用英语介绍 芜湖长江大桥

bridge

更新1: Victor [小学级 4 级] is good!! 24 小时后 选you 最佳 更新2: Victor [小学级 4 级] is good!!but other people can be good!! 伦敦大桥=伦敦塔桥=Tower Bridge 白金汉宫=Buckingham Palace 圣保罗大教堂=Saint Paul"s Cathedral 肯辛顿宫=Kensington Palace 大英博物馆=British Museum 西敏寺=Westminster Abbey 伦敦眼=London Eye 伦敦塔=Tower of London copy .Victor [小学级 4 级] cinnamoroll ( 小学级 5 级 ) is so bad!! 伦敦大桥=伦敦塔桥=Tower Bridge 白金汉宫=Buckingham Palace 圣保罗大教堂=Saint Paul's Cathedral 肯辛顿宫=Kensington Palace 大英博物馆=British Museum 西敏寺=Westminster Abbey 伦敦眼=London Eye 伦敦塔=Tower of London

金门桥（Golden Gate Bridge）是世界著名的桥梁之一，也是近代桥梁工程的一项奇迹。大桥雄峙于美国加利福尼亚州长1900多米的金门海峡之上，历时4年和10万多吨钢材，耗资达3550万美元建成，由桥梁工程师约瑟夫·施特劳斯（Joseph .Struss, 1870—1938年）设计。因其历史价值，于2007年由英、美两国合拍成同名纪录片。The Golden Gate Bridge (Golden Gate Bridge) is one of the world-famous bridge, is a miracle of modern bridge engineering. Ohashi O on the America Zhi to the governor of California and more than 1900 meters of the golden gate, which lasted 4 years and more than 10 tons of steel, cost $35500000 and completed by bridge engineers, Joseph Strauss (Joseph.Struss, 1870 - 1938) design. Because of its historical value, in 2007 by the USA and the UK, tune into the eponymous documentary.如有疑问请继续追问，望采纳，谢谢，您的采纳是我的力量！

The major construction work on the world"s longest cross-sea bridge, which connects Zhuhai in Guangdong Province with Hong Kong and Macao, was completed Tuesday. 连接广东珠海、香港和澳门的全球最长跨海大桥——港珠澳大桥主桥建设工程于本周二全线贯通。 A ceremony was held in Zhuhai to celebrate completion of the 55-km cross-sea route and to mark the start of road surfacing and related work. 庆祝仪式在珠海举办，庆祝这座全长55公里跨海大桥工程的完工，也标志着路面和相关工作的开展。 "This means construction has entered its final stage," said Zhu Yongling, head of the administration bureau of the bridge. “这意味着大桥主体工程建设进入收官阶段，” 港珠澳大桥管理局局长朱永灵说。 More than 400,000 tonnes of steel have been used for the 6.7 km undersea tunnel and 22.9 km bridge, enough to build 60 Eiffel Towers. 6.7公里的海底隧道和22.9公里的大桥使用了超过400,000吨钢材，足以建造60座埃菲尔铁塔。 British newspaper "The Guardian" named the megastructure one of its "seven wonders of the modern world near completion." 英国报纸《卫报》称这座巨型建筑为“现代世界七大奇迹”之一。 Construction began in December 2009 at Zhuhai. The Y-shaped bridge starts from Lantau Island in Hong Kong with branches to Zhuhai and Macao. 港珠澳大桥于2009年12月在珠海动工。这座Y形大桥始于香港大屿山岛，分支连接珠海和澳门。 The bridge will cut travel time from Hong Kong to both Zhuhai and Macao from the current three hours by road or one hour by sea to a half hour drive, Zhu said. 这座大桥将使从香港到珠海和澳门的通行时间从目前的陆路三小时或水路一小时缩减到半小时的车程，朱说。 Before the project, the 36.48-km-long bridge across the mouth of the Jiaozhou Bay in eastern Shandong Province was considered the world"s longest cross-sea bridge. 这个工程施工之前，世界上最长的跨海大桥是位于山东省东部横跨胶州湾湾口全长36.48公里的胶州湾跨海大桥。 Su Quanke, chief engineer with the administration bureau of the bridge, said the project has made history in many aspects. 港珠澳大桥管理局总工程师苏全科说，该工程已在许多方面创造了历史。 Located near the airports of Hong Kong and Macao and over one of the world"s busiest shipping routes, where more than 4,000 vessels pass by every day, the project could not interfere with the daily operations of the vessels and the airplanes nearby. Maritime protection was also important as the construction region is overlapped with the reserve of Chinese white dolphins, an endangered species that enjoys top level state protection. 港珠澳大桥位于香港和澳门的机场附近，经过世界上最繁忙的航道之一，每天有4000多艘通航船舶，该工程不会对邻近船舶和飞机的日常运营产生干扰。海洋保护也很重要，因为施工区域与中华白海豚自然保护区相重叠，中华白海豚是享受国家顶级保护的濒危物种。 "The special position and the super-long status of the project were challenges," he said. “该工程特殊的位置和超长的长度都是挑战，”他说。 According to Su, this was the first time China has built an immersed tube tunnel in open waters. Two artificial islands made of steel pillars were created to connect the bridge, the first time this process has ever been used. 据苏说，这是中国第一次在开阔水域建立一个沉管隧道。建设过程中第一次使用两个钢圆筒建立的人工岛来连接桥梁。 With a series of world advanced anti-erosion and earthquake-resistant measures, the bridge can be operational for 120 years, he said. 拥有一系列世界先进的抗腐蚀和抗震措施，港珠澳大桥的使用寿命达120年，他说。 Major parts, including bridge deck units, piers, girders and steel tubes, were produced at plants and then assembled piece by piece on the water with large floating cranes. 主体部分，包括桥面，桥墩，桥梁和钢管，都在工厂生产，然后用大型浮吊一块一块在水上组装。 The dolphin-shaped bridge tower weighs up to 2,786 tonnes. Two floating cranes, with a load capacity of 3,200 tonnes and 2,300 tonnes respectively, worked together to lift and roll the tower, setting a world record. 海豚形的桥塔重达2786吨.“两个负载能力分别为3200吨和2300吨的浮式起重机一起将海豚塔吊起，进行空中转体，创下了一个世界纪录。 If it were not for the progress of "Made in China," we couldn"t possibly have realized the construction in such a short a time, considering the maximum load capacity of a floating crane was only 100 tonnes 15 years ago. 如果不是因为“中国制造”的进步，我们不可能在如此短的时间内完工，15年前浮动起重机的最大负载能力仅为100吨。 "The "China technology" and "China standard" set by the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge will influence the world market," said chief engineer Su. “港珠澳大桥创造的‘中国工艺"和‘中国标准"将会影响世界市场，”总工程师苏说。 你自己选择对自己有用的部分，进行写作会更好的！

在美国英文为Golden Gate Bridge

西流湾大桥全长1600米，其中桥梁长1081米，跨江主桥长530米，设计为双向车道。于2018年5月18日正式通车。此前，资江上已有三座大桥：资江一桥，资江二桥，资江三桥。按时序排位，此桥是规划建设的第五座桥。大桥南岸主线连接康复路，北岸主线连接资江东路，缓解城区过江压力。TheWeststreamBayBridgeis1600meterslong,withabridgelengthof1081metersandamainbridge530metersacrosstheriver.Itisdesignedasatwo-waylane.ItwasofficiallyopenedinMay18,2018.Previously,therewerethreebridgesonZiJiang:ZiJiangBridge,ZiJiangsecondbridgeandZiJiangthirdbridge.Thisbridgeisthefifthbridgeforplanningandconstruction.ThemainlineofthebridgeisconnectedtoKangFuRoad,andthemainlineofthenorthbankconnectstheEastRoadofZiJiangtorelievethepressureofrivercrossing.

Over sea bridge

The Golden Gate Bridge is perhaps the most famous bridge in the world. It is famous for its size, location, and color. It is nearly 9,000 feet long, and above water its towers are 740 feet tall. Its unique color is officially known as "orange vermillion." Thousands of ships sail under it every year, and believe it or not, the U.S. Navy originally wanted it to be painted black and yellow so it would be easy to see. 金门大桥可能是世界上最的大桥。这座大桥因规模、位置和颜色而出名。大桥的长度接近9000英尺，水上高度740英尺。大桥独特的颜色被正式命名为朱橙色。每年有数千艘船只从桥下航行，信不信由你，美国海军曾经想把这座桥刷成黑色和黄色，这样很容易看到。 People often think the Golden Gate Bridge is named after the color of its paint. In actuality, the bridge is named for the color of the water in the bay. On a clear day, when the sun sets at dusk, the water turns from blue to gold, due to light from the sun reflecting off the water. When this happens, the entire inlet, or "gate" of water, becomes golden. 人们通常认为金门大桥是由颜色而命名的。实际上，这座大桥是以海湾的海水颜色而命名的。晴天太阳在黄昏日落时，海水会从蓝色变成金色，原因是太阳光会反射到水面上。而在这种情况下，整个海湾或是水闸都会变成金色。 The bay is not always golden. San Francisco has large amounts of fog, especially in summer. Fog is like a cloud close to the ground. When warm air blows over cold water, it tends to create fog, so when the warm California air meets the cold Pacific Ocean, fog is formed, and the beautiful Golden Gate Bridge disappears! 海湾并不总是金色的。旧金山有大量的雾，夏季尤为严重。雾气就像笼罩在地面上的云。温暖的空气拂过冰冷的海水，就会产生雾，温暖的加州天气会遇上寒冷的太平洋，雾就形成了，而美丽的金门大桥就消失了！ Because of the fog, rain, and moisture from the water, the bridge collects a lot of rust. Rust is the red stuff that collects on metal after being exposed to moisture, or water. So in order to protect the bridge from rust, it is continually being painted. It is rumored that the bridge is being painted 365 days a year. As soon as they finish painting it, they immediately start all over again. 由于雾、雨水和海水带来的水气，大桥便会生锈。锈是金属物质接触到水气或是水分而形成的红色物体。为了保护大桥不生锈，大桥会一直被粉刷。有传言称，这座大桥一年365天都会被刷漆。工人们在完成一次粉刷工作后，便会立即开始另一次粉刷。 San Francisco Bay has three tall bridges: the Golden Gate, its most famous bridge, the Richmond Bridge, its longest, and the Bay Bridge, its busiest. The Bay Bridge connects the large cities of Oakland on the East Bay and San Francisco on the west. Because the bridge is between two major cities, it is almost always busy and the traffic is often bad. 旧金山海湾有三座高桥：其中最的是金门大桥，最长的桥是里奇蒙桥，最繁忙的桥是海湾大桥。海湾大桥连接了东湾地区奥克兰州的城市和西湾地区的旧金山。因为这座大桥位于两大城市之间，所以这座大桥一直处于繁忙状态，交通情况非常糟糕。 The Golden Gate Bridge is beautiful to look at, but the Bay Bridge is a beautiful bridge to look from. At night, the tall buildings of San Francisco are all lit up and bright, and from the Bay Bridge, the city is a truly beautiful thing to see. 金门大桥看起来非常美，而海湾大桥是适合观赏景色的美丽桥梁。晚上，旧金山大楼的灯会亮起来，从海湾大桥看上去，这座城市真的很漂亮。

大桥外语学的是新概念，因为大桥外语新概念学习的主要目的是注重强调自身的学习英语专业的语言词汇量的扩充、语言语法的运用、写作能力和口语表达能力，对提升自己的英语专业知识都具有一定的影响力作用。所以，大桥外语学的是新概念。

The London Bridge注意,The London Bridge 不是Tower Bridge，别把这两条桥混乱

朗文

beautiful big bridge

Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge

能通往全世界的大桥A bridge to the world

London Bridge is in Lake Havasu City, Arizona.In 1962, London Bridge was falling down. Built in 1831, the bridge couldn"t handle the ever-increasing flow of traffic across the Thames River. The British government decided to put the bridge up for sale, and Robert McCulloch, Founder of Lake Havasu City, Arizona, and Chairman of McCulloch Oil Corporation, submitted the winning bid of $2,460,000. The bridge was dismantled, and each stone was numbered. Everything was shipped 10,000 miles to Long Beach, California, and then trucked to Lake Havasu City. Reconstruction began on September 23, 1968, with a ceremony including the Lord Mayor of London, who laid the cornerstone. On October 10, 1971, the bridge was dedicated.London Bridge crosses a narrow boating channel that connects with Thompson Bay on the Arizona side of Lake Havasu. Prior to the arrival of London Bridge, the land upon which the bridge was placed was a peninsula. A large dredge was used to carve a one-mile channel, removing over two million cubic yards of rock and earth in the construction phase. Water was then diverted from the lake, under the bridge and then back into the lake through Thompson Bay. On the Google Map aerial view, the pushpin marked "A" is the London Bridge Resort, and just to the left is McCulloch Boulevard and the location of London Bridge.To reach the bridge from I-40 we recommend going south on Arizona Highway 95, then turn left (east) on Mesquite Avenue. Turn right (south) on Lake Havasu Avenue N. and then right again on McCulloch Boulevard N. to drive over the bridge. Best place to park to take photos: Just after turning onto McCulloch Boulevard N., you"ll cross over Arizona Highway 95. Before you reach the actual London Bridge, turn left into the small parking lot near the London Bridge Resort. It"s an easy walk along the lower edge of the bridge to the promenade for photos. Once you walk west under the bridge, you"ll see a concrete walkway ramp which leads up to the London Bridge visitors" center where there are some historical photos and other information about the bridge and other attractions and points of interest within about a 100-mile radius of Lake Havasu City.Lake Havasu City, which got its start as an Army Air Corps rest camp during World War II, now has over 1,000 businesses, two newspapers and a college. Remember that the next time a man comes up to you and offers to sell you a used bridge!

Yangpu Bridge on the Huangpu River is the second cable-stayed bridge to be completed in October 1993 opening, she chimed in with the Nanpu Bridge, Inner Ring Elevated connect Pudong and Puxi hub of the river, a total length of 7,654 meters, 602 meters for Span , 1,172 m long main bridge, 30.35 meters wide, a total of six lanes. Yangpu Bridge towers and double cable composite beam cable-stayed bridge. Was similar to an inverted "Y"-shaped main bridge tower 208 meters high, Comrade Deng Xiaoping is specially designed for the Yangpu Bridge, wrote the name of the bridge mounted on the main tower Triangle region. Yangpu Bridge, adopted by the design capacity of 45,000 vehicles from the river surface for 48 metres, 10,000-ton bridge may smooth over the ship. Large Bridge side also built around two meters wide sidewalks sightseeing, tourists can take sightseeing lifts from the ground at the main deck, with the two sides River Bridge Now scenery.

Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge.

港珠澳大桥（英文名称：Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge）

晕 是要打中文汉字吗

There is a bridge on the Yellow River.There is a bridge over the Yellow River.There is a bridge across the Yellow River.

有的大桥是私人加盟的，师资肯定没有大桥直营的好

The Golden Gate Bridge had the longest suspension bridge span in the world when it was completed in 1937 and has become an internationally recognized symbol of San Francisco and California.Since its completion,the span length has been surpassed by eight other bridges.It still has the second longest suspension bridge main span in the United States,after the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in New York City.In 2007,it was ranked fifth on the List of America"s Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects.

the Wuhan Changjing River Bridge

Zhoushan Island of the bridge connecting the mainland舟山 岛 桥 连

The Sydney Harbour Bridge is the main crossing of Sydney Harbour carrying vehicular, rail, and pedestrian traffic between the Sydney central business district (CBD) and the North Shore. The dramatic water vista of the bridge together with the nearby Sydney Opera House is an iconic image of both Sydney and Australia. The bridge is colloquially referred to as the Coathanger because of its arch-based design, although this usage is less prevalent than it once was. The iconic Bridge is celebrating its 75th anniversary in 2007.The bridge was the city"s tallest structure until 1967. According to Guinness World Records, it is the widest long-span bridge in the world and is the largest steel arch bridge with the top of the bridge standing 134 metres above the harbour.The bridge"s two ends are located at Dawes Point (in Sydney"s Rocks area) and Milsons Point (in Sydney"s lower North Shore area). It carries six lanes of road traffic on its main roadway, two lanes of road traffic (formerly two tram tracks) and a footpath on its eastern side, and two railway tracks and a bicycle path along its western side. The western side being 305mm larger that the east side.The road across the bridge is known as the Bradfield Highway and is about 2.4 km (1.5 miles) long, making it one of the shortest highways in Australia. (The shortest, also called the Bradfield Highway, is found on the Story Bridge in Brisbane). At 48.8 m (151.3 feet) wide, it is the widest long-span bridge in the world (Guinness World Records, 2004). The bridge deck portion of the highway is 1.15 km (0.71 miles) long. It is concrete and lies on trimmers (beams that run along the length of the bridge). The trimmers themselves rest on steel beams that run along the width of the bridge. The trimmers and beams are visible to boats that pass underneath the bridge.The arch is composed of two 28-panel arch trusses. Their heights vary from 18 m (55.8 feet) at the center of the arch to 57 m (176.7 feet) (beside the pylons).The arch span is 509 m (1,559 feet) and the weight of the steel arch is 39,000 tons. The arch"s summit is 134 m (415.4 feet) above mean sea level, though it can increase by as much as 180 mm (7 in) on hot days as the result of steel expanding in heat. Two large metal hinges at the base of the bridge accommodate these expansions and contractions and thereby prevent the arch from being damaged. The steel used for the bridge was largely imported. About 79% came from Middlesbrough in the North East of England, the rest was Australian-made. The granite used was quarried in Moruya, New South Wales, and the concrete used was also Australian made.The total weight of the bridge is 52,800 tonnes, and six million hand-driven rivets hold the bridge together. The rivets were made at the Park Bridge Ironworks in Lancashire England.The two pairs of pylons at each end are about 89 m (276 feet) high and are made of concrete and granite. Abutments, which support the ends of the bridge, are contained at the base of the pylons. They prevent the bridge from stretching or compressing due to temperature variations. Otherwise, the pylons serve no structural purpose and are primarily to visually balance the bridge itself. They were originally not part of the design but were added later to allay concerns about structural integrity — ironically, as the pylons do not actually touch the bridge (except at road level). Although inserted into the designs for their aesthetic value, all four pylons have now been put to use: a museum and tourist centre with a lookout of the harbour is contained in the southeastern pylon. The southwestern pylon is used by the New South Wales Roads and Traffic Authority (RTA) as a base for their CCTV cameras overlooking the bridge and the roads around that area. The two pylons on the north shore are now venting chimneys for fumes from the Sydney Harbour Tunnel. The RTA maintenance shed for the bridge is contained within the bottom of the southern pylon and the traffic management shed (tow trucks and safety vehicles used on the bridge) is contained in the bottom of the northern pylon.

There"s a big bridge over the river

The 55-kilometer hong kong-zhuhai-macao bridge is the world"s longest sea-crossing bridge

Wuhan changjiang river bridge called "ten thousand miles of yangtze river bridge," the first is the first bridge across the changjiang river bridge. bridge across the horizontal to hanyang kameyama and takemasa between the mountains of the changjiang river the bridge over the rail. The bridge in 1955 to start in september and october 15, 1957. the bridge was formally opened in the construction of the soviet government, the experts to help bridge design and construction provides a lot of instruction. the bridge was built after wuhan Sanzhen even with great promote the development of wuhan. Shanghai LuPu bridge is the world steel arch bridge is the span of the arch bridge. it is also the first use the soldering process completely the big arch bridge （ in addition to them on the external interface uses ）, the total length of the welds for more than 40,000 to shanghai, the link below the bridge.LuPu as sydney harbour bridge as having a sightseeing functions.

The major construction work on the world"s longest cross-sea bridge, which connects Zhuhai in Guangdong Province with Hong Kong and Macao, was completed Tuesday.连接广东珠海、香港和澳门的全球最长跨海大桥——港珠澳大桥主桥建设工程于本周二全线贯通。A ceremony was held in Zhuhai to celebrate completion of the 55-km cross-sea route and to mark the start of road surfacing and related work.庆祝仪式在珠海举办，庆祝这座全长55公里跨海大桥工程的完工，也标志着路面和相关工作的开展。"This means construction has entered its final stage," said Zhu Yongling, head of the administration bureau of the bridge.“这意味着大桥主体工程建设进入收官阶段，” 港珠澳大桥管理局局长朱永灵说。More than 400,000 tonnes of steel have been used for the 6.7 km undersea tunnel and 22.9 km bridge, enough to build 60 Eiffel Towers.6.7公里的海底隧道和22.9公里的大桥使用了超过400,000吨钢材，足以建造60座埃菲尔铁塔。British newspaper "The Guardian" named the megastructure one of its "seven wonders of the modern world near completion."英国报纸《卫报》称这座巨型建筑为“现代世界七大奇迹”之一。Construction began in December 2009 at Zhuhai. The Y-shaped bridge starts from Lantau Island in Hong Kong with branches to Zhuhai and Macao.港珠澳大桥于2009年12月在珠海动工。这座Y形大桥始于香港大屿山岛，分支连接珠海和澳门。The bridge will cut travel time from Hong Kong to both Zhuhai and Macao from the current three hours by road or one hour by sea to a half hour drive, Zhu said.这座大桥将使从香港到珠海和澳门的通行时间从目前的陆路三小时或水路一小时缩减到半小时的车程，朱说。Before the project, the 36.48-km-long bridge across the mouth of the Jiaozhou Bay in eastern Shandong Province was considered the world"s longest cross-sea bridge.这个工程施工之前，世界上最长的跨海大桥是位于山东省东部横跨胶州湾湾口全长36.48公里的胶州湾跨海大桥。Su Quanke, chief engineer with the administration bureau of the bridge, said the project has made history in many aspects.港珠澳大桥管理局总工程师苏全科说，该工程已在许多方面创造了历史。Located near the airports of Hong Kong and Macao and over one of the world"s busiest shipping routes, where more than 4,000 vessels pass by every day, the project could not interfere with the daily operations of the vessels and the airplanes nearby. Maritime protection was also important as the construction region is overlapped with the reserve of Chinese white dolphins, an endangered species that enjoys top level state protection.港珠澳大桥位于香港和澳门的机场附近，经过世界上最繁忙的航道之一，每天有4000多艘通航船舶，该工程不会对邻近船舶和飞机的日常运营产生干扰。海洋保护也很重要，因为施工区域与中华白海豚自然保护区相重叠，中华白海豚是享受国家顶级保护的濒危物种。"The special position and the super-long status of the project were challenges," he said.“该工程特殊的位置和超长的长度都是挑战，”他说。According to Su, this was the first time China has built an immersed tube tunnel in open waters. Two artificial islands made of steel pillars were created to connect the bridge, the first time this process has ever been used.据苏说，这是中国第一次在开阔水域建立一个沉管隧道。建设过程中第一次使用两个钢圆筒建立的人工岛来连接桥梁。With a series of world advanced anti-erosion and earthquake-resistant measures, the bridge can be operational for 120 years, he said.拥有一系列世界先进的抗腐蚀和抗震措施，港珠澳大桥的使用寿命达120年，他说。Major parts, including bridge deck units, piers, girders and steel tubes, were produced at plants and then assembled piece by piece on the water with large floating cranes.主体部分，包括桥面，桥墩，桥梁和钢管，都在工厂生产，然后用大型浮吊一块一块在水上组装。The dolphin-shaped bridge tower weighs up to 2,786 tonnes. Two floating cranes, with a load capacity of 3,200 tonnes and 2,300 tonnes respectively, worked together to lift and roll the tower, setting a world record.海豚形的桥塔重达2786吨.“两个负载能力分别为3200吨和2300吨的浮式起重机一起将海豚塔吊起，进行空中转体，创下了一个世界纪录。If it were not for the progress of "Made in China," we couldn"t possibly have realized the construction in such a short a time, considering the maximum load capacity of a floating crane was only 100 tonnes 15 years ago.如果不是因为“中国制造”的进步，我们不可能在如此短的时间内完工，15年前浮动起重机的最大负载能力仅为100吨。"The "China technology" and "China standard" set by the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge will influence the world market," said chief engineer Su.“港珠澳大桥创造的‘中国工艺"和‘中国标准"将会影响世界市场，”总工程师苏说。你自己选择对自己有用的部分，进行写作会更好的！

Wuhan Changjiang Bridge

弗雷泽瑞大桥用英语怎么说？Fraser bridge

Nanjing Yangtse Bridge

The Su Tong bridge is located in Jiangsu province east Nan Tong City and Suzhou (Chang Shu) city between, be the important Heilongjiang Jia Yin county passage that Ministry of Communications plans till the Fujian Nan Ping City country priority arterial highway strides over the Yangtse River , be also that the Jiangsu province highway host framework net "releases one " Gan Yu county important component to Wujiang express highway, project scale builds the most complicated super-huge type of condition bridgework maximal , synthetical on being that our country builds bridge history. The bridge building Su Tong boosts area balanced development and the riparian entirety developing to the perfect country and the Jiangsu province arterial highway net, having improved safe the Yangtse River shipping condition , have relieved river traffic pressure , guarantee shipping safety and so on has very important significance. The small sea getting Yu Tong open an express highway exchanges the Su Tong bridge project flyover-crossing, Hangzhou express highway Dong small river intercommunication is finally Suzhou-Jiaxing flyover-crossing. The route overall length strides over the river bridge project and south coast connection project tripartite made up of 32.4 kilometres, mainly from lofty connection of north project.

Humen bridge, is Chinese first large suspension bridge, the cross the main channel through 888 meters, ranking the forefront of China, known as "the world"s first cross". Humen bridge across the estuary of Pearl River Humen waterway and Puzhou waterway, east of Humen town of Dongguan City, west of Guangzhou City, Nansha District. The bridge a total investment of 3020000000 yuan, the suspension bridge with steel box parts are welded, share of more than 2 tons of steel. Humen bridge is an important part of the Pearl River Delta expressway network, is an important transportation hub connecting Beijing Zhuhai Expressway and the Guangzhou Shenzhen highway, is a large cross River Suspension Bridge East and west of Guangdong and Shenzhen and Zhuhai two special economic zones, Hongkong and the two Macao Special Administrative Region of the estuary of Pearl River cross-strait communication. The main cable of the bridge is 16.4 kilometers long, each main cable by 13970 root diameter of 5.2 mm galvanized high-strength steel wires.翻译：虎门大桥，是中国第一座大型悬索桥，其主航道跨经888米，居中国前列，被誉为“世界第一跨”。虎门大桥跨越珠江出海口的虎门水道和蒲州水道，东连东莞市虎门镇，西通广州市南沙区。该桥总投资30.2亿元，其悬索桥部分均采用钢箱焊接，共用钢材2万多吨。虎门大桥是珠江三角洲高速公路网的重要组成部分，是连接京珠高速公路和广深高速公路的重要交通枢纽，是沟通珠江出海口两岸的粤东和粤西、深圳与珠海两个经济特区、香港与澳门两个特别行政区的大型跨江悬索桥。桥的主缆长16.4公里，每根主缆由13970根直经为5.2毫米的镀锌高强钢丝组成。

Brief Introduclion to Hangzhou Bay Cross-sea Bridge With a total length of 36km and bridge length 35.7km Hangzhou Bay Cross-sea Bridge is a two-way expressway with 3 lanes each and has one navigating ...

Golden Bridge is very big.

大桥外语是外教社（上海外语教育出版社）、高教社（高等教育出版社）的教材。还有学校的课程使用的是自编教材。综合教程（就是精读）主编是何兆熊，1-4册是基础英语，5-8册是高级英语。听力教程共4册，施心远主编；泛读教程共四册，王守仁主编。其他教材你到外教社官网都能检索。高教社的《综合英语教程》、《英语听力教程》、《英语语音教程》使用度也很高。扩展资料：大桥外语开辟了多媒体网络教学系统，各个校区教室均有光纤接入，直接把网络教学连通到教室，对学生进行听、说、读、写能力的可视化高科技训练，增强学生记忆效率和学习效果，使得学生的考试成绩和英语能力提高显著。以正治企，以诚待人，以创新赢市场。科学、系统、高效的绩效工资体系；合理、细致、标准的各岗位工作流程；大气、正气、霸气的管理者指导思想。坚持对人才的极限培养和对人才的无限回报。不断提高、突破、超越，为员工提供实现自身价值的机遇、空间和平台参考资料来源：百度百科-大桥外语

Nanpu BridgeIn 1990, if you wanted to go to Pudong you had a choice of two tunnels or a ferry. In 1991 the Nanpu Bridge linked Puxi to Pudong. It is a cable-stayed bridge with a center span of 1,387.79 feet (.2 miles or 423m) between the two main pylons and a total length of 5.185 miles (8346 m). The center pylons reach a height 492 feet (150 m). The bridge was designed by Shanghai Municipal Engineering Design Institute and Buckland & Taylor Ltd. One of the great features of the bridge is the circular approach used on the Puxi side to minimize the amount of land used by the bridge approach. In 1991, daily traffic averaged 15,000 to 17,000 vehicles a day, by 2006 that had grown to 120,000 vehicles per day. Bridging the Huangpu river was a necessary first step in the development of the Pudong district. The Nanpu bridge was the first of several planned to open the Pudong district. The next bridge was the Yangpu shown on the next two pages.

这座正在修建的大桥是跨黄河大桥中最长的.英语三种表达：1) The bridge which is being built is the longest one among the bridges crossing over the yellow River.2) It is the longest bridge being built among the bridges crossing over the Yellow River.3) In the bridges crossing the Yellow River, this one, being built, is the longest.

there is a bridge over the river

Golden Gate Bridge

今年刚考完的~说下我的建议吧。《城市规划原理》（第四版）是城规考研最重要的一本书，现在建议你先整体看一遍，有个大致的框架，特别是你是跨考的。然后再仔细琢磨，这个最好在暑假完成。考研的时候这本书要翻烂，有人甚至拿来背，可见有多重要。总之，一遍遍看！我不喜欢做笔记，书太厚做笔记浪费时间，而且重点抓不住会影响后面的复习。这是个人建议。收集真题 ，归类，对照着看哪个部分是考试重点，每个学校的重点不一样。不能只看这一本书，从你给的真题里看，有些内容这本书里是没有涉及到的，还有一些新的概念和理论，这个是需要积累的，不过大部分书里都有，时间紧迫，建议你还是先拿稳能得到的分。另外就是建议你多问问报考院校已经在读研的前辈，掌握最新信息，这十分重要。至于怎么找到他们，相信只要你有心要考上，就一定有办法的。暂时想到这么多，有什么不清楚的再问吧。祝好~！

广州健仑生物科技有限公司是TAKARA产品的中国总代理，

1、困难：difficulty；difficult；hard；trouble；bump；rub。 2、例句：I now know that its not always easy to see what should be done and even harder actually to do it.现在我知道，认识到什么是应该做的并不容易，而真正去做就更加困难了。 3、Some users may be unable to see, move a mouse, or may face any number of challenges when using a computer.在使用电脑时，有些用户也许无法看见或无法移动鼠标，或者会面临很多其他困难。

　　狐狸骑在虎背上，百兽见了都惊散，狐假虎威，自然威风。而一旦下来，老虎的胃就是骑虎者的最终归宿。而权力，尤其是最高权力，就是虎背，那张美丽的皮，引无数英雄竞折腰。 　　 　　神坛下不来 　　 行者固然无疆，山登绝顶我为峰，但是，权力的顶峰，却不是谁都敢登的。 　　 刘备白帝城临终前，对诸葛宰相说，刘禅没什么本事，扶得起来就扶，扶不起来你就自立为帝吧，这句话把诸葛亮吓得汗流浃背。君不知，这句话貌似推心置腹，其实是试探这位宰相有没有反心。但说一个是字，或者稍露欣喜之色，刀斧手就从幕后走出来，砍了你这狗头军师。不是没有可能，不要高估这两人之间君臣关系的纯洁，老子死前为儿子顺利执掌大权而杀权臣的事还少吗？但是，即使快死的刘备其言也善，说的是真心话，诸葛亮也未必愿意登上宝座。很多人为当皇帝争得头破血流，有道之人不会那样地贪婪。曾国藩杀人无数，打败洪秀全之后，手握重兵，威加海内，很多人拥护他做皇帝，但曾剃头识相地拒绝了。 　　 诸葛亮、曾国藩都是留有余地之人，不会去做强弩之末。他们深知，皇帝的宝座就是一个美丽的虎背，骑上去就没有下来的道理。所有末代皇帝的下场都很惨，天子是不能走下神坛的。袁世凯不好好做民国总统，偏偏要称帝，结果蔡锷起兵，连忙取消帝号，再做总统也不行了，气死后被称为窃国大盗，一生都白忙。 　　 别说帝王，就是仅一人之下的宰相，权力的虎背也让他魂不附体。南宋贾似道入朝为相，有人做诗赠他：“收拾乾坤一担担，上肩容易下肩难。”果不出所料，干了很多年，人们都说他弄权误国。南宋亡国前夕，在漳州郊外的木棉庵，贾似道被监押官郑虎臣诛杀，明朝的冯梦龙在话本《木棉庵郑虎臣报冤》一文中描摹道：“将大槌连头连脑打下二三十，打得稀烂，呜呼死了。”死后入了奸臣传。要说贾似道故意扰乱朝纲，以误国为目的，那倒也不是，他的行状和明朝鼓动英宗出击瓦剌的王振类似。王振志大才疏，作风专断，结果50万军队在土木堡覆没，百余名随征文武全部战死，英宗被俘。护卫将军樊忠怒火冲天，抡起铁锤，砸碎了王振的头。说起坏的宦官，王振名列前茅。贾王二人作为反面教材生动地诠释了骑虎的风险。 　　 押君上虎背 　　 有的虎不由你不骑。比如黎元洪，本是清朝的军官，任湖北第21混成协协统，当得好好的。武昌起义一爆发，黎被革命党人强迫推举为湖北都督。也是黄袍加身，有的版本说起义者把躲在床底下的他揪出来，推搡着让他当革命领袖，不然就杀他。黎元洪在错误的时间处在错误的位置上，越走越远，后来竟做了大总统，但在政坛上一直被人称为傀儡。如果不做傀儡，恐怕早就被人吃掉了。他的命运还不如刘邦，刘邦当年鸡鸣狗盗，但一生最终完成了从傀儡到帝王的转变。 　　沛县起义之初，好汉们都不知道红旗到底能打多久。萧何、曹参比刘邦文化高、能力强、影响大，却偏偏推举刘邦做首领。因为起义一旦失败，谁做首领，谁的处罚将最重，一般逃不脱枭首示众的套路，而其他人都能从宽。刘邦似乎不懂，于是做了冤大头。用黎元洪的事例反推，难说当年刘邦也真的是不得已。使用固然是最大的培养，压担子能让人迅速成长，刘邦佐证了这条原理，而卫立煌则是反证。当年，国共两党争夺东北，国军诸将都不敢去做统帅，蒋介石要派卫立煌去当东北剿总。卫立煌是蒋介石的五虎将之一，围剿红军时首先率部进入苏区中心金寨，蒋介石将金寨改为立煌县，卫立煌又在缅甸大败日军，连高傲的史迪威都称他在国民党军队中最能干。但卫立煌不去，他觉得很可能打不过林彪。但蒋介石史无前例隆重地为卫立煌的母亲做寿，把卫立煌感动成了非理性，于是骑上虎背，结果被四野打得一败涂地。 　　 都知道虎背的厉害，君臣之间就会互相推诿。唐朝安史之乱后，藩镇割据，皇纲不振。淄青节度使李正心术不正，上表向刚继位的德宗献钱三十万缗，试探德宗的深浅。如果德宗不敢接受，说明朝廷懦弱，可以相机起事；如果德宗接受，既说明朝廷贪财，以后还可加以利用。李正是把德宗推上了虎背。德宗着了急，宰相献了一计：同意接受这笔钱，但立即派人去淄青慰劳，就地把这笔钱赐予他手下的将士们。如果他遵命，德宗就是施恩，将赢得将士们的忠诚；如果他后悔，舍不得出钱，则军心就会动摇。德宗依计而行，反而把李正推上虎背。最后，李正不得不出这笔钱为朝廷劳军。 　　 自愿骑虎背 　　 傅斯年说，人生做事，先骑上虎背再说。傅斯年创办中央研究院史语所，做北大代理校长，每次都是骑上虎背，想尽办法，最终办成一件件棘手之事。像傅斯年这样的英雄，他们骑上虎背为的是激发潜力，自己断了自己的后路，志在必得。正因为骑虎难下，才把自己逼成了英雄，只有死亡才能调动人的最大潜力。 　　其实就是任何时候，都把自己骑上虎背，哪怕小到练武这样的小事，不骑虎都不行。李小龙说：“我决不说自己是天下第一，但也绝不承认自己是第二。”这实际上是骑上虎背，很多高手都来挑战，正因为有这样的豪气，在这么短暂的人生中，李小龙如同彗星扫过天际，以一人之力让中国功夫风靡全球。 　　 世上的很多事成败就在于是否敢于担当。同是清朝官员，同样是积弱积贫，丁汝昌没有打败日本舰队，而70多岁的老将冯子材在凉山大败法军，打倒茹费理内阁；64岁的左宗棠抬着棺材收复了新疆，这抬棺材就是立下的军令状，不收复新疆决不回来。很多英雄一生所能达到的高度都是骑上虎背才拓展出来的。 　　 能够在任何时候为目标牺牲我们拥有的一切，这往往是制胜的关键。很多人一生潦倒，缺的就是偏向虎山行的气概和义无反顾的精神，自己低估了自己。不尝试，你永远不知道你究竟能干什么、你的能力有多大。险峰才有好风光，但并不是每位勇士都有骑上虎背的福气。即使不幸失败，那也是后人的福气，这就相当于留下了路标，指示后来人此路不通，请拐向他处。

城市规划原理 Fundamentals of City Planning

行政诉讼法　　第一章 总则　　第一条　为保证人民法院公正、及时审理行政案件，解决行政争议，保护公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益，监督行政机关依法行使行政职权，根据宪法，制定本法。　　第二条　公民、法人或者其他组织认为行政机关和行政机关工作人员的行政行为侵犯其合法权益，有权依照本法向人民法院提起诉讼。　　前款所称行政行为，包括法律、法规、规章授权的组织作出的行政行为。　　第三条 人民法院应当保障公民、法人和其他组织的起诉权利，对应当受理的行政案件依法受理。　　行政机关及其工作人员不得干预、阻碍人民法院受理行政案件。　　被诉行政机关负责人应当出庭应诉。不能出庭的，应当委托行政机关相应的工作人员出庭。　　第四条　人民法院依法对行政案件独立行使审判权，不受行政机关、社会团体和个人的干涉。　　人民法院设行政审判庭，审理行政案件。　　第五条　人民法院审理行政案件，以事实为根据，以法律为准绳。　　第六条　人民法院审理行政案件，对行政行为是否合法进行审查。　　第七条　人民法院审理行政案件，依法实行合议、回避、公开审判和两审终审制度。　　第八条　当事人在行政诉讼中的法律地位平等。　　第九条　各民族公民都有用本民族语言、文字进行行政诉讼的权利。　　在少数民族聚居或者多民族共同居住的地区，人民法院应当用当地民族通用的语言、文字进行审理和发布法律文书。　　人民法院应当对不通晓当地民族通用的语言、文字的诉讼参与人提供翻译。请点击输入图片描述（最多18字）　　第十条　当事人在行政诉讼中有权进行辩论。　　第十一条　人民检察院有权对行政诉讼实行法律监督。　　第二章 受案范围　　第十二条　人民法院受理公民、法人或者其他组织提起的下列诉讼：　　(一)对行政拘留、暂扣或者吊销许可证和执照、责令停产停业、没收违法所得、没收非法财物、罚款、警告等行政处罚不服的；　　(二)对限制人身自由或者对财产的查封、扣押、冻结等行政强制措施和行政强制执行不服的；　　(三)申请行政许可，行政机关拒绝或者在法定期限内不予答复，或者对行政机关作出的有关行政许可的其他决定不服的；　　(四)对行政机关作出的关于确认土地、矿藏、水流、森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂、海域等自然资源的所有权或者使用权的决定不服的；　　(五)对征收、征用决定及其补偿决定不服的；　　(六)申请行政机关履行保护人身权、财产权等合法权益的法定职责，行政机关拒绝履行或者不予答复的；　　(七)认为行政机关侵犯其经营自主权或者农村土地承包经营权、农村土地经营权的；　　(八)认为行政机关滥用行政权力排除或者限制竞争的；　　(九)认为行政机关违法集资、摊派费用或者违法要求履行其他义务的；　　(十)认为行政机关没有依法支付抚恤金、最低生活保障待遇或者社会保险待遇的；　　(十一)认为行政机关不依法履行、未按照约定履行或者违法变更、解除政府特许经营协议、土地房屋征收补偿协议等协议的；　　(十二)认为行政机关侵犯其他人身权、财产权等合法权益的。　　除前款规定外，人民法院受理法律、法规规定可以提起诉讼的其他行政案件。　　第十三条　人民法院不受理公民、法人或者其他组织对下列事项提起的诉讼：　　(一)国防、外交等国家行为；　　(二)行政法规、规章或者行政机关制定、发布的具有普遍约束力的决定、命令；　　(三)行政机关对行政机关工作人员的奖惩、任免等决定；　　(四)法律规定由行政机关最终裁决的行政行为。　　第三章 管辖　　第十四条　基层人民法院管辖第一审行政案件。　　第十五条　中级人民法院管辖下列第一审行政案件：　　(一)对国务院部门或者县级以上地方人民政府所作的行政行为提起诉讼的案件；　　(二)海关处理的案件；　　(三)本辖区内重大、复杂的案件；　　(四)其他法律规定由中级人民法院管辖的案件。　　第十六条　高级人民法院管辖本辖区内重大、复杂的第一审行政案件。　　第十七条　最高人民法院管辖全国范围内重大、复杂的第一审行政案件。　　第十八条　行政案件由最初作出行政行为的行政机关所在地人民法院管辖。经复议的案件，也可以由复议机关所在地人民法院管辖。　　经最高人民法院批准，高级人民法院可以根据审判工作的实际情况，确定若干人民法院跨行政区域管辖行政案件。　　第十九条　对限制人身自由的行政强制措施不服提起的诉讼，由被告所在地或者原告所在地人民法院管辖。　　第二十条　因不动产提起的行政诉讼，由不动产所在地人民法院管辖。　　第二十一条　两个以上人民法院都有管辖权的案件，原告可以选择其中一个人民法院提起诉讼。原告向两个以上有管辖权的人民法院提起诉讼的，由最先立案的人民法院管辖。　　第二十二条　人民法院发现受理的案件不属于本院管辖的，应当移送有管辖权的人民法院，受移送的人民法院应当受理。受移送的人民法院认为受移送的案件按照规定不属于本院管辖的，应当报请上级人民法院指定管辖，不得再自行移送。　　第二十三条　有管辖权的人民法院由于特殊原因不能行使管辖权的，由上级人民法院指定管辖。　　人民法院对管辖权发生争议，由争议双方协商解决。协商不成的，报它们的共同上级人民法院指定管辖。　　第二十四条　上级人民法院有权审理下级人民法院管辖的第一审行政案件。　　下级人民法院对其管辖的第一审行政案件，认为需要由上级人民法院审理或者指定管辖的，可以报请上级人民法院决定。

o mea ha ko no ore no yome daお前はこの俺の嫁だ

1到12月的英文如下：一月份英文缩写：JAN. Jan.=January。二月份英文缩写：FEB. Feb.=February。三月份英文缩写：MAR. Mar.=March。四月份英文缩写：APR. Apr.=April。五月份英文缩写：MAY May=May。六月份英文缩写：JUN. Jun.=June。七月份英文缩写：JUL. Jul.=July。八月份英文缩写：AUG. Aug.=August。九月份英文缩写：SEP. Sept.=September。十月份英文缩写：OCT. Oct.=October。十一月份英文缩写：NOV. Nov.=November。十二月份英文缩写：DEC. Dec.=December。十二个月英文名称的由来：公历一年有12个月，但不少人并不知道12个月的英语名称的来历。公历起源于古罗马历法。罗马的英语原来只有10 个月，古罗马皇帝决定增加两个月放在年尾，后来朱里斯*凯撒大帝把这两个月移到年初，成为1月.2月，原来的1月.2月便成了3月.4月，依次类推。这就是今天世界沿用的公历。

1 确定城市化指标及测度方法：单一指标法（人口比例和土地比例）和（复合）综合指标法2 评价城市建设用地的工程地质和自然地理条件，一般将其分为三类，三类用地的定义：一类用地：是指用地的工程地质等自然环境条件比较优越，能适应各项城市设施的建设需要，一般不需或只需稍加工程措施即可用于建设的用地。二类用地：是指需要采取一定的工程措施，改善条件后才能修建的用地。三类用地：是指不适于修建的用地。3 霍华德的“田园城市”理论和柯布西耶的现代城市设想，界定了当代城市发展的两种指向：“田园城市”：城市的分散发展。柯布西耶：城市的集中发展4 总体规划的报批：县辖建制镇→县人民 县政府所在地的镇→市人民政府 建制市→ 省政府 直辖市，省会（自治区），百万人口以上国务院指定城市→国务院5 城市的含义：以非农业产业和非农业人口集聚为主要特征的居民点，包括按国家行政建制设立的市和镇6 城镇化：人类生产与生活方式由农村型向城市型转化的历史过程，主要表现为农村人口转化为城市人口及城市不断发展完善的过程。7 美国学者弗里德曼将城市化过程区分为城市化Ⅰ和城市化Ⅱ：城市化Ⅰ是可见的物化了的或实体性的过程；城市化Ⅱ是抽象的，精神上的过程。8 卫星城的规划和建设可以分为哪三个阶段:由“卧城”到半独立的卫星城，到基本上完全独立的新城，其规模逐渐趋向由小到大。9 城市规划区的含义（区分城市建成区、城市市域）：指城市，镇和村庄的建成区及因城乡建设和发展需要必须实行规划控制的区域。城市建成区：城市行政区内实际已成片开发建设，市政公用设施和公共设施基本具备的区域。城市市域：城市行政区规划范围内所有的国土面积。市域>规划区>建成区10 我国城市居住用地人均指标：居住用地占建设用地比例20~32%，用地指标18~28㎡/人p213按照居住用地城市规划建设用地结构比例计算城市居住用地面积11按照城市的用地形态和道路骨架形式，可以大体上归纳为哪两类，分别包含哪些城市类型：集中式布局的城市和分散式布局的城市。集中式布局的城市包括网格状，环形放射状。分散式布局的城市包括组团状，带状（现状），星状（指状），环状，卫星状。12城市性质的确定方法：定性分析与定量分析相结合，定性分析为主。13 详细规划阶段，用地分类应达到什么深度？在详细规划阶段，用地进一步细分，在用地名称上，除相同功能性质的仍然沿用外，还需增加新的用途类别。例如，在居住区详细规划中用地又可细分为住宅用地，道路用地，绿地，公共服务设施用地等。P21314 人口性别比的计算:男性人口/女性人口×100%15城市性质的定义：是指城市在一定地区，国家以至更大范围内的政治，经济与社会发展中所处的地位和所担负的主要职能。16城镇人口：是指城镇建成区内实际居住人口，由三部分构成，即建成区内的户籍非农业人口，户籍农业人口和居住一年以上的暂住人口。17逆城市化：非城市地区的生活环境和生活方式接近或超过城市水平，城市人口向郊区发展。18城市规划区：指城市，镇和村庄的建成区及因城乡建设和发展需要必须实行规划控制的区域。19 城市热岛:城市的建筑密集，生产与生活活动散出大量的热，使得市区的气温高于郊区，形成一个岛状的热中心的现象。20 城市规模:是指以城市人口和城市用地总量所表示的城市的大小，包括人口规模和用地规模两个方面。通常以城市人口规模来表示。21 人口自然增长率=本年出生人口数—本年死亡人口数/年平均人数×1000‰22 人口年龄构成：是指城市人口各年龄组的人数占总人数的比例。23诺瑟姆S形曲线所表征的意义，看图说明 发展速度 产业结构初期阶段（30%拐点之前）： 速度缓慢, 一产>50%，二三产在20%左右空间形态（点状结构） 年增长率<0.3% 加速阶段（30%~60%之间） 增长率提高 一产下降，二产三产上升，地位交错（面状或带状结构大都市区） 1.5~2.5倍饱和阶段 （60%拐点以后） 速度回落 三产>50%，二产30%左右，一产<10%（网状结构，一体化增强）24唐长安与以往都城相比有哪些独特之处:（1）打破“前朝后市”朝市易位（2）“官民不想参”。专设皇城，把中央衙制集中在宫城南的大街两侧。（3）规模尺度超前。长安城宫殿、衙门只占全城10%，每个坊面积25—70公顷25古希腊城市所具有的特点:（1）道路系统——方格网；（2）街坊面积比较小，最大30*52m(3)城市中心——广场和公共建筑取代了宫殿26城市总体规划的强制性内容：（1）城市规划区范围（2）控制开发区域（3）建设用地规划（4）基础设施和公共服务设施布局（5）历史文化遗产保护（6）生态环境保护与建设目标（7）城市防灾工程27城市化（urbanization）的四个含义：（1）农村人口转化为城市人口；（2）农村地域转化为城市地域；（3）农村产业转化为非农业产业；（4）城市文化、生活方式和价值观在农村扩散的过程28 城乡规划的编制层次:城市规划纲要——总体规划和详细规划。总体规划——分区规划：城镇体系规划（全国、省城）——城市规划——镇规划——乡规划——村规划。详细规划分为控制性详细规划和修建性详细规划。城市规划纲要——城市总体规划——分区规划——控制性详细规划——修建性详细规划29 按照国民经济产业结构分类方法，城市产业可以分为哪三类？主导产业，辅助产业与服务产业。P9630居住区道路交通的三种组织形式：（1）人车交通分行的道路系统（2）人车混行的道路系统（3）人车共存的道路系统31 绿地率及标准：绿地率：居住区用地范围内各类绿地的总和占居住区用地面积的比率。标准：新区建设不应低于30%；旧区改建不应低于25%绿地率指规划地块内各类绿化用地总和占该用地面积的比例，是衡量地块环境质量的重要指标。绿地率=地块内绿化用地总面积/地块面积）×100%　绿地率指标是以控制其下限为准，这里的绿地包括公共绿地，中心绿地，组团绿地，公共服务设施所属绿地和道路绿地（道路红线内的绿地），不包括屋顶，晒台的人工绿地，公共绿地内占地面积不大于百分之一的雕塑，亭榭，水池等绿化小品建筑可视为绿地。32居住区居住组团及各自人口规模:居住区：一般称城市居住区，泛指不同居住人口规模的居住生活聚居地和特指城市干道或自然分界线所围合，并与居住人口规模（30000~50000人）相对应，配建有一整套较完善的，能满足该区居民物质与文化生活所需的公共服务设施的居住生活聚居地。居住组团：一般称组团，指一般被小区道路分隔，并与居住人口规模（1000~3000人）相对应，配建有居民所需的基层公共服务设施的居住生活聚居地。33小学中学服务半径：小学的服务半径为500m左右，中学为1000m左右34居住区文化类服务设施布置方式三种：（1）沿街线状布置（2）独立地段成片集中布置（3）沿街和成片集中相结合的布置方式35居住区规划结构三级与两级布置的基本形式:（1）居住区—居住小区；（2）居住区—居住组团；（3）居住区—居住小区—居住组团 p49736 行列式布置的几种形式：（1）山墙错落（2）单元错开拼接：1.不等长拼接2.等长拼接（3）成组改变朝向（4）扇形、直线形（5）曲线形（6）折线形 p50537山墙错落的几种形式：（1）前后交错（2）左右交错（3）左右前后交错38组团的分隔方式：（1）用绿化分隔（2）用公共建筑分隔（3）用道路分隔（4）用河流分隔（5）利用地形高差分隔 p50839千人指标：即每千居民拥有的各项公共服务设施的建筑面积和用地面积。40日照间距：指前后两排房屋之间，为保证后排房屋在规定的时日获得所需日照量而保持的一定间隔距离。41人口毛密度：人口毛密度=规划总人口/居住用地总面积（人/h㎡）p54242容积率的计算：容积率=总建筑面积/总用地面积，即总建筑面积（毛）密度43停车率：居住区内居民汽车的停车位数量与居民住户数的比率44住区绿地与居住区公共绿地的组成：住区绿地组成：（1）公共绿地（2）公共建筑和公用设施附属绿地（3）宅旁和庭院绿地（4）街道绿地居住区公共绿地的组成：居住区公园，游园，林荫道，组团绿地 P53145居住区四类用地及含义：住宅用地，公建用地，道路用地，公共绿地住宅用地：住宅建筑基底占地及其四周合理间距内的用地（含宅间绿地和宅间小路等）的总称。其代码用R01表示。公建用地：与居住人口规模相对应配建的、为居民服务和使用的各类公共设施的用地，包括建筑基底占地及其所属场院，绿地和配建停车场等。其代码用R02表示。道路用地：指住区范围内的各级道路，包括居住区级道路、小区路、组团路及非公建配建的居民小汽车、单位通勤车等停放场地。其代码用R03表示。公共绿地：满足规定的日照要求，适合于安排游憩活动设施的、供居民共享的游憩绿地（集中绿地），包括住区公园、小游园和组团绿地及其他块状带状绿地等，其代码用R04表示。46小区路两侧高层住宅建筑控制线间距：需敷设供热管线的不宜小于14m,无供热管线的不宜小于10m47高层住宅山墙距小区路：48老年公寓日照标准：不应低于冬至日日照2h的标准49底层商业建筑人行通道的设置：50高层住宅建筑间距：条式住宅，多层之间不宜小于6米，高层与各种层数住宅之间不宜小于13米51小区道路路面宽度.：6~9m52宅前路宽度：不宜小于2.5m53回车场地尺寸：不小于12m×12m54高层日照间距定性分析：全面分析城市在政治经济文化生活中的作用和地位。定量分析：是对城市职能，特别是经济职能采用一定的技术指标，从数量上确定主导的生产部门。城市职能：是指城市在一定地域内的经济，社会发展中所发挥的作用和承担的分工。工业用地与居住用地的位置关系发展空间 交通联系 污染隔离平行布置 互不干扰 距离短有穿越 隔离带宽垂直布置 在某方向干扰 距离长无穿越 隔离带窄混合布置 互不干扰 距离短无穿越 隔离带窄综合增长率法：城市人口总数=城市现状总人数×（1+自然增长率+机械增长率）年限=城市现状总人数×（1+综合增长率）年限 P122