The police are offering a big ___________ for information about the robbery. A．award B．priz.

　　抢劫，指行为人对公私财物的所有人、保管人、看护人或者持有人当场使用暴力、胁迫或者其他方法，迫使其立即交出财物或者立即将财物抢走的行为。那么你知道抢劫用英语怎么说吗?下面来学习一下吧。 　　抢劫的英语说法1： 　　rob 　　抢劫的英语说法2： 　　heist 　　抢劫的英语说法3： 　　plunder 　　抢劫的相关短语： 　　plunder everything valuable; 　　抢劫财物 　　rob the bank; 　　抢劫银行 　　rob the shop of ten bikes; 　　抢劫那家商店10辆自行车 　　live by plunder 　　靠抢劫为生 　　抢劫的英语例句： 　　1. We usually think of a victim of mugging as being someone elderly. 　　我们通常以为被拦路抢劫的受害者是老年人。 　　2. My boyfriend and I robbed a store and were caught red-handed. 　　我和男朋友去抢劫一家商店，被当场逮到了。 　　3. Bank robberies, burglaries and muggings are reported almost daily in the press. 　　报纸上几乎每天都有抢劫银行、入室行窃和拦路抢劫的报道。 　　4. The kids who are joyriding and ram-raiding are unemployed. 　　那些开偷来的车狂飙和驾车抢劫的年轻人都是无业游民。 　　5. Armed robbers broke into a jeweller"s through a hole in the wall. 　　持械抢劫者通过墙上的一个洞闯进了一家珠宝店。 　　6. Marauding gangs of armed men have been looting food relief supplies. 　　持械抢劫团伙一直在四处抢劫救济食品。 　　7. In the country"s largest cities there has been rioting and looting. 　　该国的大城市有和抢劫发生。 　　8. Police said Stefanovski had robbed a man just hours earlier. 　　警察说斯泰凡诺夫斯基就在几个小时前抢劫了一名男子。 　　9. Police have ruled out robbery as a motive for the killing. 　　警方已排除因抢劫而杀人的可能。 　　10. Last year there was a plague of robbery and housebreaking. 　　去年抢劫和入室行窃成灾。 　　11. Armed robbery and abduction have been on the increase countrywide. 　　持械抢劫和诱拐案的案发率在全国范围内都有所上升。 　　12. A tourist was robbed after being given a drugged orange. 　　一名旅游者在喝了一杯被动了手脚的橙汁饮料后遭到了抢劫。 　　13. The trouble began when gangs began breaking windows and looting shops. 　　一些团伙开始破窗抢劫商店时发生了骚乱。 　　14. I can"t turn a blind eye when someone is being robbed. 　　当有人遭到抢劫时，我不能视而不见。 　　15. He carried out a series of bank raids. 　　他实施了一系列的银行抢劫。

robber是贼。。是那个抢劫的人。robbery是抢劫的名词。

二者都是可数名词，词义及复数形式的构成方法不同。前者主要是偷，后者重抢，性质比前者严重。1.theftn.复数形式是直接在词尾加s，即thefts主要意思有：1）偷盗,偷窃2）盗窃之物3）失窃案例2.robberyn.复数形式是把y改成i再加es，即robberies主要意思有：1）抢劫案,抢劫,盗取,盗窃,掠夺2）明抢；敲竹杠；明目张胆地索取高价

robbery是广义的抢劫，不限场所mug通常是指在公共地方被人从后偷袭抢劫

解释为案件

theft,robbery都是可数名词。

mugging多用于口语，行凶抢劫robbery相对更正式，抢劫，在律师文件中也用robbery

theft&robbery盗窃和抢劫双语对照例句:1.We will pay the insured loss of money due to theft or robbery. 赔偿被保险人在旅行期间钱财遭盗窃或抢劫的损失.

robberies

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你好，1.玩家在游戏中的控制才是比较简单的，玩家只要点击左边的控制然后进行摇杆进行摇动是非常的简单的，同时玩家还需要注意自己冲刺的问题，这个也还是比较简单的。2.右边一只脚，这个是玩家在游戏中灵活的移动的关键，玩家需要点击这个进行冲刺的时候一定要发现自己冲刺的距离，一但我们冲刺就会引起他们的注意，所以玩家一定要判断好出口的位置才行。3.三星要求，玩家首先要注意的就是自己的移动速度，然后我们根据敌人的移动位置来进行躲避，需要注意的是自己躲避的位置，千万不能出现在他们的视野中，不然就会直接的导致我们背发现任务失败了。4.注意监控，我们在监控中的存活时间是有限的，只要看清任务的移动箭头就可以进行了解敌人的移动范围了。玩家的操作速度不能慢下来。时间太久了我们也拿不到高分的。最后一点就是使用技能，这个是比较有趣的点，我们可以看到有很多的道具出现，这个是玩家轻松过关的关键求采纳

it is likely a robbery gone wrong 有语法错误吗这里的gone有问题，应该是：it is likely a robbery went wrong。或：it is likely a robbery has gone wrong。意思是：可能有个抢劫案搞错了（信息）。理由：过去分词在独立句子中通常不单独存在，需要有be或have质量之类的助动词一起；而动词过去式则没有这个问题。

Asking too more

witness ["witnis] n. 证人；目击者；证据vt. 目击；证明；为…作证vi. 作证人作为动词是目击！！！！！目击一场抢劫！

n.抢劫案；明抢；敲竹杠；明目张胆地索取高价变形复数：robberies词组短语armed robbery持械抢劫daylight robbery明抢highway robbery挡路抢劫Mixture robbery 抢气 ; 呛油Great Robbery 大劫案gang robbery [法] 结伙抢劫 ; 群盗双语例句用作名词(n.)He denied any role in the robbery.他否认曾参与这起抢劫案。He graduated from petty theft to bank robbery.他从小偷小摸发展到抢劫银行。He was the only eyewitness of the robbery.他是那起抢劫案的唯一目击者。This evidence implicates them in the robbery.证据说明他们与抢劫有牵连。

rob, robs, robbed, robbing

theft 偷robbery 抢劫

你好！robbery名词盗窃,抢劫,掠夺.mug作动词时是公开打劫,抢劫的意思如有疑问，请追问。

n ~ (on sth) 1。 sudden surprise attack and withdrawal by troops, ships or aircraft （部队、 舰艇或飞机的）突袭, 突击: make/launch a bombing raid (ie by aircraft) on enemy bases 对敌方基地进行突然的空袭. 2. sudden surprise attack in order to steal or do harm （突如其来的）抢劫, 行凶: an armed raid 持械抢劫 * A security guard was killed in the bank raid. 这次银行劫案中有一名保安员遇害. 3. sudden surprise visit by the police, etc, eg to arrest people or seize illicit goods （警方等的）突然搜查或搜捕（如为捕人或搜寻违禁品）: carry out a dawn raid 破晓时进行的搜捕 * a police drugs raid 警方进行的毒品搜查. 4. (finance 财) attempt by a group of people to lower eg share prices by selling at the same time （为使价格如股价下跌）集体抛售.> raid v [Tn] make a raid on (a place) 对（某处）进行突然袭击、 抢劫或搜查: Customs men raided the house. 海关人员突然搜查了这所房子. *

歌曲名:daylight robbery歌手:Imogen Heap专辑:Speak For YourselfDon"t mind me,Just cruising by,by the girl with the balloon,Good it looks like we"re the only ones around,Caught on CCTV,Heading towards the city lights,winking diamonds at me,arms stretched out now,Ha-oooooooooo, it gets me everytimeSexy baby,Happiness and silhouettes,revolving in the deep water,indigo its high tide,night sky,Pleasure moment,thinking bigthinking positiveand itching to get on with it,its all stops outexcess is the new moderationget all dressed up to the power of tenraise glasses on repeat,again, again, again, again, again, againha-ooooo it gets me everytimeoh, wade in the sonic joy,Pleasure in the wave and synchronise,sway in the sonic joy,ha-oooooo it gets me everytimeeverytime, it gets me right herehttp://music.baidu.com/song/14526286

The police / 主语 have excluded/谓语 robbery/宾语 // as a motive for the murder.定语as a motive for the murder 动机为蓄意谋杀修饰 robbery ,作其后置定语，意思是：警方排除此次抢劫存在谋杀动机。

prevent the robbery防止抢劫prevent the robbery防止抢劫

歌曲名:Bank Robbery歌手:Taj Mahal专辑:Hot SpotMy Daddy was a bankrobberBut he never hurt nobodyHe just loved to live that wayAnd he loved to steal your moneySome is richand some is poorAnd thats the way the world isAnd I don"t believe in lying backAnd saying how bad your life isSo we came to jaz it upNever loved a shovelBreak your back earn your payAnd don"t forget to grovelDaddy was a bankrobberBut he never hurt nobodyHe just loved to live that wayAnd he loved to take your money (What law?)The old man spoke up in a barSaid I never been in prisonA lifetime serving one machineIs ten times worse than prisonImagine if all the boys in jailCould get out now togetherWhat do you think they want to say to usWhile we were being cleverSomeday you"ll meet your rockin chairCause that"s where we"re spinninThere"s no point to want to comb your hairWhen its grey and thinin (Hey)HeyHeyDaddy was a bankrobberBut he never hurt nobodyHe just loved to live that wayAnd he loved to steal your moneySo we came to jaz it upWe never loved a shovelBreak your back earn your payAnd don"t forget to grovel (Hey)Get away, get away Get away, get away Get away, get away Get awayDaddy was a bankrobberBut he never hurt nobodyHe just loved to live that wayAnd he loved to steal your moneyRun, Laddy, runStrike out boyFor the hillsI can"t find that hole in the wallI know that they never willMy Daddy was a bankrobberBut he never hurt nobodyHe just loved to live that wayAnd he loved to steal your moneyhttp://music.baidu.com/song/8127187

答案：A as soon as一…就…；as long as只要；as far as只要，到…为止；as well as此外，和…句意表达是承接的动作，故选A．

Jonal Oblianda a 30 year old guy who lived in ...City become a victims of robbery last Saturday March 19, 2011 on 6:15 in the evening.The victim who collected money from people who have debts in DHL lending company was targeted by the two suspects named Jimmylo Salomon and Ruel Geonzon on Saturday evening. Salomon is the one who attempt to shoot the victim using the caliber 45 pistol commanding robbery and want his money on the bag of Jonal. Those money worth 50,000 pesos and Salomon did not get that bag easy as Jonal refused it until the hood jacket of the suspect is expel and the victim recognize the suspect. The suspect Salomon really get the bag and go run away on the place using his motorcycle and leave his partners in crime Geonzon who also run away to the place.Policeman made a follow up operation and based on the investigation , the police recover the Honda XRM motorcycle with plate number 5969-GO who drive by the suspect and leave on the place where it recovered by policemen.Geonzon was caught by Police group lead by Ropmeo Bola o who recognize by Jonal that they are partner with Salomon. Based on many reports on the Police office, this two suspects are responsible of making more robbery in the place of Naga and they"re victims are collector of lending company. The two suspect now will face the case of robbery.

小题1:C小题2:B小题3:D小题4:A小题5:D 小题1:细节理解题，有文中语句“Mr. Brown went to a party and drank too much.,”理解可知。小题2:细节理解题，有文中语句“when he drove home, he met the police on the street. They asked him to get out of the car.”理解可知。小题3:细节理解题，有文中语句“he met the police on the street.”理解可知。小题4:细节理解题，有文中语句“there was a robbery(抢劫) in a supermarket nearby.”理解可知。小题5:细节理解题，有文中语句“Mrs. Brown found a police car in front of their house and the lights were still on.”理解可知。

Character Profiles Agnes- Oliver"s mother who died giving birth.The only thing she left was a locket with her name inscribed. Nurse- Woman who delivered Oliver,and later died in the workhouse revealing the story of the locket and the night Oliver was born. Oliver Twist- The main character of the story,Oliver is an affection-starved little boy who will not mit crimes.He was abused as a young child,and only wants to be loved.His adventures make him the best of friends and the worst of enemies. Mrs.Mann - The woman who raised Oliver for the first nine years.She treated him and her other orphans very poorly by beating and starving them. Mr.Bumble- The town beadle who thinks very lowly of Oliver.He eventually marries Mrs.Corney and makes Oliver"s life more difficult. Mr.Gamfield- A chimneysweeper who wanted Oliver as an apprentice. Mr.Sowerberry- A coffin maker that Oliver was apprenticed to.He generally treated the boy well,but chose his wife"s lies over Oliver"s truths. Mrs.Sowerberry- Wife of the coffin maker who disliked young Oliver. Charlotte- Maid to the Sowerberry"s that ends up running away with Noah and beginning a life of crime. Noah Claypole - Another worker for the Sowerberry"s,Noah antagonizes Oliver when he was there,and when he begins to work for Fagin,his actions lead to the death of Nancy. Young Dick- A friend of Oliver"s at Mrs.Mann"s who loves him. Jack Dawkins- “Artful Dodger” is a young acplished thief who finds Oliver on the road to London and introduces him to Fagin. Fagin- The main antagonist in the story,“The Jew” takes Oliver under his wing and tries to make a pickpocket out of him.He is a powerful crime leader who has an affection for only money and will kill anyone who stands in his way. Charley Bates- Another one of Fagin"s thieves who tends to laugh at everything in life. Betsy- A woman who works for Fagin. Nancy- A woman who works for Fagin and tries to help Oliver which eventually leads to her death.She is passionate,caring,and loves Sikes,who eventually kills her. Mr.Brownlow- A man who Oliver"s thief friends rob on the street.He takes Oliver in,and discovers his true parentage. Mrs.Bedwin- Mr.Brownlow"s housekeeper who nurses Oliver back to health. Mr.Grimwig- A friend of Mr.Brownlow who is very cynical of the boy but eventually helps to keep him safe. Mr.Sikes - Another evil character who is a member of Fagin"s gang.He has a little white dog that follows him everywhere.He threatens Oliver and reluctantly leaves him to die in a field after the boy was shot.He kills Nancy in a rage,and eventually kills himself. Tom Chitling- Another petty thief of Fagin"s Toby Crackit- A “flash” man who helps Sikes attempt to mit the robbery. Barney- A thief who helps Sikes. Mrs.Corney/ Mrs.Bumble- The matron of the workhouse Oliver was born in who eventually marries Mr.Brumble and here"s the confession of the nurse on her deathbed.She finds the evidence of Oliver"s parentage,and sells it to Monks. Giles- The butler of the Maylie household,he is the man who shot Oliver. Brittles- The “boy” of the Maylie household who was also there the night Oliver was shot. Rose Maylie- The adopted niece of Mrs.Maylie who turns out to be Oliver"s Aunt.She is kind,loving,and a great joy in Oliver"s life. Mrs.Maylie- An old woman who accepts Oliver into her home and finally gives him a loving atmosphere to live in. Mr.Lo *** erne - The doctor and friend of Mrs.Maylie who helps Oliver in his adventures.He is impatient and earnest,but also happy and kindhearted. Blathers Duff- The two Bow Street Runners who e to investigate the attempted robbery.They are filled with stories to tell,and are suspicious of Oliver. Harry Maylie- The son of Mrs.Maylie,Harry is deeply in love with Rose and would do anything to marry her.He befriends Oliver and adds to the boy"s loving atmosphere. Monks/ Edward Leeford- Oliver"s older half brother who does not want to split his inheritance with the bastard child.He destroys the evidence of Oliver"s mother,and is a cohort of Fagin and his gang,3,作者的详细介绍（英文的），Thank you！,

On my way to school ,I saw an old woman walking in front of me.She was robbed by a robber.She fell down on the road and hurt her legs. She cried for help.I was shocked when I saw that.Then I calmed myself .Stopped and called the plice office. Then I run to the old woman, help her stand up.She thanked me.

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1 operation2 curious3 released4 robbers5 allergic6 twins7 motivated8 industrial

She tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery.她尽力为她丈夫被控抢劫一案伸冤。她竭尽全力为丈夫洗脱被控抢劫的罪名。她竭尽全力为丈夫面临的抢劫指控申辩。

阻止一次抢劫,抓住了小偷们

在日常生活中，我们常常会比价、说哪些东西很贵、哪些东西很便宜，像是高级车、昂贵的手机、豪华的假期等等。这次，由Niharika老师来教大家8个不同的词语来表示某样东西「非常昂贵」。 1. That"s a bit steep. 表示这个东西有一点点贵。 例句： “This dress is a bit steep.” 「这件洋装有点小贵。」 2. That"s a bit pricey. 和前一个的用法一样，表示东西有点贵。 例句： “This house is a bit pricey for this neighborhood.” 「以这个社区来说，这栋房子有点贵。」 3. Cost an arm and leg 表示这个东西非常昂贵。 例句： “My new Mercedes car has cost me an arm and leg.” 「我的宾士花了我很多钱。」 4. To pay through the nose 表示在某物上花了很多钱。 例句： “These days one has to pay through nose to eat out in a fancy restaurant.” 「最近要在不错的餐厅里吃饭都得花上不少钱。」 5. Exorbitant 表示价格不合理地高。 例句： “Some hotels charge exorbitant rates for phone calls.” 「有些旅馆的电话费都开得不合理地高。」 6. Daylight robbery 指某物的价钱远超过它实际的价值。 例句： “$10 for a glass of juice is daylight robbery.” 「一杯果汁要10美金也太贵了吧！」 7. Break the bank 表示你已经花光你存在银行帐户里的钱了。 例句： “I would love to go to Switzerland but a trip right now would definitely break the bank.” 「我很想要去瑞士，但现在去的话就会花光我所有的积蓄。」 8. Pay top dollar 指为了某个东西花了很多钱。 例句： “I had to pay top dollar for this Louis Vuitton bag.” 「我为了这个LV包包花了超多钱。」 break the bank, cost an arm and leg, daylight robbery, exorbitant, pay top dollar, super expensive, That"s a bit pricey., That"s a bit steep., to pay through the nose

是这孩子不？金锡金锡 Kim Suk uae40uc11d 　　出道年份：1997年 　　出生日期：1992年1月1日 　　家庭成员：父母、姐姐 　　学历：玉千中学

哦批哦批哦批哦批

1.He stared at the thief for two minutes2.How did you handle this burglar?3.Some strange things happened to that ferry.4.Peter has kept diaries every day last week.5.Did you reveal this matter to the journalists?

把which 改成thatall 后面引导的从句引导词应该是that

英语故事抢劫银行 　　一个人去抢银行，结果什么也没拿就走了，为什么?答案就在下面的小故事里哦，跟我一起看看吧。 　　Bank robbery 　　An old lady went out shopping last Tuesday. She came to a bank and saw a car near the door. A man got out of it and went into the bank. She looked into the car. The keys were in the lock. The old lady took the keys and followed the man into the bank. The man took a gun out of his pocket and said to the clerk, "Give me all the money." 　　But the old lady did not see this. She went to the man, put the keys in his hand and said, "Young man, you"re stupid! Never leave your keys in your car: someone"s going to steal it!" 　　The man looked at the old woman for a few seconds. Then he looked at the clerk -- and then he took his keys, ran out of the bank, got into his car and drove away quickly, without any money. 　　上星期二一位老太太出去买东西了。她来到一家银行，看见门附近有一辆小汽车。一个男人从里面出来进入银行。她朝车里看了看。钥匙在锁里。老太太拿着钥匙跟着那个男人进了银行。那人从口袋里掏出一把枪，对店员说：“把钱给我。” 　　但老太太没有看到这个。她走到男人面前，把钥匙放在他的手里说：“年轻人，你真愚蠢!千万别把钥匙丢在车里：有人要偷! 　　那人看了老妇人几秒钟。然后他看了看店员，然后拿起钥匙，从银行里跑出来，钻进车里，没有要钱就开走了。 　　英语词汇积累 　　1 came xTYyl 　　v.动词come的过去式 　　参考例句： 　　I was surprised why he came here so early.他为什么那么早到这里，我很惊奇。 　　The doctor came in time to save his life.医生及时来抢救他的生命。 　　2 saw ts3yA 　　vbl.看见(see的过去式);n.锯;v.用锯子锯 　　参考例句： 　　Would you like to saw a tree for me?你能为我锯棵树吗? 　　The moment I saw you,I knew you were angry with me.我一看到你，就知道你在生我的气。 　　3 got wfuxi 　　v.(get的过去式)得到，猜到，明白 　　参考例句： 　　I just got some bad news.我刚得到一些坏消息。 　　I have got far too much work to do.我要做的事太多了。 　　4 lock 80JxE 　　vi.锁，锁上，锁住，紧闭;vt.锁，锁上，拘禁;隐藏;使固定，卡住;n.锁，刹车;水闸;一缕头发 　　参考例句： 　　This box doesn"t lock.这只箱子锁不上。 　　Will you lock up the house,please?请将房门锁起来，好吗? 　　5 took indwq 　　vt.带，载(take的过去式) 　　参考例句： 　　I took my dog for a walk along the river.我带着狗沿那条河散步。 　　It took me about two hours to cook the meat.我花了大约两个小时来煮这些肉。 　　6 gun Velxo 　　n.炮;枪 　　参考例句： 　　This is a really big gun.这是一个真正的大枪。 　　The soldier reached for his gun.那名士兵伸手去拿枪。 　　7 pocket tO1x8 　　n.口袋，钱袋，钱，容器，孤立地区;vt.装…在口袋里，隐藏，抑制，私吞，搁置 　　参考例句： 　　The letter has been in my pocket all the time.这封信一直揣在我口袋里。 　　I wish to change some pocket money.我希望换些零钱。 　　8 said IYtxh 　　v.动词say的过去式、过去分词 　　参考例句： 　　He said to me that he could not come.他对我说他不能来。 　　He said to his mother that he would do it by himself.他对他的母亲说他将自己独立做那件事。 　　9 clerk uq6zd 　　n.(银行、办公室、商店等)办事员 　　参考例句： 　　He is a bank clerk.他是一位银行职员。 　　Are you a clerk here?你是这儿的店员吗? 　　10 did SvwxP 　　v.动词do的过去式 　　参考例句： 　　How many goals did you score in the last game?上一场比赛你们进了几个球? 　　Why did you choose basketball in the first place?你为何首先选择篮球呢? 　　11 stupid ttBwD 　　adj.愚蠢的，笨拙的"，麻木的，无趣味的;n.傻瓜 　　参考例句： 　　The boy is too stupid.那个男孩太笨了。 　　He must be really stupid.那他一定很傻。 　　12 going dsHzY9 　　n.去，离去，地面(或道路)的状况，工作情况;(复数形式)goings: 行为;adj.进行中的，流行的，现存的 　　参考例句： 　　We"re going to listen to a report this afternoon. 今天下午我们要去听报告。 　　He hates leaving the office and going on holiday.他不愿离开办公室去度假。 　　13 steal vGDz9 　　vi.偷，偷偷行动，(棒球等)偷垒;vt.偷，私运，偷垒;n.偷东西，诈取，砍价 　　参考例句： 　　Would you steal from your own family?你会从自己家里偷东西吗? 　　He didn"t actually steal the money.他实际上没偷那笔钱。 　　14 few kk0x2 　　adj.很少的，不多的，少数的;int.少数的 　　参考例句： 　　There are few woods in that area.那个地区几乎没有森林。 　　I have a few questions.我有些问题要问你。 　　15 ran lTxxe 　　vbl.run的过去式 　　参考例句： 　　He ran,and then slowed down to a walk.他跑着，然后放慢速度步行。 　　As soon as Marie opened the door,the dog ran in.当玛丽一打开门，狗就跑了进来。 　　16 drove brAxi 　　vbl.驾驶，drive的过去式;n.畜群 　　参考例句： 　　He drove at a speed of sixty miles per hour.他以每小时60英里的速度开车。 　　They drove foreign goods out of the market.他们把外国货驱逐出市场。 ;

Character Profiles Agnes- Oliver"s mother who died giving birth.The only thing she left was a locket with her name inscribed. Nurse- Woman who delivered Oliver,and later died in the workhouse revealing the story of the locket and the night Oliver was born. Oliver Twist- The main character of the story,Oliver is an affection-starved little boy who will not commit crimes.He was abused as a young child,and only wants to be loved.His adventures make him the best of friends and the worst of enemies. Mr..Mann - The woman who raised Oliver for the first nine years.She treated him and her other orphans very poorly by beating and starving them. Mr.Bumble- The town beadle who thinks very lowly of Oliver.He eventually marries Mrs.Corney and makes Oliver"s life more difficult. Mr.Gamfield- A chimneysweeper who wanted Oliver as an apprentice. Mr.Sowerberry- A coffin maker that Oliver was apprenticed to.He generally treated the boy well,but chose his wife"s lies over Oliver"s truths. Mrs.Sowerberry- Wife of the coffin maker who disliked young Oliver. Charlotte- Maid to the Sowerberry"s that ends up running away with Noah and beginning a life of crime. Noah Claypole - Another worker for the Sowerberry"s,Noah antagonizes Oliver when he was there,and when he begins to work for Fagin,his actions lead to the death of Nancy. Young Dick- A friend of Oliver"s at Mrs.Mann"s who loves him. Jack Dawkins- “Artful Dodger” is a young accomplished thief who finds Oliver on the road to London and introduces him to Fagin. Fagin- The main antagonist in the story,“The Jew” takes Oliver under his wing and tries to make a pickpocket out of him.He is a powerful crime leader who has an affection for only money and will kill anyone who stands in his way. Charley Bates- Another one of Fagin"s thieves who tends to laugh at everything in life. Betsy- A woman who works for Fagin. Nancy- A woman who works for Fagin and tries to help Oliver which eventually leads to her death.She is passionate,caring,and loves Sikes,who eventually kills her. Mr.Brownlow- A man who Oliver"s thief friends rob on the street.He takes Oliver in,and discovers his true parentage. Mrs.Bedwin- Mr.Brownlow"s housekeeper who nurses Oliver back to health. Mr.Grimwig- A friend of Mr.Brownlow who is very cynical of the boy but eventually helps to keep him safe. Mr.Sikes - Another evil character who is a member of Fagin"s gang.He has a little white dog that follows him everywhere.He threatens Oliver and reluctantly leaves him to die in a field after the boy was shot.He kills Nancy in a rage,and eventually kills himself. Tom Chitling- Another petty thief of Fagin"s Toby Crackit- A “flash” man who helps Sikes attempt to commit the robbery. Barney- A thief who helps Sikes. Mrs.Corney/ Mrs.Bumble- The matron of the workhouse Oliver was born in who eventually marries Mr.Brumble and here"s the confession of the nurse on her deathbed.She finds the evidence of Oliver"s parentage,and sells it to Monks. Giles- The butler of the Maylie household,he is the man who shot Oliver. Brittles- The “boy” of the Maylie household who was also there the night Oliver was shot. Rose Maylie- The adopted niece of Mrs.Maylie who turns out to be Oliver"s Aunt.She is kind,loving,and a great joy in Oliver"s life. Mrs.Maylie- An old woman who accepts Oliver into her home and finally gives him a loving atmosphere to live in. Mr.Losberne - The doctor and friend of Mrs.Maylie who helps Oliver in his adventures.He is impatient and earnest,but also happy and kindhearted. Blathers Duff- The two Bow Street Runners who come to investigate the attempted robbery.They are filled with stories to tell,and are suspicious of Oliver. Harry Maylie- The son of Mrs.Maylie,Harry is deeply in love with Rose and would do anything to marry her.He befriends Oliver and adds to the boy"s loving atmosphere. Monks/ Edward Leeford- Oliver"s older half brother who does not want to split his inheritance with the bastard child.He destroys the evidence of Oliver"s mother,and is a cohort of Fagin and his gang

Grapevine fan leaf virus葡萄扇叶病，是世界各地为害葡萄最严重、分布最普遍的一种病毒病。其为害特点是降低座果率，果穗松散，果粒大小不整齐，一般减产20—80%。我国栽培的一些品种，如红鸡心、龙眼、瓶儿、牛奶、巨峰、黑奥林等，都带有此种病毒。不同品种的带毒状况，有待进一步鉴定。症状（图1-38）图1-38 葡萄扇叶病症状葡萄扇叶病病毒，属于线虫传球体病毒组（Nepovirus）。目前已知有3个致病株系，即扇叶株系（Fanleaf strain）、黄色花叶株系（Yellow mosaic strain）和镶脉株系（Veinbanding strain）。1.扇叶株系19世纪中叶，法国首先发现美洲种葡萄（Vitis labrusca）对扇叶病毒有敏感反应，所有美洲种砧木都表现症状，但自根树或用欧洲种葡萄（Vitis vinifera）作砧木时，果实无明显症状。主要症状为叶片变小。叶基部的裂刻扩展增大呈平截状。美洲种砧木和一部分品种，叶边缘的锯齿伸长，叶主脉聚缩，叶身呈现不对称等畸形。有些品种的叶片出现褪绿斑驳。新梢和叶柄有时变成扁平的带状，或在一个节上生出两个芽，节间缩短。典型的果实症状是形成小果，在果穗中常有未成熟的硬果粒或果粒脱落，致使果穗松散。2.黄色花叶株系6月间在新梢叶片上出现鲜明的黄色斑点，逐渐扩展成为黄绿相间的花斑叶。因系土壤中线虫传染，病株多连片发生。夏季高温季节展开的叶片，无明显症状，但当秋季气温下降时，新梢叶片又出现花斑或黄化症状。6月间已黄化的叶片，秋季呈日烧状并发白，叶缘部分常变褐色。黄化叶片通常不变形，但有时也呈扇叶状。3.镶脉株系镶脉症状多出现在夏季初、中期，沿叶脉形成淡绿色或黄色带状斑纹，叶片不变形。病原病毒葡萄扇叶病毒等径对称，外表有角，直径约30nm。钝化温度为60—65℃，稀释限点为10-3—10-4，体外存活期在20℃为15—30天。病毒免疫原性中等，容易制备无寄主蛋白的抗原。菜豆、昆诺藜、苋色藜、千日红等都是提纯病毒的良好材料。病毒提纯可用Tomlinson、Shepherd和Walker的正丁醇法，或Steere的丁醇—氯仿法，然后通过密度梯度离心，得到无植物蛋白的病毒制剂。发生规律葡萄扇叶病毒除嫁接和随无性繁殖材料如自根苗、接穗、插条传播外，还有专性传毒线虫，主要为剑线虫属中的Xiphenema index和X.italiae两种。线虫生息于土壤中，不仅传播病毒，而且污染土壤。幼虫和成虫均传毒。线虫取食仅几分钟，即能获毒和传毒，但不能继代传染。剑线虫在土壤中移动缓慢，每年不足1米，若病健株相隔25米以上，则无传毒危险。但此种线虫在土壤中存活时间长，即使刨除病株，仍可存活6—10年之久。因此果园一旦被扇叶病毒和剑线虫污染，至少10年以内不能重栽葡萄。葡萄扇叶病毒具有潜伏侵染特性，在很多栽培品种上不表现症状，难于用肉眼直接鉴别。检测病毒通常采用指示植物鉴定法和血清鉴定法。指示植物鉴定法是用圣·乔治（St.George，属砂地葡萄）作指示植物。先培育指示植物的扦插自根苗。大致在6月中下旬，取待检葡萄的嫩枝作接穗，用劈接法嫁接在指示植物上。嫁接成活后，若接穗带有扇叶病毒，经3—16个月后，即在St.George新叶上出现黄色斑纹或畸形，其后表现为典型的扇状畸形叶和其他各种症状。此外，也可用葡萄汁液接种草本植物方法鉴定。通常以苋色藜（Chenopodium amaranticolor）、昆诺藜（C.quinoa）、千日红（Gomphrena globosa）、菜豆（Phaseolus vulgans）等作诊断寄主，以pH7.0的磷酸缓冲液加2.5%烟碱研磨葡萄幼嫩组织获得的汁液，进行机械接种。但阴性结果并不能肯定待检样本是不带扇叶病毒的。因此汁液接种需注意接种条件，重复进行多次。血清鉴定法用酶联免疫吸附技术（ELISA），鉴定扇叶病毒，是十分迅速、简便的方法。如果第一次鉴定为阳性反应就不必再作，若阴性反应则需重复2—3次。防治方法几乎所有葡萄病毒病害，都可借嫁接途径传染，随无性繁殖材料扩散。因此，选拔、培育无病毒母本树，栽培无病毒苗木，是防治葡萄病毒病的根本对策。葡萄扇叶病除嫁接传染外，土壤线虫特别是剑线虫属中的几种线虫，是重要传毒介体。在栽培无病毒苗木的基础上，新建葡萄园时，还应查清土壤中线虫种类，避免在有传毒线虫的地方尤其沙土地带建园，或用杀线虫剂进行土壤消毒后再栽葡萄。

多。安徽工商职业学院男女人口是男的多女的少，其中每个班都有几个好看的，帅哥多，另外安徽工商职业学院位于合肥合肥市，是合肥一所大专院校。

给对象备注favor是最爱的人的意思。给对象备注favor的意思是“最爱的人”，两个人在谈恋爱阶段都希望自己能够是对方最爱的人，这样的备注能够让对象感受到爱。英文单词favor可作名词和动词，基本含义除了偏爱之外，还有宠爱等含义。

戴尔里·林多是一名演员、制片人，1952年11月18日出生于英国伦敦，主要作品有《宇宙大爆炸》《飞屋环游记》《地心抢险记》等。 基本介绍 中文名 ：戴尔里·林多 外文名 ：Delroy Lindo 国籍 ：英国 星座 ：天蝎座 出生地 ：伦敦 出生日期 ：1952年11月18日 职业 ：演员，制片人 代表作品 ：《宇宙大爆炸》《飞屋环游记》《地心抢险记》等 主要成就 ：金卫星奖，演员工会奖 人物介绍,作品,荣誉记录, 人物介绍 姓名：Delroy Lindo 译名：戴尔里·林多 更多译名：德尔略·林多 出生日期：1952年11月18日 出生地：英国伦敦 性别：男 戴尔里·林多 星座：天蝎座 职业： 演员　配音 作品 飞屋环游记 Up！（2009）......Beta 今年圣诞节 This Christmas (2007).....Joe 绑架疑云 Kidnapped (2006).....Latimer King (12 episodes, 2006-2007) 撒哈拉骑兵 Sahara (2005).....Carl 撒哈拉 多米诺 Domino (2005).....Claremont Williams 红粉保镖 / 女模煞 被证无罪 The Exonerated (2005).....Delbert 拉克万纳布鲁斯 Lackawanna Blues (2005).....Mr. Lucious 彻底的遗忘 Wondrous Oblivion (2003).....Dennis Davids wundersame Welt 地心抢险记 The Core (2003).....Dr. Ed "Braz" Brazzleton 地心末日 / 地心浩劫 Core Jet Li Is "The One" (2002).....Himself 各怀鬼胎 Heist (2001).....Bobby "Bob" Blane 智激贼略 Vol, Le 对垒风暴 The Last Castle (2001).....Gen. Wheeler 叛将风云 / 铁狱暗战 / 最后的城堡 The Castle Untitled Rod Lurie Project 平行歼灭战 The One (2001).....MVA Agent Harry Roedecker/Gas Station Attendant 救世主 / 宇宙追缉令 / 最后一强 Jet Li"s The One 极速60秒 Gone in 60 Seconds (2000).....Det. Roland Castlebeck 惊天动地60秒 Gone in Sixty Seconds 致命罗密欧 Romeo Must Die (2000).....Isaak O"Day 致命的罗密欧 / 致命英雄 / 罗密欧必死 The Book of Stars (1999).....Professor Cu ochii spre stele 总有骄阳 The Cider House Rules (1999).....Mr. Rose 心尘往事 / 苹果酒屋法则 天使爱情鸟笼伴 A Life Less Ordinary (1997).....Jackson 标心者 / 非凡际遇 / 你行我素 魔鬼代言人 The Devil"s Advocate (1997).....Phillipe Moyez (uncredited) 追魂交易 / 火速大行动 Devil"s Advocate Im Auftrag des Teufels 爱上明尼苏达 Feeling Minnesota (1996).....Red The Winner (1996).....Kingman 赎金风暴 Ransom (1996).....Agent Lonnie Hawkins 绑票通缉令 / 赎金 断箭 Broken Arrow (1996).....Colonel Max Wilkins 矮子当道 Get Shorty (1995).....Bo Catlett 黑道当家 / 关人矮事 / 闲人矮话 悬疑犯 Clockers (1995).....Rodney Little 影片《第一号标靶之黑街追缉令》 刚果惊魂 Congo (1995).....Captain Wanta (uncredited) 爱情季候风 Mr. Jones (1993).....Howard 伴我情深 黑帮悍将 Bound by Honor (1993).....Bonafide Blood In, Blood Out... Bound by Honor Blood In, Blood Out 马尔科姆·艾克斯 Malcolm X (1992).....West Indian Archie 黑潮 X Bright Angel (1991).....Harley 小生当差 The Hard Way (1991).....Captain Brix, NYPD 小生出差 尼罗河之旅 Mountains of the Moon (1990).....Mabruki 浩气盖山河 壮士血 The Blood of Heroes (1989).....Mbulu Salute of the Jugger Salute to the Jugger 美国风情画续集 More American Graffiti (1979).....Army Sergeant American Graffiti 2 American graffiti 2 Juhlat ovat ohi Noch mehr American Graffiti Purple Haze The Party is over... Die Fortsetzung von American Graffiti 荣誉记录 Black Reel Awards(Black Reel) Best Actor - Television(提名)被证无罪(2006) Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards 最佳男配角(提名)苹果酒屋法则(1999) Black Reel Awards(Black Reel) Neork/Cable - Best Actor(提名)法官的情人(1999) 金卫星奖 Best Performance by an Actor in a Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television极地悍将(1998) Image Awards Outstanding Lead Actor in a Television Movie or Mini-Series(提名)棒坛风雪线(1996) Image Awards Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture(提名)赎金(1996) 演员工会奖(Actor) Outstanding Performance by a Cast(提名)矮子当道(1996)

LX是一个新品牌，产品都很便宜，性价比很高。

不二..!

Unit3 Why do you like koalas?1、Let"s see the giraffes first. 让我们先看长颈鹿吧。 let 作及物动词（vt.），意为“允许；让；使”等，后接名词或代词宾格（作宾语），再跟不带to的动词不定式（作宾语补足语），构成let sb. do sth.(让某人做某事)——let后接复合宾语的固定结构。如： Her parents wouldn"t let her go out with boys. 她的父母不允许她和男孩一起出去。 His wife doesn"t let him smoke. 他妻子不让他抽烟。 He didn"t let us know when to come. 他没有告诉我们什么时候来。 类似的词还有have, make，如： Shall I have him come here? 要我叫他上这儿来吗？ What makes you ask that? 是什么使得你问那个问题的？2、Why do you want to see the dolphins? Because they"re very cute. 为什么你想要看海豚?因为它们非常可爱。3、Why do you like tigers? Because they"re kind of interesting.为什么喜欢老虎?因为它们有几分有趣。 why作疑问词时，可以用来向对方问及原因，可以用Why?或Why not?二者都是省略句，语气比较强烈，所以常常用because作答。 ⑴ “Why?”用来针对肯定的内容发问。例如： A:What are you going to do tomorrow? B:Nothing much. Why?(=Why do you ask me that?) ⑵Why not?用来针对否定的内容发问，用在下列几种情况中： ①对一般疑问句的否定回答进一步询问原因时。例如： A：Do you often go to school by bike? B:No, I don"t. A:Why not?(=Why don"t you go to school by bike?) ②对反意疑问句的否定回答进一步询问原因时。例如： A：You haven"t finished your homework, have you? B: No, I haven"t. A: Why not?(=Why haven"t you finished it?) ③对否定陈述句询问原因时。例如： A：I can"t finish this work in two days. B:Why not?(=Why can"t you finish it in two days?) ④对表示建议、提议的回答时，形式上是否定，实际上是一种强调肯定的语气。例如： A：Could you come with me? B：Why not?(=I can go with you.) why除了用作疑问句之外，还可以用作引导词（又称感叹句）放在句首或句中作插入语，表示惊奇等各种各样的情绪，不译为“为什么”，根据上下文它可以有“哟，啊呀，哎呀，嗨，噢，呃，啊唷”等不同译法。例如： ①“....” “Next Friday? Why, what"s happening?”“……。”“下星期五？啊，有什么事吗？”②Why! I thought you were in London.哎呀！我还以为你在伦敦呢！③Why, it"s quite easy! A child could do it!唔，那是相当容易的！小孩子也会做它！④Why,what did she say?呃，她说什么？why 还可用在书和文章的标题中用一种不规范的句子语序也是符合语法的。例如：Why I am learning English?　我为什么学习英语？Why the bat comes out only at night?　为什么蝙蝠只在夜里出来？用“why＋不定式”时，不定式的动词常是不及物动词。例如：He doesn"t know why to go there.他不知道为什么去那里。why在口语中可以用作宾语。例如：Tell me why.　告诉我为什么。I don"t know why.　我不知道为什么。Why not go with me?何不跟我一起去？（希望对方也去）Why don"t you answer this question?为什么不回答这些问题？（疑问）why don"t是疑问的用法，Why don"t you/we ... do sth？；why not常表示一种建议。不过某些情况在口语中可以简单地说 why not？ 注意：why not 是句口语短语。5、Lions are from South Africa. 狮子来自南非。6、Koalas are from Australia. 树袋熊来自澳大利亚。 be from的用法见第一单元。7、What other animals do you like? 你还喜欢什么其他的动物吗? other形容词（a. ），“别的；其它的；另外的；更多的”等意。其用法小结：other后接单复数均可，other one或other two students.others（另外的……/别的……/其它的人或物）本身就是复数，等于：other (ones)the other（两个中的另一个人或物）one…the other一定范围内两人(物)，一个用one，另一个用the other。some/any other（别的，其它的）：后接单复数均可；every other(隔一……的)：后接单数。相关词组：one… the other　一个……另一个……（只有两个）some… the others　一些……其余的……（有三个以上）some… others，others…一些……另外一些……另外一些……others = other people/thingsthe others = the rest　剩余的全部1) 泛指另一个用another。2) 一定范围内两人(物)，一个用one，另一个用the other。3) 一定范围内三者，一个用one，另一个用one (another)，第三个可用the other，a third。4) 一定范围内，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部用the others。5) 泛指别的人或物时，用others当在一定范围内，除去一部分后，剩余部分但不是全部时，也用others。8、Elephants like to play with their friends and eat grass. 大象喜欢和他的朋友一玩耍和吃草。 With作介词（prep.）,在不同的语言环境中，其含义不近相同，在此对with常见的用法做一小结，以供参考。1) “和……(一起)；跟；同；和”。 She lives with her parents.她和父母住在一起。 Would you go to see a movie with me? 和我一起去看电影好吗？Mary married a man with a lot of money .马莉嫁给了一个有着很多钱的男人。I often dream of a big house with a nice garden .我经常梦想有一个带花园的大房子。The old man lived with a little dog in the little house.这个老人和一条小狗住在小屋里。2)表一致、赞成：“与……(符合)；赞成……；支持；在……一边”。I agree with you on how to deal with it .关于此事如何处理，我同意你的看法。The people are with him. 人民拥护他。3) “加在……上；连同；还有；包括”：Do you want sugar with your tea? 你茶里要加糖吗？4)“具有；有；带有；有……特征；穿着；戴着”：He is a man with ideas. 他是个有思想的人。The girl with golden hair looks beautiful .那个金头发的女孩看起来漂亮。A storm with a hurricane has come onto its way .带有飓风的风暴要来了。5)表示“在……身上；在……身边”：Do you have money with you .身上带着钱吗？I have no money with me. 我身边没有钱。6)表同时、同一方向、同一程度：“随着……；与……一起”The big ship is sailing with the wind .这个大船正随风向航行。And with the last words , she turned away.随着最后一句话说完，他转身离开了。7)表手段、工具、材料：“以……；用……；借……”。I cut the apple with a sharp knife .我用一把锋利的刀削平果。He drew the picture with a pencil .他用铅笔画画。He is filling a bottle with water. 他正往瓶里注水。 8)表行为方式：“以……；以……方法” He stared at the man with wide-open eyes. 他瞪着眼盯着这个人。9)表伴随的情况或结果：He offen sleeps with the windows open. 他常常开着窗户睡觉。The man is standing there with his hands in his pockets. 那人两手插在口袋里站在那儿。 10)表对等、对照、对比：She sings with the best of them. 她唱得不亚于他们中间最好的歌手。 11)表关系：“对（于）……；关于……”： She is angry with him. 她对他发怒。 What does that man want with you? 那人要你做什么？ How are you getting along with your work?你的工作进展得如何？12)表相对、相离、相接：“跟……；对……；与……”make friends with sb. 和……交朋友talk /quarrel / struggle / fight /play / work /cooperate with sb.和某人交谈/吵架/竞争/打架/玩/工作/合作（协作） You must break with the past. 你必须与过去决裂。13)表原因，理由：“为……；因……”，作此用法时多半与表情绪的词连用。John was in bed with high fever .约翰因发烧卧床。He jumped up with joy .他因高兴跳起来。Father is often excited with wine .父亲常因白酒变的兴奋。 14)表连结：“在获得……的情况下”：With your permission, I"ll go. 如果你同意的话，我就去。15)表让步：“虽然；尽管”With all his money and fame, he is not happy .虽然他有着钱和名誉，但是他还是不快乐。With all his faults, I like him. 尽管他有种种缺点，我还是喜欢他。 16)附带状况：“……着”，作此用法时与名词+副词(短语),形容词(短语)连用,且 with常可省. with+n./pron.+adv. With the radio on , Grandma slept deeply in the chair. 收音机开着，奶奶躺在椅子里沉沉地睡着。 With parents away , I always feel lonely. 父母不在，我一直感到孤独。 with+n./pron.+adj. He left the room with the door open. 门开着，他就离开了。 Don"t talk with your mouse full. 不要嘴里塞满东西说话。9、Pandas are very beautiful , but they"re very shy, so please be quiet.熊猫非常漂亮,但是非常害羞,因此请安静。so 的用法so作连词（conj.），表示“所以、因此；为了、以便；只要”，引导目的或结果状语从句（但语气不如because强烈）。It was raining, so he didn"t go out. 天在下雨，所以他没出去。I packed him a little food so he wouldn"t get hungry.我给他包了一点吃的东西，这样他就不致挨饿了。So it be done, I care not who does it. 我不管谁做，只要把事情做好。so作副词（ad.），“这么、那么；像这样、像那样；同样、的确；如此看来、似乎”之意。so + many, much, few, little, …. 表示“如此……”： She has so many story-books. 她有如此多的故事书。 so通常置于所修饰的形容词、副词之前，排列顺序为“so＋形容词+a（an）＋名词”。试比较：I"ve never seen so amusing a film. 我从来没有看过这么有趣的电影。I"ve never seen suchan amusing film. 我从来没有看过这么有趣的电影。so＋系动词（助动词或情态动词）＋另一主语。此句型是主谓倒装结构，表示前句所述肯定情况也适用于另一主语。其中so作“也这样；也如此”解。此时要注意：so后的系动词、助动词或情态动词须同前一句的谓语动词保持一致。如：I enjoy reading the book and so does my sister. 我喜欢看这本书，我姐姐（妹妹）也喜欢。so用于肯定句，否定句则用neither。如：I don"t like carrots. 我不喜欢胡萝卜。Neither do I.我也不喜欢。so ＋主语＋系动词（助动词或情态动词）。此句型的主语与前一句的主语相同，因而主谓不倒装。这种句型表示说话者对前句所提到的情况或事实表示赞同，其中so作“不错；确实如此”解。如：－It is cold today. 今天天气很冷。－So it is. 不错，是很冷。10、Koalas sleep during the day, but at night they gets up and eats leaves.树袋熊白天睡觉,但是在晚上起来吃树叶。11、A koala is lazy, and it sleeps and relaxes 20 hours every day.树袋熊很懒,每天睡眠休息20个小时。12、go to the zoo 去动物园13、a map of China 一张中国地图

1：靠成绩 2：靠关系 3：靠钱

可以。在Mission-Planner的初始配置中，有一栏是失控保护，其中有很多失控类型，地面站EKF变红是其中之一，当出现以上现状操作设置栏便可以进行解锁。

我在量房中LX代替的梁的高 也有些公司用LH代表{LH也有可能是地面到梁的高度} LX：290就是梁的高290 也可以上梁厚290就是梁到顶的距离

类病毒名称：啤酒花矮化类病毒Hopstuntviroid（HSVd）。分类地位：啤酒花矮化类病毒属Hostuviroid，马铃薯纺锤形块茎类病毒亚科Pospiviroinae，马铃薯纺锤形块茎类病毒科Pospiviroidae。在国际病毒分类委员会（ICTV）中的编码为80.001.0.02.001。类病毒异名：Grapevineviroid（Shikataetal.，1984）;Cucumberpalefruitviroid（自1965年发现）。类病毒提纯：冰冻黄瓜病叶，加1.5体积1mol/LK2HPO4，（含1%SDS、0.1%皂土和0.2体积苯酚-氯仿等量混合液）研磨，离心，留水相，加70%乙醇沉淀核酸。用1体积2-甲氧基乙醇2-methoxyethanol、2%十六烷基三甲基溴化铵2%cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide，2mol/L氯化锂和25g/mlDNA酶IDNaseI.处理核酸制剂，核酸加缓冲液（含35%乙醇），注入CF-11纤维素柱，用同样缓冲液过柱，然后，用无乙醇的缓冲液洗脱类病毒，混合几个低分子质量的节分，在不变性条件下经聚丙烯酰胺电泳（7.5、10、12.5或20%凝胶）纯化，切下啤酒花矮化类病毒的特异性带，浸渍、洗脱凝胶，提取类病毒RNA，若有必要，再在变性条件下（7～8mol/L尿素）进一步纯化。每千克黄瓜病叶提纯约得20～40μg啤酒花矮化类病毒（Yoshikawa&Takahashi，1982）。类病毒理化特性：啤酒花株系是一共价闭锁单链RNA，含297核苷酸（Ohnoetal.，1983），已弄清它的全长核苷酸序列（Ohnoetal.，1983）葡萄株系（4毒株）和黄瓜株系分别由297和303个核苷酸组成，同啤酒花株系的区别是，各有1和16核苷酸的置换（Sanoetal.，1986）。类病毒株系：啤酒花矮化类病毒的寄主范围和症状，同葡萄类病毒、黄瓜白果类病毒的相似（VanDorst&Peters，1974;Sasaki&Shikata，1977;Sanoetal.，1985），虽然，3种类病毒的核苷酸序列稍有不同，但相同性极高，可达95%～99%（Sanoetal.，1984）。田间，啤酒花株系在啤酒花上，未见有不同症状的分离物。合成的寡核苷酸探针（5′GGTAAGTACCTCCCT3′互补到葡萄株系的51-65残基上），可用斑点杂交试验区别3株系（T.Sanoetal.，1988）。其他：啤酒花矮化类病毒与其他7种类病毒（鳄梨日斑类病毒、菊矮化类病毒、柑橘裂皮类病毒、椰子死亡类病毒、马铃薯纺锤形块茎类病毒、番茄顶缩类病毒和番茄雄性株类病毒）的差别，包括寄主范围、症状、分子大小、在聚丙烯酰胺凝胶中的电泳迁移率和核苷酸序列。啤酒花矮化类病毒主要侵染啤酒花和一些葫芦科植物（如黄瓜）表现症状，在茄科的一些植物（如番茄）为无症侵染；相反，马铃薯纺锤形块茎类病毒主要在茄科的一些植物（如番茄）产生症状，在一些菊科植物（如土三七属）为无症侵染，而不侵染葫芦科植物。啤酒花矮化类病毒的啤酒花株系和葡萄株系有297核苷酸，而黄瓜株系有303核苷酸，也就是比马铃薯纺锤形块茎类病毒少约40～70核苷酸，啤酒花矮化类病毒与马铃薯纺锤形块茎类病毒核苷酸序列的相同性只有55%（Ohnoetal.，1983）。在日本啤酒花种植园，啤酒花矮化类病毒的草本寄主范围，限于葫芦科和茄科的植物，没有其他科的寄主（Yaguchi&Takahashi，1984），日本的葡萄和啤酒花栽种地区是相同的，葡萄有80%以上感染葡萄株系（Sanoetal.，1986），因而，推测啤酒花上的类病毒可能来自葡萄。近在日本的香橼、李和桃上发现一种相似的类病毒（Sanoetal.，1986）。啤酒花矮化类病毒和相近的几种类病毒，可能分布全世界。