数值，显示这两种气体吸收红外线辐射的能力相当高，估计在八十年代期间除了CO2以 外，CFC-11及CFC-12在所有温室气体中对辐射力的影响已占了三份之一。 温室效应同全球暖化(global warming)的关系 温室气体浓度的增加会减少红外线辐射放射到太空外，地球的气候因此需要转变来使吸取和释放辐射的份量达至新的平衡。 这转变可包括‘全球性"的地球表面及大气低层变暖，因为这样可以将过剩的辐射排放出外。虽然如此，地球表面温度的少许 上升可能会引发其他的变动，例如：大气层云量及环流的转变。当中某些转变可使地面变暖加剧(正反馈)，某些则可令变暖过 程减慢(负反馈)。 参考: o/wxinfo/climat/greenhs/c_grnhse 室效应"是指地球大气层上的一种物理特性。地球表由大气层所包围，就像温室的透明玻璃，在阳光照射地球时，有防止地面温度、湿度散失的功能，使地面温度不会下降太快，地表年均温因此能保持 150C 左右 这温度上的差别是由于一类名为温室气体所引致，这些气体吸收红外线辐射而影响到地球整 体的能量平衡。在现况中，地面和大气层在整体上吸收太阳辐射后能平衡于释放红外线辐射到太空外。但受到温室气体的 影响，大气层吸收红外线辐射的份量多过它释放出到太空外，这使地球表面温度上升，此过程可称为‘天然的温室效应"。但由 于人类活动释放出大量的温室气体，结果让更多红外线辐射被折返到地面上，加强了‘温室效应"的作用。 温室气体种类 温室气体占大气层不足1%。其总浓度需视乎各‘源"和‘汇"的平衡结果。‘源"是指某些化学或物理过程使到温室气体浓 度增加，相反‘汇"是令其减少。人类的活动可直接影响各种温室气体的‘源"和‘汇"而因此改变了其浓度。 大气层中主要的温室气体可有二氧化碳(CO2)，甲烷(CH4)，一氧化二氮(N2O)，氯氟碳 化合物(CFCs)及臭氧(O3)。大气层中的水气(H2O)虽然是‘天然温室效应"的主要原因，但普遍认为它 的成份并不直接受人类活动所影响。表一显示了一些温室气体的特性。 ‘全球变暖潜能"(Global Warming Potential) 各种温室气体对地球的能量平衡有不同程度的影响。为了帮助决策者能量度各种温室气体对地球变暖的影响，‘跨 *** 气候转变 委员会" (Interernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC)在1990年的报告中引入‘全球变暖潜能"的概念。‘全球变暖潜能" 是反映温室气体的相对强度，其定义是指某一单位质量的温室气体在一定时间内相对于CO2的累积辐射力*。表二列出 ‘跨 *** 气候转变委员会"报告内一些温室气体的‘全球变暖潜能"。 对气候转变的影响来说，‘全球变暖潜能"的指数已考虑到 各温室气体在大气层中的存留时间与及其吸收辐射的能力。在计算‘全球变暖潜能"的时候，是需要明了各温室气体在大气层中的 演变情况(通常不太了解)和它们在大气层的余量所产生的辐射力。因此，全球变暖潜能"含有一些不确定因素， 以CO2作为相对比较，一般约在±35%。 、过度的温室效应会使到: i) 气候转变：‘全球变暖" 温室气体浓度的增加会减少红外线辐射放射到太空外，地球的气候因此需要转变来使吸取和释放辐射的份量达至新的平衡。 这转变可包括‘全球性"的地球表面及大气低层变暖，因为这样可以将过剩的辐射排放出外。虽然如此，地球表面温度的少许 上升可能会引发其他的变动，例如：大气层云量及环流的转变。当中某些转变可使地面变暖加剧(正反馈)，某些则可令变暖过 程减慢(负反馈)。 利用复杂的气候模式，‘ *** 间气候变化专门委员会"在第三份评估报告估计全球的地面平均气温会在2100年上升1.4至5.8度。这预计已考虑到大气 层中悬浮粒子倾于对地球气候降温的效应与及海洋吸收热能的作用 (海洋有较大的热容量)。但是，还有很多未确定的因素会影响 这个推算结果，例如：未来温室气体排放量的预计、对气候转变的各种反馈过程和海洋吸热的幅度等等。 ii) 海平面升高 假若‘全球变暖"正在发生，有两种过程会导致海平面升高。第一种是海水受热膨胀令水平面上升。第二种是冰川和格陵兰及南 极洲上的冰块溶解使海洋水份增加。预期由1900年至2100年地球的平均海平面上升幅度介乎0.09米至0.88米之间。 对人类生活的潜在影响 i) 经济的影响 全球有超过一半人口居住在沿海100公里的范围以内，其中大部份住在海港 附近的城市区域。所以，海平面的显著上升对沿岸低洼地区及海岛会造成严重的经济损害，例如：加速沿岸沙滩被海水的冲蚀、 地下淡水被上升的海水推向更远的内陆地方。 ii) 农业的影响 实验证明在CO2高浓度的环境下，植物会生长得更快速和高大。但是，‘全球变暖"的结果可会影响大气环流，继 而改变全球的雨量分布与及各大洲表面土壤的含水量。由于未能清楚了解‘全球变暖"对各地区性气候的影响，以致对植物生态所 产生的转变亦未能确定。 iii) 海洋生态的影响 沿岸沼泽地区消失肯定会令鱼类，尤其是贝壳类的数量减少。河口水质变咸可会减少淡水鱼的品种数目，相反该地区海洋鱼类的 品种也可能相对增多。至于整体海洋生态所受的影响仍未能清楚知道。 iv) 水循环的影响 全球降雨量可能会增加。但是，地区性降雨量的改变则仍未知道。某些地区可有更多雨量，但有些地区的雨量可能会减少。此外 ，温度的提高会增加水份的蒸发，这对地面上水源的运用带来压力。 结论 影响地表温度的其中一个因素是地面对太阳辐射的反射。例如森林绿地的被破 坏，使得光合作用吸收二氧化碳的量变少，大气中二氧化碳的浓度也相对增加，所以 我们更应该重视绿色植物的保护。除此之外，在高空大气中的臭氧受到氮、氯氧化物 的破坏，会让能伤害生物的紫外线透过大气，进而影响到地球上的生活环境。 作为推进燃料和冷冻剂的氟氯碳化物分解出氯的氧化物，在分解时吸收了红外线 辐射，造成温室效应。这些都是影响气候最主要的因素，这些因素都与人类的活动有 关。我们应该尽可能的把日常生活中不知不觉形成影响气候的因素，设法减至最低。 1997年联合国气候变化纲要公约缔约国于日本东京召开第三次缔约国大会时拟 订的管制协议，称为『京都议定书』，这个协定在2005年2 月16 号正式生效，为的 是管制六种温室气体（二氧化碳、甲烷、氧化亚氮、氟化烃、全氟化碳、六氟化硫） 的排放量，期望在公元2008至2012年的期限间，将六种温室气体平均的排放量减至 到比1990年排放量低5.2%的水平 参考: inter 全球暖化指的是在一段时间中，地球的大气和海洋温度上升的现象， 主要是指人为因素造成的温度上升，原因很可能是由于温室气体排放过多造成的。 在20世纪，全球平均接近地面的大气层温度上升了摄氏0.6度。 普遍来说，科学界认为过去五十年可观察的气候改变很可能是由人类活动所推动。 二氧化碳和其他温室气体的含量不断增加，正是全球变暖的人为因素中主要部分。 燃烧化石燃料、清理林木和耕作等等都增强了温室效应。 第一次怀疑温室效应会发生的观测是瑞典化学家阿累尼乌斯在1897年所做的。 虽然当时没有引发公众讨论，但是事隔90年，终于成了公众关注的问题。 目前全球平均温度的变化，几乎和二氧化碳含量的变化是同步上升的， 从工业革命开始，二氧化碳的含量急剧增加， 虽然植物的光合作用吸收了很大一部分二氧化碳， 海洋也溶解一部分二氧化碳并固定成碳酸钙，但空气中二氧化碳的含量还是逐步增加。 根据美国维珍尼亚大学和英国东安格里亚大学联合研究的结果， 在进入20世纪后半叶，全球温度上升的趋势非常明显，温度变化情况见下图。 全球暖化指的是在一段时间中，地球的大气和海洋温度上升的现象，主要是指人为因素造成的温度上升，原因很可能是由于温室气体排放过多造成的。 美国加利福尼亚大学的科学家在太平洋中央夏威夷的莫劳岛上设立4个7公尺高和一个27公尺高的采样塔，每小时采样4次，分析二氧化碳的变化情况。（如右图） 目前全球平均温度的变化，几乎和二氧化碳含量的变化是同步上升的，从工业革命开始，二氧化碳的含量急剧增加，虽然植物的光合作用吸收了很大一部分二氧化碳，海洋也溶解一部分二氧化碳并固定成碳酸钙，但空气中二氧化碳的含量还是逐步增加。根据美国维吉尼亚大学和英国东英吉利亚大学联合研究的结果，在进入20世纪后半叶，全球温度上升的趋势非常明显，温度变化情况见下图 ============= 造成的影响 一千年内北半球温度变化趋势（1000年-1950年每50年一刻度，1950-2000每10年一刻度）由于海洋温度增加，南极和北极的冰川会加速融化，导致海平面上升，会淹没沿海低海拔地区，例如大洋洲岛国图瓦鲁已被水淹没。全世界有3/4的人口居住在离海岸线不足500公里的地方，陆地面积缩小会极大地影响人类居住环境，甚至可能导致战争。 由于海洋温度增加，水蒸发加快，导致暴雨增加，水灾会更加频繁，水灾面积扩大，水土流失严重。 由于大气温度升高，导致热带传染病向高纬扩散，目前已有热带传染病扩散的迹象。 由于大气温度升高，令蒸发率上升，导致内陆地区沙漠化加速，沙漠有扩大的危险。 虽然由于温度升高，有部分动植物会加快繁殖，但整个生物多样化会受到威胁，许多物种会加速灭绝的步伐。 由于两极冰山崩塌，北欧、南美近极地的地方温度反而会迅速下降，会严重影响当地生态系统，造成不可逆的变化。 全球暖化可能极大地影响人类生存环境，人类应该起码将自己对全球暖化的贡献降到最低程度，尽量减缓全球暖化的趋势。

就是北极冰川融化，全球气温持续上升

您好亲！是的，global warming是合成词。合成词是由两个或多个单词组合而成的新词，其中每个单词都保留了其基本含义。在这种情况下，global表示整个地球，warming表示温暖化。合成词可以直接被用作一个单词，在语言中比单个词汇更具描述性，也更加精确。希望能够帮到您，谢谢！

global warming 全球变暖双语例句1.We do not fight global warming because it is futile to do so. 我们不对付全球变暖的斗争，因为以这样做是徒劳的。2.There is no equality and diversity in global warming – in the world today we have “equality in adversity”. 在全球变暖中没有平等性和多样性-在当今的世界，我们有“在逆境中的平等”。

全球变暖。Global warming 是指地球表面平均温度持续上升的现象，主要是由于人类活动排放温室气体导致的。自 20 世纪中叶以来，地球表面平均温度上升了 0.6 摄氏度，并且上升趋势仍在持续。全球变暖对人类、动物和植物的生存都带来了很大的影响，包括更频繁的极端天气事件、海平面上升、生态系统受损。为了减缓全球变暖的速度，需要采取一系列措施，包括减少温室气体排放、提高能源效率、发展可再生能源等。

为了保障网络的可用性、可靠性和安全性！deny是拒绝具备某种协议或者IP的数据在路由器上被转发。permit是允许被转发。

可以1Router(config)#access-list 110 permit icmp 212.78.170.160 0.0.0.31 any 2Router(config)#access-list 110 deny icmp any any3Router(config)#access-list 110 permit ip any any他会按顺序匹配, 匹配到1后就不会再去匹配2.3 了

我找了一下，armide在德语里的意思是“在”，此处可能指“存在”。我猜测表达的意思是对尼采而言“大道理比比皆是”，常人在精神上的孱弱使他们不敢于思考决绝而端正的真理命题，而尼采选择的是品尝知识的苦果。这个“存在”可能是“自在之物”的意思，世界既是现象的，同时也是充斥自在之物的。

在宏里输入这个:FORM OPTIONSEDIT NCPROGRAM PREFERENCES OPT_EXTENSION "pego"三EDIT NCPROGRAM PREFERENCES EXTENSION "pego" "nc"OPTIONS ACCEPT具体操作请参照下面网址 http://www.xueugpm.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=1116&page=1#pid2990

我的白马王子？？？

1）模板涂料2）3）涂层，衣料4）熔融液滴5）

A 试题分析：考查非谓语动词。句意：那个毕业生的演讲给老板留下了很深的印象。因此，他决定给他一份工作邀请。sb be impressed with sth某物给某人印象深刻；排除B、D；speech与deliver是动宾关系，即“发表演讲”；confirm是“证实”的意思。故选A。

college life（自己把两个人的对话分下，就可以三个人了，以下都一样）Todd: Miki, you went to UC Berkeley, a very famous university in the U.S. What is your university like? Why is it famous?Miki: Why is it famous? Well, I suppose historically it"s kind of famous, recent history, because it was a center for the freedom of speech movement in the 1960"s and the civil rights movement, and it"s pretty much where multi-culturalism, feminist studies and those sorts of so called liberal political movements were born and they"re still quite strong today on campus and so students kind of get drawn to that, the political aspect of it I suppose, also the, it"s a research university and it attracts nobel laureates, very famous professors, at the top of their field, it"s also quite a beautiful campus, I love the campus, it"s not, it"s not, how do you say?Todd: It"s not like maybe a college town, or?Miki: Ah, no, it"s not really a college town, of course, because it"s right smack in the middle of a metropolitan area which is the Bay Area, and just right across the bay from San Francisco. The natural scenery is quite beautiful. There"s the ocean to the west. There are mountains to the east and just beautiful gorgeous sunsets going down into the Golden Gate. The natural scenery is just beautiful, and the architecture of the campus is quite beautiful too, and apparently during the war, World War II, a number of tests were done on campus in terms of integrating floral species with each other, and so you have firs next to cedar which is a strange combination. The idea was would they kill each other.Todd: Oh, Wow! That"s awful!Miki: Yeah, no, so there"s some scientific engineering going on on campus.Todd: But the trees survived?Miki: Yes, as a matter of fact.Todd: Well, that"s good. You can"t fool nature.Miki: No. no, but it is a beautiful campus, and I went there for four years as an undergrad. I lived in the dormitory for the first year and I lived in the co-ops from the second through the fourth year and the co-ops are kind of a housing community that"s owned by students, it"s run by students and is there for quite cheap so it attracts poor students who work, while they go to school at the same time, and that"s who I was. I worked at a restaurant, I worked at a sandwich shop, I worked at a toy store, I worked as a secretary to put myself through school and lived quite cheaply in these co-ops which incidentally also had marvelous parties and almost every weekend there was some party somewhere that one of these co-ops was putting on, and it was really wonderful.Todd: Wow! Sounds like a good time.Miki: Yeah!TRAVELINGTodd: So, Jeyong, you were telling me that you like to travel.Jeyong: Yes, very much.Todd: Now, this is interesting. Who do you normally travel with?Jeyong: You would be kind of surprised to hear this, but then, I normally travel with my dad.Todd: Wow. That"s so cool. Why is that?Jeyong: That will be first of all because my dad goes on a business trip very often and I ask him if I can follow him most of the time and he would say yes, and I would just have time with him on his business trip and traveling around.Todd: That"s really cool. What kind of business does your father do?Jeyong: He"s in apparel.Todd: Apparel.Jeyong: ExportTodd: Oh, really.Jeyong: Yes.Todd: So does he teach you the secrets about business?Jeyong: Not that much about business, but then traveling around he teaches me about differences between all the cultures of countries.Todd: That"s fantastic.Jeyong: How importat that is.Todd: So what countries have you been to with your father?Jeyong: A lot to name, actually. Do you want me to name all those?Todd: Well, how about which ones do you remember the most?Jeyong: I remember the most about Europe. I went to France, England, Switzerland and Roma so those four places were very interesting for me, and other than that, I went to Cambodia, Vietnam, Guam, and so on.Todd: What was Cambodia like?Jeyong: Cambodia is a really memorable trip for me with my dad because it was really interesting how many people in boats on the water. There"s a society in Cambodia like that and then it was really sad looking at them how they own much money and they have to spend their day using a dollar.Todd: So not very much, but did the people seem happy in Cambodia?Jeyong: They did look happy, happier than the people where I come from.Todd: That"s kind of interesting. Yeah, I used to live in Thailand and I kind of felt the same way to, although Thailand is very developed. Any other places that you"ve been to?Jeyong: Other places? Maybe in The States.Todd: Oh, really. Where did you live in the States? Or what did you do in the States?Jeyong: When I was in elementary school, I lived in Ann Arbor, Michigan, for five years but after that I also went travelling around the other states, such as San Francisco in California, Los Angeles and New York City, where I like the most and Florida. All the beaches.Todd: Now, I"m from San Francisco and you said you like New York better that San Francisco, so I have to ask why.Jeyong: Why? Because the people in New York, how they live their life, it looks cool.Todd: Yeah, New Yorkers are pretty cool. OK, well thanks Jeyong. Thanks a lot.Jeyong: No problem. Thank you.gender differenceTodd: So, Kadi, you are from Estonia. Can you talk about gender roles for the new generation compared to the older generation?Kadi: Yes, in Estonia, we have this kind of Western type of family, a woman doesn"t have to be a housewife. She can work. She can do whatever she likes. Even maybe the tendency right now is that women are becoming more masculine. Often it happens that women make more money than men do and they"re the ones who bring the bread in the house. Yeah, compared to Eastern society where usually women are considered as housewives, they just have to clean and cook and raise the kids, and in my country ... no ... there"s not such a thing and I think it always has been like that. I"m not quite sure but...Todd: Who does the chores like cooking and cleaning?Kadi: Yeah, I think we all do it. We don"t have that kind of rule that women only have to clean and cook. Of course in some families, it is like that because women are better cleaning especially, rather than men are, but yeah, men are quite good cooks.Todd: What do people do for childcare? Like who takes care of the children?Kadi: Nannies. Yeah. We have nannies for working mothers, they usually like hire people to watch over their children and just they play with them and also like kindergarten, like children start going to kindergarten in Estonia when they"re really, really young, maybe from three months I think even, yeah, you can go to work when your child is like half-a-year old. Just go to work. Take a child there, and people are going to care about her.Todd: Is the nanny expected to cook and clean as well?Kadi: It depends of on the contract. It depends on the contract. Yeah, if you hire a person who that you say you"re gonna pay him or her, usually her, like for cleaning, cooking, taking care of the children, whatever, it depends on the contract.dormitory lifeTodd: Miki, when you were in college where did you live?Miki: My first year I lived in the dormitory that was quite close to the campus. It was about a five minute walks so it was very convenient but I"m not sure that that many people actually enjoyed living in the dormitory because there were so many of us packed into such a small space that one did not get a sense of privacy at all. I shared a room with two other girls and 24 hours a day there was always someone near you, next door, down the hall if not in your own room, and a very small space. In Japan perhaps this wouldn"t have been such a large problem because the sense of personal space and privacy perhaps isn"t as strong growing up, but really in the United States if you grow up with you own room, it you grow up with your own sense of self and if, you know, you have personal space that you define just instinctively which, you know, maybe three feet in front of you, a meter, or if you have your own personal room itself, it"s very difficult to move from that sort of sense of individuality and personal private space, to move into the dorms, and to have to share, all of that, and then always have a smile on your face, if you don"t want to be considered a bitch.Todd: Yeah, so what about food? What did you eat for food? Did you have a kitchen? Did you cook?Miki: In the dormitories, no! We had a dining hall. I don"t quite remember what it was called, but it was a common area where everyone went downstairs at the same time. It was only open, three hours in the morning, 3 hours in the evening, and we all shared our time together, kind of like a family, I suppose, and we must have eaten just normal American food. I don"t remember.Todd: Yeah! Yeah! How about your laundry? How would you wash your clothes?Miki: That I forget! I think we had laundry machines every other floor in the dorm building. But I actually don"t remember. Sorry!Todd: And what would students do for fun? for socializing?Miki: Oh, I think the bigger question is whether students did anything besides socialize, you know, right, I mean, if you"re a freshman the chances of you actually doing work are actually quite small, especially in that sort of a social setting where,Todd: Even at Beckley?Miki: Oh, are you kidding me? Yes! Berkley is highly competitive but it"s also highly, it"s a highly social atmosphere, especially in the dorms, well, and then once you move into a communal area, if you"re there with your friend, then I don"t think a whole lot of studying goes on.Todd: Wow! That"s funny! Oh, thanks!Miki: Surely!

NORMINV(probability,mean,standard_dev)Probability 正态分布的概率值。Mean 分布的算术平均值。Standard_dev 分布的标准偏差。说明如果任一参数为非数值型，函数 NORMINV 返回错误值 #VALUE!。 如果 probability < 0 或 probability > 1，函数 NORMINV 返回错误值 #NUM!。 如果 standard_dev ≤ 0，函数 NORMINV 返回错误值 #NUM!。 如果 mean = 0 且 standard_dev = 1，函数 NORMINV 使用标准正态分布（请参阅函数 NORMSINV）。如果已给定概率值，则 NORMINV 使用 NORMDIST(x, mean, standard_dev, TRUE) = probability 求解数值 x。因此，NORMINV 的精度取决于 NORMDIST 的精度。NORMINV 使用迭代搜索技术。如果搜索在 100 次迭代之后没有收敛，则函数返回错误值 #N/A。

=NORMINV(0.9,2,3)

NORMINV(probability,mean,standard_dev)Probability 正态分布的概率值。Mean 分布的算术平均值。Standard_dev 分布的标准偏差。说明如果任一参数为非数值型，函数 NORMINV 返回错误值 #VALUE!。 如果 probability < 0 或 probability > 1，函数 NORMINV 返回错误值 #NUM!。 如果 standard_dev ≤ 0，函数 NORMINV 返回错误值 #NUM!。 如果 mean = 0 且 standard_dev = 1，函数 NORMINV 使用标准正态分布（请参阅函数 NORMSINV）。如果已给定概率值，则 NORMINV 使用 NORMDIST(x, mean, standard_dev, TRUE) = probability 求解数值 x。因此，NORMINV 的精度取决于 NORMDIST 的精度。NORMINV 使用迭代搜索技术。如果搜索在 100 次迭代之后没有收敛，则函数返回错误值 #N/A。

亲爱的明, 我了解你现在的处境,我和你情况相同.现在我也没有办法帮你,直到我的困难解决了.对不起,兄弟.请替我向大哥问好.一旦我的问题解决了我会尽我所能帮助你的,你知道我会帮你的.让我们双手合十（意思是祈祷）,那一天会来到的. 我现在还不能和大哥说话,因为.Man JA 抓住了我的把柄,我不知道大哥会怎么看我. 为了这事,我圣诞节之后要去俄罗斯,所以兄弟一定要抬起头来做人. 祝好

driving permit 或driving licence都可以。但是用得多的是后者。permit可以直接当名词用，即表示有一定期限的许可证。如果死板地套用permition,则是没弄清楚这个词的实际意义。permission表示permit这一动词的动作过程；或者抽象意义上的“许可”。例如：I had to ask the teacher for permission before I left. 在我离开之前，要先得到老师的批准（或许可）。His permission has given me much encouragement.他的应允（或同意）给了我莫大的鼓舞。两个例句中的permission都表示抽象意义。Why bother to ask him? His permission will waste too much time. 干嘛要经他同意啊？等他同意会浪费很多时间的。这句话中permission的表示过程。

The output and input of the program occurs through a text - based terminal window 程序的输入和输出是通过基于文本的终端窗口进行的。 The second chapter introduces the details of remote desktop protocol rdp and windows based terminal service " s vvorking flow 其次，详细介绍了远程桌面协议( rdp ) 、 windows终端服务的工作流程。 The paper presents in detail the author " s research on the area of windows based terminal ( wbt ) based on embedded pnux operating system during the master degree paper research 本文详细介绍了作者在硕士学位论文工作期间对基于嵌入式pnux的windows终端所做的研究和实践。 The last chapter *** yses windows based terminars market situation and vocational apppcations , and gives out a series of windows based terminal system " s vocational apppcation schemes 第七，分析了windows终端的市场情况和行业应用情况，给出了灵易终端的图书馆应用解决方案。 The research on windows based terminal introduced in the paper , is a successful apppcation of mircosoft " s rdp technology and embedded pnux operating system . i bepeve it will play a great role when solving related problems in the future 本文对windows终端进行的研究开发，是对微软公司的rdp技术和嵌入式pnux技术的一次成功应用，相信对今后解决相关问题有很大指导作用。 With the more and more extensive use of puter work technology in every aspects , the development of multi - user windows system technology and remote desktop protoci ( rdp ) , the technology of windows based terminal is keeping on developing and goes to mature 随着计算机网络化技术在各领域内的不断深入，多用户windows系统技术和rdp协议的发展， windows终端逐步发展，并走向成熟。 Microsoft has released a patch that fixes an issue where a user attempts to restart a windows 2000 - based terminal services server from a cpent session by cpcking start , cpcking shut down , and then cpcking restart , the server may not restart 该更新程序解决了windows 2000 server和windows 2000 advanced server中的“终端服务服务器重新启动”安全性漏洞，并在microsoft知识库( kb )文章q265419中讨论了该问题。 Microsoft has released a patch that fixes an issue where a user attempts to restart a windows 2000 - based terminal services server from a cpent session by cpcking start , cpcking shut down , and then cpcking restart , the server may not restart . instead , it may shut down 当使用者尝试从用户端工作阶段来重新启动windows 2000终端服务伺服器时，按一下开始接着按关机，再按重新启动，伺服器可能无法顺利重新启动，反而可能会关机。

离职一般用quit或resign. termination是停止，attrition是磨损、消耗，一般不用这两个的。

container terminal[英][ku0259nu02c8teinu0259 u02c8tu0259:minu0259l][美][ku0259nu02c8tenu025a u02c8tu025amu0259nu0259l]集装箱码头[装卸区]; 例句:1.The port recently opened a new container terminal. 就在最近该公司还新建了一处集装箱码头。2.Plans are under way to build a 30km bridge over the sea to ahuge, largely artificial, island on which a deep-water containerterminal will be built. 建设30公里长大桥的计划已经紧密锣鼓的进行，该桥跨越海域连接一座在建的巨大的人造深水集装箱码头。

　　HSPICE　　先来说说HSPICE,记得我们前面讲过的批处理运行吧。在当时的大公司里，这是电路仿真标准的运行方式，但这么做的效率太低了。设计者需要尽量短的时间看到仿真结果，然后修改电路参数再做仿真。如此多次以达到最佳结果。有俩个孪生兄弟ShawnHailey及KimHailey，当时都在AMD做设计，看到了这里面的问题。与其让几百个客户排队等一个银行柜员，为什么不让每一个客户都有一个柜员呢看问题就是商机。他们决定跳出来开自己的公司。于是78年，Meta-Software成立了，他们把改进的SPICE变种取名为HSPICE（你现在明白了吧，为什么要以H开头看这可是兄弟俩姓的第一个字母啊）。他们把SPICE2从大型机移植到了VAX小型机上，后来又移植到Sun工作站上。就这样，借着计算机硬件改朝换代的东风，越来越多的公司开始使用HSPICE了。直到如今，这个HSPICE成了工业界的地金标准逗。只要你做个仿真器，人们一定会跟HSPICE比结果的。而且，在SPICE前面加一个字母成了时尚。到今天，有人开玩笑说A-SPICE一直到Z-SPICE都已经被人用过了（当然，HSPICE仍然是最出名的）。　　有人可能会问：要是我当时也把SPICE移植到小型机上，我是不是也可以成功看呵呵，成功的要素有很多，光用一条是远远不够的。比如说用户的反馈就是相当重要的一条。举个例子，HSPICE是第一个把器件模型库卡（.LIB）和结果测量卡（.MEASURE）做进去的。像这样的例子还有很多。这些虽然不是什么革命性的技术创新，但它们很实用，能大大提高用户的使用效率。甚至某些时候，对用户来说，这样的小改进比创新的算法更重要。　　前面我们提到了七八十年代有很多的 MOSFET器件模型。HSPICE把能拿到的器件模型都收进去了。所以，HSPICE的MOSFET器件模型是最全的（不信的话，你就去拿本HSPICE的MOSFET模型手册读一下–注意，它是一本独立的手册。也就是说，光是它里面的七八十个MOSFET模型就是一本书了）。但这样还不够。Meta还开发了自己的MOSFET模型：Level28。他们跟用户的工艺线紧密联系。在工艺线流片之前，相应的器件模型参数已由芯片加工厂（foundry）提供给芯片设计者了。如果你是设计者，你还能不用它吗看这样做的结果直接导致了HSPICE用户群急速的扩大。就像滚雪球一样，一旦超过了临界质量（criticalmass），它自己就会越滚越大。据Meta-Software的人说，在公司巅峰的时候，他们的销售员就是一台传真机。你只要把传真机号码告诉客户，他们就把订单发来啦（那时候的钱真好赚啊，当然公司里肯定不止一台传真机）。从78年成立到96年这18年期间，公司一共卖出了一万一千多套HSPICE，它的年成长率达到了25-30%。　　1996年Meta-Software被Avant!收购。到2001年，Avant!又被Synopsys收购。关于Avant!的故事有很多。这个公司（包括它的头JerryHsu）就像EDA业界的一匹黑马。它的故事足可以写另一个长篇了。这里且按下不表。　　Meta-Software兄弟俩中的老大，ShawnHailey，已于2011年去世。在此之前，他把自己的名字改成了AshawnaHailey。　　PSPICE　　PSPICE像HSPICE一样，PSPICE的故事也跟它的名字有关。首先，这第一个字母逗P地并不是其创始人的名字。事实上，创始人的名字WolframBlume里根本没有字母逗P地。那这字母逗P地到底是什么意思呢看对了，它就是PC。PSPICE的发展跟PC的发展是密不可分的。但这并不是PSPICE的初衷。　　时间回到1984年，那时WolframBlume从加州理工（CalTech）毕业加入南加州一家半导体公司。工作中，他听到很多抱怨，说公司内部的SPICE速度太慢了。这位老兄也不含糊，立马对其SPICE来了一个详尽的分析。结果发现，大部分时间花在了算 MOSFET模型的方程上（记得前面我们讲的MOSFET的复杂性吧）。他一想，如果能用硬件来并行处理这些方程，岂不就可以加快仿真速度了吗（呵呵，又是一个看到商机的主）看恰恰那个时候英特尔推出了支持硬件并行的8085/8086/8087。说干就干。这位老哥创立了MicroSim公司。又是在这时，IBM推出了基于Intel芯片的IBM－PC。另一个机会又来了：只要把SPICE从大型机上移植到PC上就行了。这事儿比起第一个事儿简单太多了。可是，人们当时认为PC就是个游戏机而已，没人拿它来做什么正经事儿（呵呵，看看现在不还是这样吗看）。所以，这位老哥并没有把这第二件事看得太重，而是集中绝大部分精力和资源去做硬件并行。　　当时的IBM-PC有640KB内存。最大的数组只允许64KB内存。而SPICE是用一个巨长的数组来存储所有的数据。把SPICE的数据放到IBM-PC的结构，用这位老哥的话说，就像把一只鲸鱼塞进一个金鱼缸里。但他们做到了（中间略去他们N个睡不着的工作之夜）。并行硬件的确加快了方程的处理，可他们也快没钱了。这位老兄忽然想到，咱不是把SPICE移植到PC上了吗看咱就先卖着这个软件，用卖它的钱继续开发咱的并行硬件。就这样，PSPICE就开始在PC上出现了。　　最初这位老兄想卖硬件加速器的PSPICE版本，可结果恰恰相反，俩年后，纯软件的PSPICE卖出去了一千多套，而硬件加速器只卖了俩套。到这时候，这位老兄也明白了。做硬件吃力不讨好，市场并不需要。他把卖出去的俩套硬件加速器又自己买了回来（当然又半卖半送给人家N套纯软件的版本）。　　同学你看，一个高新复杂的技术并不一定会做出一个卖座的产品。反过来，一个貌似简单的技术可能很受市场的欢迎。另外，PSPICE虽然不是赚钱最多的，但它的用户数绝对是最大的（遍及全世界五大洲）。你可以下载一个的PSPICE用。当然，只限于十个晶体管。但这对一般学生的学习来讲，大部分情况下已经够用了（想一想当年的大型机也就只能算这么多）。你如果在网上搜一搜，就会发现阿拉伯语（以及其他语言）的PSPICE教材。你如果是在校生的话，很可能也在用PSPICE。　　下面是PSPICE第二版的封面。　　MicroSim1998年被OrCAD收购。OrCAD在2000年又被Cadence收购。　　Spectre　　Spectre话说89年，伯克利毕业了最后一批做SPICE研究的学生。其中一个叫 KenKundent。Ken非常有才气。他在伯克利的研究成果后来成为了安捷伦的微波仿真软件。同时他的傲气也不小。在加入了Candence后，他看到HSPICE卖的很火，就决定做个新的仿真工具去取代它。这就是Spectre。据说他用了俩个星期就写出了第一个版本（呵呵，不愧是伯克利SPICE大本营出来的）。SPECTRE比HSPICE要快俩三倍，还具有更高的精度及更好的收敛性。但它并没能取代HSPICE。为什么呢看一个原因是兼容性。SPECTRE的输入格式跟HSPICE有很大不同。Ken计算机编程的功底很深，他设计的Spectre的输入格式像C语言一样。虽然从计算机语言角度看，Spectre的输入比HSPICE的输入更规范，但SPICE的用户是电路设计者，他们才不管你的语言多么优美，只要好用就行。另外，如果你是个电路设计者，花了几年功夫好不容易才学会了一种语言格式，用它已经写了成百上千个电路网表，而且它们都工作的好好的，为什么要去换成另外一个呢看另外，还有一个更重要的原因，就是用户对HSPICE的信赖。这种信赖不是一时半会儿就能建立起来的。它是经过几十年，成千上万遍仿真，几百次tapeout（送出去流片）才能形成的。怎么能说换就换呢看　　Ken琢磨着，既然更快更好还没办法取代SPICE，那我们就得做点SPICE没有的东西。做什么呢看恰好在九十年代中期，一种标准的设计语言VHDL开始向模拟电路扩展，这就是VHDL-AMS（VHDL的模拟电路及数模混合电路描述语言）。（这里再插一句，最早的数模混合电路描述语言是MAST，它是Analogy公司的仿真器Saber里面使用的。VHDL-AMS是基于欧洲Anacad公司开发的HDL-A语言发展而来的。后来Anacad的仿真器成为Mentor的Eldo）。但当时还没有Verilog的AMS扩展（原因是VHDL主要在欧洲使用。而Verilog主要在美国使用）。Ken就想，好吧，我们也来做个标准的设计语言到Spectre里。这就是Verilog-AMS（Verilog的模拟电路及数模混合电路描述语言）。不过这事儿说起来容易做起来难。首先，既然你是标准，那就要大伙儿都同意。让大伙儿都同意的事是要花时间的，没那么快。其次更重要的，是你要让模拟电路设计者来学习并使用这个语言。这可是比登天还难的事儿。如果你是一个模拟电路设计者，你想想你在学校的课本上看到的是运放的电路还是它的描述语言看当然是电路了。至少到今天为止，还没有一本模拟电路的教科书是只用描述语言的。你再看看数字电路的教材，几乎全部都是 VHDL或 Verilog描述语言（呵呵，如果你还用晶体管来设计数字电路，那你的年龄够大了）。另外，当你做模拟设计的时候，你是在搭晶体管电路呢，还是在写描述语言看对模拟电路设计者来说，用语言而不用电路来做设计是不可想象的。反过来，对数字电路设计者来说，用电路而不用语言来做设计也是不可想象的。　　Spectre-AMS做出来后，Ken发现当时的感兴趣者寥寥无几（呵呵，这哥儿们专找硬骨头啃）。那怎么办看在公司做产品是要卖钱的。Ken有点儿绝望了。这时，他想到了回去做他在学校做的老本行：射频电路仿真。至少这个功能别的SPICE还没有。他把这个想法告诉了当时Candence的市场经理JimHogan。Jim做了个市场调查。那时射频电路设计市场几乎不存在，只有几家做镓砷电路的算搭点边儿。当Jim把这调查结果告诉Ken，Ken也无可奈何的耸耸肩。Jim对Ken看了好一会儿，说，管它呢，你就做去吧。谁知道这一次却是歪打正着了。九十年代中后期正是无线通信市场腾飞的时候。很多在学校用Spectre-RF的毕业生加入了新的做射频电路芯片的设计公司。这些公司必须要用Spectre-RF做射频仿真。而Spectre-RF是Spectre的一个选项。因此，Spectre也就借着Spectre-RF的东风开始流行起来了。后来，HSPICE和Smart-Spice也跟风在自己的SPICE中加进了RF的选项。这也算是Spectre对SPICE的功能扩展做的贡献吧。　　Smart-Spice　　Smart-Spice是Silvaco公司的产品。说到Silvaco，就不得不说它的创始人 IvanPesic。Ivan来自黑山共和国（Montenegro欧洲巴尔干半岛的一个小国家）。像所有第三世界国家的穷学生一样，通过自己的勤奋努力来到美国。来美国之后，他先开了一家修车店。直到攒够了钱，才在1984年成立了Silvaco。他有一个儿子。可能是年幼时受了老爸的修车店的熏陶，决定长大了当个汽车修理工。因此学习也不上进。怎么让这小子好好学习呢看简单。有一天，老Ivan把儿子带到了圣荷塞（SanJose，硅谷一大城市）一个最破的修车店的马路对面，对儿子说：你就坐在这儿，看看汽车修理工一天的工作是什么样的。自从那一天结束以后，儿子的学习成绩就全变成A了。　　说到IvanPesic，我们还不得不说他打官司的故事。Silvaco的历史上与N家公司打过官司（而且大部分都赢了）。在此我们只讲讲与Meta-Software（后被Avant!并购）的官司。话说八十年代末到九十年代初，Meta-Software和它的HSPICE如日中天，这其中它自己的Level28模型起了重要作用。Silvaco最初的产品是 TCAD（TechnologyCAD），并不是SPICE。这时它也准备开发自己的Smart-Spice，但它拿不到HSPICE的Level28模型。怎么办看Silvaco采用了一个瞒天过海的迂回战术。Silvaco有个不错的模型参数提取软件叫Utmost。它就找到Meta-Software说，你看，如果把你们的Level28模型公式放到我们的Utmost中，就会有更多的用户用你们的HSPICE。Meta一想也对，就把Level28模型给了Silvaco。没成想，过了二年，Silvaco自己的Smart-Spice出来了，而且里面还带着Level28模型。这下Meta-Software气坏了。就把Silvaco告上了法庭。也就在这个前后，Avant!并购了Meta-Software。但Avant!只看到了HSPICE这只下金蛋的鹅，却忽略了Meta-Software跟Silvaco的官司。也许是因为Avant!恰恰正在和Cadence打着一场更大的官司，从而忽略了这个小案子。不管是什么原因，当法庭开庭要宣判的那一天，Avant!居然没有人出庭。这下法官可气坏了。好啊，竟敢藐视本法庭，来啊，判Avant!输，并赔Silvaco俩千万！本来Silvaco上庭前战战兢兢的，盼望着和解就不错了。这下到好，不光不用和解了，还得了一大笔钱。呵呵，人们都说国外重视知识产权。这种重视其实是来自于众多这样的动不动就成百上千万的官司。所以同学，如果你是学理工出身的，那你不妨去学学法律。如果你是学文科出身的，那你不妨去学学理工。估摸着在不久的将来，国内这样的涉及知识产权的大官司也会越来越多。做为一个懂高科技的律师（或者一个懂知识产权法律的工程师）会很抢手的。　　但是，一个公司如果光靠打官司，那也是赢得不了客户的。说实话，Smart-Spice做得还是蛮不错的，价格又便宜。Smart-Spice还是第一个逗基于使用时间许可证地（use-timebased license）的工具。这对许多小公司或个人用户是个好消息。如果你没几万美元去买高大上的商业SPICE，或者你就只需跑几次仿真，那就可以最少花十几美元用Smart-Spice完成你要做的事。这就像买车还是租车一样。卖车店能赚钱，租车店也会有很多顾客的。这不也是一个很好的商业模式吗看　　IvanPesic于2012年因癌症在日本去世。如今，他本来想当汽车修理工的儿子已经继承了老爸的事业，接替掌管Silvaco了。　　Aeolus-AS　　我们应该感到骄傲– 这是我们中国本土的SPICE。虽然名字叫起来很拗口。光从名字上也看不出这是SPICE。它是由北京华大九天开发的。至于为什么起这样一个名字，还是请华大的刘总来解答吧（呵呵）。本人并没有用过这个工具。下面的几句话是从华大的网页上摘下来的，也算给他们做个广告吧。逗它是新一代高速高精度并行晶体管级电路仿真工具，能够在保持高精度的前提下突破目前验证大规模电路所遇到的容量、速度瓶颈。Aeolus-AS能够处理上千万个元器件规模的设计，仿真速度也比上一代晶体管级电路仿真工具有大幅提升，同时支持多核并行。地　　还有一类是工业界但非商业（也就是不拿出来卖的）SPICE。通常它们都是在公司内部开发使用的。一般只有拥有fab的大公司（像Intel,前Infenion,前Motorola,Fujitsu等）才能负担得起一个开发团队。这种公司内部的SPICE基本都会有自己的器件模型。在这里我们就不多说了。

A Fermi estimate is one done using back-of-the-envelope calculations and rough generalizations to estimate values which would require extensive analysis or experimentation to determine exactly. Physics is celebrated for its ability to make extremely accurate predictions about tough problems, but accuracy comes with the cost of difficulty in calculations. If the math is too complex to perform, it is usually a good idea to relax demands and accept an approach that is imprecise but can help to forward. Fermi is celebrated for his fast and excellent calculations with little or no concrete data. In one well-known example, when the first atomic bomb was detonated during Manhattan Project, Fermi dropped a few scraps of paper as the shock wave from the detonation passed. After some coarse calculation, Fermi estimated the power of the blast from the motion of the scapes as they fell. Fermi"s guesstimate of 10 kilotons of TNT was remarkably close to the now-established value of 20 kilotons, even though the estimate was 50% off the actual number. What is the size of market for razors in China? How many trash cans are there in Beijing? How many piano tuners are there in the world? Such non-standard problems are called "Fermi problems", which are very bewildering to many people, at least if we want to guess the answer in one step. One distinctive feature of the fermi problem is that precision is impossible to achieve quickly, but it"s easier to arrive at a fast estimate of the range for the right answer. Before investing a big effort to measure something with precision, problem-solvers can estimate answers approximately - and only then determine if it"s essential to do the extra steps to arrive at the accurate answer. In real life, especially the business world, many problems are too complicated to give an accurate answer immediately. In analyzing such problems, precision is impossible to achieve quickly, but we can quickly estimate the range of correct answers. Hence before putting much effort into calculating anything with precision, make a rough estimate of the answer, then decide whether it"s worth investigating further. 下面以一道案例讲解费米估算： 中国人一年消费多少猪肉？ Most of people are really bad with huge numbers, and thus we need to first decompose the target metric into small components. When decomposing a huge metric, we have two approaches: decompose it by formula or b y some common features, such as gender, age, education, country, etc. 在这，很明显，我们可以先根据计算公式拆解中国一年猪肉的总消费量， 如下： 而 中国平均每人猪肉消耗量 又可以根据中国人每日的食肉摄入类别进行拆解，因为中国人的蛋白质来源不仅限于猪肉，还有其他的蛋白质类别。 目前，未知的两个参数为 percentage of consumption of pork per person per day 和 total consumption of meat per person per day . 迅速获得一个精确的数值肯定不可能，所以我们需要根据经验来估计这两个参数。 首先，一个标准的牛排重量为120g-150g，所以午餐和晚餐都摄入一个牛排重量的肉类的情况下，每人每天消耗的肉量大约为240g。当然，我们无法确定是否也有早餐含有肉类的情况，但是根据生活经验，中国人的早餐大部分由鸡蛋和面粉类食物构成。To move forward, 我们这里做一个简单的假设： 中国人基本上在中午和晚上会摄入肉类食品。 其次，我们可以将中国每天的肉类摄入量进行拆解，从而大致估计猪肉的消耗占比。如下图 这里为们可以make a wild guess about the percentage of pork consumption. 鉴于中国人的主要摄入肉类为猪肉，我们不妨猜测猪肉的消耗占总肉类消耗的50%。因此，可以得出中国平均每人每天的猪肉消耗量大约为： Using the estimate, we can give an approximate answer of the yearly consumption of pork in China: 所以，最后估计给出的数值是6132万吨猪肉。网上搜索， 新闻 里给出的数值为5600多万吨猪肉。我们估计出的数值虽然相差好几百万吨，但是其实已经是一个比较准确的数值。 对于此题，我们还可以从多个不同角度出发，将中国人的猪肉的消耗占比进行进一步的拆解，例如地区和年龄。上述的计算暗含的假设是猪肉的消耗在全中国各地和不同的年龄阶层都一致。所以我们可以练习，如何从这两个角度出发，将指标进行进一步的拆解。 地区 如果从省份的角度划分的话，计算会变得复杂要估计的数字也很多，因为中国总共有34个省级行政区。因此，不妨直接把中国划分成 沿海地区，西北地区，和其他 ，这里的其他就是指非西北和沿海地区。这么划分的理由是，西北地区以牛羊肉为主要蛋白质来源，而沿海地区依靠海鲜。 沿海地区主要依赖海鲜为生，我们可以猜测猪肉的消耗量占比为20%；同理，西北地区主要食用牛羊，依然可以猜测猪肉的消耗占到20%。而其他地区，以猪肉消耗同时消耗淡水产品，所以我猜测60%。此时，中国的猪肉年消耗量为： 很容易发现，未知的参数为 西北地区人口，沿海地区人口，和其他地区人口 。鉴于西北地区地广人稀，我们肯定猜测较小的数值，而沿海地区和非沿海地区是中国的人口密集区，所以我会猜词一个很大的数值。西北地区大约有1亿人，沿海省份主要包括了：广西，广东，澳门，香港，福建，浙江，江苏，山东和辽宁。鉴于省份不是所有省市靠海，这里我保守猜测沿海地区的人有3亿，所以其余地区为10亿人口。所以，最终结果为： 年龄的拆解思路与地区大致一致。 Reference:

证实结果

　　buttermilk powder　　英 [u02c8bu028ctu0259u02ccmu026alk u02c8paudu0259] 美 [u02c8bu028ctu025au02ccmu026alk u02c8pau028adu025a]　　n.　　酪乳粉　　乳酪粉是经来自优良产区的纯鲜牛奶通过纯天然发酵酿晒而成，经发酵而产生的特殊的奶风味物质，非常适合烘焙产品。　　特性及应用： 在烘焙产品中可产生独特、浓郁的奶风味，且成本比使用优质全脂奶粉、人造奶油经济。

Hi,First of all, these terminology expressions and clarifications have been well provided in the training course LO550 and if you would have such training, then you would be clearly understanding about it. Due to the limitation of this posting, it is hardly possible for myself to clarify in details what value strings meant and why you would need such posting rule in account determination process in MM. However, what I can give you below are very fundamental definitions of what they meant in anticipation of providing a supplementary information in regard to this subject.Basically in SAP, the posting transactions for the transactions in Inventory Management and Invoice Verification that are relevant for accounting are fixed. Posting records are assigned to each relevant movement type in Inventory Management and to each transaction in Invoice Verification. These posting records are generalized in a value string (posting rule). Instead of fixed G/L account numbers, this contains keys for the respective posting transactions (such as BSX for a stock posting and PRD for a price difference posting).It is not necessary/mandatory for you to define these transaction keys, the R/3 system determines them from the transaction (in Invoice Verification) or from the movement type (in Inventory Management). It is only required to assign to each posting transaction the account to which it is posted. The assignment of value strings to goods movements and the breakdown of the value string into transaction keys can be seen in Customizing for Inventory Management and Physical Inventory, but it is not possible for you to change them.The R/3 system automatically determines the value string assigned to a specific transaction. It depends partly on entered parameters manually and partly on parameters derived internally by the system.An typical example is WE01 value string. In the standard system, the value string WE01 is assigned to goods receipts (and also cancellations and return deliveries) for Standard and Subcontracting purchase order items without account assignment concerning valuated material into stock.Cheers,HT 查看原帖>>

This application has requested the Runtime to terminate it in an unusual way.Please contact the application

1. 集体讨论会2. 思维碰撞会3. 献计献策会例句:1.Two years later, the company sought a more memorable name and had an employeebrainstorming session. 两年后，该公司为了寻求一个更易于记忆的名字，便进行了一个员工头脑风暴会议.-----------------------------------如有疑问欢迎追问！满意请点击右上方【选为满意回答】按钮

listing, clustering, t-chart, freewriting

What are 6 types of brainstorming? A.listing, clustering, t-chart, freewriting B.listing, clustering, cubing, freewriting, looping, t-chart C.freewriting, mapping, cubing, q-chart, looping, listing D.organizing, listing, looping, freecharting, cubing, t-chart E.organizing, cubing, researching, q-chart, freelisting, looping 正确答案：A

brainstorm 1.[医]脑猝变 2.好主意 而brainstorming常用于指“智囊；群策群力”，如：brainstorming trust 智囊团，专家顾问团