proposal

proposal 提议suggestion 建议motion 动议

第五个 报价

due 到期due 应付的due应得物

Whether表选择,是【是否】的意思 If表推测,是【如果】的意思 在这里 根据句意：在做一个决定之前是否辩论对仔细研究建议是非常重要的. 所以应该选whether

工作室（车间）的建议计划书。

How to write a research proposal?能否写出漂亮的proposal，本质上取决于你对研究的思考深度和专业水准。但形式也很重要。英文的Research Proposal自有一套“八股”。程式化和结构化的好处就在于，可以让读者直接集中注意到最本质的内容上，而不是为形式分神。对于非英语native speaker的我们，如何理解英文学术世界的规范或曰思维定势，也是写作proposal之前必备的背景知识。下面这篇流传甚广的Research Proposal写作指南，言简意赅，颇具启发，对我自己的写作有所帮助，也希望能给更多的学界同仁带来便利。[点击这里，查看更多关于RESEARCH PROPOSAL以及GRANT PROPOSAL、PROJECT PROPOSAL写作的网上资源]文章作者Paul T. P. Wong, Ph.D., C.Psych. (Research Director, Graduate Program in Counselling Psychology. Trinity Western University Langley, BC, Canada). 题为：How to Write a Research Proposal. 全文转载如下：Most students and beginning researchers do not fully understand what a research proposal means, nor do they understand its importance. To put it bluntly, one"s research is only as a good as one"s proposal. An ill-conceived proposal dooms the project even if it somehow gets through the Thesis Supervisory Committee. A high quality proposal, on the other hand, not only promises success for the project, but also impresses your Thesis Committee about your potential as a researcher.A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Generally, a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study.Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplish, why you want to do it and how you are going to do it.The proposal should have sufficient information to convince your readers that you have an important research idea, that you have a good grasp of the relevant literature and the major issues, and that your methodology is sound.The quality of your research proposal depends not only on the quality of your proposed project, but also on the quality of your proposal writing. A good research project may run the risk of rejection simply because the proposal is poorly written. Therefore, it pays if your writing is coherent, clear and compelling.This paper focuses on proposal writing rather than on the development of research ideas.TITLE:It should be concise and descriptive. For example, the phrase, “An investigation of . . .” could be omitted. Often titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship, because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables. However, if possible, think of an informative but catchy title. An effective title not only pricks the reader"s interest, but also predisposes him/her favourably towards the proposal.ABSTRACT:It is a brief summary of approximately 300 words. It should include the research question, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis (if any), the method and the main findings. Descriptions of the method may include the design, procedures, the sample and any instruments that will be used.INTRODUCTION:The main purpose of the introduction is to provide the necessary background or context for your research problem. How to frame the research problem is perhaps the biggest problem in proposal writing.If the research problem is framed in the context of a general, rambling literature review, then the research question may appear trivial and uninteresting. However, if the same question is placed in the context of a very focused and current research area, its significance will become evident.Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules on how to frame your research question just as there is no prescription on how to write an interesting and informative opening paragraph. A lot depends on your creativity, your ability to think clearly and the depth of your understanding of problem areas.However, try to place your research question in the context of either a current “hot” area, or an older area that remains viable. Secondly, you need to provide a brief but appropriate historical backdrop. Thirdly, provide the contemporary context in which your proposed research question occupies the central stage. Finally, identify “key players” and refer to the most relevant and representative publications. In short, try to paint your research question in broad brushes and at the same time bring out its significance.The introduction typically begins with a general statement of the problem area, with a focus on a specific research problem, to be followed by the rational or justification for the proposed study. The introduction generally covers the following elements:1. State the research problem, which is often referred to as the purpose of the study.2. Provide the context and set the stage for your research question in such a way as to show its necessity and importance.3. Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing.4. Briefly describe the major issues and sub-problems to be addressed by your research.5. Identify the key independent and dependent variables of your experiment. Alternatively, specify the phenomenon you want to study.6. State your hypothesis or theory, if any. For exploratory or phenomenological research, you may not have any hypotheses. (Please do not confuse the hypothesis with the statistical null hypothesis.)7. Set the delimitation or boundaries of your proposed research in order to provide a clear focus.8. Provide definitions of key concepts. (This is optional.)

like proposal喜欢的建议proposal 英[pru0259u02c8pu0259u028azl] 美[pru0259u02c8pou028azl] n. 建议; 提议; 求婚; 〈美〉投标; [例句]The President is to put forward new proposals for resolving the country"s constitutional crisis.总统将提出解决国家宪法危机的新议案。[其他] 复数：proposals 形近词： disposal reposal deposal

呼吁特别的会议提议CALL FOR 需要,邀请,要求SPECIAL 特别的SESSION [ "seu0283u0259n ] . n. 会议,开庭期,市盘PROPOSALS [ pru0259"pu0259uzu0259l ] . n. 求婚,提议,建议

不可数

Special sessions proposals 特别会议提案如有帮助请采纳，如对本题有疑问可追问，Good luck!

综述：opening report可以，用Proposal更正式点。重点词汇：Proposal英［pru0259＇pu0259u028azl］释义：n.提议，建议；（计划、建议等的）提出；求婚［复数：proposals］短语：The Proposal假结婚；爱情限时签；求婚的恶魔；弄假成真词语使用变化：proposaln.（名词）1、proposal表示“提议，建议”时，其后可接介词短语或动词不定式作定语，也可接that从句作同位语。2、proposal所接由that引起的表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气。3、proposal作为名词时，后面通常跟带to的不定式和名词。

好像不行，前者是名词，后者是形容词，因为后缀都不一样!

我调出了你的情况。请试试着看看图中的你有没有选中，没有的话选中就好了。还是不行就，项目导出备份重新导入试下。

省略句型，答案B

to be discussed 是动词不定式的被动形式，表示将来。

通过基础网络（VGG，res，ZF，mobilenet）等得到的特征图(feature map)假如size为（30,30,3）,每个像素点画9个anchor框，就是30*30*9个框，如果每个框都要去做回归，效率不高，所以我们选取IOU大的做回归，可以加速网络。深一点的就是，在FASTER RCNN中，我们anchor画出的框与真实我们标注的框（gt)去做回归，用到的回归是一种线性回归，如果你的IOU较小，也就是anchor框离你标注的框较远，回归就不是做的线性回归了，所以舍弃IOU较小的框。

如果没猜错，是开题报告 的意思，下面是详细内容，从笔杆网上找到的文档。 这些学术的文献资料都可以在笔杆网上找到，里面的文献种类和学科领域很多。

object proposals是机器视觉目标检测中的专业词汇，我也不知道怎么翻译好

Can write report and proposal in engpsh independently 能独立撰写英文报告和方案 There are formal and informal types of business reports . proposals , of course , are more formal . in this class , the students write formal and informal reports and proposals 商务报告又正式和非正式之分。较之商务报告，商务提案会更正式一些。学生将学到如何撰写正式和非正式的商务报告和提案。 Its pivotal element is the recognition of the need to provide optimal balance beeen the objective requirements in renewal and the necessity of preserving the positive achievements we already have . the cis minsk summit adopted a decision to develop by june 1 , 2007 a cis further development concept based on the eminent persons group report and proposals from states 十年来，俄中关系经历了从相互视为友好国家、建立建设 *** 关系直至确立战略协作伙伴关系的历史进程，双方通过共同努力建立起合作的最佳模式，使两国关系步入平稳发展轨道。

综述：opening report可以，用Proposal更正式点。重点词汇：Proposal英［pru0259＇pu0259u028azl］释义：n.提议，建议；（计划、建议等的）提出；求婚［复数：proposals］短语：The Proposal假结婚；爱情限时签；求婚的恶魔；弄假成真词语使用变化：proposaln.（名词）1、proposal表示“提议，建议”时，其后可接介词短语或动词不定式作定语，也可接that从句作同位语。2、proposal所接由that引起的表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气。3、proposal作为名词时，后面通常跟带to的不定式和名词。

plan; 计划program; 节目,程序,计划project; (工程工作)项目,课题scheme; 安排 图解proposal; 提议blueprint; 蓝图 设计图 计划

没有看过

我希望你会觉得上述提议有所裨益/帮助。would：(表示设想、推测、可能性)也许, 大概

你好 想问一下你是在哪做到这道题的

过去将来时指过去人们对代表们的预期

一个中肯的提议!

hskhjzngjmjhjdsJFKKJZM,M,VMBMIULKI-038IJGVCMMMMZJXZNHKEW.qllll.n,kjjvnjnmn

不对。1、按此句话将为这些建议实用，而Ittobepractical.才是正确的，或者Thesepracticaladvice意思为这些实用的建议。2、这些话里边没有介词，一般被判定为句式错误。

这些建议引起了激烈的辩论。

英语专业毕业论文范文(1) english paper A Brief Analysis of english teaching in senior high school Abstract: Classroom teaching is the main way for students to learn English. But in senior high school, a lots of probelms still exsit in the English teaching especially in the teaching of reading and writing. In this paper, the importance and methods of reading and writing will be further discussed. Key words: reading writing techniques Introduction: Classes should be learner-centered, with meaningful, functional activities, often, classes begin by finding out what the students don"t know. These classes operate on the assumption that there is a great deal of information that students lack and that the teacher and textbooks will impact that information to the students. Teachers who hold this assumption view students as plants waiting passively to be fed and watered. But I think the students should be regarded as explorers, active learners who bring a great deal to the learning process and at the same time, draw from their environment as they develop new understandings. The basic principle will be used in the teaching of reading and writing. Section One------ How to teach reading I. Why teach reading There are many reasons why getting students to read English texts is an important part of the teacher"s job. In the first place, many of them want to be able to read texts in English either for their careers, for study purposes or simply for pleasure. Anything we can do to make reading easier for them must be a good idea. Reading texts provide good models for English writing, provide opportunities to study language vocabulary, grammar, punctuation, and the way to construct sentences, paragraphs and texts. Lastly, good reading texts can introduce interesting topics, stimulate discussion, excite imaginative responses and be the springboard for well-rounded, fascinating lessons.

每个学术研究者必须经历的一道关卡，就是Research Proposal的写作。它大致对应中文里的“开题报告”、“选题报告”、“研究报告”，是一项研究开始之前的提纲、规划和陈述；既是为了帮助自己梳理文献、整理思路、廓清方向，也常常是写给相关他人的说明：研究动机和意义何在？可能有何成果？为什么它值得你的资助/认可/支持/批准？不知道是否可以说，好的proposal是研究成功的一半。但实际而功利的说，如果你的proposal很烂，可能根本就不会有开始研究的机会。How to write a research proposal?能否写出漂亮的proposal，本质上取决于你对研究的思考深度和专业水准。但形式也很重要。英文的Research Proposal自有一套“八股”。程式化和结构化的好处就在于，可以让读者直接集中注意到最本质的内容上，而不是为形式分神。对于非英语native speaker的我们，如何理解英文学术世界的规范或曰思维定势，也是写作proposal之前必备的背景知识。下面这篇流传甚广的Research Proposal写作指南，言简意赅，颇具启发，对我自己的写作有所帮助，也希望能给更多的学界同仁带来便利。文章作者Paul T. P. Wong, Ph.D., C.Psych. (Research Director, Graduate Program in Counselling Psychology. Trinity Western University Langley, BC, Canada). 题为：How to Write a Research Proposal. 全文转载如下：Most students and beginning researchers do not fully understand what a research proposal means, nor do they understand its importance. To put it bluntly, one"s research is only as a good as one"s proposal. An ill-conceived proposal dooms the project even if it somehow gets through the Thesis Supervisory Committee. A high quality proposal, on the other hand, not only promises success for the project, but also impresses your Thesis Committee about your potential as a researcher.A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Generally, a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study.Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplish, why you want to do it and how you are going to do it.The proposal should have sufficient information to convince your readers that you have an important research idea, that you have a good grasp of the relevant literature and the major issues, and that your methodology is sound.The quality of your research proposal depends not only on the quality of your proposed project, but also on the quality of your proposal writing. A good research project may run the risk of rejection simply because the proposal is poorly written. Therefore, it pays if your writing is coherent, clear and compelling.This paper focuses on proposal writing rather than on the development of research ideas.Title:It should be concise and descriptive. For example, the phrase, “An investigation of . . .” could be omitted. Often titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship, because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables. However, if possible, think of an informative but catchy title. An effective title not only pricks the reader"s interest, but also predisposes him/her favourably towards the proposal.Abstract:It is a brief summary of approximately 300 words. It should include the research question, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis (if any), the method and the main findings. Descriptions of the method may include the design, procedures, the sample and any instruments that will be used.Introduction:The main purpose of the introduction is to provide the necessary background or context for your research problem. How to frame the research problem is perhaps the biggest problem in proposal writing.If the research problem is framed in the context of a general, rambling literature review, then the research question may appear trivial and uninteresting. However, if the same question is placed in the context of a very focused and current research area, its significance will become evident.Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules on how to frame your research question just as there is no prescription on how to write an interesting and informative opening paragraph. A lot depends on your creativity, your ability to think clearly and the depth of your understanding of problem areas.However, try to place your research question in the context of either a current “hot” area, or an older area that remains viable. Secondly, you need to provide a brief but appropriate historical backdrop. Thirdly, provide the contemporary context in which your proposed research question occupies the central stage. Finally, identify “key players” and refer to the most relevant and representative publications. In short, try to paint your research question in broad brushes and at the same time bring out its significance.The introduction typically begins with a general statement of the problem area, with a focus on a specific research problem, to be followed by the rational or justification for the proposed study. The introduction generally covers the following elements:1. State the research problem, which is often referred to as the purpose of the study.2. Provide the context and set the stage for your research question in such a way as to show its necessity and importance.3. Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing.4. Briefly describe the major issues and sub-problems to be addressed by your research.5. Identify the key independent and dependent variables of your experiment. Alternatively, specify the phenomenon you want to study.6. State your hypothesis or theory, if any. For exploratory or phenomenological research, you may not have any hypotheses. (Please do not confuse the hypothesis with the statistical null hypothesis.)7. Set the delimitation or boundaries of your proposed research in order to provide a clear focus.8. Provide definitions of key concepts. (This is optional.)Literature Review:Sometimes the literature review is incorporated into the introduction section. However, most professors prefer a separate section, which allows a more thorough review of the literature.The literature review serves several important functions:1. Ensures that you are not “reinventing the wheel”.2. Gives credits to those who have laid the groundwork for your research.3. Demonstrates your knowledge of the research problem.4. Demonstrates your understanding of the theoretical and research issues related to your research question.5. Shows your ability to critically evaluate relevant literature information.6. Indicates your ability to integrate and synthesize the existing literature.7. Provides new theoretical insights or develops a new model as the conceptual framework for your research.8. Convinces your reader that your proposed research will make a significant and substantial contribution to the literature (i.e., resolving an important theoretical issue or filling a major gap in the literature).Most students" literature reviews suffer from the following problems:* Lacking organization and structure* Lacking focus, unity and coherence* Being repetitive and verbose* Failing to cite influential papers* Failing to keep up with recent developments* Failing to critically evaluate cited papers* Citing irrelevant or trivial references* Depending too much on secondary sourcesYour scholarship and research competence will be questioned if any of the above applies to your proposal.There are different ways to organize your literature review. Make use of subheadings to bring order and coherence to your review. For example, having established the importance of your research area and its current state of development, you may devote several subsections on related issues as: theoretical models, measuring instruments, cross-cultural and gender differences, etc.It is also helpful to keep in mind that you are telling a story to an audience. Try to tell it in a stimulating and engaging manner. Do not bore them, because it may lead to rejection of your worthy proposal. (Remember: Professors and scientists are human beings too.)Methods:The Method section is very important because it tells your Research Committee how you plan to tackle your research problem. It will provide your work plan and describe the activities necessary for the completion of your project.The guiding principle for writing the Method section is that it should contain sufficient information for the reader to determine whether methodology is sound. Some even argue that a good proposal should contain sufficient details for another qualified researcher to implement the study.You need to demonstrate your knowledge of alternative methods and make the case that your approach is the most appropriate and most valid way to address your research question.Please note that your research question may be best answered by qualitative research. However, since most mainstream psychologists are still biased against qualitative research, especially the phenomenological variety, you may need to justify your qualitative method.Furthermore, since there are no well-established and widely accepted canons in qualitative analysis, your method section needs to be more elaborate than what is required for traditional quantitative research. More importantly, the data collection process in qualitative research has a far greater impact on the results as compared to quantitative research. That is another reason for greater care in describing how you will collect and analyze your data. (How to write the Method section for qualitative research is a topic for another paper.)For quantitative studies, the method section typically consists of the following sections:1. Design -Is it a questionnaire study or a laboratory experiment? What kind of design do you choose?2. Subjects or participants - Who will take part in your study ? What kind of sampling procedure do you use?3. Instruments - What kind of measuring instruments or questionnaires do you use? Why do you choose them? Are they valid and reliable?4. Procedure - How do you plan to carry out your study? What activities are involved? How long does it take?Results:Obviously you do not have results at the proposal stage. However, you need to have some idea about what kind of data you will be collecting, and what statistical procedures will be used in order to answer your research question or test you hypothesis.Discussion:It is important to convince your reader of the potential impact of your proposed research. You need to communicate a sense of enthusiasm and confidence without exaggerating the merits of your proposal. That is why you also need to mention the limitations and weaknesses of the proposed research, which may be justified by time and financial constraints as well as by the early developmental stage of your research area.Common Mistakes in Proposal Writing1. Failure to provide the proper context to frame the research question.2. Failure to delimit the boundary conditions for your research.3. Failure to cite landmark studies.4. Failure to accurately present the theoretical and empirical contributions by other researchers.5. Failure to stay focused on the research question.6. Failure to develop a coherent and persuasive argument for the proposed research.7. Too much detail on minor issues, but not enough detail on major issues.8. Too much rambling — going “all over the map” without a clear sense of direction. (The best proposals move forward with ease and grace like a seamless river.)9. Too many citation lapses and incorrect references.10. Too long or too short.11. Failing to follow the APA style.12. Slopping writing.下面是来自其他一些学术从业者关于如何写proposal的意见：Writing Research Proposals, Drew University On-line resources for writers. Guide to Writing a Research Proposal, University of Technology, Sydney. (A research proposal is required for admission to the program.) Beginners Guide to the Research Proposal, University of Calgary Centre for Advancement of Health. The Art of Writing Proposals: Some Candid Suggestions for Applicants to Social Science Research Council Competitions, Adam Przeworski and Frank Salomon. The Elements of a Proposal, Frank Pajares, Emory University. 以及，关于如何写学位论文proposal的指导（Dissertation Proposal Writing and some strategies for completing the dissertation）Dissertation Proposal Workshop, Institute of International Studies, UC-Berkeley. Writing and Presenting your Thesis or Dissertation , LearningAssociates.net. Dissertation/Project Hints: Proposal Writing, Hazel Hall, School of Computing, Napier University, Edinburgh, UK. Writing Theses and Dissertations, Claremont Graduate University Writing Center.

made the proposal 提出建议 与give advice等等一样,后面应该用should+v原的虚拟语气,should可以省略,故用have

提议以微弱之优势被采用

【答案】：B根据空格后的“at the meeting now”可知此处应为现在进行时，又因“建议”应该“被讨论”。所以只能选B。

对于这个建议是否可行持怀疑态度

选A吧 ，评语感

电影天堂的，中英字幕，也比较清晰http://so.dy2018.com/plus/search.php?kwtype=0&keyword=The%20Proposal

http://www.gougou.com/search?search=The%20proposal&restype=-1&sortby=6&suffix=&id=10000000&f=0&ty=0&pattern=0&al=&m=0&st=-1&imask=1自己下吧

C. ofwhich本句为非限制性定语从句。帮助残疾人的建议已产生了积极的反响，其中的影响对于青少年来说将会更加持久。本句的先行词是 reaction, 而先行词在定语从句中作the impact of的介词宾语，the impact和前面的句子是一种所属关系，即这件事情的影响。非限制性定语从句中可以把the +n+of+which提到句首，故选C ofwhich

在团队会议中听取提议。

D 省略了should 表示“要求、建议、命令”等动词后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 从句中用“should + 动词原形”构成.而且should可以省去.用于此结构的动词有：advise,direct,agree,ask,demand,decide,desire,insist,order,prefer,propose,request,suggest等.

A,当but ,except 前有do的某种形式时后面不带to.若没有则带to .

gfch

技术角度建议

特气逆控破柔破傻

A这是一个同位语从句，proposal为先行词，that后引导的从句用（should）+V原desire,advise,recommend,command,direct,order,ask,demand,request,require,insist,maintain,move,propose,prefer,urge,vote等以及它们的派生词也一样

A 这是一个同位语从句,proposal为先行词,that后引导的从句用（should）+V原 desire,advise,remend,mand,direct,order,ask,demand,request,require,insist,maintain,move,propose,prefer,urge,vote等以及它们的派生词也一样,1,What do you think of his proposal that improvements____in the old type of vacuum cleaner? A.be made B.will be made C.would be made D.will have to be made 怎么选啊?为什么啊?

"A Dream of Red Mansions" Du Hougan2005-2-27 字数：1516 Author: Heart of the Ark Source: unknown entry: Anonymous date: 2005-2-27 Volume: 1516 Throughout human history of the evolution of intelligence Love, can be roughly divided into emotional history of prehistoric, ancient and modern history of emotional feelings history of three stages. If the literary history of human emotion is a reflection of the history of reproduction, "A Dream of Red Mansions," a book of the times in a position to more clearly. Like an arch bridge, just across her feelings in ancient history and the end of the beginning of modern history on emotion. In view of this, "A Dream of Red Mansions," a book of our time and the distance is more clear-cut. The classical works show a comprehensive picture so vivid in the past to preserve the impact of the times, so that we can from grade to the ancient and modern people in the area of great emotion and subtle similarities and differences. We Beixijiaojia to see that the history of human emotion and history as a rational move forward in the evolution, despite the evolution of the track is so heavy and slow, step by step, fought, including the cost of blood and life, Zhuanyan Jian burn, Ben things.Modern people still feel strongly from the destroyed in the Li Yumei, and we have to admit that such feelings of sympathy mixed with water Mochizuki Chiang Kai-shek, the Pioneer Press Baccalaureates told the alienation and divide. More than half of this era when men would choose Spouse Choosing Xue Baochai, as the madness Qingchi Yihong son, the loss of his illustrious door first, he more than half of women in the eyes of it is worthless. Modern tears certainly less and less, less than in the past at least one of the Yellow River water. This means that emotions do not know the barren drought or mental well-being of pleasure. People become emotionally intelligent volatile and more ignorance cunning. They are often insincerely, emotional and rational from the inconsistent state of mind is not ideal but obey the call of ideals. They have Qiqingliuyu, but often runs counter to sentiment. If the classical era of personal feelings of love from family and social tragedy, several non-adjustable, but is, after all, in a forward. Works within its power to complete the mission entrusted to the times, for the emotional history of classical zoned under a colorful close

具体情况，具体分析。要看申请什么学校。还要看申请什么研究方向。不同的学校，不同的研究方向，有不同的要求。一般来说，RP主要包括以下的内容：1、提出研究问题（方向）；2、使用的方法论；3、使用到的资源；4、可能的研究成果；5、参考书目。

你应该去找个教授问。而不是到百度上问

将提议分发给成员进行评论候选人将被提名为官员时，潜在的候选在被告知其他的竞争对手是谁之前必须同意该提名。如果潜在候选人同意该提名前一直都不知道谁才是真正的被提名人，那么以下的评论对提议的逻辑性是否准确？答案：如果存在一个以上的潜在被提名人，那么没有人将会成为候选人。仅供参考啊，自己都不大知道啥意思来着。

1. supported 2. announcement 3. applied 4. fiction 5. aboard 6. permanent 7. relationship 8. relatively 9. variety 10. latest,1,单词拼写。 1. The proposal _____ (支持) by a large majority of the teachers was accepted. 2. We were shocked by the ________ (声明) that the mayor was resigning. 3. He spent a lot of time learning _______ (应用) chemistry. 4. I prefer _______ (小说) to poetry. 5. All the passengers ______ (在船上) were waiting for the ship to land at the port. 6. She thought she got a _______ (固定的) job, but now she has been fired again. 7. Density is the ________(关联)between mass and volume. 8. Water has a _________ (相对) high freezing point. 9. A great ＿＿＿＿＿ (各种各样)of reasons were given for his failure. 10. He used the ________(最新的) ideas and technical inventions of his day in his books.

请求给出建议

of

B 这里是计划的意思 而proposal 是提议这里是他自己的而不是向别人提出的他自己打算怎么样如果这句里有另外一个人 A就算对了

startsince2012 你好，专业sci医学论文发表，修改，润色，投稿专业服务公司“沃登编辑”回答：这个Synopsis就是让你简要概括你写的综述。“a description of the article structure”是文章的框架，直接把大标题写上有些不合适，你应该把大标题用句子表述出来。

本文提出了一种消除移动终端定位的定位误差计算中看到非线策略（MTS）在陌生的室内环境。建议假定室内定位方法是基于马尔可夫模型，这是不正确的。请检查这些调查：我建议作者重新考虑的建议，调整纸张和重新提交本或其他杂志。

proposal distribution 网络 建议分布; 提议分布; [例句]In particle filtering, the two key issues for avoiding particles degradation are the choosing of proper proposal distribution and resampling algorithm.在粒子滤波中，防止粒子退化的两个关键因素是选择适当的采样建议分布和重采样算法。

proposal n.提议,建议,求婚 proposition n.主张,建议,陈述,命题 集中在——"命题(proposition)"和"提议(proposal)" 也就是说：两者都有提出某种提案的意思.只不过似乎方向不同：一个自上而下,一个由下向上.

proposal一般是上级对下级或平级.还有求婚的意思. 上述说法不可.(仅供参考)

Proposal concerning on .(题目) Introduction:（简介,主要陈述问题） Findings:（分析现况,给出简明原因之类） Recommendations:（重点是这个部分,建议书就是给建议的．所以这部分要多写点,写饱满） Conclusion:（套话结尾） 建议你买本作文书,人民邮电出版的那本很好．大连理工的一本商务英语也很有含金量．

前者多指提议，较正式，后者建议，fromJR

research proposal大概如下：(1)概论：总结和归纳你想研究的问题的现状，那些解决了，那些还有待解决的。你打算解决什么问题，解决问题的影响(2)目标：你想你的研究有什么预期，能解决什么问题(3)研究方法：打算怎么去解决问题(4)实验设计：具体的实验设计或者数值分析(5)大概预算：可能需要的预算，仪器什么的 (非必选)(6)时间表：打算哪阶段解决什么问题建议你不要因为不明白就随便应付哦~

你好，通过商务英语高级的来答一下。商务英语中的Proposal一般分为四个部分。Introduction：简要表明你写这篇文章的目的。Background：直接说明存在的问题。Recommendations：为了解决问题提出一个切实可行的方案并说明这个方案的能带来的好处。Conclusions：可以选择再次从侧面论证这个方案所能带来的好处，将会对公司产生什么有利的影响。

项目说明（也称为叙事或研究计划）§ 介绍--介绍申请人；建立可信度，特别是在寻求资金的领域里。特别是在寻求资助的领域建立信誉。§ 重要性（也叫问题陈述）--讨论申请人希望改变的状况；提供问题的证据，解释为什么解决该问题对申请资助的领域很重要。讨论申请人希望改变的状况；提供问题的证据，解释为什么解决这个问题对资助者、申请人和其他人来说是重要的。解释为什么解决这个问题对资助者、申请人和其他人都很重要。§ 目标（也叫具体目标）--以可衡量的术语说明项目的具体预期结果，并将目标直接与资助者、申请人和其他人联系起来。目标（也称为具体目标）--以可衡量的术语说明项目的具体预期结果，将目标与所述问题直接联系起来。§ 方法（也称为程序、工作计划或实验设计）--描述为满足所述问题而进行的活动。描述为实现所述目标而要进行的活动；为你选择的活动辩护；讨论谁来执行这些活动；包括时间表。讨论谁将执行这些活动；包括一个时间表。§ 人员和设施（也称为申请人组织的资格）--详细描述关键项目人员和设施的资格。详细描述关键项目人员的资格，并描述已经提供或承诺提供的用于执行项目的设施。承诺用于执行项目的设施。§ 评估--说明评估项目的计划；指出谁将进行评估，以及将如何处理评估结果。说明谁将进行评估，以及如何处理评估结果。§ 长期项目计划--说明项目在申请的资助期结束后的计划；如果它将继续，已经做了什么或将做什么？如果它将继续，已经或将要做什么来确保支持。

每个学术研究者必须经历的一道关卡,就是Research Proposal的写作.它大致对应中文里的“开题报告”、“选题报告”、“研究报告”,是一项研究开始之前的提纲、规划和陈述；既是为了帮助自己梳理文献、整理思路、廓清方向,也常常是写给相关他人的说明：研究动机和意义何在?可能有何成果?为什么它值得你的资助/认可/支持/批准?不知道是否可以说,好的proposal是研究成功的一半.但实际而功利的说,如果你的proposal很烂,可能根本就不会有开始研究的机会. How to write a research proposal? 能否写出漂亮的proposal,本质上取决于你对研究的思考深度和专业水准.但形式也很重要.英文的Research Proposal自有一套“八股”.程式化和结构化的好处就在于,可以让读者直接集中注意到最本质的内容上,而不是为形式分神.对于非英语native speaker的我们,如何理解英文学术世界的规范或曰思维定势,也是写作proposal之前必备的背景知识.下面这篇流传甚广的Research Proposal写作指南,言简意赅,颇具启发,对我自己的写作有所帮助,也希望能给更多的学界同仁带来便利.[点击这里,查看更多关于RESEARCH PROPOSAL以及GRANT PROPOSAL、PROJECT PROPOSAL写作的网上资源] 文章作者Paul T. P. Wong, Ph.D., C.Psych. (Research Director, Graduate Program in Counselling Psychology. Trinity Western University Langley, BC, Canada). 题为：How to Write a Research Proposal. 全文转载如下： Most students and beginning researchers do not fully understand what a research proposal means, nor do they understand its importance. To put it bluntly, one"s research is only as a good as one"s proposal. An ill-conceived proposal dooms the project even if it somehow gets through the Thesis Supervisory Committee. A high quality proposal, on the other hand, not only promises success for the project, but also impresses your Thesis Committee about your potential as a researcher.A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Generally, a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study. Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplish, why you want to do it and how you are going to do it. The proposal should have sufficient information to convince your readers that you have an important research idea, that you have a good grasp of the relevant literature and the major issues, and that your methodology is sound. The quality of your research proposal depends not only on the quality of your proposed project, but also on the quality of your proposal writing. A good research project may run the risk of rejection simply because the proposal is poorly written. Therefore, it pays if your writing is coherent, clear and compelling. This paper focuses on proposal writing rather than on the development of research ideas. TITLE: It should be concise and descriptive. For example, the phrase, “An investigation of . . .” could be omitted. Often titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship, because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables. However, if possible, think of an informative but catchy title. An effective title not only pricks the reader"s interest, but also predisposes him/her favourably towards the proposal. ABSTRACT: It is a brief summary of approximately 300 words. It should include the research question, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis (if any), the method and the main findings. Descriptions of the method may include the design, procedures, the sample and any instruments that will be used.INTRODUCTION: The main purpose of the introduction is to provide the necessary background or context for your research problem. How to frame the research problem is perhaps the biggest problem in proposal writing. If the research problem is framed in the context of a general, rambling literature review, then the research question may appear trivial and uninteresting. However, if the same question is placed in the context of a very focused and current research area, its significance will become evident. Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules on how to frame your research question just as there is no prescription on how to write an interesting and informative opening paragraph. A lot depends on your creativity, your ability to think clearly and the depth of your understanding of problem areas. However, try to place your research question in the context of either a current “hot” area, or an older area that remains viable. Secondly, you need to provide a brief but appropriate historical backdrop. Thirdly, provide the contemporary context in which your proposed research question occupies the central stage. Finally, identify “key players” and refer to the most relevant and representative publications. In short, try to paint your research question in broad brushes and at the same time bring out its significance. The introduction typically begins with a general statement of the problem area, with a focus on a specific research problem, to be followed by the rational or justification for the proposed study. The introduction generally covers the following elements: 1. State the research problem, which is often referred to as the purpose of the study. 2. Provide the context and set the stage for your research question in such a way as to show its necessity and importance. 3. Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing. 4. Briefly describe the major issues and sub-problems to be addressed by your research. 5. Identify the key independent and dependent variables of your experiment. Alternatively, specify the phenomenon you want to study. 6. State your hypothesis or theory, if any. For exploratory or phenomenological research, you may not have any hypotheses. (Please do not confuse the hypothesis with the statistical null hypothesis.) 7. Set the delimitation or boundaries of your proposed research in order to provide a clear focus. 8. Provide definitions of key concepts. (This is optional.) LITERATURE REVIEW: Sometimes the literature review is incorporated into the introduction section. However, most professors prefer a separate section, which allows a more thorough review of the literature. The literature review serves several important functions: 1. Ensures that you are not “reinventing the wheel”. 2. Gives credits to those who have laid the groundwork for your research. 3. Demonstrates your knowledge of the research problem. 4. Demonstrates your understanding of the theoretical and research issues related to your research question. 5. Shows your ability to critically evaluate relevant literature information. 6. Indicates your ability to integrate and synthesize the existing literature. 7. Provides new theoretical insights or develops a new model as the conceptual framework for your research. 8. Convinces your reader that your proposed research will make a significant and substantial contribution to the literature (i.e., resolving an important theoretical issue or filling a major gap in the literature). Most students" literature reviews suffer from the following problems: * Lacking organization and structure * Lacking focus, unity and coherence * Being repetitive and verbose * Failing to cite influential papers * Failing to keep up with recent developments * Failing to critically evaluate cited papers * Citing irrelevant or trivial references * Depending too much on secondary sources Your scholarship and research competence will be questioned if any of the above applies to your proposal. There are different ways to organize your literature review. Make use of subheadings to bring order and coherence to your review. For example, having established the importance of your research area and its current state of development, you may devote several subsections on related issues as: theoretical models, measuring instruments, cross-cultural and gender differences, etc. It is also helpful to keep in mind that you are telling a story to an audience. Try to tell it in a stimulating and engaging manner. Do not bore them, because it may lead to rejection of your worthy proposal. (Remember: Professors and scientists are human beings too.) METHODS: The Method section is very important because it tells your Research Committee how you plan to tackle your research problem. It will provide your work plan and describe the activities necessary for the completion of your project. The guiding principle for writing the Method section is that it should contain sufficient information for the reader to determine whether methodology is sound. Some even argue that a good proposal should contain sufficient details for another qualified researcher to implement the study. You need to demonstrate your knowledge of alternative methods and make the case that your approach is the most appropriate and most valid way to address your research question. Please note that your research question may be best answered by qualitative research. However, since most mainstream psychologists are still biased against qualitative research, especially the phenomenological variety, you may need to justify your qualitative method. Furthermore, since there are no well-established and widely accepted canons in qualitative analysis, your method section needs to be more elaborate than what is required for traditional quantitative research. More importantly, the data collection process in qualitative research has a far greater impact on the results as compared to quantitative research. That is another reason for greater care in describing how you will collect and analyze your data. (How to write the Method section for qualitative research is a topic for another paper.) For quantitative studies, the method section typically consists of the following sections: 1. Design -Is it a questionnaire study or a laboratory experiment? What kind of design do you choose? 2. Subjects or participants – Who will take part in your study ? What kind of sampling procedure do you use? 3. Instruments – What kind of measuring instruments or questionnaires do you use? Why do you choose them? Are they valid and reliable? 4. Procedure – How do you plan to carry out your study? What activities are involved? How long does it take?

remark释义：　 n. 评论；备注；注意v. 评论；注意到读音：英 [r?"mɑ?k] 　美 [r?"mɑ?rk] 　 　单词变形： 1、名词: remarker 2、过去式: remarked 3、过去分词: remarked 4、现在分词: remarking 5、第三人称单数: remarks双语例句：The editor remarked that article was well written.编者评论说那篇文章写得很好。近义词1、comment　 读音：英 ["k?ment] 美 ["kɑ?ment] 　 　n. 注释；评论；闲话v. 评论；注释He made no comments on our proposal.他对我们的建议没有作评论。2、notice　 读音：英 ["nt?s] 美 ["no?t?s] 　 　vt. 注意；留心；通知n. 通知；注意；布告He walked so fast that he didn"t notice his wife.他走得太快了,连他夫人都没注意到。

是 虚拟语气中的should可省略

两篇英文proposal。网址http://www.writing.eng.vt.edu/workbooks/proposal.samples.htmlA Proposal to Research the Storage Facilityfor Spent Nuclear Fuel at Yucca MountainRoger BloomOctober 1997Introduction Nuclear power plants produce more than 20 percent of the electricity used in the United States [Murray, 1989]. Unfortunately, nuclear fission, the process used to create this large amount energy, creates significant amounts of high level radioactive waste. More than 30,000 metric tons of nuclear waste have arisen from U.S. commercial reactors as well as high level nuclear weapons waste, such as uranium and plutonium [Roush, 1995]. Because of the build-up of this waste, some power plants will be forced to shut down. To avoid losing an important source of energy, a safe and economical place to keep this waste is necessary. This document proposes a literature review of whether Yucca Mountain is a suitable site for a nuclear waste repository. The proposed review will discuss the economical and environmental aspects of a national storage facility. This proposal includes my methods for gathering information, a schedule for completing the review, and my qualifications.Statement of Problem On January 1, 1998, the Department of Energy (DOE) must accept spent nuclear fuel from commercial plants for permanent storage [Clark, 1997]. However, the DOE is undecided on where to put this high level radioactive waste. Yucca Mountain, located in Nevada, is a proposed site. There are many questions regarding the safety of the Yucca Mountain waste repository. Researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory disagree over the long-term safety of the proposed high level nuclear waste site located in Nevada. In 1994, Charles Bowman, a researcher at Los Alamos, developed a theory claiming that years of storing waste in the mountain may actually start a nuclear chain reaction and explode, similar to an atomic bomb [Taubes, 1995]. The stir caused by theory suggests that researchers have not explored all sides of the safety issue concerning potentially hazardous situations at Yucca Mountain. Bowman"s theory that Yucca Mountain could explode is based upon the idea that enough waste will eventually disperse through the rock to create a critical mass. A critical mass is an amount of fissile material, such as plutonium, containing enough mass to start a neutron chain reaction [Murray, 1989]. Bowman argues that if this chain reaction were started underground, the rocks in the ground would help keep the system compressed and speed up the chain reaction [Taubes, 1995]. A chain reaction formed underground could then generate huge amounts of energy in a fraction of a second, resulting in a nuclear blast. A nuclear explosion of this magnitude would emit large amounts of radioactivity into the air and ground water. Another safety concern is the possibility of a volcanic eruption in Yucca Mountain. The long-term nuclear waste storage facility needs to remain stable for at least 10,000 years to allow the radioactive isotopes to decay to natural levels [Clark, 1997]. There are at least a dozen young volcanoes within 40 kilometers of the proposed Yucca Mountain waste site [Weiss, 1996]. The proximity of Yucca Mountain to these volcanoes makes it possible to have a volcanic eruption pass through the spent fuel waste repository. Such a volcanic eruption could release damaging amounts of radioactivity to the environment.Objectives I propose to review the available literature about using Yucca Mountain as a possible repository for spent nuclear fuel. In this review I will achieve the following two goals: (1) explain the criteria for a suitable repository of high-level radioactive waste; and (2) determine whether Yucca Mountain meets these criteria. According to the Department of Energy (DOE), a repository for high-level radioactive waste must meet several criteria including safety, location, and economics [Roush, 1995]. Safety includes not only the effect of the repository on people near the site, but also people along the transportation routes to the site. In my research I will consider both groups of people. As far as location, a waste site cannot be in an area with a large population or near a ground water supply. Also, because one of the most significant factors in determining the life span of a possible repository is how long the waste storage canisters will remain in tact, the waste site must be located in a dry climate to eliminate the moisture that can cause the waste canisters to corrode. The economics involved in selecting a site is another criterion. At present, the Department of Energy (DOE) has spent more than 1.7 billion dollars on the Yucca Mountain project [Taubes, 1995]. For that reason, much pressure exists to select Yucca Mountain as a repository site; otherwise, this money would have been wasted. Other costs, though, have to be considered. For instance, how economical is it to transport radioactive waste across several states to a single national site? I will try to account for as many of these other costs as possible. After explaining the criteria, I will assess how well Yucca Mountain meets those criteria. In this assessment, I will not assign a numerical score for each criterion. Rather, I will discuss qualitatively how well Yucca Mountain meets each criterion. In some situations, disagreement exists among experts as to how well Yucca Mountain meets a criterion. In such cases, I will present both sides. In this assessment, only Yucca Mountain will be considered as a possible site. Although many sites in the United States could meet the DOE"s established criteria, I will consider only Yucca Mountain because the DOE is considering only Yucca Mountain [Taube, 1995].Plan of Action This section presents my plan for obtaining the objectives discussed in the previous section. There has been an increase of interest in the nuclear industry concerning the Yucca Mountain site because of the January 1,1998, deadline for the DOE. Several journal articles and papers discussing the possibility of Yucca Mountain as a spent fuel repository in our near future have surfaced as a consequence of that interest. These articles and books about the dangers of nuclear waste should provide sufficient information for me to complete my review. The following two paragraphs will discuss how I will use these sources in my research. The first goal of my research is to explain the criteria for determining whether a nuclear waste repository is suitable. For example, will the rock structure be able to withstand human invasion in the future [Clark, 1997]? What will happen if the waste containers corrode and do not last as long as predicted? Will the natural setting contain the waste? To achieve this goal, I will rely on "Background on 40 CFR Part 197 Environmental Standards for Yucca Mountain" [Clark, 1997], the DOE Yucca Mountain home page [1997], and the book Understanding Radioactive Waste [Murray, 1989]. A second goal of my literature review is to evaluate Yucca Mountain meets those criteria. I will base my evaluation on the sources mentioned above as well as specific Environmental Protection Agency standards. I also intend to research the validity of possible environmental disasters, such as the explosion theory. To accomplish this goal, I will rely on the paper presented by Clark [1997], and on the book Blowup at Yucca Mountain [Taubes, 1995]. Because engineering students are the primary audience for my proposed research topic and may not be familiar with the history of nuclear waste, I will provide a background on past methods used for waste storage. People in the nuclear field with some knowledge of the waste problem facing the industry may be a secondary audience.Management Plan This section presents my schedule, costs, and qualifications for completing the proposed research. This research culminates in a formal report, which will be completed by December 5, 1997. To reach this goal, I will follow the schedule presented in Figure 1. Since I already possess literature on the subject of Yucca Mountain as a nuclear waste site, most of my time will be spent sorting through the literature to find key results, and presenting those results to the audience. Figure 1. Schedule for completion of the literature review. The formal presentation will be on October 27, and the formal report will be completed by December 5. Given that all my sources are available through the University of Wisconsin library system, there is no appreciable cost associated with performing this review, unless one takes into consideration the amount of tuition spent on maintaining the university libraries. The only other minor costs are photocopying articles, creating transparencies for my presentation, printing my report, and binding my report. I estimate these expenses will not exceed $20. I am a senior in the Engineering Physics Department at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, majoring in nuclear engineering and physics. I have taken several classes related to nuclear waste, economics, and environmental studies. I believe that these courses will aid me in preparing the proposed review. For further information about my qualifications, see the attached resume.Conclusion More than 30,000 metric tons of nuclear waste have arisen from U.S. commercial reactors as well as high level nuclear weapons waste, such as uranium and plutonium [Roush, 1995]. This document has proposed research to evaluate the possibility of using Yucca Mountain as a possible repository for this spent nuclear fuel. The proposed research will achieve the following goals: (1) explain the criteria necessary to make a suitable high level radioactive waste repository, and (2) determine if Yucca Mountain meets these criteria. The research will include a formal presentation on November 11 and a formal report on December 5.References Clark, Raymond L., "Background on 40 CFR Part 197 Environmental Radiation Protection Standards for Yucca Mountain," Proceedings of the 1997 Waste Management Conference (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997). Kerr, R., "New Way to Ask the Experts: Rating Radioactive Waste Risks," Science, vol.274, (November1996), pp. 913-914. Murray, Raymond L., Understanding Nuclear Waste (Battelle Press, 1989). Roush, W., "Can Nuclear Waste Keep Yucca Mountain Dry-and Safe?" Science, vol. 270, (December 1995), pp. 1761-1762. Taubes, G., "Blowup at Yucca Mountain," Science, vol.268, (June 1995), pp. 1836-1839.

Project Proposal的写作最好选择自己感兴趣的研究方向，记住，一定要体现出自己的逻辑性，因为这样才能体现出我们的学术研究能力。下面是51due整理的Project Proposal写作要素，大家快来看看吧：1.背景对于Proposal有意义的要点，如国家职业证书、技能、经验、能力和实习经历等。2.大纲描述自己明确感兴趣的领域、研究和方向，即我们希望能够通过学习来承接过去的知识并启发未来的职业道路。用3、4句话阐释自己的Project核心，在大纲中我们应回答这些问题：我的Project有什么意义？谁会是它的受众？3.发展参考特定的领域，重要的想法和先例以支撑和表达我们的Proposal。这个部分需要我们展开来描述自己Project所聚焦的具体领域，特别重要的是我们对于先例的评估使用，以及如何看待自己的Project和它们的联系。4.研究概述我们想要采用实际、理论和图像研究的逻辑顺序。这个部分要求我们详细计划如何实施自己的Project，并且预想有哪些巨大的困难。5.评估评估自己目前的作品，我们能得出什么样的结论？我们的作品优势在哪里，有哪些地方需要提高？6.资料来源记录我们在Proposal中使用的资料来源，包括在职业领域有联系的人，图书馆，博物馆，展览，特别档案，收藏等等。记录任何会支持我们项目的专业领域推荐人，这些可能是上面已列出的人，或者是研究人员，生产商，潜在合作伙伴等等。7.参考文献给出明确的引用相关文献资料，包括书籍、图片、视频、艺术品、在线资源等。8.附录（optional）我们可以加入任何与Proposal相关但不是核心的其他材料，这可能是其他项目、笔记本、图纸、公司分析,或额外的研究材料。以上资料由51due整理，希望对您有所帮助。

很多同学都面临着要写一份 Proposal 那应该怎么去写一份 优秀漂亮的Proposal ， 依旧是很多同学的难题~但好在 无论是 学术论文还是Proposal 都可以说的上是 某种程度上的“八股” 即 可以按照固定的模式和形式进行写作 也就是“ 套路” 那么就让我将proposal的各个部分来进行详细剖析。 通常提案内容包括： 1.标题(Title) 2.介绍 (Introduction) 3.研究，目的和目标 (Aims & Objectives) 4.研究方法 (Methodology) 5.文献回顾 (Literature review) 6.研究范围和限制条件 (Scope & Constraints) 7.章节大纲 (Outline of sections/chapters) 8.时间安排 (Timetable) 9.文献 (References) 01 标 题 标题的选取最有技巧性，可能会make或者break整个论文。尤其是对自己未来的第一份工作比较有想法的同学，可能会考虑自己的毕业论文和相关领域或者话题挂钩，这样能够增加面试通过概率。 提案阶段的标题不一定完美，因为这只是个初步想法，之后可能会对语言有进一步措辞，但切记标题的中心要进口文章内容，确保文章和题目相互呼应，否则牛头不对马嘴了。 建议： 选择你喜欢的领域和切入点，有助于帮助你focus整篇文章的写作。 有时间和条件的同学可以看看往届毕业生的论文，或许会获得一些灵感，而且还能避免和往届作品题目冲撞。 仔细消化导师的反馈意见，大部分导师都会告诉你，你的想法是否有可研究性，或者是否被往届学生所研究过。 一旦选好题目，就要一头扎进去，不要朝三暮四总是想换题目。 02 介 绍 论文的介绍应该给读者/导师一个清晰的概念，作者的研究方向以及预计研究成果。内容方面可以包括： 概述： 概述研究的对象/理论有哪些问题事件 解释： 解释为什么你觉得这些问题值得探讨研究 描述： 描述你想如何做调查研究，并且你所期待的结果 总结： 总结这篇论文最终会获得哪些成果 建议： 这是一个很好的摆事实挑问题的好机会，尽可能地想一想研究过程中可能会发生的问题，并和导师讨论如何提前解决。 想得高分的同学们可以适当地发挥延伸，尽可能超越自己学科知识的等级，讨论对当前理论、科研或者社会方面的影响。如此一来，一不小心就可以得distinction啦。 如果同学们卡在介绍这一环节，想不出可以写的东西，那一定要和导师沟通，或许需要换一个话题。 03 研究目的和目标 目的(Aims)其实就是大目标，宽泛的指出大方向，研究此论文的目的。 目标(Objectives)更加具体，细分出想要达到大目的所经过的一步步小目标，以及如何实现这些目标。 建立目标的时候，小OE推荐大家使用SMART分析法： Specific具体-你的目标细化到一步步都可以较容易的实现么? Measurable可衡量-你所设置的目标可以用什么方法进行检测是否达到标准么? Achievable可实现-你的目标切实可行么? Realistic现实的-你手中有资源确实可以支撑做整个的调查研究么? Time-constrained时间强制性-你确定有足够的时间使你达到目标么? 建议： 设立目的或者目标没有数字的限制，只要你可以把大目的和小目标解释清楚，使之环环相扣，就ok啦。 尽量使用肯定、强劲有力的描述词语，避免模糊不清的比如perhaps，consider，possibly。动词上的使用可以选择develop，construct，measure等等。 04 研究方法 研究方法可是提案里的重中之重，内容包括： 项目研究的方法 理论框架 资料源和信息源 获取数据的方法 分析数据的方法 建议： 有时候资料和信息源可能就是简单的图书馆，但是也要系统的、有顺序的列举出你所要找的资料，给读者足够的信心认为你认真对待而不是随便的找寻资料。这也增加了资料的可信度。 有时候解释研究方法可能和向小朋友解释步骤一样，简单直接，自己都觉得可笑，但其实这很正常。 不要在这里放调查问卷或者采访稿子，这些应该都放在附录中。 时刻询问导师意见，尤其如果你选用最原始的调查方法，导师可能会给一些更有效的建议。 05 文献回顾 文献回顾也称之为Literature Survey，主要考察学生在写作时的阅读量以及涉猎范围广度。 浏览以往的文献，可以了解这一领域先前所做过的研究，也可以找到领域的科研带头方向和人物，有了方向标，自己的论文自然不会太过拼凑。 建议： 写文献回顾的目的是挖掘没有被人发现或研究的gap，这样能够体现你自己的研究成果，以及在此领域所做的贡献。 写文献回顾的时候可能会涉及很多的paraphrase，记得做文献标注哦。 06 研究范围和限制条件 研究范围的设定要适量把握，适当宽泛但确保目标不是过大，可以实现;适当狭窄但也要给出充足时间，保证完成研究。最重要的还是研究范围要和论文中心思想以及你所设定的目标挂钩。 在研究过程会有许多限制因素，最普遍的是时间限制，因为没有足够的时间，所以研究的范围和深度广度都会受到影响。其他的限制因素包括没有足够的数据、没有充足的过往文献、项目资金匮乏等等。

即将毕业的留学生们都知道，在写作Dissertation之前，校方首先会让你写一篇Proposal，通过了才可以进行接下来的写作。那么我们如何才能提高Proposal的写作质量，让导师满意，顺利通过呢？首先来看一篇好的Proposal需要有哪些内容？清楚的定义主题，展示你感兴趣的研究领域和目的；展示你已经确定并开始对Topic和Aims的研究；证明你了解研究该如何进行；流利的英文，清晰的结构和适当的标题，使文章看起来更加专业；Reference格式必须严格按照学校的要求，并且记录下所有文中用到的引用。接下来为大家分析为什么需要写Proposal？Proposal完成的质量直接能够证明你对某个领域的深层研究，并有助于导师了解你的兴趣所在.下面这四点是要求写proposal的原因:提升对一个调查的设计和思考的能力了解如何对文献综述进行全面的审查，以确保要研究的问题没有明确的答案(因为有明确答案的研究问题，就没有进行研究的必要了)提高研究和写作能力训练逻辑能力，在一个复杂的调查项目中，达到最后的目标不是件容易的事情最后再给大家说说Proposal写作的大纲一般情况下，大学要求Proposal的字数在2000-3000字之间，包含总共7个部分:1、Title (Proposal标题)标题需要简明, 准确的解释你提出的研究重点.2、Introduction (介绍部分)开头部分需要包括对文章大体的介绍，研究的方向，目标等来吸引导师的兴趣。3、Justification/Rationale (研究理由)对以前该方面研究的概述这个研究是否值得花时间和金钱研究问题的说明4、Aims (研究目标)简短的说明你的研究目标Aims应该是对Topic的缩小，可以集中去实现和管理5、Literature review (文献综述)在这个部分需要展现你对Topic和相关话题的熟悉，从而来说服导师，建议：不要选择已经研究过的Topic, 确保研究的话题是未知的，有研究意义的与现存在的知识保持一致的立场6、Methodology (方法论)此章节需详细介绍你打算如何展开研究你将在这篇文章中使用什么技术或方法，为什么使用它？为什么不是别的方法？对研究和分析方法的讨论7、References (引用)所有正文里引用的资料的列表，同学们需要注意References格式的正确，这点已经不用多做强调，任何形式的论文都是如此。以上就是提高Proposal写作质量的一些方法，希望对同学们有所帮助。

简单来说，proposal就是论文写作的预演，具体包含以下部分：● Introduction（简介）● Problem Statement（问题陈述）● Objective（目的）● Literature Review（文献综述）● Methodology（研究方法）● References（参考文献）

综述：opening report可以，用Proposal更正式点。重点词汇：Proposal英［pru0259＇pu0259u028azl］释义：n.提议，建议；（计划、建议等的）提出；求婚［复数：proposals］短语：The Proposal假结婚；爱情限时签；求婚的恶魔；弄假成真词语使用变化：proposaln.（名词）1、proposal表示“提议，建议”时，其后可接介词短语或动词不定式作定语，也可接that从句作同位语。2、proposal所接由that引起的表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气。3、proposal作为名词时，后面通常跟带to的不定式和名词。

简单来说，proposal就是论文写作的预演，具体包含以下部分：● Introduction（简介）● Problem Statement（问题陈述）● Objective（目的）● Literature Review（文献综述）● Methodology（研究方法）● References（参考文献）

proposal的复数和其它的一样，直接加一个s在后面：proposals

proposal写作格式要求如下：1、信头 The heading信头就是指书信中发信人的地址和发信的日期等。通常情况下，公司都会专门印制带有信头的信笺纸，包括发信人的姓名，地址，电话，传真等。当我们撰写传统信件时，直接使用这种信笺纸就可以。2、编号（写信人的名字缩写）和日期 The sender name and the date这部分内容是为了方便今后查询信件用的。3、封内地址 The inside address这里就是指收信人的姓名和地址，一般写在信笺的左上方。收信人名称地址的格式和信头的格式相同，但必须把收信人的姓名一并写出。另外，如果不是完全公事化的书信往来，或者已经从公事的关系渐渐发展成为带有私人性质的友好信件往来，由于称呼这一栏的内容已经说明了收信人的身份，所以可以不必填写封内地址。4、事由 The subject heading事由也就是我们通常说的主题，可以直接写明信件的重点，让人不必读完全信才了解到信的内容。所以事由要写得简明扼要。注意事项：写在结束语的下面，签上写信人的名字。如果是传统的信件，写信人最好亲笔签上您的名字，因为用印章的话，说明该信件并非本人亲自过目，只是通函而已，不为人重视。签名的下面，最好写上发信人的职位。英文硕士论文proposal往往涉及描述调查内容以及调查主题的重要性，同时需要附上一定的研究方法。大多数学院针对英文硕士论文proposal都有指定的封面格式，大家要依据具体的要求灵活调整。

proposal写作格式是：标题（Title）、摘要 (Abstract)、引言(Introduction)、文献综述(Literature Review)、方法(Methods)、结果(Result)、讨论(Discussion)七部分。1.标题（Title）简明扼要，内容翔实又吸引人。其实和中文论文写作差不多，题目不要泛而空，尽量缩小话题范围，这样内容更有针对性。题目要能体现你的研究对象和创新性，至少能勾起阅读全文的兴趣！2.摘要（Abstract）300字左右的简要归纳。它应该包括研究问题，研究的理论基础，假说，研究方法以及主要发现。重中之重，实际就是将RP再浓缩一次。Title+ Abstract就一锤定生死了，剩下部分基本就是abstract的拓展了。这部分用最简单的话，说明白你的想法！内容包括自己想研究的领域和想法（topic+idea），如果背后有一些大师研究做理论支撑或者实证研究（empirical study）就更好了。对于建筑类相关专业，empirical study(案例研究/场地调研/问卷访谈等)非常重要，如果连实地都没有去过，何来一手的资料，一手的结论呢。此处会涉及到original contribution（原创贡献），你的原创性或者说你对这一议题的贡献值有多少。所以摘要的实质也是一种游说/推销，推销你的研究意义所在。3.引言（Introduction）主要目的是为你的研究问题提供必要的背景。通常包含以下内容：描述研究问题、目的。为你的研究问题提供背景，设定其范围，以体现出它的必要性和重要性。理论依据，要清楚的指出为什么该研究是值得去做的。简要描述该研究要解决的主要及次要问题。明确说明你想要研究的现象。阐述你的假说或理论。设定你研究计划的局限或边界，以提供一个清晰的研究重点。给关键概念下定义。设定研究计划边界很重要，明确对象，精确打靶。反之，泛泛其谈，文章就很容易大而空，专有名词成堆，什么都说不清楚。4.文献综述（Literature Review）确保你不是“重新发明车轮”（意即不是重复前人已有的成果）。向奠定该研究基础的前人致谢。说明你对该研究问题的了解。阐述你对该问题相关的理论和研究的理解。展现你对相关文献资料的批判评价能力。显示你整合现有文献的能力。提供新的理论见解或发展一种新的模式，作为你研究的概念框架。向你的读者证明该研究计划会对现有文献做出重要的和实质性的贡献。5.方法(Methods)非常重要。指导原则就是，应包含足够的信息，以便读者判断该方法是否有效可行。你也应该说明对其他可行方法的看法，以证明你的方法是解决该研究问题最适当和最有效的途径。定性研究+定量研究。对定量研究来说，方法部分通常包括以下内容：研究设计-是问卷调查研究还是一个实验室的试验？你将选择什么样的设计？研究对象或参与者――谁将会参与你的研究？你将采用什么样的抽样程序？研究手段――你将采用什么样的测量手段或问卷？你为什么要选择这些方法？他们是否有效可靠？研究步骤――你打算如何开展研究？有哪些过程将被包括？需要多长时间？方法很重要，但也不必过分纠结这部分。主要体现proposal的可实施性/你的计划性+实力能完成该项研究。这部分后续肯定会在supervisor的指导下有所变更。当然有时间的话，也可以多琢磨会儿。6.结果（Results）很显然，在研究计划准备阶段你并没有研究结果。不过，你将收集哪些数据，什么样的统计方法将会用于解答你的研究问题或验证你的假设，关于这些你应该有一些想法。PS：6和7两部分可以合并为conclusion。就建筑类专业而言，可能不会像生化专业会得出一些数据性的结果。所以最后结尾基本上就是总结重申研究的内容/意义/影响性。7.讨论（Disscussion）向读者说明你研究的潜在影响很重要。在交流时你应该热情而自信，但又不能夸大该研究的价值。这就是为什么你还需要说明该研究的局限和不足，可能是因为时间和经济上的限制，也可能是因为你研究领域还是在发展初期。

suggest是动词 advise proposal都是名词advice,proposal,suggestion这些名词均含“意见、建议”之意.advice普通用词,侧重依据个人经验、学识和正确判断而提出的忠言.proposal指正式提出来供研究、采纳或实行的建议.suggestion普通用词,语气比advice婉转客气,也不如proposal正式.着重为改进工作、解决困难等提出的建议,有时含所提建议不一定正确,仅供参考的意味.advise sb.of把...报告[通知]某人advise with sb.on sth.同某人商量某事,就某事请教某人advise with sb.about sth.同某人商量某事,就某事请教某人agree to sb"s proposal 同意某人的建议decline〔kill,reject〕 a proposal 谢绝〔否决,拒绝〕建议fall in with sb"s proposal 同意某人的建议make〔offer〕 a proposal to sb 向某人求婚present〔put forth〕 a proposal 提出建议support〔withdraw〕 a proposal 支持〔收回〕提议动词+～adopt〔reject〕 a suggestion 采纳〔拒绝〕建议advance〔come up with,offer,put forward〕 a suggestion 提建议ask〔call〕 for a suggestion 征求建议形容词+～appropriate〔helpful〕 suggestion 适当〔有益〕的建议介词+～at sb"s suggestion 按照某人的建议only by way of suggestion 仅供参考+介词suggestion about〔concerning〕 有关…的建议

可以加介词to。make a proposal to，意思是：向…求婚。重点词汇：proposal。英［pru0259＇pu0259u028azl］释义：n.提议，建议；（计划、建议等的）提出；求婚。［复数：proposals］短语：The Proposal假结婚；爱情限时签；求婚的恶魔；弄假成真。词语使用变化：proposaln.（名词）1、proposal表示“提议，建议”时，其后可接介词短语或动词不定式作定语，也可接that从句作同位语。2、proposal所接由that引起的表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气。3、proposal作为名词时，后面通常跟带to的不定式和名词。