英译中,急用啊!!1

meetups 和 conferences的区别meetups 词义:聚会conferences 词义:n. 会议( conference的名词复数 ); 讨论; （正式） 讨论会; [工会、工党用语] （每年的） 大会;

conventions大会，规模大conferences小会议 ，公司会议

是要意思吗？

　　在本期的naturereviewsmolecularcellbiology中，有一篇出自gregorya.petsko手笔的短文，介绍的是如何组织/参加学术会议。想必这是每一个渴望获得学术上认可、成功的学者都想了解的话题，文中重点分析了以下几个问题：1、大小会议的区别；2、国际国内会议的区别；3、长短会议的取舍；4、专业或是综合性会议；5、是否需要展示海报；6、多而短的演讲或少而长的演讲；至于里面的具体内容这里就不详细介绍了，希望有兴趣的读者可以详细阅读英文原文（thehighsandlowsofscientificconferences.XXmarchvolume231-234），相信您可以从中受到启发。 　　针对会议举办者：1、任何会议最重要的部分是演讲者、参与者的互动，而成功的会议必然是那些能促进这种互动的会议；2、绝大多数会议的理想长度是少于3天，对于一些大型的会议，可以达到4天，但不需要再长了；3、不管听众的专业背景有多少深厚，都没必要请太多领域专家来作演讲。思路清晰对于演讲者来说是最重要的品质。会议举办者需要针对这些特点去选择合适的演讲者。4、演讲者和听众的多种族背景、和谐的性别比例将有助于会议的成功举办；5、在专业的会议中插入一些少量的其他内容的演讲，会使会议更加成功；6、整个世界分成早晨的人和夜晚的人。如果会议只是针对一种类型的人，很可能会犯错；7、一场没有休息时间的会议不仅让人疲惫，而且还无效率；8、安排了相互矛盾的演讲会惹恼听众和演说者。这点需要特别注意，对不同领域的学者来说这点也适用。9、没有比让听众看不清画面、听不清演说更快让演说失败的了（如果您是观众，建议您问一些问题，让您的声音被其他人听见；如果您是演说者，尽量重复问题，以便让观众听清问题，即便是再好的音响效果也需要这么做）；10、会议的环境影响着会议的质量，食物也一样。环境的作用常被低估。 　　针对会议参与者的建议：1、在发展中国家不要喝水；在发达国家不要喝啤酒；2、不要吝啬反馈意见，因为会议的组织者期待您的反馈。也不要忘记一些积极的反馈：这是组织者们应得的荣誉；3、不要躲避，即使您是一个害羞的人，兴许您可以从会议的参与中获得终身的朋友；4、不要缠住海报展示者。如果您正在展示一个海报，也不要让个别观众占据您的所有时间；5、如果您仅仅参加一些您研究领域内的会议，您将不会成长。尝试一些其他领域的会议吧！6、您是您所摄取的总合（鉴于这点你可能不要再摄取垃圾食物或是低质量会议了）；7、不要低估了一个好的睡眠的重要性；8、人生太短暂了，所以不要总是参与离家很近的会议；9、人生太短暂了，所以不要花一个星期的时间参加一个会议；10、享受快乐。记住，科学比工作更让人懂得如何生活。

1．国际学术会议 世界范围各学科的学术会议信息预报。可按多项条件检索。2．Calender of Upcoming Technical Conferences提供世界范围内的专业技术会议报道情况。一般报道6年的会议安排。检索时可按时间顺序，也可按会议名称、主题、主办单位、国家等进行检索。3．Meeting/Conference Announcement Lists 按学科分类报道将要召开的会议信息。4．Ei Village Upcoming Conference　包含丰富而详尽的学术会议信息，按学科分类，并提供相关的超级链接。5．Internet Conference Calendar　 该站点包含国际上最新的学术会议、研讨会、讲座、培训等信息，并可按照主题词、地点、时间等字段进行检索。6．TechCalendar包含高科技领域的国际会议信息，可以按照主题词检索，或按照地点和时间浏览。7．Calendar of Upcoming Events列出了世界上计算机行业中将要召开的会议消息。

confabbr.conference 会议; confer (Latin=compare) （拉丁语）（conf是conference/confer--“会议”的缩略形式）

Small deliberated

你好很高兴回答你的问题法语是国际会议上被使用的主要语言之一 外语翻译French is one of the major languages used in international conferences.望采纳谢谢

thematic conferences

L DON.T NO

您好 ，九品论文很高兴为您解答，希望能帮助到您。九品论文专注论文帮发帮写望采纳期刊检索类型：JA；会议检索类型:CA一般情况下会议含金量低，比较水，当然看什么会议了，用最牛的会议去跟最水的期刊比，当然会议含金量高。但是大部分情况下会议含金量是比较低的。比如很多单位和学校不承认CA

"xxx has been successfully held 4 times by now"xxx换成活动名称即可

1.With the society continuous developing , women play an important role in the society!2.There are a few women who are permitted to attend the international conferences dominated by men.

不一定对

中国学术会议在线http://211.68.23.76/a.asp另外，和计算机网络直接相关的国际学术会议有：2007年计算机科学相关国际学术会议分类:默认栏目计算机科学与技术会议名称 会议时间 会议地点 网址*第二届可升级信息系统国际会议 2007-2-6 江苏省 http://www.infoscale.org/*2007中国计算机网络安全应急响应年会 2007-4-5 江苏省 http://2007.cert.org.cn/*全国首届数字（虚拟）科技馆技术及应用学术研讨会 2007-5-1 浙江省 http://www.zjkp.org/XUESHU/index.htm*第四届计算模型、理论和应用年会 2007-5-22 上海市 http://www.tamc2007.fudan.edu.cn/*第二届中国分类技术及应用学术会议 2007-5-27 河南省 http://202.196.73.187/ccta2007/*电子学习与数字娱乐国际会议 2007-6-11 香港特区 http://www.acae.cuhk.edu.hk/~edutainment2007*第31届国际计算机软件应用大会 2007-7-24 北京市 http://conferences.computer.org/compsac/2007/*第四届图像图形国际会议 2007-8-22 四川省 http://www.icig2007.com/*全国电子政务技术及应用学术研讨会（EGTA2007） 2007-9-14 北京市http://www.ruc.edu.cn/wisa2007/*2007年生物计算：理论与应用国际会议 2007-9-14 河南省 http://www.bic-ta.org/2007/index.htm*2007年生命系统建模与仿真国际学术会议 2007-9-14 上海市 http://www.LSMS2007.org*2007全国开放式分布与并行计算学术年会 2007-10-12 广西区http://www.dpcs2007.com*第十届 CAD/Graphics 国际会议 2007-10-15 北京市http://graphics.pku.edu.cn/cadcg07*智能信息管理系统和技术国际学术会议 2007-10-20 山东省 http://211.68.23.76/webmedia/oemui/meet/meetshow.asp?type_id=2003&meet_type_id=3*第24届全国数据库学术会议（NDBC2007） 2007-10-19 海南省http://www.hainu.edu.cn/ndbc2007/*第三届和谐人机环境联合学术会议 2007-10-19 山东省http://hhme2007.sdu.edu.cn/*第七届高级并行处理技术国际会议 2007-11-22 广东省

问题一：研究生怎样参加学术会议 向自己的导师询问是否可以参加，当然前提是导师可能要参加。 或者向导师表达自己的参加意愿，希望导师进行推荐。 或者楼主说的不是字面意义的参与会议旁听而是参与会议进程中，进行发言什么的，但是这个还是需要导师给机会。 所以，总结一下，就是，主动问导师或者老师们。 问题二：本科生如何参加学术会议？ 得有项目做。和自己专业内比较厉害的老师取得联系，看有没有项目让你参加 表现好的话会给老师留下印象，老师就会带你参加学术会议了 不过一般的参加打酱油为主…… 如果你能有比较好的paper那就另当别论了 paper一般口头报告的比较NB，不能oral 至少也可以是poster，就是咱们经常说的展板 这样的话自己的简历就能比较丰富 问题三：怎么搜索一个人参加了什么学术会议 先简单写几句重视此次会议的,然后归入正题,说推荐某人参加会议,其后介绍该人在学术上的一些修为,主要与此次会议有关的。 问题四：参加学术会议的“参加”用英语怎么说 参加” attend participate 参加学术会议 attend/participate the academic conference 问题五：如何组织学术会议 想必这是每一个渴望获得学术上认可、成功的学者都想了解的话题，文中重点分析了以下几个问题： 1、大小会议的区别； 2、国际国内会议的区别； 3、长短会议的取舍； 4、专业或是综合性会议； 5、是否需要展示海报； 6、多而短的演讲或少而长的演讲；至于里面的具体内容这里就不详细介绍了，希望有兴趣的读者可以详细阅读英文原文（The highs and lows of scientific conferences. 2006 March Volume 231-234），相信您可以从中受到启发。这里摘译两段作者对会议举办者和参与者分别提出的十点建议：针对会议举办者： 1、任何会议最重要的部分是演讲者、参与者的互动，而成功的会议必然是那些能促进这种互动的会议； 2、绝大多数会议的理想长度是少于3天，对于一些大型的会议，可以达到4天，但不需要再长了； 3、不管听众的专业背景有多少深厚，都没必要请太多领域专家来作演讲。思路清晰对于演讲者来说是最重要的品质。会议举办者需要针对这些特点去选择合适的演讲者。 4、演讲者和听众的多种族背景、和谐的性别比例将有助于会议的成功举办； 5、在专业的会议中插入一些少量的其他内容的演讲，会使会议更加成功； 6、整个世界分成早晨的人和夜晚的人。如果会议只是针对一种类型的人，很可能会犯错； 7、一场没有休息时间的会议不仅让人疲惫，而且还无效率； 8、安排了相互矛盾的演讲会惹恼听众和演说者。这点需要特别注意，对不同领域的学者来说这点也适用。 9、没有比让听众看不清画面、听不清演说更快让演说失败的了（如果您是观众，建议您问一些问题，让您的声音被其他人听见；如果您是演说者，尽量重复问题，以便让观众听清问题，即便是再好的音响效果也需要这么做）； 10、会议的环境影响着会议的质量，食物也一样。环境的作用常被低估。 针对会议参与者的建议： 1、在发展中国家不要喝水；在发达国家不要喝啤酒； 2、不要吝啬反馈意见，因为会议的组织者期待您的反馈。也不要忘记一些积极的反馈：这是组织者们应得的荣誉； 3、不要躲避，即使您是一个害羞的人，兴许您可以从会议的参与中获得终身的朋友； 4、不要缠住海报展示者。如果您正在展示一个海报，也不要让个别观众占据您的所有时间； 5、如果您仅仅参加一些您研究领域内的会议，您将不会成长。尝试一些其他领域的会议吧！ 6、您是您所摄取的总合（鉴于这点你可能不要再摄取垃圾食物或是低质量会议了）； 7、不要低估了一个好的睡眠的重要性； 8、人生太短暂了，所以不要总是参与离家很近的会议； 9、人生太短暂了，所以不要花一个星期的时间参加一个会议； 10、享受快乐。记住，科学比工作更让人懂得如何生活。 问题六：如何申请参加国际学术会议 只是参观的话，交钱注册就好啦，然后申请签证。 问题七：如何在网上获取国际、国内的学术会议消息 登入：中国学术会议在线，网址为： meeting.edu/...00.jsp 或在科学网会议，网址为： meeting.sciencenet/ 或在学术期刊的公告信息栏里，有时会有会议的公告。 问题八：如何发放学术会议邀请函 （一）会议邀请函的含义 会议邀请函是专门用于邀请特定单位或人士参加会议，具有礼仪和告知双重作用的会议文书。 邀请函用于会议活动时，与会议通知的不同之处在于：邀请函主要用于横向性的会议活动，发送对象是不受本机关职权所制约的单位和个人，也不属于本组织的成员，一般不具有法定的与会权利或义务，是否参加会议由对象自行决定。举行学术研讨会、咨询论证会、技术鉴定会、贸易洽谈会、产品发布会产等，以发邀请函为宜。而会议通知则用于具有纵向关系（即主办方与参会者存在隶属关系或工作上的管理关系）性质的会议，或者与会者本身具有参会的法定权利和义务的会议，如人民代表大会、董事会议等。对于这些会议的对象来说，参加会议是一种责任，因此只能发会议通知，不能用邀请函。学术性团体举行年会或专题研讨会时，要区别成员与非成员。对于团体成员应当发会议通知，而邀请非团体成员参加则应当用邀请函。 （二）会议邀请函的基本内容 会议邀请函的基本内容与会议通知一致，包括会议的背景、目的和名称；主办单位和组织机构；会议内容和形式；参加对象；会议的时间和地点、联络方式以及其他需要说明的事项。 （三）会议邀请函的结构与写法 1．标题。由会议名称和“邀请函（书）”组成，一般可不写主办机关名称和“关于举办”的字样，如：《亚太城市信息化高级论坛邀请函》。“邀请函”三字是完整的文种名称，与公文中的“函”是两种不同的文种，因此不宜拆开写成“关于邀请出席××会议的函” 2．称呼。邀请函的发送对象有三类情况： （1）发送到单位的邀请函，应当写单位名称。由于邀请函是一种礼仪性文书，称呼中要用单称的写法，不宜用泛称（统称），以示礼貌和尊重。 （2）邀请函直接发给个人的，应当写个人姓名，前冠“尊敬的”敬语词，后缀“先生”、“女士”、“同志”等。 （3）网上或报刊上公开发布的邀请函，由于对象不确定，可省略称呼，或以“敬启者”统称。 3．正文。正文应逐项载明具体内容。开头部分写明举办会议的背景和目的，用“特邀请您出席（列席）”照应称呼，再用过渡句转入下文；主体部分可采用序号加小标题的形式写明具体事项；最后写明联系联络信息和联络方式。结尾处也可写“此致”，再换行顶格写“敬礼”，亦可省略。 4．落款。因邀请函的标题一般不标注主办单位名称，因此落款处应当署主办单位名称并盖章。 5．成文时间。写明具体的年、月、日。 问题九：参加学术会议的理由有哪些 根据爱理科研会务（Elirc）的办会经验，分享一些感受： 1 搞清楚会议日程，一般国际学术会议的内容比较丰富，哪些报告是必须听的，要有取舍。 2 如果有晚宴之类的，要尽量参加，多结识本领域的学术大牛、新贵。 3 会后如果有时间，尽量去附近景点儿转转，生活不仅有学术嘛！ 当然，选取适合自己的会议也是必须的。 希望我的回答能帮助到您！ 问题十：如何尽快找到近期要召开的学术会议 1．国际学术会议 世界范围各学科的学术会议信息预报。可按多项条件检索。 2．Calender of Uping Technical Conferences提供世界范围内的专业技术会议报道情况。一般报道6年的会议安排。检索时可按时间顺序，也可按会议名称、主题、主办单位、国家等进行检索。 3．Meeting/Conference Announcement Lists 按学科分类报道将要召开的会议信息。 4．Ei Village Uping Conference　包含丰富而详尽的学术会议信息，按学科分类，并提供相关的超级链接。 5．Internet Conference Calendar　 该站点包含国际上最新的学术会议、研讨会、讲座、培训等信息，并可按照主题词、地点、时间等字段进行检索。 6．TechCalendar包含高科技领域的国际会议信息，可以按照主题词检索，或按照地点和时间浏览。 7．Calendar of Uping Events列出了世界上计算机行业中将要召开的会议消息。

线上会议英文是online meetings。关于线上会议的双语例句1、But this time the company plans to bring them together virtually via online meetings.但这一次，事实上，公司计划通过在线会议的手段将他们聚在一起。2、Box.net has partnered with Fuze meeting to add real-time online meetings and screen sharing.net已经与Fuze Meeting达成合作关系，为其网站添加实时在线会议和屏幕分享功能。3、What? Online meetings are notavailable? Do not be afraid to send you a god assists, registration can get the webinar video.什么？在线会议无法参加？不怕，送你一记神助攻，进行注册即可获取网络研讨会视频资料。4、From online meetings and instant messaging to unified communications Lotus Sametime can bring an organization closer and offer more interactivity.从在线会议和即时消息到统一通信，Lotus Sametime可以使一个组织联系更紧密并实现更多交互。5、Miko go -This free desktop sharing software can be used for online meetings, web conferences 、presentations 、remote support and other collaborative efforts.Miko go这款免费的桌面共享软件可以用来进行在线会议、网络会议、简报、远程以及其他协作方式。6、From their smartphones or on the in desktop computers the physicists can protect their research papers with Creative Commons licenses join interactive online meetings in real.物理学家通过智能手机或桌面计算机使用Creative Commons许可证保护他们的研究论文，并加入实时交互式在线会议。7、You can hold monthly online meetings or do so completely virtually.你们还可以每月举行一次聚会或网络聚会。8、Sponsor: Hold your meetings online for just $49 a month Try GoToMeeting free.赞助商：每月只要49美元网上开会，试试免费去开会吧。

学术会议预告查询网站 国内网站 1.中国学术会议网 http://conf.cnki.net/index.aspx 2.ourGlocal http://www.ourglocal.com 最好的是把DEADLINE的时间列了出来，这样更有参考价值 3.科学报道沙龙 http://www.sciencereporting.cn/Default.aspx?tp=A0001 4.华中科技大学upcomingconference http://grid.hust.edu.cn:8080/call/cfp.jsp 5.中国学术会议在线 http://www.meeting.edu.cn/ 6.中科院主页上也有 http://www.cas.ac.cn/index/0V/11/index.htm 国外网站 1.IEEEConference http://www.ieee.org/conferences/ 2.CalendarofUpcomingEvents http://www.acm.org/conferences 列出了世界上计算机行业中将要召开的会议消息。 3.EiVillageUpcomingConference 包括丰富而详尽的学术会议信息。 4.TechExpo http://www.techexpo.com/ 提供世界范围内的专业技术会议报道情况。一般报道6年的会议安排。检索时可按时间顺序，也可按会 议名称、主题、主办单位、国家等进行检索。 CalenderofUpcomingTechnicalConferences http://www.techexpo.com/ events/ 将要召开的高科技领域国际会议，可以对主题词、地点、会议名称、主办者等会议信息进行检索。 5.AtlasConferences http://atlas-conferences.com/ 世界范围各学科的学术会议信息预报。可按多项条件检索，如可按主题、召开日期、国家查找世界范 围即将召开的国际学术会议信息。 6.AllConferences.com http://www.allconferences.com/ 世界范围各学科的学术会议信息预报。可按多项条件检索。 7.Academicconferencesworldwide-ConferenceAlerts http://www.conferencealerts.com/index.htm 8.Meeting/ConferenceAnnouncementLists http://www.lib.uwaterloo.ca/society/meetings.html 按学科分类报道将要召开的会议信息。 9.美国航空航天学会AIAA(AmericanInstituteofAeronauticsandAstronautics)会议预报 http://www.aiaa.org/content.cfm?pageid=1 10.AmericanNuclearSociety-meetings http://www.ans.org/meetings/ 11.ScienceCareers-Meetings&Events http://sciencecareers.sciencemag.org/meetings求采纳

各种学术会议和论坛，包括人工智慧 （ICTAI）、 机器学习和应用程式 （ICMLA），InternationalConference 工具国际会议程式委员会成员等。 ·ACMTransactions、 IEEE 交易和 Journals· 的审阅者审阅者 forvarious 工业，包括 WWW、 检索、 ACM KDD，资料，IEEE 通信，ACM MOBICOM 等的学术会议。奖项---> 翻译成中文·最佳论文奖，IEEE 2005· 生物资讯学、 电脑视觉方法研讨会ACM 旅行奖、 研究与开发的 InformationRetrieval （检索），2003· ACM 国际会议ACM 旅行奖、 嵌入式网路感测器系统 (ACMSENSYS)，2003· ACM 国际会议电脑科学研究生奖优、 通讯及资讯

中国学术网？？？？？豆瓣啊，百格活动啊，上面也会有这些信息，你可以去看看。

以下是容易中的国际会议：1. 国际和机器学习会议（ICML）2. 国际协会会议（AA）3. 自然处理和计算机学会议（ACL）4. 语音和信号处理会议（ICASSP）5. 图像和视觉计算会议（CVPR）6. 机器学习国际会议（ICML）7. 模式识别和计算机视觉国际会议（ICPR）8. 机器学习和数据挖掘国际会议（KDD）9. 国际会议（IJC）10. 机器学习国际会议（NIPS）

从 location（hotel),hotel facilities,number of delegates三方面回答 It is the concern of every top organisation in this tough marketing competition,to make sales by attracting customers towards their products.It is the responsibility of the marketing departments to study the target market of a company thoroughly,and the tendency of the product. Persuading the clients to trust you the most in the market,is the main mission of all companies,so that they gain profits.Advertising completes half of the job in this aspect.The goal of the marketing team is fulfilled when you see the customers inclined towards your products/services. Conferences are one way of informing the customers,shareholders,fellow investors about company related information.Since the customer is the most important asset of a company,any conference that is arranged should be well organised.Among all aspects,the setting location of the conference is of utmost importance. The conference venue should be selected based on its location,services and reputation.It is important that it should be organised in a well-known and centralised location.Many multi star hotels have conference halls of different seating capacities,and convenient parking options.All metropolitan cities have reputed business centres with well-built conference halls. The conference hall that you choose should be well equipped with good acoustic,and multi media systems,with alternate power supply.The ambience and the interior of the conference venue should be good.Your clients should feel comfortable in the environment.Well ventilated,and air conditioned conference venues shall add to the comfort and ease of your client.They would really enjoy the business event. Undoubtedly,the conference should be decorated as per the purpose of the event.There can be many reasons for arranging a conference,such as a new product launch,an update in an existing product,or just a yearly gathering with colleagues.If customers do not understand the rationale of the event,they can get quite bored.The event should depict the purpose of the gathering,so people are not confused. Handy information related to the meeting like the names of the speakers,the various issues that would be discussed in the meeting etc.should be provided in brochures/leaflets.This will make your clients feel special,which is the main purpose behind organising conferences.Samples of products can also be distributed in the venue during the course of the meeting to ensure that all clients get the maximum information about your services/business. If you arrange a conference,never forget to offer people good refreshments in between,to show them courtesy.It should be organised properly,and should not necessarily be expensive.During the conference,you can inform people about the status of the company,however,if it is not good news then let it be.If the performance of the company is not healthy,then the customers do not really have to be informed about it,since it might lead in losing them.

Creator望采纳

1a 2 c 3b 4a 5d 6b 7c 8a 9d

就是民商交流呗

都不告知有哪29个部门 晕～～～

matec web of conferences是ei会议CP

官网上说8月8日摘要截稿，8月15日论文全文截稿。（https://aaai.org/Conferences/AAAI-23/aaai23call/）

The Internet is a giant network of computers located all over the world that communicate with each other. The Internet is an international collection of computer networks` that all understand a standard system of addresses and commands, connected together through backbone systems. It was started in 1969, when the U.S. Department of Defence established a nationwide network to connect a handful of universities and contractors. The original idea was to increase computing capacity that could be shared by users in many locations and to find out what it would take for computer networks to survive a nuclear war or other disaster by providing multiple path between users. People on the ARPNET (as this nationwide network was originally called) quickly discovered that they could exchange messages and conduct electronic "conferences" with distant colleagues for purposes that had nothing to do with the military industrial complex. If somebody else had something interesting stored on their computer, it was a simple matter to obtain a copy (assuming the owner did not protect it). Over the years, additional networks joined which added access to more and more computers. The first international connections, to Norway and England, were added in 1973. Today thousands of networks and millions of computers are connected to the Internet. It is growing so quickly that nobody can say exactly how many users "On the Net". The Internet is the largest repository of information which can provide very very large network resources. The network resources can be divided into network facilities resources and network information resources. The network facilities resources provide us the ability of remote computation and communication. The network information resources provides us all kinds of information services, such as science, education, business, history, law, art, and entertainment, etc. The goal of your use of the Internet is exchanging messages or obtaining information. What you need to know is that you can exchange message with other computers on the Internet and use your computer as a remote terminal on distant computers. But the internal details of the link are less important, as long as it works. If you connect computers together on a network, each computer must have a unique address, which could be either a word or a number. For example, the address of Sam"s computer could be Sam, or a number. The Internet is a huge interconnected system, but it uses just a handful of method to move data around. Until the recent explosion of public interest in the Internet, the vast majority of the computers on the Net use the Unix operating system. As a result, the standard Unix commands for certain Internet services have entered the online community"s languages as both nouns and verbs to describe the services themselves. Some of the services that the Internet can provide are: Mail, Remote use of another computer (Telnet), File Transfer (FTP), News, and Live conversation. The most commonly used network service is electronic mail (E-mail), or simply as mail. Mail permits network users to send textual messages to each other. Computers and networks handle delivering the mail, so that communicating mail users do not have to handle details of delivery, and do not have to be present at the same time or place. The simplest way to access a file on another host is to copy it across the network to your local host. FTP can do this. Presently, a user with an account on any Internet machine can establish a live connection to any other machine on the Net from the terminal in his own office or laboratory. It is only necessary to use the Unix command that sets up a remote terminal connection (Telnet), followed by the address of the distant machine. Before you can use the Internet, you must choose a way to move data between the Internet and your PC. This link may be a high-speed data communication circuit, a local area network (LAN), a telephone live or a radio channel. Most likely, you will use a Modem attached to your telephone line to talk to the Internet. Naturally, the quality of your Internet connection and service, like many other things in life, is dictated by the amount of money that you are willing to spend. Although all these services can well satisfy the needs of the users for information exchange, a definite requirement is needed for the users. Not only should the users know where the resources locates, but also he should know some operating commands concerned to ease the searching burden of the users, recently some convenient searching tools appears, such as Gopher, WWW and Netscape. World wide web (www) is a networked hypertext protocol and user interface. It provides access to multiple services and documents like Gopher does but is more ambitious in its method. A jump to other Internet service can be triggered by a mouse click on a "hotlinked" word, image, or icon on the Web page. As more and more systems join the Internet, and as more and more forms of information can be converted to digital form, the amount of stuff available to Internet users continues to grow. At some points very soon after the nationwide (and later worldwide) Internet started to grow, people began to treat the Net as a community, with its own tradition and customs. For example, somebody would ask a question in a conference, and a complete stranger would send back an answer: after the same question were repeated several time by people who hadn"t seen the original answers, somebody else gathered list of "frequently asked questions" and placed it where newcomers could find it. So we can say that the Internet is your PC"s window to the rest of the world. 中文翻译： Internet是由位于世界各地相互通信的计算机连接而成的巨大的计算机网络。 Internet是计算机网络的国际性的集合，这些网络都符合具有地址和命令的标准体系，并经骨干网连在一起。Internet始建于1969年，当时美国国防部为连接少数几所大学和协议企业而建立了一个全国性网络。最初的想法是要增加计算机能力并可由许多地点的用户共享，并且通过提供用户间多条路径来找到哪一种计算机网络能够在核战或其他灾难中幸存。ARPNET（这种全国网络最初的名称）上的用户很快就发现他们可以与远距离的同事交换消息，并且进行某种目的的电子“会议”，而这些目的与军事工业企业没有任何关系。如果另外一些人在其计算机中存有有趣的东西，得到其拷贝是很容易的事（假定拥有者没有进行保护）。 几年间，新的网络接入使越来越多的计算机加入进来。在1973年进行了第一次与挪威和英国的国际连接。今天，有成千上万的计算机网络和数百万台计算机与Internet相连。Internet发展如此之快以至于没有人能准确地说出网上有多少用户。 Internet是最大的信息宝库，它可以提供非常巨大的网络资源。这种网络资源可分为网络设备资源和网络信息资源。网络设备资源使我们能够进行远程计算和通信。网络信息资源向我们提供各种各样的信息服务，如科学、教育、商务、历史、法律、艺术和娱乐等等。 使用Internet的目的是交换消息或获得信息。你只须知道你可以与Internet上的其他计算机交换消息并将你的计算机用作远端计算机的远程终端，而链路的内部细节并不太重要，只要网络能工作就行。若将多台计算机连接到网络上，每台计算机须有惟一的地址，地址可以是一个字或一个数字。例如Sam的计算机地址可以是Sam或一个数字。 虽然Internet是一个巨大的互联系统，但它仅使用一点简单办法就将数据传来传去。近来公众对Internet产生了极大的兴趣，在这之前，绝大多数网上计算机都使用Unix操作系统。结果，用于某些Internet业务的标准Unix命令已经进入联机团体语言当作名词和动词来描述业务本身。Internet可以提供的一些服务为：电子邮件、远程使用其他计算机、文件传送、电子新闻和实况对话。 最常使用的网络服务是电子邮件，或简称邮件。电子邮件允许网络用户彼此传送文本消息。邮件的传递由计算机和网络处理，邮件用户不必关心传递的细节，也不必同时在场。 从其他主机中获得文件的最简单的方式是通过网络将其拷贝到你的计算机上。文件传送（FTP）可完成这项工作。 目前，用户在Internet建立账户后，就可从其办公室和实验室的终端上与网上其他计算机建立实时连接。只需使用Unix命令Telnet来建立远程终端连接，命令后跟上远端计算机的地址即可。 在使用Internet之前，必须使用一种方法在你的PC机和Internet之间传送数据。这种连接的链路可以是高速数据通信电路、局域网（LAN）、电话线路或无线信道。最有可能的是，你使用Modem连到电话线上与Internet对话。当然，像生活中许多其他的事物一样，与Internet连接和服务的质量是由你所花钱的数量决定的。 虽然所有这些服务可以很好地满足用户对信息交换的需要，但用户仍旧还需要具有一些特定的先决条件。用户不仅要知道信息资源所处的位置，而且要知道一些有关的操作命令。为了减轻用户寻找信息的负担，近来出现了一些方便的搜索工具，如Gopher，WWW和Netscape。 全球网（WWW）是一种网络的超文本协议和用户界面。像Gopher一样，它提供多种服务和文件接入方法，但其方法更加有前途。向Internet其他服务的跳转可在“网”页上由鼠标器点击“热链接”的字、图像或按钮来启动。 随着越来越多的系统加入Internet，同时随着越来越多的信息可以转变成数字形式，Internet用户所能得到的东西也在继续增加。随着国家（后来是国际）Internet的发展，很快在某些方面人们开始将互联网看作是一个社区，有自己的传统和习惯。例如某些人会在会议上提出一个问题，一个完全陌生的人会传送一个答案；由于一些人没有看到最初的答案而多次重复这一问题，这时另外一些人会搜集一系列“经常提到的问题”并将其放置在新来者能找到的地方。 所以我们可以说，Internet是你的PC机通向世界其他地方的窗口。

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Article 1For the purpose of this Convention wetlands are areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six metres.For the purpose of this Convention waterfowl are birds ecologically dependent on wetlands.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Article 2Each Contracting Party shall designate suitable wetlands within its territory for inclusion in a List of Wetlands of International Importance, hereinafter referred to as "the List" which is maintained by the bureau established under Article 8. The boundaries of each wetland shall be precisely described and also delimited on a map and they may incorporate riparian and coastal zones adjacent to the wetlands, and islands or bodies of marine water deeper than six metres at low tide lying within the wetlands, especially where these have importance as waterfowl habitat.Wetlands should be selected for the List on account of their international significance in terms of ecology, botany, zoology, limnology or hydrology. In the first instance wetlands of international importance to waterfowl at any season should be included.The inclusion of a wetland in the List does not prejudice the exclusive sovereign rights of the Contracting Party in whose territory the wetland is situated.Each Contracting Party shall designate at least one wetland to be included in the List when signing this Convention or when depositing its instrument of ratification or accession, as provided in Article 9.Any Contracting Party shall have the right to add to the List further wetlands situated within its territory, to extend the boundaries of those wetlands already included by it in the List, or, because of its urgent national interests, to delete or restrict the boundaries of wetlands already included by it in the List and shall, at the earliest possible time, inform the organization or government responsible for the continuing bureau duties specified in Article 8 of any such changes.Each Contracting Party shall consider its international responsibilities for the conservation, management and wise use of migratory stocks of waterfowl, both when designating entries for the List and when exercising its right to change entries in the List relating to wetlands within its territory.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Article 3The Contracting Parties shall formulate and implement their planning so as to promote the conservation of the wetlands included in the List, and as far as possible the wise use of wetlands in their territory.Each Contracting Party shall arrange to be informed at the earliest possible time if the ecological character of any wetland in its territory and included in the List has changed, is changing or is likely to change as the result of technological developments, pollution or other human interference. Information on such changes shall be passed without delay to the organization or government responsible for the continuing bureau duties specified in Article 8.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Article 4Each Contracting Party shall promote the conservation of wetlands and waterfowl by establishing nature reserves on wetlands, whether they are included in the List or not, and provide adequately for their wardening.Where a Contracting Party in its urgent national interest, deletes or restricts the boundaries of a wetland included in the List, it should as far as possible compensate for any loss of wetland resources, and in particular it should create additional nature reserves for waterfowl and for the protection, either in the same area or elsewhere, of an adequate portion of the original habitat.The Contracting Parties shall encourage research and the exchange of data and publications regarding wetlands and their flora and fauna.The Contracting Parties shall endeavour through management to increase waterfowl populations on appropriate wetlands.The Contracting Parties shall promote the training of personnel competent in the fields of wetland research, management and wardening.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Article 5The Contracting Parties shall consult with each other about implementing obligations arising from the Convention especially in the case of a wetland extending over the territories of more than one Contracting Party or where a water system is shared by Contracting Parties. They shall at the same time endeavour to coordinate and support present and future policies and regulations concerning the conservation of wetlands and their flora and fauna.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Article 6There shall be established a Conference of the Contracting Parties to review and promote the implementation of this Convention. The Bureau referred to in Article 8, paragraph 1, shall convene ordinary meetings of the Conference of the Contracting Parties at intervals of not more than three years, unless the Conference decides otherwise, and extraordinary meetings at the written requests of at least one third of the Contracting Parties. Each ordinary meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties shall determine the time and venue of the next ordinary meeting.The Conference of the Contracting Parties shall be competent:to discuss the implementation of this Convention;to discuss additions to and changes in the List;to consider information regarding changes in the ecological character of wetlands included in the List provided in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 3;to make general or specific recommendations to the Contracting Parties regarding the conservation, management and wise use of wetlands and their flora and fauna;to request relevant international bodies to prepare reports and statistics on matters which are essentially international in character affecting wetlands;to adopt other recommendations, or resolutions, to promote the functioning of this Convention.The Contracting Parties shall ensure that those responsible at all levels for wetlands management shall be informed of, and take into consideration, recommendations of such Conferences concerning the conservation, management and wise use of wetlands and their flora and fauna.The Conference of the Contracting Parties shall adopt rules of procedure for each of its meetings.The Conference of the Contracting Parties shall establish and keep under review the financial regulations of this Convention. At each of its ordinary meetings, it shall adopt the budget for the next financial period by a two-third majority of Contracting Parties present and voting.Each Contracting Party shall contribute to the budget according to a scale of contributions adopted by unanimity of the Contracting Parties present and voting at a meeting of the ordinary Conference of the Contracting Parties.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Article 7The representatives of the Contracting Parties at such Conferences should include persons who are experts on wetlands or waterfowl by reason of knowledge and experience gained in scientific, administrative or other appropriate capacities.Each of the Contracting Parties represented at a Conference shall have one vote, recommendations, resolutions and decisions being adopted by a simple majority of the Contracting Parties present and voting, unless otherwise provided for in this Convention.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Article 8The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources shall perform the continuing bureau duties under this Convention until such time as another organization or government is appointed by a majority of two-thirds of all Contracting Parties.The continuing bureau duties shall be, inter alia:to assist in the convening and organizing of Conferences specified in Article 6;to maintain the List of Wetlands of International Importance and to be informed by the Contracting Parties of any additions, extensions, deletions or restrictions concerning wetlands included in the List provided in accordance with paragraph 5 of Article 2;to be informed by the Contracting Parties of any changes in the ecological character of wetlands included in the List provided in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 3;to forward notification of any alterations to the List, or changes in character of wetlands included therein, to all Contracting Parties and to arrange for these matters to be discussed at the next Conference;to make known to the Contracting Party concerned, the recommendations of the Conferences in respect of such alterations to the List or of changes in the character of wetlands included therein.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Article 9This Convention shall remain open for signature indefinitely.Any member of the United Nations or of one of the Specialized Agencies or of the International Atomic Energy Agency or Party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice may become a Party to this Convention by:signature without reservation as to ratification;signature subject to ratification followed by ratification;accession.Ratification or accession shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument of ratification or accession with the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (hereinafter referred to as "the Depositary").--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Article 10This Convention shall enter into force four months after seven States have become Parties to this Convention in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 9.Thereafter this Convention shall enter into force for each Contracting Party four months after the day of its signature without reservation as to ratification, or its deposit of an instrument of ratification or accession.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Article 10 bisThis Convention may be amended at a meeting of the Contracting Parties convened for that purpose in accordance with this article.Proposals for amendment may be made by any Contracting Party.The text of any proposed amendment and the reasons for it shall be communicated to the organization or government performing the continuing bureau duties under the Convention (hereinafter referred to as "the Bureau") and shall promptly be communicated by the Bureau to all Contracting Parties. Any comments on the text by the Contracting Parties shall be communicated to the Bureau within three months of the date on which the amendments were communicated to the Contracting Parties by the Bureau. The Bureau shall, immediately after the last day for submission of comments, communicate to the Contracting Parties all comments submitted by that day.A meeting of Contracting Parties to consider an amendment communicated in accordance with paragraph 3 shall be convened by the Bureau upon the written request of one third of the Contracting Parties. The Bureau shall consult the Parties concerning the time and venue of the meeting.Amendments shall be adopted by a two-thirds majority of the Contracting Parties present and voting.An amendment adopted shall enter into force for the Contracting Parties which have accepted it on the first day of the fourth month following the date on which two thirds of the Contracting Parties have deposited an instrument of acceptance with the Depositary. For each Contracting Party which deposits an instrument of acceptance after the date on which two thirds of the Contracting Parties have deposited an instrument of acceptance, the amendment shall enter into force on the first day of the fourth month following the date of the deposit of its instrument of acceptance.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Article 11This Convention shall continue in force for an indefinite period.Any Contracting Party may denounce this Convention after a period of five years from the date on which it entered into force for that party by giving written notice thereof to the Depositary. Denunciation shall take effect four months after the day on which notice thereof is received by the Depositary.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Article 121. The Depositary shall inform all States that have signed and acceded to this Convention as soon as possible of:a.signatures to the Convention;b.deposits of instruments of ratification of this Convention;c.deposits of instruments of accession to this Convention;d.the date of entry into force of this Convention;e.notifications of denunciation of this Convention.2. When this Convention has entered into force, the Depositary shall have it registered with the Secretariat of the United Nations in accordance with Article 102 of the Charter.

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The Fisher ManThere was a group called "The Fisherman‘s Fellowship". They were surrounded by streams and lakes full of hungry fish. They met regularly to discuss the call to fish, and the thrill of catching fish. They got excited about fishing!!Someone suggested that they needed a philosophy of fishing, so they carefully defined and redefined fishing, and the purpose of fishing. They developed fishing strategies and tactics. Then they realized that they had been going at it backwards. They had approached fishing from the point of view of the fisherman, and not from the point of view of the fish. How do fish view the world? How does the fisherman appear to the fish? What do fish eat, and when? These are all good things to know. So they began research studies, and attended conferences on fishing. Some traveled to far away places to study different kinds of fish, with different habits. Some got PhD‘s in fishology. But no one had yet gone fishing.So a committee was formed to send out fishermen. As prospective fishing places outnumbered fishermen, the committee needed to determine priorities.A priority list of fishing places was posted on bulletin boards in all of the fellowship halls. But still, no one was fishing. A survey was launched, to find out why… Most did not answer the survey, but from those that did, it was discovered that some felt called to study fish, a few to furnish fishing equipment, and several to go around encouraging the fisherman.What with meetings, conferences, and seminars, they just simply didn‘t have time to fish.Now, Jake was a newcomer to the Fisherman‘s Fellowship. After one stirring meeting of the Fellowship, Jake went fishing. He tried a few things, got the hang of it, and caught a choice fish. At the next meeting, he told his story, and he was honored for his catch, and then scheduled to speak at all the Fellowship chapters and tell how he did it. Now, because of all the speaking invitations and his election to the board of directors of the Fisherman‘s Fellowship, Jake no longer has time to go fishing.But soon he began to feel restless and empty. He longed to feel the tug on the line once again. So he cut the speaking, he resigned from the board, and he said to a friend, "Let‘s go fishing." They did, just the two of them, and they caught fish.The members of the Fisherman‘s Fellowship were many, the fish were plentiful, but the fishers were few. A million dollar lesson 千金一课A cab driver taught me a million dollar lesson in customer satisfaction and expectation. Motivational speakers charge thousands of dollars to impart this kind of training to corporate executives and staff. It cost me a $12 taxi ride.I had flown into Dallas for the sole purpose of calling on a client. Time was of the essence and my plan included a quick turnaround trip from and back to the airport. A spotless cab pulled up. The driver rushed to open the passenger door for me and made sure I was comfortably seated before he closed the door. As he got in the driver"s seat, he mentioned that the neatly folded Wall Street Journal next to me was for my use. He then showed me several tapes and asked me what type of music I would enjoy. Well! I looked around for a "Candid Camera!" Wouldn"t you? I could not believe the service I was receiving! I took the opportunity to say, "Obviously you take great pride in your work. You must have a story to tell.""You bet," he replied, "I used to be in Corporate America. But I got tired of thinking my best would never be good enough. I decided to find my niche in life where I could feel proud of being the best I could be. I knew I would never be a rocket scientist, but I love driving cars, being of service and feeling like I have done a full day"s work and done it well. I evaluate my personal assets and… wham! I became a cab driver. One thing I know for sure, to be good in my business I could simply just meet the expectations of my passengers. But, to be great in my business, I have to exceed the customer"s expectations! I like both the sound and the return of being "great" better than just getting by on "average"".Did I tip him big time? You bet! Corporate America"s loss is the travelling folk"s friend

During his evolution journey from Neanderthals to Homo erectus and then to Homo sapiens, man has come long way. Because of his continuous quest for more and more amenities and facilities, the nineties have seen a major turn around with the invention of computers. 10 years ago, the term internet was practically anonymous to most of the people. And today internet has become the most ever powerful tool for man throughout the world. The internet is a collection of various services and resources. Although, many people still think e-mail and World Wide Web as the principle constituents of internet, there is lot more in store than e-mail, chat rooms, celebrity web sites and search engines. It also became the best business tool of modern scenario. Today internet has brought a globe in a single room. Right from news across the corner of the world, wealth of knowledge to shopping, purchasing the tickets of your favorite movie-everything is at your finger tips. Internet has great potential and lot to offer… however, like every single innovation in science and technology, internet has its own advantages and disadvantages. AdvantagesCommunication: The foremost target of internet has always been the communication. And internet has excelled beyond the expectations .Still; innovations are going on to make it faster, more reliable. By the advent of computer"s Internet, our earth has reduced and has attained the form of a global village.Now we can communicate in a fraction of second with a person who is sitting in the other part of the world. Today for better communication, we can avail the facilities of e-mail; we can chat for hours with our loved ones. There are plenty messenger services in offering. With help of such services, it has become very easy to establish a kind of global friendship where you can share your thoughts, can explore other cultures of different ethnicity.InformationInformation is probably the biggest advantage internet is offering. The Internet is a virtual treasure trove of information. Any kind of information on any topic under the sun is available on the Internet. The search engines like Google, yahoo is at your service on the Internet. You can almost find any type of data on almost any kind of subject that you are looking for. There is a huge amount of information available on the internet for just about every subject known to man, ranging from government law and services, trade fairs and conferences, market information, new ideas and technical support, the list is end less.Students and children are among the top users who surf the Internet for research. Today, it is almost required that students should use the Internet for research for the purpose of gathering resources. Teachers have started giving assignments that require research on the Internet. Almost every coming day, researches on medical issues become much easier to locate. Numerous web sites available on the net are offering loads of information for people to research diseases and talk to doctors online at sites such as, America"s Doctor. During 1998 over 20 million people reported going online to retrieve health information.EntertainmentEntertainment is another popular raison d"être why many people prefer to surf the Internet. In fact, media of internet has become quite successful in trapping multifaceted entertainment factor. Downloading games, visiting chat rooms or just surfing the Web are some of the uses people have discovered. There are numerous games that may be downloaded from the Internet for free. The industry of online gaming has tasted dramatic and phenomenal attention by game lovers. Chat rooms are popular because users can meet new and interesting people. In fact, the Internet has been successfully used by people to find life long partners. When people surf the Web, there are numerous things that can be found. Music, hobbies, news and more can be found and shared on the Internet.ServicesMany services are now provided on the internet such as online banking, job seeking, purchasing tickets for your favorite movies, guidance services on array of topics engulfing the every aspect of life, and hotel reservations. Often these services are not available off-line and can cost you more.E-CommerceEcommerce is the concept used for any type of commercial maneuvering, or business deals that involves the transfer of information across the globe via Internet. It has become a phenomenon associated with any kind of shopping, almost anything. You name it and Ecommerce with its giant tentacles engulfing every single product and service will make you available at your door steps. It has got a real amazing and wide range of products from household needs, technology to entertainment.DisadvantagesTheft of Personal informationIf you use the Internet, you may be facing grave danger as your personal information such as name, address, credit card number etc. can be accessed by other culprits to make your problems worse.Spamming: Spamming refers to sending unwanted e-mails in bulk, which provide no purpose and needlessly obstruct the entire system. Such illegal activities can be very frustrating for you, and so instead of just ignoring it, you should make an effort to try and stop these activities so that using the Internet can become that much safer. Virus threatVirus is nothing but a program which disrupts the normal functioning of your computer systems. Computers attached to internet are more prone to virus attacks and they can end up into crashing your whole hard disk, causing you considerable headache.Pornography: This is perhaps the biggest threat related to your children"s healthy mental life. A very serious issue concerning the Internet. There are thousands of pornographic sites on the Internet that can be easily found and can be a detrimental factor to letting children use the Internet.Though, internet can also create havoc, destruction and its misuse can be very fatal, the advantages of it outweigh its disadvantages-------------------------------------------------------------Nowadays almost everyone in the world have had a contact with computers. A great part of them has been using international computer"s net known as Internet.I think using internet has more advantages then disadvantages. First of all, Internet provides access to a lot of information. Some of them are very useful in your job other helps in your hobby. Searching the net with Google, you can find everything you want. You can also do shopping using Internet. Of course it has no sense to buying a roll, but if you need something inaccessible, you will be able to buy it in Internet shop. You need only to select what you want, fill in some forms and click ok. In a few days you will get what you have ordered directly to your home, without going anywhere. You can pay with your credit card, pay postman when you get the package, or transfer money from your bank account. Nowadays almost every bigger bank offers transferring money with Internet. It is more faster then going to the bank and filling blankets. Transferring money in traditional way takes about a day, using Internet you can do this in few seconds even in Saturday and Sunday evenings. What"s more internet banks give you insurance against unauthorized transaction. Some people thinks that their money can by easily stolen by hackers. It isn"t true because the easiest way to steal your money from internet bank is breaking to your house and stealing you card of codes. Internet banks have very good protections witch make them practically unbreakable.Next advantage of internet is email. Internet mails get in a few seconds in their destinations. It is very important when you want to send something for example to Australia. Of course you can send not only texts. You can email whatever you want, movies, photos, songs, computer programs etc. Costs are very important advantage of emails. Sending an email is much cheaper then phoning, or sending normal letters.Beside a lot of advantages, Internet has some disadvantages too. First of disadvantages is that people who spend too much time sitting in the front of computer can easily gets ill. Radiation emitted by computer"s screen is harmful to eyes. People who spend too much time at their homes (because they needn"t go anywhere, they can do everything using Internet) are getting weaker. Sitting a for long time is also harmful to the spine. Second disadvantage is that Internet can by addictive. Some people just can"t live without it. They have no real friends and when Internet is down they are getting furious.Internet has some opponents but more and more people treats Internet like telephone, or radio. They use it for fun and work, and I think at present living without internet would be quite difficult. PS. Praca zostau0142a sprawdzona wiu0119c powinno byu0107 ok.-------------------------------

icws会议主题The IEEE International Conference on Web Services (ICWS) has been a prime international forum for both researchers and industry practitioners to exchange the latest fundamental advances in the state of the art and practice of Web-based services, identify emerging research topics, and define the future of Web-based services. All topics regarding Web-based services lifecycle study and management align with the theme of ICWS. In 2014, we will celebrate our 21st version of gathering, to strive to advance the largest international professional forum on Web-based services.The IEEE 2014 World Congress on Services (SERVICES 2014) is the biggest international forum that explores the science and technology of Services Computing, which was formally promoted by IEEE Computer Society since 2003. Under the umbrella of SERVICES 2014, ICWS 2014 will co-locate with the following service-oriented sister conferences: the 7th IEEE 2014 International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD 2014), the 11th IEEE 2014 International Conference on Services Computing (SCC 2014), the 3rd IEEE International Conference on Mobile Services (MS 2014), and the 3rd International Congress on Big Data (BigData 2014). The five co-located theme topic conferences will all center around "services," while each focusing on exploring different themes (web-based services, cloud-based services, services innovation lifecycle, mobile services, and Big Data-based services).From technology foundation perspective, Services Computing has become the default discipline in the modern services industry. As a major implementation technology for modernizing services industry, Web services are Internet-based programmable application components published using standard interface description languages and universally available via uniform communication protocols. In its 21 version, the program of ICWS 2014 will continue to feature research papers with a wide range of topics, focusing on various aspects of web-based services. Some of the topics include Web services specifications and enhancements, Web services discovery and integration, Web services QoS (e.g., security, performance, reliability, fault tolerance, etc.), Web services standards and formalizations, Web services modeling, Web services engineering, Web services testing, Web services-based applications and solutions, Web services realizations, semantics in Web services, Web services supporting Cloud Computing, Web services lifecycle management, and all aspects of Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) infrastructure and middleware. Extended versions of selected research track papers will be invited for potential publication in the IEEE Transactions on Services Computing (TSC), International Journal of Web Services Research (JWSR), and International Journal of Business Process Integration and Management (IJBPIM). Both TSC and JWSR are indexed by SCI and EI [Link]. According to Thomson Scientific, JWSR is listed in the 2008 Journal Citation Report with an Impact Factor of 1.200. The journal ranks #47 of 99 in the Computer Science, Information Systems and ranks #37 of 86 in Computer Science, Software Engineering. ICWS Proceedings are EI indexed.

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作者：秦金亮 山西师大学报：社科版 2002年04期 　　中图分类号：C0 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1001-5957(2002)02-0005-06 　　量化研究(Quantitative research)与质化研究(Qualitative research)是社会科学进 行事实性研究的两种基本范式，近年来引起了社会科学诸学科的广泛关注。本文旨在从 方法学的视角对国外社会科学的这两种研究范式间的关系进行梳理与评析。我们在讨论 二者的关系之前有必要明确各自的基本内涵。量化研究就是采用实验、调查、测验、结 构观察以及已有的数量化资料，对社会现象进行客观的研究，将所得结果作相应的统计 推断，使研究结果具有普遍的适应性。质化研究就是在自然的情境下采用无结构访谈、 焦点访谈、参与型观察、实物分析、文献档案等，对社会现象进行详细的描述，并从当 事人的视角理解其对现象的意义或对事物的看法，不对研究结果作普遍的推演。可以看 出量化研究和质化研究都指的是相关的一类研究方法(或称一类研究范式)，而不是指称 某一具体的研究方法。 　　一、量化研究与质化研究的兴起 　　方法学家布瑞曼说：“量化研究与质化研究有一个长期孕育的过去，但其形成系统的 方法体系却是近几年的事”[1](P28)。事实上量化研究的历史可追溯到奥古斯特·孔德 (Auguste·Comte)、赫伯特·斯宾塞(Herbert·Spencer)的实证主义时期，而真正从技 术层面推动量化研究进程的是统计学家威廉·配弟(William·Petty)，配弟在《政治算 术》中明确提出将数理方法运用于社会科学研究，开数量化运动之先河。20世纪初世界 科学中心由欧洲移向美国，社会科学数量化运动才成为一种潮流。社会学家斯托哥(S.S tauger)在问卷设计、抽样设计的基础上提出了问卷和抽样的数量分析方法，社会学家 拉扎尔斯费尔德(P.Lazarsfeld)一生致力于建立社会统计分析的数学模型，在社会学中 形成了同芝加哥学派相抗衡的哥伦比亚数量学派。在政治学中普遍使用概率论、游戏论 等数量方法进行竞选分析，在教育学中运用实验方法推动了实验教育学的发展，在心理 学中行为主义所推行的严密实验方法，力图使心理学成为像物理学一样的实验行为学科 。上述学科的量化研究运动发展了实验法、测量法、问卷法、数学模型法等量化研究方 法。 　　质化研究的兴起也是多学科发展的产物，质化研究的概念有不同的称谓，在中国大陆 人们惯称为定性研究(陈向明，1996)，香港、台湾、新加坡等地将它译为“质的研究” 、“质化研究”、“质性研究”(陈珀璋，1989；胡幼慧，1996；高敬文，1996)。质化 研究源于人类学的民族志研究(ethnography)，ethno意指一个文化群体、一个民族，gr aphy意为描绘、描述。因而民族志就是对特定文化的人群进行详细的、生动的、情境化 的描述，以探究特定文化中人们的生活方式、行为样式、价值观念等。民族志的兴起在 于西方殖民地对异文化原始部落的极大兴趣，早期人类学家主要使用探险家、航海家、 贸易商、传教士、殖民官员所记录的文字资料作为研究异文化的素材，而很少自己亲自 搜集第一手资料，他们认为整理分析资料更重要[1]。最早倡导实地调查研究的是美国 人类学家博厄士(F.Boas)，他带领学生经常到美国西北海岸的印第安部落进行实地调查 ，人类学称其为田野工作(fieldwork)。真正开创长期田野工作的是英国人类学家马林 诺夫斯基(B.Malinowski)，其内容主要包括以深度访谈、参与观察的方式对调查对象的 所言、所行、所思进行详细的描述和辨析，他并于1922年写就了《西太平洋的航海者》 和《安达曼岛民》两部经典性的民族志专著。在社会学领域，社会学家、社会心理学家 乔治·米德(George.Mead)创立了以符号互动论为指导的芝加哥学派。芝加哥学派在上 世纪二三十年代深入到城市、农村、社区、组织，开展了广泛而深入的社会调查，这些 研究不仅成为之后社会学的精典之作，而且为质化研究积累了宝贵的技术方法。在社会学中推动质化研究兴起的另一场革命性的运动是H·加芬克尔(Harold Garfinkel)领导 的常人方法学(ethnomethodology)运动。在心理学中直接推动质化研究发展的是布伦塔 诺(F.Brentano)开创的现象学心理学研究。布伦塔诺认为心理学不应研究意识的内容， 而应是“意动”，实验的内省法只适合于心理内容的研究，对“意动”的研究应是一种 反省性的内部知觉，这种反省性内部知觉的方法就是后来现象学方法的雏形。 　　二、量化研究与质化研究的对峙 　　量化研究与质化研究从其形成之日起，就存在着各自鲜明的风格，这是科学精神与人 文精神在研究方法上的具体表现。方法学者库亨(Cohen)在《实证主义终结了吗?》一文 中认为：“任何研究不管研究者是否自觉意识到与否，必然有研究的方法学前提，实证 主义哲学虽已经消亡，但它对社会研究方法的影响却是持续的。”[2](P149)克瑞斯威 尔(Creswell)则详细分析了量化研究与质化研究在选择研究问题、研究中的方法学前提 的对立。[3]下面我们结合上述两位学者的观点，对量化研究与质化研究的方法学前提 对立作一分析。 　　量化研究的本体论假定是，社会现象是独立于研究者之外的客观存在，因此，对社会 现象的研究必须采用客观的观察、测量，目的是实现研究的客观化。质化研究的本体论 设定则是将社会现象看作是主体涉入的生活世界，它绝对不同于客观的物理主义世界， 客观化必然使生活世界退化为物理主义世界，生活世界的鲜活性将不复存在，人文世界 就变成了原子式的“砖瓦泥”实体世界。 　　量化研究的认识论假定是研究者独立于被研究者之外，研究者与被研究者之间是一种 主客关系，研究者完全可以作为一个局外人，远离被研究者，同被研究者保持距离，避 免主观价值的涉入。质化研究的认识论假定则是，研究者与被研究者是双主体的互动过 程，因为社会科学的研究对象是人及其关系，它与自然科学的研究对象有着本质的区别 ，因而在研究过程中研究者与被研究者之间不是保持一定的距离，而是最大限度地缩小 “我—他”人际距离，深入到被研究者的内心世界，获得真切的体验和认同。 　　量化研究的价值论假定是，在量化研究中保持价值中立，研究者在研究设计、选择被试、研究控制、操作化过程、结果形式化表达等方面都力图以局外人的方式保持价值无 涉。质化研究则认为涉及人的双主体研究保持价值中立是不可能的，因而量化研究标榜 的价值无涉犹如掩耳盗铃一般，是方法论的幼稚表现。且不说对人的研究，行为主义者 对动物的研究还犯有拟人论的错误，因此质化研究认为，与其价值涉入难以避免，还不 如老老实实地承认价值涉入的存在。在表达方面，量化研究讲求精确、形式化、可操作 化、数量化，质化研究则强调研究者对社会现象的理解和意义的发现。从研究方式来看 ，量化研究一般是从已有(或前人)的假设出发，通过实验、调查等方法来验证(或证伪) 已有的假设，因而是一种演绎性的验证。量化研究要对变量操作化定义，通过测量以发 现变量间的因果关系。在选择被试方面，要求按随机化原则来抽样，目的是要得出可概 括的、可推广的结论。质化研究则是从当下发生的事实出发，直接面对事实，以归纳的 方式获得本质属性，尽力避免受已有理论或假设的干扰或污染，直接面对事实本身；质 化研究不重视概括，并认为越是概括的东西，对具体现象越缺乏解释力，因而重视研究 的个别化。 　　三、量化研究与质化研究的融合 　　量化研究与质化研究的上述方法学前提的对立，并不是不可以弥合的。社会科学研究 对象的复杂性决定了其研究方法不应是单一的，而应是多样的。国外学者近年来在诸多 学科讨论量化研究与质化研究的融合[4][5][6]，其中“多情境一多方法”、“多特征 —多方法”是讨论的热门主题。这种方法学理论认为，从社会科学某一学科的整体来 说需要多样化的方法，因为研究问题的情境不同、特征不同，方法也就不应相同。[7] 当代美国著名方法学者克莱斯万(D.Krathwohl)认为，质化研究与量化研究的两极对立 ，仅是方法学表达的需要和实践中人们的极端所为，事实上，从质化到量化是一个连续 的过程，纯描述的归纳与纯数量的演绎仅是连续中的两个极点，大多数的研究方法如调 查、评估研究、纵向研究、行动研究等则是两极之外的中间。创造性地吸收各自的优点 ，是每位研究者须予考察的问题。这些方法中依据研究问题的不同，可能某一问题采用 此极(指质化)的多些，另一问题采用彼极(指量化)的多些，重要的是研究问题决定最适 宜的方法取向。[8] 　　另一些方法学者如迈克思威尔和克瑞斯威尔，则从量化研究与质化研究的优势与缺陷 方面探讨两类研究范式融合的可能性，在此我们作一总括。质化研究的优点主要表现在 ：(1)质化研究能对微观的、深层的、特殊的社会现象进行深入细致的描述与分析，能 了解被试复杂的、深层的心理生活经验。(2)质化研究适合于对陌生的、异文化的、不 熟悉的社会现象进行探索性研究，为以后建立明确的理论假设奠定基础。(3)质化研究 更适合于动态性研究，对社会现象的整个脉络进行详细的动态描述。(4)质化研究采取 自然主义的研究范式，重视在自然情境下研究人的经验世界，因而研究的结果更切合人 们的生活实际，研究结果的运用更具有针对性。(5)质化研究采用归纳的方式建立自下 而上的理论，适合于扎根理论或小型理论的建立。(6)质化研究重视研究者与被研究者 之间的互动过程，重视在互动中建构理论和知识体系，可避免教条主义和机械主义。质 化研究的缺点主要表现在：(1)质化研究不适合于宏观研究，质化研究通常采用个案、 深度访谈、参与性观察收集资料，因而不适合对大量被试进行大样本的宏观研究，也不 宜发现某一社会现象趋势性的特点。(2)质化研究不适合对社会现象进行数量的因果分 析和相关分析，不利于发现社会现象间的因果规律。(3)质化研究结果不能作概率上的 推断演绎，研究结果不具有普遍的代表性和可推广性。(4)质化研究具有一定的主观性 、人为性、经验性、情境性。(5)质化研究过程缺乏具体的操作化程序和技巧，在实施 过程中更多的是靠研究者的知识经验、文化背景、个人悟性等主观因素，同量化研究相 比其知识体系不利于学习、传播和推广，对于初学者和天赋不高者难以在短时间内掌握 。(6)质化研究的结果和评估标准具有一定的模糊性，由于质化研究重视的是研究过程 中研究者与被研究者的知识建构，质化研究一般没有明确的结论，更不能盖棺定论；同 时质化研究的评估标准不像量化研究有客观、明确的标准，质化研究的质量主要通过“ 读者”的主观认可。 　　量化研究具有以下优点：(1)适合于宏观研究，发现趋势性的特征，如一般人群的智力 呈正态分布，反应时呈正偏态分布等。(2)适合于对社会现象进行数量化的因果分析和 相关分析，发现趋势性的因果规律与相关规律。(3)研究结果可作概念上的推断演绎， 只要测量尺度、数据类型符合数学模型的要求，推断就是正确的、有代表性的、可推广 的。(4)量化研究可证实或证伪已形成的理论假设，并不断地修改和完善已有的理论假 设。(5)量化研究具有一定的客观性，量化研究方法有具体、明确的操作程序，结果的 检验有具体的检测手段和系统的评估标准，上述特点基本能保证研究操作和结果的可 重复性。量化研究的缺点表现在：(1)量化研究主要是对社会现象的表层进行量化测量 ，然后以“黑箱”的方式推知其内在过程，不能揭示深层的内在的结构。(2)量化研究 测量的是行为事实，不能测得行为的意义，行为的意义需要质化研究的体验和理解。(3 )量化研究重视的是对社会现象进行静态的横向研究，虽然也有纵向的时间系列设计， 但依然难以描述社会现象的动态过程及其作用机制。(4)量化研究习惯以资料趋中的平 均水平，反映某一行为事实，因而它代表的是总体的平均状况，而对总体的特殊个体不 仅不具有代表意义，而且会扭曲特殊个体的实际状况。(5)有相当量化研究很难达到理 想数学模型的约束条件，但仍用该数学模型，结果得出不真实或错误的结论。 　　从上面我们对质化研究与量化研究优缺点的讨论可以发现，量化研究与质化研究可以 优势互补。在相当的情况下，量化研究的优势却是质化研究的不足，而质化研究的长处 却是量化研究的短处。因而将这两类方法加以融通可以实现宏观与微观结合，静态与动 态结合，控制情境与自然情境结合，事实与意义相统一，建构假设与验证假设相统一， 客观度量与主观体验相统一，实现多层面、多角度、多方法研究某一主题。 　　近年来社会科学界的方法学者力图超越两种研究范式的方法学前提设定和研究风格的 差异，进一步探讨了量化研究与质化研究具体融合的途径，形成了Maxwell、Ragin、Si eber、Trend、Vidich、Fine等不同的具体融合模式。在此我们总结如下： 　　1.次序式融合。次序式融合就是指在一项研究中，首先使用一种方法，以后再使用另 一种方法，两种方法的使用存在前后次序。在研究的探索时期，适宜用质化研究；在研 究形成理论框架和理论假设后，可采用量化研究来验证理论。[9]对此费纳等(Fine)提 出三种次序式融合方式：(1)通过参与观察发现理论，然后以实验检验理论；(2)通过访 谈建立理论，再以实验检验理论；(3)通过隐蔽式非参与观察构建理论，后以实验法来 验证理论。[10] 　　2.平行式融合。平行式融合是指一项研究中质化研究与量化研究方法同时使用，而不 是根据不同的研究阶段，分先后次序使用。对于大型的研究课题可采用平行式融合，即 同时采用量化研究与质化研究方法，这样的研究一般有血有肉，点面融合，研究结果能 够相互补充，相得益彰。但这样的研究方式也可能会出现结论的不一致，在这样的情况 下要容忍研究结果分歧，因为在有的情况下结果没有对错之分，我们可以修正整体的理 论框架，使不同的研究结果整合到一个更高的概括水平。[11][12] 　　3.交叉式融合。交叉式融合是指在一项研究中量化研究与质化研究交替进行，它适合 于对一项课题进行深入的扩展性研究。社会科学有不少课题需要向纵深发展，在研究中 一般先用质化研究建立理论假设，然后再同时采用量化研究和质化研究进一步扩展理论 ，再形成新的研究假设，再采用量化研究与质化研究验证假设和修改假设。通过量化研 究与质化研究的交叉进行，可使一项研究逐步深入并逐步扩大。交叉式融合在使用时要 求研究者同时对量化研究与质化研究有精深的方法学训练。否则在研究设计中使用不当 难以达到预期的效果，甚至比使用单一方法效果还差。[13] 　　4.同步主辅式融合。根据研究问题的性质确定将一种量化研究或质化研究的方法作为 主导方法，而将其他方法作为辅助方法同步进行。如皮亚杰关于儿童思维发展的研究起 初以交谈法为主，辅以实验控制研究，后以实验控制为主，辅以交谈观察获得资料。主 辅同步式融合一般在某一主导方法下，通过多种途径收集资料，这样不仅可以多方位认 识研究对象，且方法间可以相互补充。[14] 　　5.主辅嵌入式融合。这种融合方法的特点是确定一种量化或质化研究的方法作为主要 方法，然后将其他方法融入主导方法中去。如在社会心理学中著名的米尔格拉姆(S.Mil gram)权威服从研究，该研究的主导方法是实验法，通过控制实验情境，进行实验干预 ，获得实验资料，同时该实验也将参与观察、访谈嵌入实验中去，既获得了量化的数据 资料，也获得了质化的描述资料，使该实验研究的资料更加丰富、详实、充分。[10] 　　量化研究与质化研究融合的方式和途径还会有多种，因为法无定法、法无定则，只要 某种融合方式更加切合研究问题的要求，这种融合就是可行的、成功的。对于社会科学 研究来说，大量的研究属于复杂的社会文化研究，因而采用多方法的量化研究与质化研 究的融合是非常必要的。质化研究与量化研究不是在对立中相互抑制，而是在融合中发 挥各自的优势，弥补各自的不足，勃发融合的整合效应。 　　收稿日期：2002-01-15 作者介绍：秦金亮(1966-)，男，山西原平人，山西师范大学教育与心理科学院院长，副教授，心 理学哲学博士，主要从事方法学、元科学研究。山西师范大学 教育与心理科学院，山西 临汾 041004

可以mega进化的宠物有：喷火龙，水箭龟，妙蛙花，蜥蜴王，火焰鸡，巨沼怪，路卡利欧，暴雪王，冰鬼护，女朗兔，比雕，袋龙，大钢蛇，波士可多拉，巨金怪，班吉拉，血翼飞龙，烈咬陆鲨，雷电兽，电龙，大甲，赫拉克罗斯，暴鲤龙，胡地，莎娜朵，艾路雷朵，喷火驼，巨牙鲨，狄鬼，勾魂眼，诅咒娃娃，黑鲁加，超梦，裂空座，古拉顿，盖欧卡，拉帝亚斯，拉帝欧斯。1，《口袋妖怪》（Pocket Monster，ポケットモンスター）系列是一套由日本GAME FREAK代表田尻智于1995年开发、日本任天堂株式会社于1996年推出的一款Game Boy（任天堂所推出之掌上型游戏机）游戏。2，口袋妖怪系列游戏以角色扮演（RPG）为主，辅以战略和动作游戏，在游戏中，玩家总是作为一位PM（pokemon）训练家到各地旅行，完成各种交付的任务，并沿途与PM训练家挑战，不断提升自己的战斗能力，打败八大会馆的首领和四大天王，最终与冠军战斗，取得最后的胜利。游戏最大的乐趣是收集、捕捉各种各样可爱的精灵，完成口袋妖怪图鉴。由于许多精灵在游戏中只有1只，而且一旦捕捉失败就没有第二次的机会，每部作品最后一只精灵要通过特殊的方法才能得到。因此，精灵的捕捉成为游戏一大乐趣。

百词斩上市了。封面新闻从天眼查获悉，根据成都超有爱科技公司工商资料，该公司注册资本为255.2487万元，公司成立两年左右，获得天使轮融资和A轮，2015年B轮融资由中国文化产业投资基金投资，金额数千万元。一、百词斩上市了2016年中国文化产业投资基金参与了C轮融资，不过这一次融资金额未对外披露。截止目前，公司五大股东为：成都超有趣科技公司持股33.0474%、成都超好奇企业管理咨询合伙企业持股26.4857%、中国文化产业投资基金持股11.5752%、经纬（杭州）创业投资合伙企业持股11.3551%、北京红杉盛德股权投资中心持股8.6986%。二、封面新闻从天眼查获悉成都超有爱科技公司工商资料显示，公司注册资本为255.2487万元。该公司成立两年左右时间，就获得了天使轮融资和A轮。2015年B轮融资是由中国文化产业投资基金投资，金额为数千万元；2016年中国文化产业投资基金参与了C轮融资，不过这一次融资金额未对外披露。截止目前，公司五大股东为：成都超有趣科技公司持股33.0474%、成都超好奇企业管理咨询合伙企业持股26.4857%、中国文化产业投资基金持股11.5752%、经纬（杭州）创业投资合伙企业持股11.3551%、北京红杉盛德股权投资中心持股8.6986%。综上所述，百词斩是一个英语单词学习平台，通过选择给定单词的图片来增加英语学习者的形象记忆，内容可按照主流考试雅思、托福、考研、GRE、四六级、专四专八、GMAT等考试选项进行不同选择。

歌曲：men in black歌手：will smith u2022 搜索"men in black"LRC歌词u2022 搜索"men in black"mp3 [ar:will smith][ti:men in black][by:alek ]it"s the m.i.b."s, oh, here come the m.i.b."shere come the men in blackhere come the men in black (men in black)they won"t let you remembernanana...the good guys dress in black remember thatjust in case we ever face to face and make contactthe title held by me...m.i.b.means what you think you saw, you did not seeso don"t blinkthink what was there but now"s goneblack suit with the black ray ban"s onwalk in shadow move in silenceguard against extra-terrestrial violencebut though we ain"t on no government listwe straight don"t existno names and no figerprintssaw something strangewatch your backcause you never quite know where the m.i.b."s is atuh and...here come the men in black (men in black)the galaxy defenders (uh uh, uh uh)here come the men in black (men in black)they won"t let you remember (uh uh, uh uh)now from the deepest of the darkest of nighton the horizon, bright light in the site tightcameras zoom, only your pen been doombut then like boom black suits fill the room upwith the quickness talk with the witnesseshypnotize, neuralizevivid memories turn to fantasiesain"t no m.i.b."scan i pleasedo what we say that"s the way we kick itya know what i meani say my noisy cricket get wicket on yawe"re your first, last and only line of defenceagainst the worst scum of the universeso don"t fear us, jeer usif you ever get near us, don"t jeer uswe"re the fearlessm.i.b."s freezin" the ball of flatwhats that stand for?men in black.the men in blackthe men in blacklet me see ya just bounce it with mejust bounce with mejust bounce it with me c"monlet me see ya just slide with mejust slide with mejust slide with me c"monlet me see ya take a walk with mejust walk with metake a walk with me c"monand make your neck worknow freezehere come the men in black (men in black)the galaxy defenders (right on, right on)here come the men in black (men in black)they won"t let you remembera-ight check itlet me tell you this in closin"i know we might seem imposin"but trust me if we ever show in your sessionbelieve me it"s for your own protectioncuz we see things that you need not seeand we be places that you need not beso go with your lifeforget that roswell crapshow love to the black suitcuz that"s the men inthat"s the men in...here come the men in black (here we come)the galaxy defenders (galaxy defenders)here come the men in black (oh here they come)they won"t let you remember (won"t let you remember)the galaxy defenders (uh uh, uh uh)here come the men in blackthey won"t let you remember tell me whyI really wish I could explain it, baby (why) It"s just the world is kinda crazy, baby (why) Ain"t no pretty way to paint it, baby (why) Don"t cry, dry your eyes September 11th, I woke up about 7 am west coast time, french toast And my turkey bacon, taking my time, awakin", turning my TV onTo my surprise, saw what everybody in the world saw Me and my children, images were chillin" My son said "Daddy, were there people in that building?" A cold sweat, frozen, with a lump in my chest I heard his question, couldn"t bring my lips to say "Yes" to him That night at my son"s side, he cried and prayed For the one"s who died in the World Trades His palms to God, seeds and qualms with God He just kept on pressin" me, wanna know why Then one week later, our bombs were dropped We seein" them on CNN, they just won"t stop The infra-red images of brutal attack He said "Daddy, now we killin" "em back" (right, right) I really wish I could explain it, baby (why) It"s just the world is kinda crazy, baby (why) Ain"t no pretty way to paint it, baby (why) Don"t cry, dry your eyes I really wish I could explain it, baby (why) It"s just the world is kinda crazy, baby (why) Ain"t no pretty way to paint it, baby (why) Don"t cry, dry your eyes [Mary J. Blige] Souls are captured Dreams are stolen, hearts are broken Evil blatantly rewarded Hate surrenders, love exalted Hope elated, negativity is shorted Why is the bomb always gettin" the last word And why did her uncles have to molest her And why did all them cops have to be shootin" to kill And why did all them priests have to act so ill Tell me why did James Byrd Jr. have to be touched Tell me why did Malcolm and Martin depart from us Tell me why did that sniper make the little boy shoot And why does human life always denied for loot Tell me why did Mandela have to live in a cage Why did my brother, Sterling, have to die at that age Tell me why did Reginald Denny deserve his fate And why the f*ck can"t love seem to defeat hate Tell me why is it so hard for all the children to eat Why did Pac and Biggie Smalls have to fall in the street Tell me why did Jam Master J have to go that way Please, what am I supposed to say to my kids when they say "Why?" I really wish I could explain it, baby (why) It"s just the world is kinda crazy, baby (why) Ain"t no pretty way to paint it, baby (why) Don"t cry, dry your eyes I really wish I could explain it, baby (why) It"s just the world is kinda crazy, baby (why) Ain"t no pretty way to paint it, baby (why) Don"t cry, dry your eyes Can"t explain it baby, life is just really crazy I mean if it"s world wars or the life of a little baby We got more stores than they got rice under Buddha lazy You live four score and still it be driving you crazy But for me, I try to see the bright side Sometimes it"d be like the goodness be tryin" to hide Then try to flee, but it can"t it"s deep inside Sweetie, you be the light for the others, make "em believe in God [Mary J. Blige]Souls are captured Dreams are stolen, hearts are broken Evil blatantly rewarded Hate surrenders, love exalted Hope elated, negativity is shorted

歌曲名:はつ恋歌手:GILLE专辑:I AM GILLE.「はつ恋」作词∶Masaharu Fukuyama英语词∶GILLE/Komei Kobayashi作曲∶Masaharu Fukuyama歌∶GILLEI know my love could be hurting youI know I gotta, gotta get you off my mindBut I just can"t live without you anymoreI just want you back againSince the day we chose to be apartI know we both found somebody elseStill I dream of you, wanting you back into my lifeI know I have a place to call my homeI know I have somebody to call my ownIt"s gotta be wrong to be lovin" youI have to let you goNo, we can never beNever be friends againI know we can never go back to being in love againBut I still think of youAnd you"re always gonna be the oneSo let me just call you my first loveStill I think about the good times that we hadAnd I just reminisce, reading through the letters you gave meAnd every little thing that you were dreaming ofIt keeps on tearing up my heartAnd I know I really broke your heartSo I thought I should just leave you aloneI used to think that it"s gotta be a righteous thing to doBut tell me what"s the use of being rightWhen I can"t even hold you in my armsWhen I can"t tell you how much I love and how I want you backI think I have figured it outThe true meaning of loveEven though I had to go through the pain of losing youYou"ll never come back to meBut you"re always gonna be the oneSo you will always be in my heartSomeday, the time will tellWhy you had to goWhy I have to keep on livingWithout youBut I"m wonderingIf I can fall in loveJust once again with somebody elseNo, we can never beNever be friends againI know we can never go back to being in love againBut I still think of youAnd you"re always gonna be the oneSo let me just call you my first loveLet me just call you my first loveLet me just call you my first love终わりhttp://music.baidu.com/song/20632783

Tomcat 服务器是一个免费的开放源代码的Web 应用服务器，目前最新版本是6.0.18(截止到2008-08-27)。 Tomcat是Apache 软件基金会（Apache Software Foundation）的Jakarta 项目中的一个核心项目，由Apache、Sun 和其他一些公司及个人共同开发而成。由于有了Sun 的参与和支持，最新的Servlet 和JSP 规范总是能在Tomcat 中得到体现，Tomcat 5 支持最新的Servlet 2.4 和JSP 2.0 规范。因为Tomcat 技术先进、性能稳定，而且免费，因而深受Java 爱好者的喜爱并得到了部分软件开发商的认可，成为目前比较流行的Web 应用服务器。 Tomcat 很受广大程序员的喜欢，因为它运行时占用的系统资源小，扩展性好，支持负载平衡与邮件服务等开发应用系统常用的功能；而且它还在不断的改进和完善中，任何一个感兴趣的程序员都可以更改它或在其中加入新的功能。 Tomcat 是一个小型的轻量级应用服务器，在中小型系统和并发访问用户不是很多的场合下被普遍使用，是开发和调试JSP 程序的首选。对于一个初学者来说，可以这样认为，当在一台机器上配置好Apache 服务器，可利用它响应对HTML 页面的访问请求。实际上Tomcat 部分是Apache 服务器的扩展，但它是独立运行的，所以当你运行tomcat 时，它实际上作为一个与Apache 独立的进程单独运行的。 这里的诀窍是，当配置正确时，Apache 为HTML页面服务，而Tomcat 实际上运行JSP 页面和Servlet。另外，Tomcat和IIS、Apache等Web服务器一样，具有处理HTML页面的功能，另外它还是一个Servlet和JSP容器，独立的Servlet容器是Tomcat的默认模式。不过，Tomcat处理静态HTML的能力不如Apache服务器。

歌曲名:Black Mi Black歌手:Papa Levi专辑:Lyrics, Tricks & PoliticsIts the M.I.B.s, oh, here come the M.I.B.sHere come the Men in BlackHere come the Men in Black (Men in Black)They wont let you rememberNanana...The good guys dress in black remember thatJust in case we ever face to face and make contactThe title held by me...M.I.B.Means what you think you saw, you did not seeSo dont blinkThink what was there but nows goneBlack suit with the black Ray Bans onWalk in shadow move in silenceGuard against extra-terrestrial violenceBut though we aint on no government listWe straight dont existNo names and no figerprintsSaw something strangeWatch your backCause you never quite know where the M.I.B.s is atUh and...Here come the Men in Black (Men in Black)The galaxy defenders (uh uh, uh uh)Here come the Men in Black (Men in Black)They wont let you remember (uh uh, uh uh)Now from the deepest of the darkest of nightOn the horizon, bright light in the site tightCameras zoom, only your pen been doomBut then like BOOM black suits fill the room upWith the quickness talk with the witnessesHypnotize, neuralizeVivid memories turn to fantasiesAint no M.I.B.sCan I pleaseDo what we say thats the way we kick itYa know what I meanI say my noisy cricket get wicket on yaWere your first, last and only line of defenceAgainst the worst scum of the universeSo dont fear us, jeer usIf you ever get near us, dont jeer usWere the fearlessM.I.B.s freezin the ball of flatWhats that stand for?Men In Black.The Men in BlackThe Men in BlackLet me see ya just bounce it with meJust bounce with meJust bounce it with me cmonLet me see ya just slide with meJust slide with meJust slide with me cmonLet me see ya take a walk with meJust walk with meTake a walk with me cmonAnd make your neck workNow freezeHere come the Men in Black (Men in Black)The galaxy defenders (right on, right on)Here come the Men in Black (Men in Black)They wont let you rememberA-ight check itLet me tell you this in closinI know we might seem imposinBut trust me if we ever show in your sessionBelieve me its for your own protectionCuz we see things that you need not seeAnd we be places that you need not beSo go with your lifeForget that Roswell crapShow love to the black suitCuz thats the men inThats the men in...Here come the Men in Black (here we come)The galaxy defenders (galaxy defenders)Here come the Men in Black (oh here they come)They wont let you remember (wont let you remember)The galaxy defenders (uh uh, uh uh)Here come the Men in Blackhttp://music.baidu.com/song/15994196

百词斩领读单词1，百词斩APP之前的版本可以通过设置 - 背单词方法设置和修改背单词方法，但是在最新版APP内已经取消了背单词设置和学习入口；2，官方将背单词方法和学习的入口改为了【训练】通过下方的功能栏中的“训练”进入选择背单词方法页面；3，在训练页面，我们可以选择众多的背单词方法，例如单词速听、单词自检、英文选义、填空拼写等等，大家可以选择需要背单词的方法进行学习背单词。

拟一位社会人类学家的自述在我接触社会人类学的那天起 ,就不得不面对这样的困惑：人类学既然是一门关于人的科学,那么哲学、文学、历史难道不是关于人的研究吗?专门研究社会的社会学不算是关于人的科学吗?而这样的困惑,即便时至今日也常常会被人提及质询. 但依我看来,人类学在他产生之初,其实是有包打天下的壮志雄心的.他以研究人为自己的职责,作为自己的学科边界.但在逐步的发展、成熟过程当中,他拥有了自己独特的领域和视野：他要通过观察和研究他者的生活方式来理解自我的习惯与风俗.而这一点的确立,也是经过了漫长的学科演化过程的. 社会人类学一词,最早出现在1907年剑桥大学聘任弗雷泽为人类学教授的聘书上.而要溯及这一词汇的出现,则依旧要回到人类学的童年时代.那时的人类学以体质人类学研究为主要方向.但是人类学家们逐渐认识到,影响人的进化和发展的不仅仅是生物方面的因素.知识、信仰、技术、法律、道德等等,都对人的进化发展有着重要的作用.因而一批专门研究人的文化层面的学者,主张从作为人的基本特征的文化入手来研究人.这一流脉被称为文化人类学.它分为分为考古人类学、语言人类学以及社会文化人类学.而其中的第三个分支又曾经被称为成为民族学.名族学在英法等国的发展中,与社会学许多因素结合起来,成为社会人类学. 而社会人类学中,也存在着视角的区分.尽管人类学越来越脱离那种非社会、非人类的自然科学轨迹,而转入人文学和社会科学来寻求解释.但也由此分为两派,一派注重不同社会、民族和群体的生活方式和文化的创造性的研究和发现.另一派则从经验事实中归纳出某种一般的、具有普遍意义的理论.这种争论今天也存在,而且我觉得日后也必将延续下去.不过在我看来,他们争论的核心不过是对于文化具有相对性还是普遍性的观点不同.而人类学家所需要做的恰恰就是在把我文化相对性特质的基础上,寻求世界大同,也即是一种沟通微观与宏观的综合视角. 至此我们或许会简单认为,社会人类学不过是人类学分支中一个流脉.但是在学科发展的过程中并非如此的.因为社会人类学,或是社会文化人类学、民族学其实是作为现代人类学的核心和展现在我们面前的.而要理解这一问题,则需要理解人类学从近代向现代的那一次棺盖却难以论定的转变. 知识的背后隐藏着权力,科学有的时候恰恰成为了一种意识形态.而人类学从产生到发展深深的引证了这一结论：西方人类学的发展过程是与西方为中心的世界体系几乎同步形成的.甚至在某些问题中,人类学为西方国家的殖民活动张目.而在这样的学科旨趣背后,则是进化论观点的作用.这一理论来自于社会达尔文主义,他把社会的进步看作是一种匀速行进的必然,并且认为凡是同西方生活方式不同的,都是落后的,尚未进化的.因而作为上帝的文明子民有义务帮助未开化的兄弟.但这一理论的缺陷也恰恰在于他无法解释为什么不同的民族会处于不同的发展阶段,如果社会的演进都是必然和匀速的话. 因此,针对这一问题,人类学思潮中又兴起了传播论观点.他们认为文明的历史是文明逐步分化成不同个边缘文化的过程,也就是说文化的历史进程就是一个文化的衰退过程.他很大程度上揭示了空间上文化不同的原因,但是我们也能够看到的问题就是这种理论存有文化等级秩序预断的观点,并依旧把西方文明作为最高的核心. 在经历了以上的两股思潮之后,人类学进入了二十世纪.此时两位奠基人的出现,使得社会人类学成为了真正的社会人类学,并进而成为了人类学知识的核心. 第一位便是马林诺斯基,他为社会人类学奠定了基本的研究方法和探索领域.马氏认为,一个合格的人类学家,一定要对地方文化进行深入的考察,进行实地研究.他反对运用进化论的观点对不同于己的文化主观预断,主张移情式的理解当地文化的细微之处.而他通过田野调差研究所撰写的报告文字,便是日后成为社会人类学主要方法的民族志（ ethnography). 另一位奠基人则是同马氏处于一个时代的布朗.在布朗的观念里,社会人类学等于比较社会学,他认为一个民族的情况是不能够具有普遍性的,因此主张不要停留于西方社会的研究,而要勇于走入他者的世界：两相参照,才能够得到真正的社会科学理论.而在分析视角中,布朗主张看待社会不仅要看他的外观,也要注重分析它的结构.因为内部的结构决定了外部的表现,而内部各个部分的相互依赖、作用,有对于结构本身具有功能.日后这一理论被我们通称为结构功能主义. 而从此时起,社会人类学有了他成熟的方法、比较有效地解释理论范式,从而日益成为了当今人类学的主流.而在这两者中,永远变动的是理论范式的思潮,相对恒定的则是民族志这一比较成熟的方法. 这一方法之所以恒定,是因为他体现了人类学的实质：他者的目光与好古之心. 他者的目光,老师曾将之称之为离我远去的艺术.是的,这是一门艺术.因为社会人类学本身要求我们走出自己所在,勇入他者的世界.在另一片天地中反观自我的生活.而对我而言,它不仅仅是一门艺术,更是一种超越自我勇气,追寻人类道统的责任和一份对于这个世界另外一种可能性、多样性的追寻. 一名人类学家,他要主动远离自己熟悉的一切,到达一片非我的世界.在这里运用客人的目光看待周遭的万象并进而超越自己的文化,超越自己的惯习,领略他人的不同从而最终超越自我为主的心灵,达到对于自我文化与生活的反思.前辈马林诺斯基曾在的日记中流露出这样一种工作的苦闷与单调.而我们可以设想,一名人类学家,他需要怎样的才华与学识,怎样的勇气与担当才能够真正做到在熟悉的世界中将自我剥离,在他者的世界里回归本体?老师曾经告诫我,没有一个人能够将自己彻底的剥离.而我以我的经历认为,一名社会人类学者就需要从这种不可能中探索最大的可能性,尽可能的去看清我们习以为常到已然忽略的另外的世界. 人类学家都是有好古之心的.这并非是现代性下的转变所带来的思乡之情,而是自人类学产生的那一刻起便是如此.曾今的他自信满满的划分了三个世界,并向群氓宣告自己所研究的是未开化民族的生活.而伴随着进化论、传播论的式微,他者的目光方法的运用,人类学不再宣称自己所研究的对象是未开化的民族,但研究那些与现代化进程主流相异的民族与生活的传统却保留了下来.并且在祛除近代以来西方中心论的模式后,越来越强调在这些地区与民族中寻找到现代性的破绽和不足：在此,社会学与社会人类学也达成了一致前者是在现代性的背景中反思现代性的问题,而后者则是从与现代精神方枘圆凿中寻求人之为人的真谛. 民族志这一方法集中地体现了以上两个方面的结合：发好古之心的人类学家是不惮以最大的勇气和担当以他者的目光步入一片陌生世界的.在这里,他要至少熬过一年,要参与式的进入当地的生活,以被观察者的角度来思考、劳动、生活.这种主位的视角甚至要求他不得不精通一门当地的语言,或者是用一些漂亮的小伎俩以便得到自己所想要的情报.而这一切的付出的报偿是值得的,因为他的的确确为我们展现了一个另外的丰富多彩的世界. 记得在念书的时候,读书会讨论中我们处理了两本书：莫斯的《礼物》还有特纳的《仪式过程》.我虽羞赧于报告自己的体会,但却认真的体味了书中的内容.时光已过,具体的细节我已经遗忘,但是我仍然记着,这两本书在告诉我社会人类学家眼中的社会,不仅不同与社会学家,甚至他们相互之间也有很大差异.莫斯说,社会就是物的流通,在物的流通当中人的灵魂附着于其上,似乎古语礼轻情意重在此有了经验意义上的支持和论据.特纳说社会就是仪式过程中人与人的融合,在每一个仪式过程中,人沟通了有限与无限之间的界限,对于仪式纯粹的投入,使得一个社会得以展现.在这里,我似乎又看到了孔子所谓周礼的社会涵义. 这一切给予我启发,也使得我明白,一门社会科学的学问是一定要落实到本土的,是需要接地气的.而这一工作其实早在人类学在中国落脚便开始着手行动了.中途中虽然遭到了被称为资产阶级思想的政治扭曲,但是社会人类学毕竟在两个层面上出现了成绩：一个层次是研究国内少数民族的生活,还有一个就是以社区为基础的经验研究.当然,这两个研究背后的理论预设依旧可能存在传统现代二元分立的弊端,但他们的成绩无疑为世界社会人类学研究贡献了极为丰富的民族志资料. 一门学问,一个学科,一套理论,一种思想或是操作方法,要想回归于本土,最大程度的减弱西方中心论的影响,我们就应当批判的看待它.作为社会科学重要一脉的社会人类学尤为如此,我们不仅要发掘各派视角和方法得以产生的条件与时代背景,更要在宏观层次上把握这门科学的旨趣之所在.易言之,我们要想推动人类学在中国的进步,就要了解人类学的终极关怀所在. 多年前,老师曾经教导我说人类学是一门善待他人,让人成为人的学问.而伴随着我多年来的实践,无论理论思辨还是经验研究,我深深感到人类学确实如此.用更简练的话语来概括,人类学就是一门旨趣于仁的学问仁者,爱人.在研究中,我们的出发点是了解人、理解人并进而实现人的相互沟通与和谐.因此,用善意的眼光看待我们的研究对象,以仁者的目光去关怀我们的研究对象,不仅仅是学科职业伦理的问题,也是这门学问安身立命之本纳粹的研究不可谓不精深,但其最后下场世所共睹,实所共鉴. 而这门学问也正如夫子心中的仁一样,他未必会给我们带来金钱、财富、荣耀、地位、权势,但是他给了我们一种责任,一种担当,一种目光：在他者的目光里,我们勇于自觉疏离于这个熟悉的世界,为了人类另外一种可能性与多样性而探索.尽管这种探索是艰辛的,难以取得突破的,但是士不可以不弘毅,任重而道远.在这里弘有了空间上的意义我们为了这份担当与责任,应当在他者的世界追溯人类共同的道统；毅充满了时间上的意涵在他者的世界里,我们并非浅尝辄止的,而是要深入进去,坚持不懈.当然,我们最后的结果很有可能是一无所获的,或者是错误的,更有可能是若干年后又被新的研究推翻.但这并不代表我们的追寻和探索是虚无的,因为这门学问仁爱的旨趣让我们志于道,据于德,依于仁,游于艺.他善待他人的同情式理解,充满智慧的朴素民族之方法等等的一切给了我们多彩的研究经历.在这个过程中,我们不会去损人利己,不会支配他人,不会斤斤计较,却会收获友谊、收获智识,收获来自于远古的人类生命本能的悸动. 仁者,爱人：社会人类学是一门如此的学问. 志于道,据于德,依于仁,游于艺：社会人类学是有着如此要求的学问.

tomcat是服务器，是一种比较简单的中间件，用来把java web开发部署到tomcat中，此时tomcat是作为服务器的。java的可移植性设计让java依赖class文件运行的。jdk就是java运行的环境，使用它能编译.java文件，运行java程序。tomcat可以比作web容器，java应用发布在它上面然后通过它与浏览器进行交互，一种程序与浏览器适配的容器。扩展资料：Tomcat 服务器是一个免费的开放源代码的Web 应用服务器，属于轻量级应用服务器，在中小型系统和并发访问用户不是很多的场合下被普遍使用，是开发和调试JSP 程序的首选。当配置正确时，Apache 为HTML页面服务，而Tomcat 实际上运行JSP 页面和Servlet。另外，Tomcat和IIS等Web服务器一样，具有处理HTML页面的功能，另外它还是一个Servlet和JSP容器，独立的Servlet容器是Tomcat的默认模式。参考资料来源：百度百科-tomcat

有。经查询百词斩功能运用信息显示，百词斩有单词笔记。百词斩是成都超有爱科技有限公司，针对英语学习推出的一款以“图背单词”为特色的单词记忆软件。

Tomcat以服务形式启动1、首先打开（安装路径）tomcat的bin目录找到service.bat2、将service.bat左键点击拖入到dos窗口（既-》点击运行 输入cmd 后） 按Enter键如图：如果出现的不是 ： usage:service.bat install/remoce [service_name]，那便是安装tomcat的那个路径错了3、成功之后在dos窗口键入 service.bat install Tomcat 输完然后按Enter键4、这一便在服务中添加了一个tomcat的服务，只需要将此服务开启即可，若要开机启动就将服务设成是自动的5、在管理服务中 启动或者将其设置成自启动（双击）设置启动类型