a rather 和 rather a 的区别。

or ratherad. 确切地说(说得更准确些) Practicing economy is a life-style, or rather a spirit.节约是一种生活方式，更是一种精神品质。This new product, or rather, this new style of shirt, is not very attractive.这项新产品，确切地说是这种新款式的衬衫，并不是非常吸引人的。

选C A.or rather 更确切地说 .更精确地说,倒不如说 B.other than 意思是除了……,除……之外 C.rather than 而不是,宁愿……（而不 D.would rather宁愿；宁可 左后,他不得不步行去办公室,而不是跑去

除了4L的，全对

loved for ourselves，or rather ，loved in spite of ourselves 这其实是对we are loved 的解释说明，是并列的结构 从“；”可以看出来~这句话的完整是The supreme happiness of life is the conviction that we are loved; loved for ourselves, or rather in spite of ourselves.

D 考查短语辨析。at the latest 最近on the whole 总的来说。in a word 总之，or rather更确切的说，句意：我在星期五晚上很晚见到了他，更确切的说是在星期六早晨早些时候。所以选D。

【答案】：She will go to New York,or rather,she will go to New York by air.

一般要加逗号。

or rather 的意思是更确切的说.例如:He played the computer game till late last night,or rather,early this morning.昨天他玩电脑游戏到深夜,或者跟确切地说,到今天凌晨. rather than 是一个并列连词，用法比较复杂，现归纳如下： 1. rather than 与would 连用时，构成“would rather...than...”句式，意思是“宁愿……而不愿……”，表示主观愿望，即在两者之中选择其一。例如： She"d rather die than lose the children. 她宁愿死也不愿失去孩子们。 2. rather than 不与would连用时，表示客观事实，意为“是……而不是……；与其……不如……”。它连接的并列成分可以是名词、代词、形容词、介词(短语)、动名词、分句、不定式、动词等。现分述如下： (1) 连接两个名词或代词 He is an explorer rather than a sailor. 与其说他是一个海员，不如说他是一个探险者。 You rather than I are going to go camping. 是你而不是我要去要野营。 注意：rather than 连接两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词应与rather than 前面的名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致。 (2) 连接两个形容词 The sweater she bought was beautiful rather than cheap. 与其说她买的这件羊毛衫便宜不如说它漂亮。 (3) 连接两个介词(短语)或动名词 We will have the meeting in the classroom rather than in the great hall. 我们是在教室里开会，不是在大厅里。 She enjoys singing rather than dancing. 她喜欢唱歌，而不喜欢跳舞。 (4) 连接两个分句 We should help him rather than he should help us. 是我们应该帮助他而不是他应该帮助我们。 (5) 连接两个不定式 I decided to write rather than (to) telephone. 我决定写信而不打电话。 注意：rather than 后接不定式时，不定式可以带to，也可以不带to, 如上句。但rather than位于句首时，则只能接不带to 的不定式。如：Rather than allow the vegetables to go bad, he sold them at half price. 他唯恐蔬菜烂掉，把它们以半价卖掉了。 (6) 连接两个动词 He ran rather than walked. 他是跑来的，而不是走来的。

or rather 更确切地说 ; 更精确地说 ; 毋宁说 ; 准确的说Rather critical 一叶知秋d rather 宁愿rather good 相当不错rather strange 反常的 ; 古怪的 ; 怪异的Rather baby 相反婴儿 ; 而是宝贝rather cool 形容有点儿凉Rather Ironic 相当反讽 ; 而具有讽刺意味rather tired 有些疲劳rather than 而不是；宁可…也不愿would rather 宁愿，宁可or rather 更精确地说，倒不如说rather too adv. 稍微...一点had(或would) rather宁愿；宁可更喜欢…；最好是…if I had my rathers [美国方言]如果我可以选择的话or rather 毋宁说；更确切地说rather of the ratherest [俚语]略多；略胜一筹；略不足rather than 不是…而是…；与其说…不如说…rather…than… 宁可…而不；最好…而不…；是…而不是…rahter… than otherwise (或not) 不是…而是…rather too 稍微 … 一点the rather 尤其the rather because (或 that)况且，何况因为…所以更…尤其是，特别是would rather = had rather

前一句：人生中最大的幸福是确信我们是被爱着的。后面的不完整长宁天山英语组

我没答案但是英语不是计较出来的 是感觉出来的

可以

副词 ad. 1.相当,颇,有点儿I"m feeling rather sleepy. 我有点困倦。 2.(常与would或had连用)宁可,宁愿;(与其...)倒不如;而不是He would rather play than work. 他宁可玩,却不愿工作。 I"d rather you knew that now, than afterwards. 与其以后让你知道,不如现在就让你知道。 I"ll never be dependent on anyone again. I"d rather starve. 我再也不依靠任何人了。我宁愿饿死。 3.(常与or连用)更确切地说He left late last night, or rather early this morning. 他昨夜很晚,或者应该说是今天一大早才走。

本书文字，或者说其中大半，写于数年之前。当时我孤身一人，在马塞诸塞州康科德密林深处的瓦尔登湖畔生活。我在那里亲手搭建小屋，营谋生计。我僻居其间两年有余（两年又两月），最近的邻人也在一英里之外。此刻，我又重返文明世界，匆匆驻足，聊充过客。摘自《瓦尔登湖》译文

用Or 因为rather than通常用于否定句中 如,He likes reading rather than swimming or running 他爱读书,而不是游泳或跑步

相同点：两个都是连词. 只是and出现在肯定语句之中.or出现在否定语句之中. 不同点：or也可以出现在肯定语序中,只不过意思就变了.表示两者择一的.是或者的意思.

rather a beautiful woman..

A 考查词组辨析：A. or rather更确切的说，B. other than除了，C. rather than而不是，D. or other或是其他，句意是：--期中考试的结果怎样？--我做得很差，更确切的说，我没及格。选A。

orso的意思是：大约，左右。orso的意思是：大约，左右。orso的例句是Theworkwilltaketendaysmoreorless.这项工作大约要花十天时间。orso【近义词】around到处。一、英英释义点此查看orso的详细内容Adverb:(ofquantities)imprecisebutfairlyclosetocorrect;"lastedapproximatelyanhour""injustaboutaminute""he"sabout30yearsold""I"vehadaboutallIcanstand""wemeetaboutonceamonth""somefortypeoplecame""weighsaroundahundredpounds""roughly$3,000""holds3gallons,moreorless""20orsopeoplewereattheparty"二、网络解释1.orso是什么意思1.大约,左右：everso非常,极其|orso大约,左右|sothat以便,为使;所以,因此2.大约：orrather更精确地说,倒不如说|orso大约|otherfrom不同于3.大约,差不多：orrather毋宁说;更确切地说|orso大约,差不多|otherthan除...之外;不同于;非4.4.左右：24.losepopularitywith...在......中失去流行度或受欢迎度|1.orso左右|2.makesense有意义三、例句Theworkwilltaketendaysmoreorless.这项工作大约要花十天时间。I"llseeyouat9a.m.orthereabouts.我在九点或大约九点时见你。orso的相关近义词around、roughly、closeto、justabout、moreorless、about、some、approximatelyorso的相关临近词Orme、or、ormolufurniture、OrioleBlackbird、Oryzomysminutus、Ormosiaolivacea、OR-parallelism、orlginalspecies、ornithosisvirus、orousNiTialloy、Orungaorbivirus点此查看更多关于orso的详细信息

orso的意思是：大约，左右。orso的意思是：大约，左右。orso的例句是Theworkwilltaketendaysmoreorless.这项工作大约要花十天时间。orso【近义词】around到处。一、英英释义点此查看orso的详细内容Adverb:(ofquantities)imprecisebutfairlyclosetocorrect;"lastedapproximatelyanhour""injustaboutaminute""he"sabout30yearsold""I"vehadaboutallIcanstand""wemeetaboutonceamonth""somefortypeoplecame""weighsaroundahundredpounds""roughly$3,000""holds3gallons,moreorless""20orsopeoplewereattheparty"二、网络解释1.orso是什么意思1.大约,左右：everso非常,极其|orso大约,左右|sothat以便,为使;所以,因此2.大约：orrather更精确地说,倒不如说|orso大约|otherfrom不同于3.大约,差不多：orrather毋宁说;更确切地说|orso大约,差不多|otherthan除...之外;不同于;非4.4.左右：24.losepopularitywith...在......中失去流行度或受欢迎度|1.orso左右|2.makesense有意义三、例句Theworkwilltaketendaysmoreorless.这项工作大约要花十天时间。I"llseeyouat9a.m.orthereabouts.我在九点或大约九点时见你。orso的相关近义词around、roughly、closeto、justabout、moreorless、about、some、approximatelyorso的相关临近词Orme、or、ormolufurniture、OrioleBlackbird、Oryzomysminutus、Ormosiaolivacea、OR-parallelism、orlginalspecies、ornithosisvirus、orousNiTialloy、Orungaorbivirus点此查看更多关于orso的详细信息

此句中rather用作程度副词,意为"稍微;有点;颇;相当" (那更痛了）rather可以修饰形容词、副词的原级、比较级等;可以与介词短语连用.如: She was rather hurt by his unkind words. 下面一些是网上COPY的，你想看就看~了解用的~一、 用作副词,意为"宁可,宁愿" 1. rather than意为"而不是;与其……不如", 后接名词、代词、形容词、动词原形等.如: These shoes are comfortable rather than pretty. Rather than allow the vegetables to go bad， he sold them at half price. It is he rather than I who is to blame. 2. would rather do...than do...=would do...rather than do...宁愿做……而不愿做…….如: I would go there by bus rather than take the train. 3. prefer to do...rather than do... 宁愿做……而不愿做…….如: We prefer to receive money rather than the usual gifts. 二、 用作感叹词,意为"当然" - Would you like a swim？ - Rather. 三、 习惯用语及搭配 1. or rather更确切， 更恰当； 更接近.如: He went home very late last night， or rather， in the early hours this morning. 2. would rather意为"宁愿", 后接动词原形,其否定形式是would rather not do.如: Which would you rather have， tea or coffee？ American young people would rather get advice from strangers. 3. I would rather that...这是虚拟语气形式,若从句表示与现在或将来的情况相反,用一般过去时;与过去的事实相反,用过去完成时.如: I would rather you came tomorrow. I"d rather you hadn"t told her the news yesterday. 高考真题回放: 1. - Shall we go skating or stay at home？ .- Which _____ do yourself？ （MET"92） A. do you rather B. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you rather 2. Rather than ______ on a crowded bus， he always prefers a bicycle. （NMET"94） A. ride； ride B. riding； ride C. ride； to ride D. to ride； riding 简析: 1. B 考查would rather do sth. 这一句型的用法. 2. C 这是prefer to do...rather than do...这一常用句型的变式,用法一致

orso的意思是：大约，左右。orso的意思是：大约，左右。orso的例句是Theworkwilltaketendaysmoreorless.这项工作大约要花十天时间。orso【近义词】around到处。一、英英释义点此查看orso的详细内容Adverb:(ofquantities)imprecisebutfairlyclosetocorrect;"lastedapproximatelyanhour""injustaboutaminute""he"sabout30yearsold""I"vehadaboutallIcanstand""wemeetaboutonceamonth""somefortypeoplecame""weighsaroundahundredpounds""roughly$3,000""holds3gallons,moreorless""20orsopeoplewereattheparty"二、网络解释1.orso是什么意思1.大约,左右：everso非常,极其|orso大约,左右|sothat以便,为使;所以,因此2.大约：orrather更精确地说,倒不如说|orso大约|otherfrom不同于3.大约,差不多：orrather毋宁说;更确切地说|orso大约,差不多|otherthan除...之外;不同于;非4.4.左右：24.losepopularitywith...在......中失去流行度或受欢迎度|1.orso左右|2.makesense有意义三、例句Theworkwilltaketendaysmoreorless.这项工作大约要花十天时间。I"llseeyouat9a.m.orthereabouts.我在九点或大约九点时见你。orso的相关近义词around、roughly、closeto、justabout、moreorless、about、some、approximatelyorso的相关临近词Orme、or、ormolufurniture、OrioleBlackbird、Oryzomysminutus、Ormosiaolivacea、OR-parallelism、orlginalspecies、ornithosisvirus、orousNiTialloy、Orungaorbivirus点此查看更多关于orso的详细信息

orso的意思是：大约，左右。orso的意思是：大约，左右。orso的例句是Theworkwilltaketendaysmoreorless.这项工作大约要花十天时间。orso【近义词】around到处。一、英英释义点此查看orso的详细内容Adverb:(ofquantities)imprecisebutfairlyclosetocorrect;"lastedapproximatelyanhour""injustaboutaminute""he"sabout30yearsold""I"vehadaboutallIcanstand""wemeetaboutonceamonth""somefortypeoplecame""weighsaroundahundredpounds""roughly$3,000""holds3gallons,moreorless""20orsopeoplewereattheparty"二、网络解释1.orso是什么意思1.大约,左右：everso非常,极其|orso大约,左右|sothat以便,为使;所以,因此2.大约：orrather更精确地说,倒不如说|orso大约|otherfrom不同于3.大约,差不多：orrather毋宁说;更确切地说|orso大约,差不多|otherthan除...之外;不同于;非4.4.左右：24.losepopularitywith...在......中失去流行度或受欢迎度|1.orso左右|2.makesense有意义三、例句Theworkwilltaketendaysmoreorless.这项工作大约要花十天时间。I"llseeyouat9a.m.orthereabouts.我在九点或大约九点时见你。orso的相关近义词around、roughly、closeto、justabout、moreorless、about、some、approximatelyorso的相关临近词Orme、or、ormolufurniture、OrioleBlackbird、Oryzomysminutus、Ormosiaolivacea、OR-parallelism、orlginalspecies、ornithosisvirus、orousNiTialloy、Orungaorbivirus点此查看更多关于orso的详细信息

连词

orso的意思是：大约，左右。orso的意思是：大约，左右。orso的例句是Theworkwilltaketendaysmoreorless.这项工作大约要花十天时间。orso【近义词】around到处。一、英英释义点此查看orso的详细内容Adverb:(ofquantities)imprecisebutfairlyclosetocorrect;"lastedapproximatelyanhour""injustaboutaminute""he"sabout30yearsold""I"vehadaboutallIcanstand""wemeetaboutonceamonth""somefortypeoplecame""weighsaroundahundredpounds""roughly$3,000""holds3gallons,moreorless""20orsopeoplewereattheparty"二、网络解释1.orso是什么意思1.大约,左右：everso非常,极其|orso大约,左右|sothat以便,为使;所以,因此2.大约：orrather更精确地说,倒不如说|orso大约|otherfrom不同于3.大约,差不多：orrather毋宁说;更确切地说|orso大约,差不多|otherthan除...之外;不同于;非4.4.左右：24.losepopularitywith...在......中失去流行度或受欢迎度|1.orso左右|2.makesense有意义三、例句Theworkwilltaketendaysmoreorless.这项工作大约要花十天时间。I"llseeyouat9a.m.orthereabouts.我在九点或大约九点时见你。orso的相关近义词around、roughly、closeto、justabout、moreorless、about、some、approximatelyorso的相关临近词Orme、or、ormolufurniture、OrioleBlackbird、Oryzomysminutus、Ormosiaolivacea、OR-parallelism、orlginalspecies、ornithosisvirus、orousNiTialloy、Orungaorbivirus点此查看更多关于orso的详细信息

rather好象不能修饰比较级吧

orso的意思是：大约，左右。orso的意思是：大约，左右。orso的例句是Theworkwilltaketendaysmoreorless.这项工作大约要花十天时间。orso【近义词】around到处。一、英英释义点此查看orso的详细内容Adverb:(ofquantities)imprecisebutfairlyclosetocorrect;"lastedapproximatelyanhour""injustaboutaminute""he"sabout30yearsold""I"vehadaboutallIcanstand""wemeetaboutonceamonth""somefortypeoplecame""weighsaroundahundredpounds""roughly$3,000""holds3gallons,moreorless""20orsopeoplewereattheparty"二、网络解释1.orso是什么意思1.大约,左右：everso非常,极其|orso大约,左右|sothat以便,为使;所以,因此2.大约：orrather更精确地说,倒不如说|orso大约|otherfrom不同于3.大约,差不多：orrather毋宁说;更确切地说|orso大约,差不多|otherthan除...之外;不同于;非4.4.左右：24.losepopularitywith...在......中失去流行度或受欢迎度|1.orso左右|2.makesense有意义三、例句Theworkwilltaketendaysmoreorless.这项工作大约要花十天时间。I"llseeyouat9a.m.orthereabouts.我在九点或大约九点时见你。orso的相关近义词around、roughly、closeto、justabout、moreorless、about、some、approximatelyorso的相关临近词Orme、or、ormolufurniture、OrioleBlackbird、Oryzomysminutus、Ormosiaolivacea、OR-parallelism、orlginalspecies、ornithosisvirus、orousNiTialloy、Orungaorbivirus点此查看更多关于orso的详细信息

【答案】：A考查短语辨析。other than“除了，除了……之外”，常用于否定结构中；rather than“而不是”，连接两个同等成分，肯定前者，否定后者；or rather“更确切地说”；or else“否则，要不然”。句意为“学校规定学生不能乘坐除校车以外的其他非法机动车辆”。根据语境可知A项最符合句意。

1、形容词(短语)做插入语；2、副词(短语)做插入语；3、介词(短语)做插入语；4、V-ing(短语)做插入语；5、不定式(短语)做插入语；6、句子(陈述句和一般疑问句)做插入语。形容词(短语)做插入语能用作插入语的形容词(短语)常见的有:true，wonderful，excellent，strange to say，most important of all， sure enough等。 如: True，it would be too bad. 真的，太糟了。 Wonderful，we have won again. 太好了，我们又赢了。 Strange to say，he hasn"t got my letter up to now. 说来也奇怪，他到现在还没有收到我的信。 Most important of all，we must learn all the skills. 最重要的是，我们必须掌握所有的技巧。副词(短语)做插入语能用作插入语的副词(短语)有:indeed，surely，still，otherwise，certainly，however，generally， personally，honestly，fortunately，luckily，though，besides，exactly，perhaps，maybe，probably，frankly，or rather等。 如: When he got there，he found，however，that the weather was too bad. 可是到了那儿之后他发现，那儿的天气太坏了。 Otherwise，he would still be at home. 不然的话，他还会在家的。介词(短语)做插入语能用作插入语的介词短语有:in fact，in one"s opinion，in general，in a word，in other words，in a few words，of course，by the way，as a result，for example，on the contrary，on the other hand，to one"s surprise，in short，as a matter of fact，in conclusion，in brief等。 如: You can"t wait anymore-in other words，you should start at once. 你不能再等了--换言之，你得立即出发。 On the contrary，we should strengthen our cooperation with them. 相反，我们应该加强和他们的合作。V-ing(短语)做插入语能用作插入语的V-ing(短语)常见的有:generally speaking，strictly speaking，judging from by，talking of， considering等。 如: Generally speaking，the weather there is neither too cold in winter nor too hot in summer. 一般来说，那儿的气候冬天不太冷，夏天不太热。 Judging by his clothes，he may be an artist. 从衣着来判断，他可能是个艺术家。不定式(短语)做插入语能用作插入语的不定式短语有:to be frank，to be honest，to be sure，to tell you the truth，to make matters worse，to sum up，to start with，to begin with等。 如: To be frank，I don"t quite agree with you. 坦率地说，我不太同意你的意见。 To tell you the truth，I"m not so interested in the matter. 跟你说实话，我对这件事情的兴趣不大。 To sum up，success results from hard work. 总而言之，成功是艰苦努力的结果。句子(陈述句和一般疑问句)做插入语能用作插入语的句子有:I am sure，I believe，I think，I know，I suppose，I hope，I"m afraid，you see， what"s more，that is to say，as we know，as I see，believe it or not等。 如: Some animals only half-hibernate，that is to say，their sleep is not such a deep one. 有些动物只是半冬眠，就是说，它们的睡眠并不是深度睡眠。 I believe，China will catch up with the developed countries sooner or later. 我确信，中国迟早会赶上发达国家。 He can"t pass the exam，because he doesn"t study hard. What"s more，he isn"t so clever. 他不能通过这次考试，因为他学习不认真，更何况他又不太聪明。

or是五个-r音节字母组合之一。如果是重读音节，除了在w后发[u0259:]外，都发[u0254:]音；如果是非重读音节，一般读作短元音[u0259]。含or的单词很多，举例如下：[u0259:]word,work,worth,world,worse,worm[u0254:]for,lord,short,cord,corner,forth[u0259]actor,doctor,investor,competitor,instructor

用法：　一、rather作副词,意为"宁愿;宁可"。作此意解的rather常和would / had连用,构成固定短语。would / had rather…than译为"宁愿……而不愿" ,应该特别注意此短语的否定构成及其后接的动词形式。如: 　　He would rather have the small one than the large one. 他宁愿要一个小的,而不要大的。 　　I"d rather take the slowest train than go there by air. 我宁愿坐最慢的火车,也不乘飞机去那里。 　　I would rather not tell you the secret right now. 我现在不愿把那个秘密告诉你。 　　would / had rather 后接从句时,从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气。如: 　　I would / had rather you posted the letter right away, 我倒希望你把这封信立即发出。 　　I would / had rather that she had stayed at home. 她那时要是留在家里就好了。 　　二、rather作副词用时,意为"更确切地"。 此用法的rather常用在or rather这一短语中,表示想要纠正已经说过的话,或欲使已说过的话更确切。如: 　　He worked till late last night, or rather, early in the morning. 他一直工作到深夜,或者更确切地说,到今天凌晨。 　　The building is like a palace, or rather a temple. 这幢建筑物像一座宫殿,或者更确切地说像一座寺庙。 　　三、rather作副词用时, 还可作"相当;颇;有点儿"解。如: 　　You"ve done rather well.你做得相当好。 　　The way he is living is rather strange to me. 他的生活方式我觉得很怪。 　　rather, fairly, quite, pretty的区别: 　　1. 从程度上说, fairly是最轻的一个;quite比fairly 语气稍强;rather 在程度上比quite更重一些;pretty 和rather 差不多,但大多数情况下用于非正式文体。如: 　　They were getting along fairly well with each other. 他们相处还不错。 　　He was quite polite, but he wasn"t ready to help me. 他相当有礼貌,但他并不愿意帮助我。 　　There"s something rather strange about the way he talks to you. 他跟你说话的样子真有点怪。 　　Twenty-five is pretty old to take up ballet dancing.二十五岁才学跳芭蕾,年纪就太大了。 　　2. rather 和quite可放在不定冠词前,也可放在不定冠词之后,还可以和动词连用,而fairly 和pretty没有这些用法。如: 　　That is quite / rather a surprising result. =That is a quite / rather surprising result. 那是一个相当惊人的结果。 　　I rather / quite like to go for a walk after supper. 我颇喜欢在晚饭后出去散步。 　　3. 只有rather可以修饰比较级,还可和too连用。如: 　　This computer is rather more expensive than that one.这部电脑比那部昂贵一些。 　　This book is rather too difficult for the beginners.这部书对初学者来说太难了。 　　四、rather than 的用法。 　　rather 不仅是一个表示程度的副词,还能用来表示选择,意为"而非;(与其……)倒不如"。rather than 经常用在"平行结构"里,即连接两个对等成分。 　　I"d prefer to go in August rather than July. 我愿八月去,不愿七月去。 　　I"d call her hair chestnut rather than brown. 我宁愿说她的头发是栗色,而不是棕色。 　　We ought to invest in new machines rather than buildings. 我们应该在新的机器上而不是在房屋上投资。 　　I decided to write rather than telephone. 我决定写信而不打电话。 　　Rather than get money in such a dishonest way, he would beg in the streets. 他宁愿在街上乞讨,也不愿以这种不正当的手段挣钱。 　　I always prefer starting early, rather than leaving everything to the last minute. 我总是愿意早开始而不愿意把所有事情都留到最后。rather 词组rather good相当不错would rather表示"宁愿"would rather do 宁愿…would rather… than… 宁愿……而不愿had rather 宁肯，宁愿 would rather not 宁可不(不愿)...the rather because 正因为 ... 所以才..but rather 而宁可说是, 反而...rather…than not 不是别的sooner rather than later 尽早

sound and sleep睡了个好觉make it成功做到manage it设法完成be well worth doing 很值得做be well worthy of being done 很值得做that=so 如此 如：so good a book=that good a book暂时想到的就这些了，望采纳，以后想到了在追加

but rather的中文翻译意思是：反而

1.andconj.[连接并列的名词、代词或数词]同,和,与,如:FatherandIwenttoXinhuabookstoreyesterday.父亲和我昨天到新华书店去过。[连接并列的形容词、副词]又,而且Readslowlyandloudly.读得既要慢些又要大点声音。[口][连接并列的动词,表示目的]Tryandshootthebird.开枪打那只鸟试试。[连接两个并列句]而,而且Ididnotanswer,andhe,too,keptsilent.我没有回答,(而)他也不作声。[连接两个句子,后者表示结果]只要...就会;那么Goatonceandyouwillseeher.马上去,那么你就会见到她了。[连接两个相同的词]反复,一再Wetalkedandtalked.我们说呀,说呀,说个没完。[表示转折]但,却Heissorichandliveslikeabeggar.他非常有钱可是生活得象个乞丐。[表示加重语气]而且Shedidtheworkandshediditwell.她做了这件工作而且做得很好。[用于句子开头以表示连续性或者表示惊异]Andasforus,wearefortunate.可对我们来说,我们是幸运的。Andareyoureallygoingwithhim?嘿!你真要和他一起走吗?[表示同时]Weateanddranktoourfullcontent.我们尽情地连吃带喝饱餐了一顿。[用在数词中,连接十位和百位数等,美国人有时省略不用]onemillion,twohundredandforty-fivethousand,threehundredandthirty-three(=1,245,333)2.orconj.[表示选择][主语的人称、数不一致时,动词随着接近的主语而变化]或,或者;还是JohnoryouareinClassTwo.约翰或者你在二班。[表示不明确,(汉语不译出)]大约,或许twoorthreemiles两三里(距离)[引导同义词或说明语]或者说,即latelastnightorratherearlythismorning昨晚深夜,或者更确切地说,今天一早[常和else连用]否则,要不然Makehaste,or(else)you"llbelate.快点,要不然就来不及了。[在否定结构中否定前后二者]也不...也不Hecannotreadorwrite.他既不会读也不会写。[古][用于句首表示转折]可是,再说Orwhatmanofyou,ifhissonaskshimforaloaf,willgivehimastone?再说,你们中间谁的儿子要个面包,能给他一块石头吗?[表示让步]不管...还是;...也好...也好Rainorshine,I"llgo.不管下雨还是晴天,我都要去其实我们中国人现在的英语教育现状是应试教育,外国人讲话有些东西已经不讲究,中国人还要死抓着不放,在这句中and和or其实都可以用,不过在否定句及疑问句中连接并列成分时我们常用or,如果考试考到,当然还是选or.

（1）表示增加的过渡词：also，and，and then，too，in addition，furthermore，moreover again，on top of that/this，another，first---second---third（或者firstly, secondly, thirdly or last but not the least）等。例如：It"s a pretty cat, also friendly. 这是只漂亮的猫，而且很友好（2）表示时间顺序的过渡词：now，then，before，after，afterwards，earlier，later，immediately，soon，next，in a few (more) days，gradually，suddenly，finally等。 Now that spring is here, we can expect milder weather.现在春天来了，我们可以期望较温和的天气（3）表示空间顺序的过渡词：near（to），far（from），in front of，behind，beside，beyond，above，below，to the right / left，around，outside等。 Christmas is drawing near. 圣诞节即将来临。（4）表示对比的过渡词：有两种对比，一种突出比较的双方，另一种是通过对比突出其中一方，取消另一方。 One the one / other hand； and, or rather； yes, but；instead. Everybody knows about his bad temper. On the other hand, they also know of his shrewd judgment. 大家都知道他的脾气很坏。当另一方面，他们也知道他精明的判断力。（5）表示对照的过渡词：but，still，yet，however，on the contrary，in spite of，even though等。 例如：the plan caused not prosperity but ruin. 这个计划带来的不是繁荣而是毁灭（6）表示结 果 和 原 因 的 过 渡 词：because，since，so，as a result，therefore，hence，thus，otherwise，accordingly, at all events, as it turned out, in any event, in consequence/as a consequence, it would be just as well, just as well, that is/was that, but for, consequently, in that event, somehow, thanks to等。 John didn"t attend the meeting because he was ill. 约翰没有出席会议, 因为他病了。

选A 他昨晚很晚才回家，确切的说是在今天凌晨回的家.

这个词是日语工作这个动词的命令型就是快干活之类的意思吧

rather副词 adv.1.在一定程度上; 颇，相当 This book is rather too easy for this boy.这本书对于这个孩子来说太简单。I reckon that he is rather too old to marry again.我认为他的年龄太大, 不太适于再婚。2.或多或少; 有几分; 相当 This restaurant is rather more expensive than that one.这家餐厅的收费比那家贵得多。3.（与动词连用以减弱语气）有点儿，稍微 4.（纠正所说的话或提供更确切的信息）更确切地讲，更准确地说5.（提出不同或相反的观点）相反，反而，而是 1.Admittedly, it is rather expensive but you don"t need to use much. 它的确很贵，但不需要用得很多。 2. a rather bland diet of soup, fish and bread 一个淡而无味的汤、鱼加面包的食谱 3. His answer rather disconcerted her.他的回答使她颇感难堪。 4. I was rather dubious about the whole idea. 我对这整个想法持怀疑态度。 5. We tend to be traditional rather than fashion-forward in our designs. 我们的设计往往流于传统而没有超前意识。

at适用于时间， 如at 4:00和方位，at the beginning。 or很明显是或者的意思。in用于地方、方位或时间，如in September；in the house; in the hole；in the afternoon。 on则是用于方位, 如 on the table, 或是日前...

or 是或，and是和

“Any library is a good library that does not contain a volume by Jane Austen”, when this words about Jane Austen given by Mark Twin first came upon to me, I was, just in your expectation, a little bit surprised. Gradually, however, when I know more about the characteristics of her works, I think the judgement of Mark Twin makes sense in some degree. Especially after I have finished her work Pride and Prejudice and compared it with the contemporary production The Red and the Black written by Stendhal. Less reflection and exposure on social conflicts among different classes is a big pity for Austen"s works, as well as for the readers. Still, however, Austen"s unique interpretation towards marriage is the distinguished feature of her literary accomplishment. And I want to give some reflection on the different kinds of relationships and marriages in Pride and Prejudice.Five different types of relationships or marriages, as far as I am concerned, are presented in this book.The first type, undoubtedly, is the relationship between Jane and Mr. Bingley. They met at a party and almost fell in love with each other just after their first encounter. Bingley"s wealth and courtesy, Jane"s beauty and tenderness, and the similarities in their personality are all the factors that contribute to the relationship. So, though I believe, actually, there is some kind of love between the young lady and the gentleman, it is not the pure and true love, their combination is not for no intention but for some certain desire. So I would like to call their relationship as “Secular Love”.Contrasting to the relationship between Jane and Mr. Bingley, the marriage between Charlotte and Mr.Collins is much less romantic, or no romance at all. One is the Cinderella in reality equipped with no prince, the other is a priest, old and ugly. Their marriage, of course, has no love but compromise. Even Elizabeth thinks “Charlotte the wife of Mr. Collins, was a most humiliating picture!” But what could she do? Just as she said, she is not romantic and she asks only a comfortable home, and this is within Mr. Collins ability. Comparing with being a 27-year-old burden to her family,at least for her, marrying Mr. Collins is the best choice. So as for them, I call “Rational Love” or rather------ “Rational Combination”.Another couple is Mrs. Bennet and Mr. Bennet. Just in the first chapter, I wondered why two people with such different characteristics could live together for 23 years. The wonder disappeared when the explanation was offered by Austen in Chapter 42 about Mr. Bennet"s attitude towards his wife. Captivated by youth and beauty, he married her and very early in their marriage, after knowing the disposition of her, ended his affection and used her ignorance to contribute his amusement, having impropriety of his behavior as a husband. Neither for Mr. Bennet nor for Mrs. Bennet this marriage is quite fair or contented, but both of them should pay, and had already paid the bill of their “Hasty Love”.Lydia"s relationship with Wickham, to some extent, is similar with her parents". Mr. Bennet was captivated by the beauty of his wife and Lydia was fascinated by the handsome appearance of Wickham. Compared with her parents" marriage, however, Lydia"s relationship with Wickham would only turn out a much more unpleasant one, for their marriage is based on the fulfillment of vanity and the desire of property. So I consider their relationship as “Orectic Incorporation”And finally here comes the relationship between Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy. When I first finished the movie of Pride and Prejudice, I still wondered why there is a love flame between them. One is so proud and the other full of prejudice, but when I read more details about this work, the answer has emerged. “Love”, a word we are so familiar with, but what is love? In Austen"s work, I gradually know that love is not just as abstract as we often regard. Take Elizabeth, for example, her love for Daisy is based on two things: respect and gratitude. She respects his valuable qualities: nobility and kindness, and even Wickham had done something so bad to him and his sister, he still didn"t blame him before others or let him lose all dignity in public. Also, she is grateful to Mr. Darcy, for his love, for his forgiveness about her bad manners when she rejected him, for his help to her sister"s marriage and her family"s fame. And finally, these turned out her attachment, affection and love for him. As for Darcy, his attention to Elizabeth was first on her eyes, full of liveliness, thoughts and pursuits and unlike any other ladies, she is such a unique girl that she didn"t flatter him at all, so for him she is so extraordinary and attractive. And Elizabeth got his respect and love because of her own independence, liveliness and uniqueness. And I regard their relationship as “Spirit Love”.Austen"s attitude towards marriage, love, status and property can still be used as a reference. Nowadays, fast food culture derives fast-food-style love, although we are in the era of fast changes, it"s better for us to love rationally and independently. Hope everyone has his real, unique love.

有 ，可以，因为是否定句

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高二英语开学第一课教案 　　上好第一节课对老师来说意义重大，下面是我为大家收集的关于高二英语开学第一课教案，希望对大家有帮助! 　　高二英语开学第一课教案 　　一、自我介绍(Introduce myself 3u2032) 　　Hello everybody, Well,nice talking with you here. I"m your English teacher, next year we will learn together, with the progress. I have worked for 1 years since I graduated from the university . Being a teacher is tired but excited . Having taught for this year, I think I am experienced in teaching field . 　　I have a strong sense of duty and humor.Actually , I always think that English is so wonderful a language that we should not only regard it as a subject,but also look on it with great interest.Hope you can enjoy your way in English.I will be happy to be your company. 　　二、学习方法介绍( 20u2032) * 学习英语无捷径。要想学好英语只有大量实践，多听多读多说多写。不要被商业广告所误导。 　　* 对于高中英语学习者我特别推荐英语简易读物，读的材料要浅易，故事性要强，读的速度尽可能快一些，读的越多越好。这是学好英语屡试不爽的一个好办法。 　　* 说英语一不要怕犯错误，二不要怕别人笑话。要争取一切机会讲英语，和外国人讲，和同学讲，和同事讲，实在没办法的时候和自己讲。例如，可以把自己想说的话录下来，然后再放出来自己听。 　　* 要多用词典，多用英语词典。如果读词典读的津津有味，就说明学英语已经上路了。 　　* 英语具有较好的基础以后，通读(注意不是略读或跳读)一本浅易的英语语法书会使你有一种豁然开朗的感觉。 　　从根本上变"要我学"为"我要学"，就能学会英语，会学英语。 　　三 、学好英语的几个关键问题 　　Ⅰ.如何才能做到坚持不懈? 　　人之初，性本懒!坚持是世界上最难的一件事情!要想坚持必须做到以下几点： 　　1、先彻底模仿一篇文章，要模仿得和录音完全一样! 　　2、英语书要随身携带，有空就读! 　　3、每天必须坚持脱口而出几个句子或一小段文章!这样就可以保持一种"成就感"! 　　4、要用"热爱"来代替毅力!一口流利的英语是多么美妙的事情，疯狂热爱英语吧! 　　Ⅱ.单词到底怎么背? 　　掌握单词最好的方法就是：第一、把单词读准;第二、大量地朗读和背诵文章。发音好的人，背单词特别快! 俗话说：只有成章入口，才能出口成章! 　　我要介绍的第一招是：借熟记新。何谓借熟记新?即使在一个新单词中找你记得的熟词，从而记住新词。如：card，scarf，carnation中有你最熟悉的单词car，只需要在car前后增加字母就成了卡片，围巾，康乃馨。再如：newspaper中就有两个熟词 news ，paper。再有：mistake中有 make;midnight中有 night;mineral 中有mine; market中有 mark...等等。假如你有"角色意识"的话，仔细研究你要记的单词，那么你会发现适合借熟记新原则的单词会是很多的. 　　我再介绍一招：改头换面.所谓改头换面就是将你认识的熟词改换其中的一个或几个字母而成为你要记的生词.如：将take u2192 sake; take u2192 bake u2192 fake u2192 wake u2192 cake ...;back u2192 rack; bank u2192blank u2192tank u2192 rank u2192thank u2192 thankful....;ask u2192task u2192 bask ;bar u2192 bare u2192barely;now u2192 how u2192 bow u2192 cow u2192 grow u2192 blow u2192 throw 　　u2192 flow ...;经过改头换面，你也许会发现英语单词的构成不再是杂乱无章了，而是熟词的另一种组合罢了! 　　第三招：趣味记忆.就是利用读音，谐音，汉语等帮助你记住一些难记的单词.学英语的人都知道英语的语言大师――莎士比亚.他名字如何拼写呢?请记住：握长矛的人就是莎士比亚.你看：Shake(握手的"握") +spear(长矛)+e =Shakespeare;有两组短语不易分清楚：long before ;before long 我们根据意思记：long 在前 　　前，"很久前"; long在后，"不久后"，不就记住了吗?英语中有几个动词不太好区分，它们是：lie (撒谎), lie(躺，位于) , lay(下蛋，搁置)，特别难区分的是它们的过去式和过去分词形式.先背住几句顺口溜： 　　规则的"撒谎"，不规则的"躺";"躺"过就"下蛋"，"下蛋"不规则. 　　l 　　ie (撒谎) u2192lied u2192 lied u2192 lying 　　lie(躺，位于)u2192 lay u2192 lain u2192 lying 　　"躺"的过去是就是"下蛋"的原形(请比较) 　　lay(下蛋，搁置)u2192laid u2192 laid u2192 laying 　　所谓规则的是指其过去式，过去分词是规则的.lay属于元音加y结尾的词加后缀应是规则的(直接加)，该词却变y为i加d因此是不规则的.再就是 hang 的过去式和过去分词有两种形式，形式不同意义就迥然不同.请看：hang u2192 hanged u2192 hanged (绞死);hang u2192 hung u2192 hung (挂，悬挂)记顺口溜：规则的"绞死"不规则的"挂". 当然，这些笨办法的目的就是记住单词短语，用时不会搞错. 　　最后一招就是：利用构词法.就是在词根的前面，后面或在前后面加上词缀，以形成新的单词.这是扩大词汇的最有效，最重要的`办法.这必须记住一些常见的前后缀，和它们所表示的词类及意义.往往一些英语学习者忽视了这一点.任何英语教材都会列出常见的词缀.请各位网友注意就行，不用我耽误大家时间了! 　　英语单词记忆有法，但法无定法.还是那句老话：只要你能记住，记得多就是最好的办法.说了这么多，关键一条就是： 　　培养角色意识，坚持反复记忆;观察分析单词，选取最佳记忆. 　　Ⅲ.学习的过程，犹如欣赏风景，书页翻动，体验进步的感动。学习英语，唯有快乐才是最美的时尚。 　　同音词，是发音一样但意义不同的字，这是英语幽默的源泉。比如： 　　1. Why is six afraid of seven? ---- Because 7 8 9. 　　为什么6害怕7?因为 seven eight nine = seven ate nine. 如果7吃了9，6自然会害怕7的，6和7离的很近，6的长相酷似9的长相，唉，人家6怎不担忧啊! 　　2. What relatives are dependent on you? --- Uncles, aunts and cousins. 　　哪家亲戚会依赖你?这里 you 的发音和字母 u 一样，其实有三家亲戚都离不开字母U的。 　　3. What starts with T, ends with T, and can be full of T? --- Teapot 　　什么以 T 开头，以 T 结尾，又充满了 T ?最后的这个 T 要理解成 tea. 茶壶就出来了。 　　三、学习要求(5u2032) 　　1. 制定学习计划，学习目标。严格按计划执行，只有坚持不懈才能获得成功。 　　2. 课前预习，上课认真听讲，课后及时复习。以导学教程为辅助，老师讲到那，必须做到那。我们英语课的基本顺序是先讲词汇，接着warming up ,reading ,language study ,using language , summing up .课后作业要及时完成。 　　3. 每天下午晚自习前听英语，由课代表负责 　　4. 人人一本高考必备或英汉词典。 　　四、学习计划(15u2032) 　　自我介绍、Introduce yourself, your interests, your hobbies英语学习基础English foundation、未来学习计划及目标Future plans and learning objectives、希望得到老师什么帮助What teachers want to help。用英语写，这将成为你们高中英语学习的第一份资料In English, this will be your first high school English learning materials。 　　英语学习方法总论 　　注意： 方法就是方法,它最终无法取代刻苦的学习.) 　　第1部分 整体建议 　　1. We"d better develop our interest in English at the beginning of our study. To develop interest in English study is not very hard. We may have the feeling of satisfaction and achievement from our English study when we are able to say something simpl 　　e in English, talk with others or foreigners in English and act as others" interpreters. 　　在英语学习之初,我们应该注重培养对英语学习的兴趣.培养对英语的兴趣并不难.当我们可以说点儿简单的英语,用英语与别人或与老外交谈,或作别人的翻译时,我们就可以从英语学习中得到满足感和成就感,这样,兴趣就培养起来了.请注意,这种满足感和成就感很重要! 　　2. Plans are always very essential, so we must make some elaborate and workable plans before study. And we should certainly carry out these plans to the letter. 　　制定英语学习计划太重要了,所以我们必须在学习前制定精细的和可操作的计划. 并且我们一定要严格执行这些计划.请注意:千万不要干没有计划的傻事,那等于在浪费生命. 　　3. Notes should be made whenever we study any book. We may follow this advice: Don"t read book without making notes. As we know that notes are the summarization, the core content, our understanding and the abbreviations of the books. Our notes are much thinner than the books so that we can learn them by heart easier and can often review and read them. We may also record our notes on tapes so as to often listen to them easier, to deepen our impression and to lighten our burden of memory. Sometimes it is needful to draw some tables and illustrations that are very impressive, visual and concise. 　　无论学习什么,我们都要作笔记.我们可以参照下面的忠告:不作笔记就不要读书.如您所知,笔记是我们对所学课本的总结,中心内容,我们的理解和课本的缩略.笔记要比课本薄的多,我们可以较容易的记忆和经常复习他们.更胜一畴的做法是把笔记录成音,这样我们可以经常听一听来加深印象和减轻记忆负担. 　　4. Watching English movies, English TV programs, listening to English songs and learn English on some special occasions are also excellent and vivid English learning ways as we may combine English with some certain scenes to deepen our memory. 　　看英文电影,收看英语电视节目,听英文歌曲和在某些特定场景学习英语也是很棒和很生动的英语学习方式,因为这样我们可以把所学英语与某些特定的场景联系起来以加深记忆. 　　5. Never just memorize single English words. Learn by heart the whole sentences and the phrases that contain the new words so we may know how to use the words. 　　请不要孤立地背英语单词.请背记包含生词的句子或词组,这样我们才真正能运用这些词汇,而且印象更深. 　　6. If time permits, we may read Mini Chinese-English dictionary carefully from cover to cover, which may help us widen our sight and master knowledge in all aspects. 　　如果时间允许,通读小小汉英字典对于英语学习也帮助很大.他能帮助我们扩大视野并全方位地掌握所学知识. 　　7. Excellent personality is one 　　of the decisive factors in English study. Persistence, patience, self-confidence and determination are badly needed. 　　优秀的性格也是英语学习的关键因素之一,坚持,忍耐,自信和坚定都是很重要的.当然如果兴趣培养得好, 可适当削弱这方面的要求. 　　Part 2 Detailed methods(第2部分 具体方法) 　　1. Listening comprehension:(听力) 　　A.可以通过讲地道的口语来提高听力.发音,语调和句子结构请不要中国化.既然能说出来,当然能听懂.当然这样作有点难. 　　B. Keeping a relaxed, natural and steady mood when listening to some materials.在作听力练习时,力求保持放松,自然和稳定的心态.即建立自信心和培养良好的心理素质在听力提高中致关重要. 　　C. We may make some simple notes while listening, for examples, the names of people and places, time, age, distance, occupation, figures and so on to get a better understanding of the content. 　　在作听力练习时,我们可以作些简单的笔记,例如人名,地名,时间,年龄,职业,数字等以便更好地理解材料.当然还要以听为主. 　　D. Catching the drift of the content instead of understanding every word and never waste too much time on single words. 　　作听力练习要重材料大意, 而不要力求听懂每个词,不要在单个词上浪费太多时间. 　　E. Pay close attention to CONCESSION and TRANSITION so as to correctly understand the attitudes of the speakers. The following words are most important: even though, even so, in spite of, unless, although, no matter, however, whatever, no, nor, neitheru2026nor, butu2026. 　　密切注意听力材料中的让步与转折以便正确把握说话人的态度.特别关注这些词: even though, even so, in spite of, unless, although, no matter, however, whatever, no, nor, neitheru2026nor, butu2026. F. If we may learn by heart new words by listening some word tapes, the results must be satisfactory. 　　在背记生词时,如果能听词汇磁带,那么对听力提高也很有好处. 　　2.Reading skills:(阅读) 　　a. Intensive Reading:精读:在精读课文时,我们要把生词,词组,句型做成笔记.读后要试着用这些疑问词提问自己:谁,什么,何时,何地且努力用自己的话来回答. 　　b. Extensive reading:泛读:要培养浏览,跳读和快读的能力.即抓住关键词,主题句和中心大意的能力. 　　c. Reading speed:阅读速度:三种方法提高我们的阅读速度:1.先从头至尾不间断地通读课文以抓住课文大意.不要在单个词或单句上浪费太多时间.2. 阅读时计时.3.阅读时用手指或笔尖指向文章字句并快速移动来迫使我们的眼睛快速随手指或笔尖移动来强化我们的阅读速度. 　　d. Newspaper as good reading materials can widen our sight and richen our knowledge. 　　多读报,多受益:开阔视野,丰富知识,学习流行词语和英语最新发展. 　　3.Writing skills.( 写作) 　　a. We have to accumulate abundant materials before we write something, say, learning by heart crowds of articles. 　　写作需要有很多素材,积累素材很重要.要多背课文. 　　b. Try to express one meaning in various ways. 　　努力用多种方式表达一种意思. 　　c. Keeping English diary if possible. 　　写英语日记. 　　a) Prepare some new words, expressions and good sentences to be used before writing something. 　　在写作前准备一些要用的好词汇,好句子. 　　b) We may also make some English pen pals to establish English communication relationship through some media like newspaper and magazines. 　　结交英语笔友,写英文信.这种方法容易坚持,还很有意思.不仿一试,好处多多

TBF就是属于一种数据形,TBF数据,一般是打不开的!

1、MPLS 是Multi-Protocol Label Switching的缩写形式，中文含义为多协议标签交换技术。2、MPLS不是特指某一种业务或应用，而是一种标准化的路由与交换技术平台，可以支持各种高层协议与业务。3、Multi-Protocol：支持多种三层协议，如IP、IPv6、IPX等，它通常处于二层和三层之间，俗称2.5层。4、Label ：是一种短的、等长的、易于处理的、不包含拓扑信息、只具有局部意义的信息内容。5、Switching：MPLS报文交换和转发是基于标签的。针对IP业务，IP包在进入MPLS网络时，入口的路由器分析IP包的内容并且为这些IP包选择合适的标签，然后所有MPLS网络中节点都是依据这个简短标签来作为转发依据。当该IP包最终离开MPLS网络时，标签被出口的边缘路由器分离。1.1 MPLS概述多协议标签交换MPLS（Multiprotocol Label Switching）最初是为了提高转发速度而提出的。在MPLS的体系结构中：l 控制平面（Control Plane）是无连接的，利用现有IP网络实现；l 转发平面（Forwarding Plane，也称为数据平面，Data Plane）是面向连接的，可以使用ATM、帧中继等二层网络。MPLS使用短而定长的标签（label）来封装分组，在数据平面实现快速转发。在控制平面，MPLS拥有IP网络强大灵活的路由功能，可以满足各种新应用对网络的要求。MPLS起源于IPv4（Internet Protocol version 4），其核心技术可扩展到多种网络协议，包括IPv6（Internet Protocol version 6）、IPX（Internet Packet Exchange）、Appletalk、DECnet、CLNP（Connectionless Network Protocol）等。“MPLS”中的“Multiprotocol”指的就是支持多种网络协议。NE40支持在IPv4和IPv6上使用MPLS。MPLS结构的详细介绍可参考RFC3031（Multiprotocol Label Switching Architecture）。1.1.1 MPLS基本概念1. 转发等价类MPLS作为一种分类转发技术，将具有相同转发处理方式的分组归为一类，称为转发等价类FEC（Forwarding Equivalence Class）。相同转发等价类的分组在MPLS网络中将获得完全相同的处理。转发等价类的划分方式非常灵活，可以是源地址、目的地址、源端口、目的端口、协议类型、VPN等的任意组合。例如，在传统的采用最长匹配算法的IP转发中，到同一个目的地址的所有报文就是一个转发等价类。2. 标签标签是一个长度固定、只具有本地意义的短标识符，用于唯一标识一个分组所属的转发等价类（FEC）。在某些情况下，例如要进行负载分担，对应一个FEC可能会有多个标签，但是一个标签只能代表一个FEC。标签由报文的头部所携带，不包含拓扑信息，只具有局部意义。标签的长度为4个字节，封装结构如下所示：图1-1 标签的封装结构标签共有4个域：l Label：标签值字段，长度为20bits，用于转发的指针；l Exp：3bits，保留，用于试验；l S：1bit，MPLS支持标签的分层结构，即多重标签。值为1时表明为最底层标签；l TTL：8bits，和IP分组中的TTL（Time To Live）意义相同。标签与ATM的VPI/VCI以及Frame Relay的DLCI类似，是一种连接标识符。如果链路层协议具有标签域，如ATM的VPI/VCI或Frame Relay的DLCI，则标签封装在这些域中；如果不支持，则标签封装在链路层和IP层之间的一个垫层中。这样，标签能够被任意的链路层所支持。标签在分组中的封装位置如图1-2所示：Frame mode：帧模式 Cell mode：信元模式图1-2 标签在分组中的封装位置3. 标签交换路由器标签交换路由器LSR（Label Switching Router）是MPLS网络中的基本元素，所有LSR都支持MPLS协议。LSR由两部分组成：控制单元和转发单元。控制单元负责标签的分配、路由的选择、标签转发表的建立、标签交换路径的建立、拆除等工作；而转发单元则依据标签转发表对收到的分组进行转发。4. 标签交换路径一个转发等价类在MPLS网络中经过的路径称为标签交换路径LSP（Label Switched Path）。LSP在功能上与ATM和Frame Relay的虚电路相同，是从入口到出口的一个单向路径。LSP中的每个节点由LSR组成。5. 标签发布协议标签发布协议是MPLS的控制协议，它相当于传统网络中的信令协议，负责FEC的分类、标签的分配以及LSP的建立和维护等一系列操作。MPLS可以使用多种标签发布协议。包括专为标签发布而制定的协议，例如：LDP（Label Distribution Protocol）、CR-LDP（Constraint-Based Routing using LDP）；也包括现有协议扩展后支持标签发布的，例如：BGP（Border Gateway Protocol）、RSVP（Resource Reservation Protocol）。NE40支持上述标签发布协议，并支持手工配置的静态LSP。1.1.2 MPLS网络结构1. MPLS网络结构如图1-3所示，MPLS网络的基本构成单元是LSR，由LSR构成的网络称为MPLS域。位于MPLS域边缘、连接其它用户网络的LSR称为边缘LSR（LER，Labeled Edge Router），区域内部的LSR称为核心LSR。核心LSR可以是支持MPLS的路由器，也可以是由ATM交换机等升级而成的ATM-LSR。域内部的LSR之间使用MPLS通信，MPLS域的边缘由LER与传统IP技术进行适配。分组被打上标签后，沿着由一系列LSR构成的标签交换路径LSP（Label Switched Path）传送，其中，入口LER被称为Ingress，出口LER被称为Egress，中间的节点则称为Transit。图1-3 MPLS网络结构结合上图简要介绍MPLS的基本工作过程：l 首先，LDP和传统路由协议（如OSPF、ISIS等）一起，在各个LSR中为有业务需求的FEC建立路由表和标签映射表；l 入口LER接收分组，完成第三层功能，判定分组所属的FEC，并给分组加上标签，形成MPLS标签分组；l 接下来，在LSR构成的网络中，LSR根据分组上的标签以及标签转发表进行转发，不对标签分组进行任何第三层处理；l 最后，在MPLS出口LER去掉分组中的标签，继续进行后面的转发。由此可以看出，MPLS并不是一种业务或者应用，它实际上是一种隧道技术，也是一种将标签交换转发和网络层路由技术集于一身的路由与交换技术平台。这个平台不仅支持多种高层协议与业务，而且，在一定程度上可以保证信息传输的安全性。2. LSR的基本结构图1-4 LSR基本结构示意图对于普通的LSR，在转发平面只需要进行标签分组的转发。对于LER，在转发平面不仅需要进行标签分组的转发，也需要进行IP分组的转发，前者使用标签转发表LFIB，后者使用传统转发表FIB（Forwarding Information Base）。1.1.3 MPLS与路由协议LDP通过逐跳方式建立LSP时，利用沿途各LSR路由转发表中的信息来确定下一跳，而路由转发表中的信息一般是通过IGP、BGP等路由协议收集的。LDP并不直接和各种路由协议关联，只是间接使用路由信息。另一方面，通过对BGP、RSVP等已有协议进行扩展，也可以支持MPLS标签的分发。在MPLS的应用中，也可能需要对某些路由协议进行扩展。例如，基于MPLS的VPN应用需要对BGP进行扩展，使BGP能够传播VPN的路由信息；基于MPLS的流量工程TE（Traffic Engineering）需要对OSPF或IS-IS协议进行扩展，以携带链路状态信息。LSPM: LSP Management图1-5 MPLS与各种协议关系示意图1.2 MPLS的应用随着ASIC技术的发展，路由查找速度已经不成为阻碍网络发展的瓶颈。这使得MPLS在提高转发速度方面不具备明显的优势。但由于MPLS结合了IP网络强大的三层路由功能和传统二层网络高效的转发机制，在转发平面采用面向连接方式，与现有二层网络转发方式非常相似，这些特点使得MPLS能够很容易地实现IP与ATM、帧中继等二层网络的无缝融合，并为服务质量（QoS，Quality of Service）、流量工程（TE，Traffic Engineering）、虚拟专用网（VPN，Virtual Private Network）等应用提供更好的解决方案。1. 基于MPLS的VPN传统的VPN一般是通过GRE、L2TP、PPTP等隧道协议来实现私有网络间数据流在公网上的传送，LSP本身就是公网上的隧道，因此，用MPLS来实现VPN有天然的优势。基于MPLS的VPN就是通过LSP将私有网络的不同分支联结起来，形成一个统一的网络。基于MPLS的VPN还支持对不同VPN间的互通控制。图1-6 基于MPLS的VPN上图是基于MPLS的VPN的基本结构：CE（Customer Edge）是用户边缘设备，可以是路由器，也可以是交换机或主机；PE（Provider Edge）是服务商边缘路由器，位于骨干网络。PE负责对VPN用户进行管理、建立各PE间LSP连接、同一VPN用户各分支间路由分派。PE间的路由分派通常是用LDP或扩展的BGP协议实现。基于MPLS的VPN支持不同分支间IP地址复用，并支持不同VPN间互通。与传统的路由相比，VPN路由中需要增加分支和VPN的标识信息，这就需要对BGP协议进行扩展，以携带VPN路由信息。2. 基于MPLS的QoSNE40支持基于MPLS的流量工程和差分服务Diff-serv特性，在保证网络高利用率的同时，可以根据不同数据流的优先级实现差别服务，从而为语音，视频数据流提供有带宽保证的低延时、低丢包率的服务。由于全网实施流量工程的难度比较大，因此，在实际的组网方案中往往通过差分服务模型来实施QoS。Diff-Serv的基本机制是在网络边缘，根据业务的服务质量要求将该业务映射到一定的业务类别中，利用IP分组中的DS字段（由ToS域而来）唯一的标记该类业务，然后，骨干网络中的各节点根据该字段对各种业务采取预先设定的服务策略，保证相应的服务质量。Diff-Serv的这种对服务质量的分类和标签机制和MPLS的标签分配十分相似，事实上，基于MPLS的Diff-Serv就是通过将DS的分配与MPLS的标签分配过程结合来实现的。

I looked awaythen I look back at you,You try to saythe things that you can"t undo,If I had my wayI"d never get over you,Today"s the dayI pray that we make it through.Make it through the fall,Make it through it all.And I don"t wanna fall to piecesI just wanna sit and stare at you.I don"t wanna talk about it And I don"t want a conversationI just wanna cry in front of you.I don"t wanna talk about it"Cause I"m in love with you.You"re the only oneI"d be with till the end.When I come undoneyou bring me back again.Back under the stars,Back into your arms.And I don"t wanna fall to piecesI just wanna sit and stare at you.I don"t wanna talk about it And I don"t want a conversationI just wanna cry in front of you.I don"t wanna talk about it"Cause I"m in love with you.Wanna know who you are,Wanna know where to start,I wanna know what this means.Wanna know how you feel,Wanna know what is real.I wanna know everything... Everything.I don"t wanna fall to piecesI just wanna sit and stare at you.I don"t wanna talk about it And I don"t want a conversationI just wanna cry in front of you.I don"t wanna talk about it.And I don"t wanna fall to piecesI just wanna sit and stare at you.I don"t wanna talk about it And I don"t want a conversationI just wanna cry in front of you.and I don"t wanna talk about it"Cause I"m in love with you.I"m in love with you,"Cause I"m in love with you.I"m in love with you,I"m in love with you.

My English Study How time flies! My three-year middle school life will be over soon. Looking back I have many memories of my English study. When I entered the middle school,I had so many difficulties with my English.1 was not able to understand the teacher in class, and I couldn"t master the words and phrases. For a time I wanted to give it up. Later, with the help of the teacher and my classmates,I listened to the teacher careful ly in class, kept on reading English every day and spoke English as much as possible. Step by step I made great progress in English. In a word, only when you develop interest in studying English can you learnit well.

erase nvram:擦除所有nvram上面的内容(NVRAM 非易失性随机访问存储器 (Non-Volatile Random Access Memory)，是指断电后仍能保持数据的一种RAM。)erase start 恢复出厂设置