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请问谁有《罗素—爱因斯坦宣言》的原文

2023-07-06 16:57:41
TAG: 罗素
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  在现代科学与国际政治纠缠的历史上,1955年是一个很特殊的时间坐标,这一年有三个著名的科学家宣言相继发表。4月12日,18位联邦德国的原子物理学家和诺贝尔奖得主联名发表《哥廷根宣言》。7月9日,英国著名哲学家罗素(B. Russell)在伦敦公布了由他亲自起草、包括爱因斯坦在内的其他10位著名科学家联名签署的《罗素—爱因斯坦宣言》。7月15日,52位诺贝尔奖得主在德国博登湖畔联名发表《迈瑙宣言》。

  三个宣言的宗旨和语气非常相似,都警告使用氢弹的核战争将给人类带来毁灭性的灾难,敦促各国政府放弃以武力作为实现政治目的手段,表达了科学家强烈的社会责任感。但它们的影响却不相同,有的热闹一时,并未引起公众注意就销声匿迹了。唯独《罗素—爱因斯坦宣言》发表后,促成了一个国际性会议——帕格沃什科学与世界事务会议,引发了一场著名的科学家国际和平运动——帕格沃什运动。

  《罗素—爱因斯坦宣言》的发表

  《罗素—爱因斯坦宣言》起源于罗素对原子弹和氢弹爆炸后的深邃思考和思想转变。他最早意识到,核战争不再像克劳塞维茨(K. von Clausewitz)在《战争论》中所宣称的那样,是政治通过其他手段的继续,而是导致人类同归于尽的苦药。1954年6月中旬,罗素主动给英国广播公司写信,希望能够唤醒公众,呼吁人类在为时还不太晚的时候将自己从全球性的自我灭绝中解救出来。英国广播公司于12月23日播出了罗素著名的“人之祸”演讲。罗素在演讲中警告,在一场使用氢弹的世界战争中,朋友、敌人和中立者都将被消灭,并呼吁所有具有良知的人,牢记自己的人性,忘掉其他东西。

  罗素在圣诞节前夕人们最喜庆之际发出全球面临核战争毁灭的警告,对世界各国的政府官员、科学家和普通民众产生了强烈的震撼。1955年初,他根据德国理论物理学家玻恩(M. Born)和法国物理学家约里奥-居里(J. F. Joliot-Curie)的建议,着手将“人之祸”演讲改写成一个宣言,并寻求其他科学家签名支持。

  罗素首先寻求爱因斯坦的支持。1955年2月11日,他给爱因斯坦写信讨论此事,2月16日爱因斯坦回信表示赞同,并于4月11日在宣言上签名。爱因斯坦签名后几天,因腹部主动脉硬化肿瘤破裂而与世长辞。爱因斯坦的临终签名,被视为“来自象征人类智力顶点的人的临终信息,恳求我们不要让我们的文明被人类的愚蠢行为所毁灭”。由罗素起草的这份文件原先叫做《关于核武器的声明》,后改为《罗素—爱因斯坦呼吁》,现在通称为《罗素—爱因斯坦宣言》,两位伟人的名字赋予了这份文件特殊的魅力。

  后来加入签名的科学家包括1954年诺贝尔物理学奖得主、德国理论物理学家玻恩,1946年诺贝尔物理学奖得主、美国高气压物理学的奠基者布里奇曼(P. W. Bridgman),爱因斯坦—英费尔德—霍夫曼理论的创始人之一、波兰物理学家英费尔德(L.Infeld), 1935年诺贝尔化学奖得主、法国物理学家约里奥-居里,1946年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主、美国遗传学家穆勒(H. J. Muller),1954年诺贝尔化学奖和1962年诺贝尔和平奖得主、美国化学家鲍林(L. Pauling),1950年诺贝尔物理学奖得主、英国物理学家鲍威尔(C. F. Powell),1949年诺贝尔物理学奖得主、日本物理学家汤川秀澍(Hideki Yukawa),1995年诺贝尔和平奖得主、英国物理学家罗特伯拉特(J. Rotblat)。参与签名的科学家人数并不多,但是他们来自东西方国家,包括左派和右派,宣言没有意识形态的偏见,不偏袒政治对立的任何一方。

  1955年7月9日,罗素在伦敦卡斯顿厅举行新闻发布会,公布了《罗素—爱因斯坦宣言》。罗素从现实和理性出发,抛开了意识形态、宗教信仰、地域、国家和人种的偏见,保持公正与平衡,站在整个人类的立场,维护全人类的安全利益。他在宣言中所表明的中立立场得到了东西方科学家的认可,也逐渐得到了各国政府的信任,而这种认可和信任是冷战时期东西方会议能够在各国轮流举行并影响各国政府裁军政策的前提。

  帕格沃什会议的召开

  《罗素—爱因斯坦宣言》发出的第一个呼吁是针对各国科学家的。宣言开篇指出:“在人类所面临的悲剧性的情况下,我们觉得科学家应当集会对这种由大规模毁灭性武器所引起的危险做出估计,并且按照所附草案的精神进行讨论,以达成一项协议。”宣言所指的科学家会议是由东西方科学家参加的国际会议。面对大规模杀伤性武器给全人类带来的危险,需要来自不同阵营的科学家保持客观中立,共同探讨对策。在政治关系紧张的冷战时期,召集科学家会议是一个比较现实可行的计划。

  由于美国工业家伊顿(C. Eaton)主动资助于1957年7月7日—10日在帕格沃什举行的首次《罗素—爱因斯坦宣言》倡导的科学家国际会议,因此之后举行的会议一直称为“帕格沃什科学与世界事务会议”,简称“帕格沃什会议”,这个科学家运动即称为“帕格沃什运动”。

  首次帕格沃什会议由鲍威尔和罗特伯拉特主持。来自10个国家的22位科学家在第一次全体大会一般性讨论之后,分成三个委员会进行分组讨论。第一委员会评估在和平和战争中使用原子能导致的危险,得出结论:核试验尘埃的影响是全球性的,影响所有国家的公民;一定数量的核试验尘埃将对基因产生影响,导致基因突变,其影响将延续好几代人;一场核大战的灾难性影响将比核试验尘埃大几千倍,数以亿万计的人将被爆炸、高温和电离子放射一下子杀死,全球放射性尘埃将导致大范围的基因和其他伤害。东西方科学家之间首次就核试验的放射性危险达成一致意见。

  第二委员会讨论核武器控制,很快得出结论,问题太复杂、争议太大,无法在规定的时间内提出具体建议,但勾画出裁军的总目标:所有国家必须废除战争,废除战争对人类生命的威胁;停止军备竞赛,马上暂停原子弹试验;用政治解决的办法,消除小国之间爆发局部战争的风险,防止大国介入导致核战争。

  第三委员会专门讨论科学家的责任,在公共政策、人类安全、青年教育、国际合作、思想自由等方面达成11点共识,得出结论:科学家在他们的专业工作之外最重要的责任是尽力去阻止战争,帮助建立一种永久而普遍的和平;他们可以通过向公众宣传科学的破坏性和建设性潜力来做贡献,也可以利用帮助制定国家政策的机会来发挥作用。

  最后一天,每个委员会准备了一个报告在全体大会上讨论,并附在最后发表的声明中。会议闭幕时,成立了一个五人常务委员会,负责指导继续组织类似的会议,罗素当选为委员会主席。会后,许多科学杂志转载了会议发表的声明全文,其观点为许多国家的其他科学家团体和人民所接受。在苏联和中国,会议声明被广泛宣传,得到了许多科学家的赞同。在西方,会议的主要观点逐渐为许多科学家所接受。

  1957年12月18日—20日,帕格沃什常务委员会在伦敦开会,确定今后会议采取三种形式:举行大规模会议,讨论普遍性的问题,公布针对世界大范围问题的解决办法;举行小规模的会议,澄清科学家自身的思想,研究科学发展的社会含义;举行小规模会议,讨论直接的政治问题,主要是针对影响国家政府的问题。按照多数科学家的建议,第一种会议偶尔举行,第二种会议后确定为帕格沃什年度会议,第三种会议为小型专题研讨会,每次都与一个特定的议题相关。会议还确立了帕格沃什的三个目标,即影响政府、建立科学家之间的沟通渠道和教育舆论。

  从召开首次帕格沃什科学与世界事务会议至今,总共举行了55届帕格沃什会议年会。帕格沃什会议早就发展成为经久不衰的科学家国际和平运动。帕格沃什会议的基本原则是:科学家仅仅作为个人参加会议,既不代表某个组织,也不代表某个国家和政府,以利于参加者无拘无束、随心所欲地交换思想,彼此达成理解和信任;自然科学家、人文社会科学家与政府决策人密切合作,从多学科、跨专业的角度探讨如何解决由于科学技术的发展导致的复杂问题;远离新闻媒体的视线,以保持会议的非正式与非官方性,为会议参加者营造一种有助于互相信任和坦率对话的气氛;寻求赞助多元化,由各国帕格沃什小组轮流主办会议,防止在经费上受制于人,以保持独立性和客观性。

  敦促各国政府放弃核战计划

  《罗素—爱因斯坦宣言》发出的第二个呼吁是针对各国政府的。宣言结尾写道:“鉴于未来任何世界大战必将使用核武器,而这种武器威胁着人类的继续生存,我们敦促世界各国政府认识并且公开承认,它们的目的决不能通过世界大战来达到。因此,我们也敦促它们寻求和平办法来解决相互间的一切争端。”宣言发表后,罗素将其副本分别送给美国、苏联、中国、英国、法国、加拿大六国政府首脑。敦促各国政府放弃战争手段解决争端,比呼吁科学家参加会议、评估大规模杀伤性武器给人类造成的危险来,难度要大得多。科学家们没有让这个呼吁完全停留在字面上,而是采取一系列实际行动,以防止核战争的爆发。

  最初的行动是通过举行一系列科学家会议,客观深入地评估核战争对人类的危险,得出东西方科学家都认可、有科学根据的结论和建议,影响各国政府的战略决策。在帕格沃什专题研讨会上,各国科学家与军控专家对核军备竞赛和核武器攻击的可能结果作出科学客观、坦率明了的分析和评估,有助于敌对阵营保持战略平衡,放弃先发制人的战略企图,尤其是劝阻政治领导人不要做出轻率的冒险决定。科学家们还直接参与幕后调解,帮助化解战争危机,尽快结束武装冲突。帕格沃什常务委员会直接给政府首脑写信、发电报或与其面谈,调解地区武装冲突。

  冷战结束后,参加帕格沃什会议的科学家们继续致力于维护世界和平,防止核战争的爆发。2002年8月,第52届帕格沃什年会在美国加利福尼亚大学举行,在全体会议上通过了第十个五年计划(2002~2007)的总目标,其中目标之一就是要继续把属于安全理念不同、意识形态不同、利益矛盾、宗教敌对的国家或国家集团的科学家、技术专家和决策人召集到一起,商讨对策和措施,避免那些拥有或可能拥有大规模杀伤性武器的国家卷入武装冲突或紧张局势中。

  今天,在有关中东安全、恐怖主义、克什米尔、北朝鲜和伊朗核问题等专题研讨会上,来自敌对双方的自然科学家、人文社会学家和前政府高官参加帕格沃什会议的辩论和研讨,增加交流、理解与信任,缓和对立情绪和紧张局势。

  促成一系列军备控制协定

  倡导核裁军协议,缓和国际紧张局势,是《罗素—爱因斯坦宣言》提出的第三个呼吁。这个呼吁是第一个呼吁——召集科学家会议的直接结果,同时是第二个呼吁——敦促政府放弃战争手段的预防措施。不过,由于裁军协定和其他协议最终需要各国政府去签署,裁军措施也需要各个政府去具体落实,科学家们如果要落实这个呼吁,首先必须设法说服各国政府接受科学家的科学分析和合理建议。

  科学家们在促成裁军条约和军控谈判中扮演重要角色,通过举行一系列专题研讨会、专家小组会和秘密会议,科学分析,客观探索,辩论停止和缓和军备竞赛的具体措施,在官方谈判之前首先在科学家之间达成一致,为官方谈判和政府级的官方协定铺平道路。随着一些与政府有联系、对局势发展有影响的科学家和学者,特别是越来越多的官方科学家和政府顾问参加帕格沃什会议,帕格沃什会议讨论的观点更容易接近官方制定政策的水平。

  此外,帕格沃什的议程还包括全面和彻底裁军、全面禁止核试验、禁止导弹飞行试验、无核武区、切断核原料的生产、反潜战、反击力量战略、限制战略武器会谈等。帕格沃什会议一直提供论坛,促进东西方之间的理解,帮助澄清问题,提出各种新思想和新方案,为政府级的谈判打基础。官方谈判越是陷入僵局,甚至破裂,东西方关系越紧张,科学家们就越抓紧时机开会,反复探讨解决难题的对策。

  冷战时期,科学家们在其中或多或少贡献了智慧的国际条约主要包括《部分禁止核试验条约》、《核武器不扩散条约》和《反弹道导弹条约》。这些国际条约和军控措施并没有提供最终的解决办法,但是在冷战时期对不断升级的核军备竞赛起到了“刹车”作用。

  冷战结束后,帕格沃什会议继续致力于防止任何大规模杀伤性武器扩散;建议采取具体的步骤,消除所有核武器、生物和化学武器;加强针对平民的常规武器的发展、生产和转移的国际监测和限制;把战争本身的发生率减到最少,并最终消除战争;寻求创造性的方法,赶在武装冲突爆发之前解决争端,并很快结束已经发生的武装冲突,使其破坏最小。

  尽管核裁军条约的缔结和其他军控措施的谈判是多种因素共同作用的结果,但是参加帕格沃什会议的科学家们在其中发挥了特殊作用。1995年12月10日,诺贝尔委员会主席塞杰斯特德(F. Sejersted)在授予罗特伯拉特与帕格沃什科学与世界事务会议诺贝尔和平奖的颁奖典礼上说:“帕格沃什运动在导致诸如1963年禁止核试验条约、1968年禁止核武器扩散条约、1972年限制战略武器第一阶段会谈和生物武器协定的军备控制协定的过程中扮演了不容忽视的角色。通过长期不懈的努力,它也一直是自冷战结束以来如此从根本上改变核裁军思想的主要贡献者……挪威诺贝尔委员会因为那样的工作要给他们颁奖,同时表示希望工作继续进行下去,以便业已开始的裁军在将来某个时候真正带来一个没有核武器、更加安宁的世界。”帕格沃什科学家们长期为裁军与和平做出的独特贡献赢得了世界的公认。

  《罗素—爱因斯坦宣言》五十年后的意义

  《罗素—爱因斯坦宣言》发表五十年后的今天,世界并不比冷战时代更安全,人类仍面临大规模杀伤性武器的危险,特别是国际恐怖主义组织谋求核武器的危险。这个时代更需要《罗素—爱因斯坦宣言》来作为人类行动的指南。

  当今核大国仍把核武器当作保障国家安全的法宝。尽管美、俄之间签订了削减战略核武器的协议,但是,两国武器库中储备的核武器数目仍然惊人,双方的战略核武器一直处在战备值班状态,还不时举行核战演习,研制新式战术核武器,强化核威慑战略。从里根政府流产的“星球大战”计划到小布什当局极力推行的“国家导弹防御”(NMD)系统与“战区导弹防御”(TMD)系统,当今世界上唯一的超级大国制定国际战略的基点,仍未脱离“核威慑”这一冷战思维的巢臼。不甘心在军事上沦为二等强国的俄罗斯则通过不断更新“白杨”(SS)系列战略导弹,试图形成反制约力量,同美国相抗衡。2002年12月13日,美国宣布单方面退出美、苏两国1972年签署的《反弹道导弹条约》,从而使美、苏几代领导人和无数科学家、军控专家在上个世纪达成的限制军备竞赛的努力付诸东流,世界有可能倒退到无序而危险的核武器竞争时代。

  同时,核武器早就扩散到了其他国家,公开宣布进入核俱乐部的成员包括英国、法国、中国、印度、巴基斯坦,以色列拥有核武器则是一桩路人皆知的秘密。此外,还有一些潜在的核国家正致力发展自己的核军备计划,某些非国家集团可能或已获得大规模杀伤性武器,核材料的失控与流入非法分子之手的危险始终存在。值得注意的是,生化武器作为“廉价的原子弹”,很容易被一些不负责任的利益集团或政治狂人掌握。

  与此同时,世界范围的经济剥削、环境恶化、贫穷饥饿、资源短缺和分配不公,容易成为绝望、怨恨、敌意和暴力的温床,来自文化、宗教和种族方面的偏执导致不宽容,对极端行为提供精神上的误导,也增加了地区性冲突和局部战争扩大化的可能性。“9·11”事件之后,国际恐怖主义已经成为威胁全人类福祉的最危险敌人,企图依靠武力威慑和基于先发制人的战略思维在新的国际政治格局与国际反恐斗争中并未从根本上解决问题。

  面对科学技术的发展给人类带来的各种危险和潜在的不利影响,科学家们仍需要开展国际合作和跨学科研究,通过科学分析和理性探讨,积极影响大众媒体、国际科学共同体和政府决策者,为废除核武器和消除一切战争、打击国际恐怖主义、维护整个人类的生存与安全贡献新的智慧。促进科学技术用于人类的福利而不是毁灭,是各国科学家永恒的社会责任。

  面对复杂多变的国际形势和殃及人类生存与社会发展的种种危险,任何负责任的政治家仍需像宣言所呼吁的那样,采取和平对话的方式解决国际政治问题,防止局部战争和地区冲突演变成核灾难;即使拥有科学技术、经济实力与军事实力的优势,政府领导人也不应该优先考虑采用战争手段,实施“先发制人”的军事战略,以解决国家之间的争端。

  建立一个没有核武器、没有战争、永久和平的美好世界,是各国自然科学家、工程技术专家、社会科学家、政治家、军事家、外交家和工业家共同努力的最高目标,也是以“和平崛起”为战略目标的中国人民义不容辞的使命。

  《罗素—爱因斯坦宣言》向全人类发出的呼吁“记住你们的人性,忘掉其他”,是人类永恒的格言!

  《罗素―爱因斯坦宣言》:“有鉴于在未来的世界大战核子武器肯定会被运用,而这类武器肯定会对人类的生存产生威胁,我们号召世界各政府体会并公开宣布它们的目的不能发展成世界大战,而我们号召它们,因此在解决它们之间的任何争执应该用和平手段。”

  英文版的是:In view of the fact that in any future world war nuclear weapons will certainly be employed, and that such weapons threaten the continued existence of mankind, we urge the Governments of the world to realize, and to acknowledge publicly, that their purpose cannot be furthered by a world war, and we urge them, consequently, to find peaceful means for the settlement of all matters of dispute between them."

clou

The Russell-Einstein Manifesto

Issued in London, 9 July 1955

Bertrand Russell and Albert Einstein

IN the tragic situation which confronts humanity, we feel that scientists should assemble in conference to appraise the perils that have arisen as a result of the development of weapons of mass destruction, and to discuss a resolution in the spirit of the appended draft.

We are speaking on this occasion, not as members of this or that nation, continent, or creed, but as human beings, members of the species Man, whose continued existence is in doubt. The world is full of conflicts; and, overshadowing all minor conflicts, the titanic struggle between Communism and anti-Communism.

Almost everybody who is politically conscious has strong feelings about one or more of these issues; but we want you, if you can, to set aside such feelings and consider yourselves only as members of a biological species which has had a remarkable history, and whose disappearance none of us can desire.

We shall try to say no single word which should appeal to one group rather than to another. All, equally, are in peril, and, if the peril is understood, there is hope that they may collectively avert it.

We have to learn to think in a new way. We have to learn to ask ourselves, not what steps can be taken to give military victory to whatever group we prefer, for there no longer are such steps; the question we have to ask ourselves is: what steps can be taken to prevent a military contest of which the issue must be disastrous to all parties?

The general public, and even many men in positions of authority, have not realized what would be involved in a war with nuclear bombs. The general public still thinks in terms of the obliteration of cities. It is understood that the new bombs are more powerful than the old, and that, while one A-bomb could obliterate Hiroshima, one H-bomb could obliterate the largest cities, such as London, New York, and Moscow.

No doubt in an H-bomb war great cities would be obliterated. But this is one of the minor disasters that would have to be faced. If everybody in London, New York, and Moscow were exterminated, the world might, in the course of a few centuries, recover from the blow. But we now know, especially since the Bikini test, that nuclear bombs can gradually spread destruction over a very much wider area than had been supposed.

It is stated on very good authority that a bomb can now be manufactured which will be 2,500 times as powerful as that which destroyed Hiroshima. Such a bomb, if exploded near the ground or under water, sends radio-active particles into the upper air. They sink gradually and reach the surface of the earth in the form of a deadly dust or rain. It was this dust which infected the Japanese fishermen and their catch of fish. No one knows how widely such lethal radio-active particles might be diffused, but the best authorities are unanimous in saying that a war with H-bombs might possibly put an end to the human race. It is feared that if many H-bombs are used there will be universal death, sudden only for a minority, but for the majority a slow torture of disease and disintegration.

Many warnings have been uttered by eminent men of science and by authorities in military strategy. None of them will say that the worst results are certain. What they do say is that these results are possible, and no one can be sure that they will not be realized. We have not yet found that the views of experts on this question depend in any degree upon their politics or prejudices. They depend only, so far as our researches have revealed, upon the extent of the particular expert"s knowledge. We have found that the men who know most are the most gloomy.

Here, then, is the problem which we present to you, stark and dreadful and inescapable: Shall we put an end to the human race; or shall mankind renounce war? People will not face this alternative because it is so difficult to abolish war.

The abolition of war will demand distasteful limitations of national sovereignty. But what perhaps impedes understanding of the situation more than anything else is that the term "mankind" feels vague and abstract. People scarcely realize in imagination that the danger is to themselves and their children and their grandchildren, and not only to a dimly apprehended humanity. They can scarcely bring themselves to grasp that they, individually, and those whom they love are in imminent danger of perishing agonizingly. And so they hope that perhaps war may be allowed to continue provided modern weapons are prohibited.

This hope is illusory. Whatever agreements not to use H-bombs had been reached in time of peace, they would no longer be considered binding in time of war, and both sides would set to work to manufacture H-bombs as soon as war broke out, for, if one side manufactured the bombs and the other did not, the side that manufactured them would inevitably be victorious.

Although an agreement to renounce nuclear weapons as part of a general reduction of armaments would not afford an ultimate solution, it would serve certain important purposes. First, any agreement between East and West is to the good in so far as it tends to diminish tension. Second, the abolition of thermo-nuclear weapons, if each side believed that the other had carried it out sincerely, would lessen the fear of a sudden attack in the style of Pearl Harbour, which at present keeps both sides in a state of nervous apprehension. We should, therefore, welcome such an agreement though only as a first step.

Most of us are not neutral in feeling, but, as human beings, we have to remember that, if the issues between East and West are to be decided in any manner that can give any possible satisfaction to anybody, whether Communist or anti-Communist, whether Asian or European or American, whether White or Black, then these issues must not be decided by war. We should wish this to be understood, both in the East and in the West.

There lies before us, if we choose, continual progress in happiness, knowledge, and wisdom. Shall we, instead, choose death, because we cannot forget our quarrels? We appeal as human beings to human beings: Remember your humanity, and forget the rest. If you can do so, the way lies open to a new Paradise; if you cannot, there lies before you the risk of universal death.

Resolution:

WE invite this Congress, and through it the scientists of the world and the general public, to subscribe to the following resolution:

"In view of the fact that in any future world war nuclear weapons will certainly be employed, and that such weapons threaten the continued existence of mankind, we urge the governments of the world to realize, and to acknowledge publicly, that their purpose cannot be furthered by a world war, and we urge them, consequently, to find peaceful means for the settlement of all matters of dispute between them."

Max Born

Perry W. Bridgman

Albert Einstein

Leopold Infeld

Frederic Joliot-Curie

Herman J. Muller

Linus Pauling

Cecil F. Powell

Joseph Rotblat

Bertrand Russell

Hideki Yukawa

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作为对马克思主义学说第一次完整的系统的论述,《共产党宣言》显然具有极其重大的意义。它是马克思、恩格斯为“共产主义同盟”写的党纲,国际共产主义运动的第一个纲领性文件。它的发表,是马克思主义哲学同工人运动结合的标志。列宁曾说过:“这部著作极其透彻鲜明地叙述了新的世界观,叙述了包括社会生活在内的彻底的唯物主义,叙述了辩证法这一最全面最深刻的发展学说,叙述了关于阶级斗争、关于共产主义新社会的创造者所负的世界历史使命的学说”。可见,列宁对这本薄薄的“小册子”给予了高度评价,也正如马克思和恩格斯在《共产党宣言》1872年德文版序言中所说“不管最近25年来的情况发生了多大的变化,这个《宣言》中所阐述的一般原理整个说来直到现在还是完全正确的”。因此,不管后来的形势怎么变,《共产党宣言》始终可以代表马克思和恩格斯对于共产主义以及社会主义的认识。本文将主要阐述《共产党宣言》中对于其他各种“社会主义及共产主义”的批判,以及共产党人眼中的“共产主义和社会主义”和怎样建设“共产主义和社会主义”等,从而认识马克思主义的革命学说。 其中《共产党宣言》中提及的其他各种“社会主义和共产主义”的学说包括:发动的社会主义、保守的或资产阶级的社会主义、批判的空想的社会主义和共产主义。下文将分别论述。 一、反动的社会主义 (甲)封建的社会主义。《共产党宣言》嘲笑了拉拢无产者对抗资产阶级的封建贵族。这些封建贵族们对资产阶级的责备,与其说是因为它产生了无产阶级,不如说是因为它产生了革命的无产阶级。顺带抨击了似乎与无产者沾边的基督教禁欲主义者,指称这些僧侣为用来使贵族的怨愤神圣化的圣水。《共产党宣言》指出,法国和英国的贵族为了拉拢人民,贵族们把无产阶级的乞食袋当做旗帜来挥舞。他们为了激起同情,不得不装模作样,似乎他们已经不关心自身的利益,只是为了被剥削的工人阶级的利益才去写对资产阶级的控诉书。 ①而实际上,他们能进行的也只是文字斗争,更谈不上政治斗争。而且“在政治实践中,他们参与了对工人阶级采取的一切暴力措施,在日常生活中,他们违背自己的那一套冠冕堂皇的言词屈尊拾取金苹果,不顾信义、仁爱和名誉去做羊毛、甜菜和烧酒的买卖”。②因此,《共产党宣言》认为贵族们的行为就产生了封建的社会主义,它有时也能用辛辣、俏皮而深刻的评论刺中资产阶级的心,但是它由于完全不能理解现代历史的进程总是令人感到可笑。 (乙)小资产阶级的社会主义。《共产党宣言》认为小资产阶级摇摆于无产者和资产阶级间,然而随着大工业的发展(垄断),他们时刻感受到失去自己独立地位的趋势。然而这种社会主义企图恢复旧的生产资料和交换手段,注定是徒劳的。在农民阶级远远超过人口半数的国家,例如法国,那些站在无产阶级方面反对资产阶级的著作家,自然是用小资产阶级的立场出发替公认说话。这样就形成了小资产阶级的社会主义。这种社会主义非常透彻地分析了现代生产关系中的矛盾,但是,就其实际内容来说,或者是企图恢复旧的生产资料和交换手段,从而恢复旧的所有制关系和旧社会,或者是企图重新把现代生产资料和交换手段硬塞到已被它们突破而且必然被突破的旧的所有制关系的框子里去。 ①《共产党宣言》对这种思潮评价为“这一思潮在它以后的发展中变成了一种怯懦的悲叹”。② (丙)德国的或“真正的”社会主义。德国人汲取了世俗化的法国社会主义文献,但运用他们的纯粹意志取消了这些文献的实践意义,转化成自身的蹩脚的哲学。他们称这是“行动的哲学”,比如他们在法国人对货币关系的批判下面写上“人的本质的外化”,在法国人对资产阶级国家的批判下面写上所谓的“抽象普遍物的统治的扬弃”。然而普鲁士的资产阶级反对封建主和专制王朝的斗争使这种学说在自由主义运动中获得了良好的发展契机。其本质上是由小资产阶级为基础的,也是反动的。 《共产党宣言》认为:这种社会主义成了德意志各邦专制政府及其随从——僧侣、容克和官僚求之不得的、吓唬来势汹汹的资产阶级的稻草人;这种社会主义是这些政府用来镇压德国公认起义的毒辣的皮鞭和枪弹的甜蜜的补充。③ 二、保守的或资产阶级的社会主义 资产阶级中的一部分人想要消除社会的弊病,以便保障资产阶级社会的生存。这一部分人包括:经济学家、博爱主义者、人道主义者、劳动阶级状况改善派、慈善事业组织者、动物保护协会会员、戒酒协会发起人以及形形色色的小改良者。④要求无产阶级停留在现今的社会里,但是要抛弃他们关于这个社会的可怕的观念。其论调为资产者之为资产者,是为了工人阶级的利益(为了人类整个的利益) 。《共产党宣言》指出了其本质是:他们愿意要现存的社会,但不要那些使这个社会革命化和瓦解的因素。他们愿意要资产阶级,但不要无产阶级。在资产阶级看来,它所统治的世界自然是最美好的世界。⑤因此,这是一种“伪社会主义”,实际上只是资本主义社会的内部改造。 三、批判的空想的社会主义和共产主义 显然对于这一派系的观点,《共产党宣言》相较于前两种主义持的肯定态度要多些。本来意义的社会主义和共产主义的体系,圣西门、傅里叶、欧文等人的体系,是在无产阶级和资产阶级之间的斗争还不发展的最初时期出现的。这个体系的发明家看到了阶级的对立,以及占统治地位的社会本身中的瓦解因素的作用。但是,他们看不到无产阶级方面的任何历史主动性,看不到它特有的任何政治运动。《共产党宣言》中认为他们拒绝一切政治行动,特别是一切革命行动;他们想通过和平的途径达到自己的目的,并且企图通过一些小型的、当然不会成功的试验,通过示范的力量来为新的社会福音开辟道路。他们激烈地反对公认的一切政治运动,认为这种运动只是由于盲目地不相信新福音才发生的。 ①正因为此,所以这一体系只能停留在宣传和计划乃至幻想的阶段,是不可能达致真正的社会主义和共产主义的。 四、共产党人的主张 共产党人为工人阶级的最近的目的和利益而斗争,但是他们在当前的运动中同时代表运动的未来。在法国,共产党人同社会主义民主党联合起来反对保守的和激进的资产阶级,但是并不放弃对那些从革命的传统中承袭下来的空谈和幻想采取批判态度的权利。在瑞士,共产党人支持激进派,但是并不忽略这个政党是由互相矛盾的分子组成的,其中一部分是法国式的民主社会主义者,一部分是激进的资产者。在波兰,共产党人支持那个把土地革命当做民族解放的条件的政党。在德国,只要资产阶级采取革命的行动,共产党就同它一起去反对专制君主制、封建土地所有制和小市民的反动性。②可见,《共产党宣言》中坚持辩证的批判继承精神,对其他社会主义体系有取有舍,选择性合作。 共产党人的最近目的是和其他一切无产阶级政党的最近目的一样:使无产阶级成为阶级,推翻资产阶级的统治,由无产阶级夺取政权。共产主义主张废除资产阶级的所有制,消灭私有制。共产主义革命就是同传统的所有制关系实行最彻底的决裂;毫不奇怪,它在自己的发展进程中药同传统的观念实行最彻底的决裂。《共产党宣言》明确地阐述了公认革命的目标:公认革命的第一步就是使无产阶级上升为统治阶级,争得民主。无产阶级将利用自己的政治统治,一步一步地夺取资产阶级的全部资本,把一切生产工具集中在国家即组织成为统治阶级的无产阶级手里,并且尽可能快地增加生产力的总量。 甚至,《共产党宣言》还提出了在共产主义革命胜利后国家的具体措施:1、剥夺地产,把地租用于国家支出;2、征收高额累进税;3、废除继承权;4、没收一切流亡分子和叛乱分子的财产; 5、通过拥有国家资本和独享垄断权的国家银行,把信贷集中在国家手里;6、把全部运输业集中在国家手里;7、按照总的计划增加国家工厂和生产工具,开垦荒地和改良土壤;8、实行劳动义务制,成立产业军,特别是在农业方面;9、把农业和工业结合起来,促使城乡对立逐步消失;10、对所有儿童实行公共的免费的教育。取消现在儿童的共产劳动。把教育同物质生产结合起来,等等。 ① 总之,共产党人到处都支持一切反对现存的社会制度和政治制度的革命运动。 在所有这些运动中,他们都强调所有制问题是运动的基本问题,不管这个问题的发展程度怎样。 最后,共产党人到处都努力争取全世界民主政党之间的团结和协调。 共产党人不屑于隐瞒自己的观点和意图。他们公开宣布:他们的目的只有用暴力推翻全部现存的社会制度才能达到。② 《共产党宣言》在最后发出了震天动地的呐喊:让统治阶级在共产主义革命面前发抖吧。无产者在这个革命中失去的只是锁链。他们获得的将是整个世界。全世界无产者,联合起来!③ 参考文献: 马克思、恩格斯:《共产党宣言》,人民出版社2009年版。 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 以上文章为作业,抄袭慎重,。。。。。。
2023-06-29 10:10:371

共产主义者英语

"共产主义者"的英文翻译是"communist",共产主义是一种政治和经济意识形态,旨在建立一个阶级无差别的社会,生产资料由整个社会共同拥有和控制。"communist"这个词也可以用作形容词,例如"communist party"(共产党)和"communist country"(共产国家)。此外,在一些国家和地区,"communist"这个词也被用于描述政治和社会制度,如"communist government"(共产政府)。以下是一些与"communist"相关的短语:Communist Party: 共产党,一种政治组织,旨在推动共产主义的实现。Communist Manifesto: 《共产党宣言》,马克思和恩格斯写于1848年,是共产主义理论的基础文献。总之,"communist"是一个描述共产主义者、共产主义政党、共产主义国家和共产主义意识形态的词语。共产主义的历史和影响是一个复杂而有争议的话题,其在世界政治和经济格局中的作用仍在不断地被讨论和重新评估。
2023-06-29 10:10:461

communist的中文是什么

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2023-06-29 10:11:106

THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO PENGUIN CLASSICS怎么样

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2023-06-29 10:11:251

共产宣言 是什么意思

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2023-06-29 10:11:365

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义乌英文简介

Yiwu City is a city of about 1,000,000 people in central Zhejiang Province in the People"s Republic of China.HistoryYiwu was founded in the Qin dynasty, at or about 222 BC. Yiwu"s long history flourished as early as the Neolithic Age. Yiwu first became a county in the year 222BC and was renamed Yiwu County in the year 624 AD. In May 1988, the former Yiwu County was upgraded to a county-level city. In 1995, Yiwu ranked the 47th among China"s 100 most powerful counties/cities regarding comprehensive economic strength and in the same year listed as Zhejiang"s sole city among the nation"s experimental counties/cities of comprehensive reform. In 2001, the Yiwu overall economy ranked 19th of all counties (cities) of China.Yiwu"s early culture has given birth to many great figures in the fields of literature, art military, education, and engineering. Among these were Chen Wangdao, China"s first translator of the Communist Manifesto; Wu Han, historian and former deputy mayor of Beijing; Zhu Zhixi, the meritorious engineer in harnessing the Yellow River, and Zongze, a well-known general from the Song Dynasty who resisted aggression by the State of Jin.GeographyYiwu is located 100 km south of the city of Hangzhou, the capital of Zhejiang Province. The nearest city to Yiwu is Dongyang. The area, as in most of the Province of Zhejiang, is in a mountainous region.AdministrationYiwu is technically part of the greater Municipal region of Jinhua, although it has a distinct urban core. It has under its jurisdiction 15 towns and 8 villages, which covers 1102.8 square kilometers, 15 square kilometers of which are urban area of 650,000 people (2005 estimate).EconomyYiwu is famous in China as a commodities center. People from all over the world come to Yiwu City to buy commodities for resale in other parts of China or abroad. Yiwu"s China Small-Commodity Market has for 6 consecutive years topped China"s 100 top open markets and was for successive years listed as China"s civilized open market. It has been named as the banner of China"s market economy and with a large variety of quality but cheaper commodities, the market has become a shopping paradise for tourists.Its 4C-grade airport has opened over a dozen of air routes to such cities as Beijing, Guangzhou, Shantou, Weifang and Shenzhen. The Zhejiang-Jiangxi Railway and Hangzhou-Jinhua Expressway pass through the city, making Yiwu an important local transportation hub. Express trains from Shanghai South Railway Station take less than three hours.MiscellaneousYiwu boasts an Olympic quality stadium and a large Christian Church. Many events associated with trade take place in Yiwu City. Yiwu also has a sizable Korean and Middle Eastern population, mostly working in the import and export businesses. Yiwu is also known as the "sock town" as it produces over three billion pairs of socks for Wal-Mart, Pringle and Disney annually. Yiwu is also known as China"s number one producer of fashion jewelry.Planning to go there? Fly to Shanghai and take a train, bus, or taxi to Yiwu. It takes about 4 hours by taxi and costs 800 RMB (November 2006). There are trains and buses that leave Shanghai every day. The journey is 3 to 5 hours by train, depending on the type of train, and costs 50RMB or less (Sept 2006). Changing foreign money is simple at the several Bank of China branches around the city. Credit cards may be accepted at some hotels and restaurants, otherwise cash is needed.
2023-06-29 10:12:001

Introduction Manifesto of the Communist Party的中文翻译是什么?有中文版么?

介绍《共产党宣言》
2023-06-29 10:12:094

高考英语T字母开头的短语

  1、take a deep breath 深呼吸   2、take a false name 冒名   3、take a look atu201e看一看   4、take a photograph (of) 照相   5、take a taxi 乘出租车   6、take a taxi home 乘出租回家   7、take action 采取行动   8、take along 带着   9、take an interest in 对u201e感兴趣   10、take away (from) 带走,拿走   11、take back 收回,带回   12、take care of 照顾,保管   13、take charge 负责   14、take down 拿下   15、take exercise 做操   16、take hold of 抓住,握住   17、take it easy 放松,别紧张   18、take measure 采取措施   19、take off 脱下,(飞机)起飞   20、take on 呈现   21、take one"s place 代替   22、take one"s seat 就座   23、take one"s temperature 量体温   24、take one"s turn 依次,轮流   25、take out 拿出来   26、take part in 参加   27、take photos 拍照   28、take place 发生   29、take possession of 拥有   30、take sides in 偏向u201e一边   31、take sth in one"s arm   32、take the place of sb. 代替   33、take the role of 扮演u201e的角色,起u201e的作用   34、take the side of 和谁站在一起,偏向   35、take turns to do sth. 轮流做某事   36、take up 占据,从事   37、take up arms 拿起武器   38、take with 带着   39、talk about (泛泛地)谈   40、talk of 谈到   41、talk on (系统地)谈   42、tea room 茶室   43、tear down 拆卸   44、tell lies 撒谎   45、tell the difference between 分辨两者之间的不同   46、tellu201eapart 分辨   47、tellu201efrom 分辨   48、tens of thousands of 数以万计的   49、thanks to 多亏了,由于   50、that is 也就是说   51、that is to say 也就是说   52、the Communist Manifesto 共产主义宣言   53、the day after tomorrow 后天   54、the day before yesterday 前天   55、the minuteu201e一u201e 就u201e
2023-06-29 10:12:151

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  在上课前,老师偶尔会让学生进行一个三分钟的演讲,那么在上英语课时,我们应该做些什么准备呢?以下是我为大家整理的英语课前三分钟演讲稿三篇,仅供参考,欢迎大家阅读。   英语课前三分钟演讲稿一   Failure is what often happens.it is everywhere in your life.students may fail in exams, science may fail in their researchwork,and athletes may fail in competitions.   although failure happens to everyone, attitudes towards failure are various. some people don"t think their failure is a very important thing at all. so they pay no attention to it. as a result, they will have the same failure a previously later.they spend their thime and energy on useless things and they may really be fools as they have thought.   Success is not easy to talk about because the word success it-self has hundreds of definitions. For some it means power, for some it means wealth, for others it is fame or great achieve-ments. But I have my own understanding of it.   Success means to try your best.   Many people believe that success means to win. In my opin-ion, it means to try your best when you do everything, no matter you will win or not. When you are taking part in a long-distance race, if you keep on running as fast as you can, you are successful, although you may be the last to pass the finishing-line. Because you have showed your best to others, and you have made I your greatest effort to be the winner.   Success means to work hard.   No one can succeed without any hard work. Karl Max was successful, because he spent more than 30 years writing the book "Communist Manifesto"; Tomas Edison succeeded, because he had experimented thousands of times to find the best material for lights. Every success calls for hard work. If you want to suc-ceed, work hard first.   other people are quite different from the two kinds of people mentiond above. instend of being distressed and lost,they draw a lesson from every failure and become more experienced. after hard work, they will be successful in the end. It is said that failure is the mother of success. success will be gained after times of failures so long as we are good at drawong lesson from our failures.   in my opinion , failure is not a bad thing , the really bad thing is taking a failure as failure or even lose our heart after failure.   More importantly, today, the world is undergoing fast rhythm of changing, some issues occur in one way this time and reoccur in another way that time.Such instability and inconstancy make many long-time-lasting conventions and traditions not valid any longer. People encounter pile of new conditions everyday in current society, it is hard to find adequate reference from the wisdom of conventions for all of these new thing, what can really lead people to success is rational mind and creative ways of thinking. To meet the requirement of new missions, only creative activities could give out adaptive strategies. Without creative thinking ways, there would no such increasingly development of science and technology in the past two centuries, no new type America-style democracy in the world, no so many products making modern life so comfortable and convenient. Creative practices and original idea are the engine of the fast development of modern life, and are most essential for people to accomplish successful achievement in all kinds of fields.   英语课前三分钟演讲稿二   Good afternoon ,ladies and gentlemen!   I"m very honored to stand here and give you a short speech! my topic is Opportunities and Challenges.   First, I would like to know, what does your destiny offer you? Happiness, wisdom, a strong body or something else. If I had asked this question to president Nixon, he would probably had said,”Our destiny offers not the cup of despair, but the chalice of opportunity.”   Needless to say, one of the biggest opportunities given to China is the 2015 Olympic Games. Till now, how much changes have you seen? New roads, new subway lines, public-exercising equipments with beautiful colors, large blocks of grass fields, and also lots of modern gyms which are under construction.   Other than those, there are even more good effects brought to us by the Olympic Games that cannot be seen directly. For example, more and more people will get to know China. I"m sure the mysterious Chinese culture will attract them strongly. And the games will also do good to the economy and environment, for it is gaining the attention of foreign investors and the awareness of environmental protection is being strengthened. What is more, Olympic Games give a unique opportunity to inspire and educate a new generation of Chinese youth with the Olympic values and the Olympic spirit. Now that we have seen so many advances, could you even imagine us losing the holding rights?   I"ve already said a lot about the Olympics and China. But I think everyone should use some time to think of this question, ”Does the Olympic Games have any special meaning to you?”   For us, I mean the Chinese youth, 2015 Olympic Games is a tremendous gift. Because what we are waiting for is to do something significant as repaying the love given to us .The society is just like a ship, and in our dreams the captain is waving his hand and saying ”Hey! Come here and take the helm! ”How charming his voice is, but we have never heard of it in our true life. This morning, however, when we wake up, we will see the Olympic Games waving its hand. After chewing, most of us will have at least one plan about what to do for the Olympic Games. And mine is to be a “comforter” ----that is someone who will give comfort to others.   At the end of my speech, I hope all the preparation will go well, and everyone will show their ability to the world. Let us seize opportunities and give a big smile to challenges.   英语课前三分钟演讲稿三   Good afternoon everybody! It"s my honor to speak here and I am very glad to share my topic with all of you. Today I"d like to talk about “my dream”. I do not just have one dream, in fact, I have three. They are: a healthy life, a happy family and to travel my great country.   I have always admired the long healthy life my grandparents have. They are older than 80 years of age and they are still alive and kicking! How do they do that!? My grandparents plant vegetables and grow rice themselves; even in their old age they still make food for themselves! I guess that is why they can remain healthy. More importantly they remain humble and never ask for too much from life. Perhaps that makes them common, but they live a happy life. My grandmother once told me this:” I do not want to live long, only long enough for some grand children to be running around in my house”. I want to live a long, healthy and happy life just as they have.   Since my graduation from primary school, until now, every time on my birthday I make the same wish. I wish my parents will not fight anymore. I am not complaining that they gave me a bad childhood, they just fight so much! I am unhappy but that does not mean they do not love me. They do! They love me with all their heart. I love my parents also; I want them to live a happy life as well.   I want to travel this great country of ours. I want to see the beauty of our country. I want to see the miracles that made this country great! I want to go from the east to west, from the north all the way down to the south! I have a dream, that one day I can travel and see my country with my family and friends! If that is not possible, seeing my country on my own is good enough also. If I can fulfill all three of my dreams in life, then God can take me away. I would be happy, and l would have lived a full and prosperous life.   Thank you everyone for listening to my dreams.   thank you!
2023-06-29 10:12:351

200 求歌,在线等。

推荐你绝对好听 craig david的you don"t miss you water和all the way ,同类型的还有chris brown 的with you
2023-06-29 10:12:4515

ccsd36是什么材质

这是高强度船板~船板份很多船级社的,CCSD36是中国的~1. 英国劳氏船级社LR2. 法国船级社BV3. 意大利船级社RINA4. 美国船级社ABS5. 挪威船级社DNV6. 德国劳氏船级社GL7. 日本海事协会NK8. 希腊船级社HR9. 俄罗斯船舶登记局RS10.波兰船舶登记局PRS11.南斯拉夫船舶登记局JR12.保加利亚船舶登记局BKR13.中国船级社CCS14.捷克船舶登记局CSLR15.韩国船级社KR16.印度尼西亚船级社BKI17.罗马尼亚船舶登记局RN18.印度船级社IRS19.克罗地亚船舶登记局CRS
2023-06-29 10:12:481

美标阀门中globe是什么意思

globe球的n.地球仪;球,球状物;地球,世界;天体v.(使)成球状
2023-06-29 10:12:512

电脑辐射对女性身体的危害

压力太大这样对女性健康有害
2023-06-29 10:12:564

globe的无线网怎么改密码

你好,这个需要进入无线路由器设置,具体步骤如下:打开浏览器—地址栏输入:192.168.1.1—输入你的路由器帐号和密码—无线设置—无线安全设置—psk密码 输入你的新密码,然后确定就可以了,希望能帮到您。
2023-06-29 10:12:592

美国有一句俚语翻译过来是:"这是世界上最小的小提琴."

world"s smallest violinA notional violin that plays tragic music for the afflicted; used in dismissive responses to oversensitive complaining. 幽默
2023-06-29 10:13:002

有什么摇滚的歌的 前奏是比较好听的

DECEMBER
2023-06-29 10:13:0115

幻影粒子如何设置声效?

建议你在下面的空间里买个教程算了,主页可以链到淘宝。参考资料: http://hi.baidu.com/cslrstudios
2023-06-29 10:13:041

以 volunteers wanted为题英语作文80词

I wanted to do when I grow up volunteers to protect animals.Now, there is animal life and dismissive.Often say that a dog is man"s best friend, but often those who like small animals were shouted at her cute appearance to.No one is really goSo to humans a better day, I want to be a volunteer.ing to treat small animals around.People around me love animals, make the world better!
2023-06-29 10:13:091

有一款瑞士表,好像是叫罗奈尔吧,我想知道大概在什么价位,谢谢

瑞士名表大全,找晕了头也没您说的品牌啊1.ROLEX 劳来士 2.INTERNATIONAL 国际 3.OMEGA 欧米加 4.LONGINES 浪琴 5.TUDOR 刁度 6.CYMA 西马 7.ETERNA 依特那 8.MOVADO 摩凡陀 9.JAEGER-LECOULTER 积家 10.TISSOT 天梭 11.UNIVERSAL 万国 12.ULYSSENARDIN 阿立司那庭 13.MARVIN 摩纹 14.EBEL 依宝 15.ELGIN 爱而近 16.HAMILTON 汉弥登 17.JUVENIA 左湾那 18.MIDO 米度 19.WALTHAM 华生 20.CORTE-BERT 柯迪柏 21.BULOVA 宝路华 22.GRUEN 格路云 23.VULCAIN 凡尔根 24.WITT-NAUER 威那欧 25.ZENITH 增你智 26.ROAMER 罗马 27.ALPINA 阿尔本那 28.BELLUX 保路士 29.CONSUL 公使 30.DOXA 道洒 31.EBERHARD 依保哈 32.ELECTION 依力克辛 33.ELKA-SOPER 锚牌 34.ERNESTBOREL 依保路 35.GENEVA 日内瓦 36.GIRARDPE-RREGUAX 奇拉派克 37.HEUER 豪华 38.JOVIAL 左威尔 39.JOWISSA 左威洒 40.LUGRAN 留格伦 41.MANREX 门勒士 42.PAULBUHRE 波布尔 43.RECORD 鹅牌 44.REVUE 莱浮 45.TITONI 梅花 46.WYLER 惠勒 47.ZODIAC 苏迪亚 48.CERTINA 雪铁纳 49.ENICAR 英纳格 50.ANGELUS 安哥拉司 51.ANLOR 安罗 52.ARCADIA 阿卡地亚 53.AURECLE 澳里柯 54.ASCURO 阿司克路 55.ATON 奥顿 56.ASSILLA 爱西拉 57.AMBIUS 阿巴斯 58.ATOMIC 阿吐美克 59.BREITLINE 百年龄 60.BOMA 宝马 61.BONITE 保耐脱 62.BOVET 宝维他 63.BUDSON 勃生 64.BUREN 宝玲 65.BRUCA 白罗加 66.BIENNA 比恩那 67.BAUME-MERCIER 波蒙密瑟 68.BREGUET 百里鸽 69.COLGOR 柯尔茄 70.CONTEX 康太克司 71.CYLON 司伦 72.CONDOR 鹰牌 73.CREATION 克利兴 74.CORAL 柯来而 75.CONSOR 康沙 76.PRONTO 波浪多 77.CIVITAS 西维他 78.CAFINA 克飞纳 79.DITIS 迪铁司 80.DREAM 梦乡 81.DRIVA 德来娃 82.DOM 多姆 83.BELBANA 德尔培纳 84.ESKA 依士佳 85.EASTSUN 依生 86.ETHIC 爱锡克 87.ENSOTIME 恩斯太姆 88.EXAKTA 爱克赛大 89.EVEREST 爱佛斯 90.ERTUS 爱都士 91.EXACTO 爱山吐 92.ERBO 爱波 93.EDOX 爱多司 94.FELCA 非尔卡 95.FRAMONT 法拉蒙 96.FORTIS 福铁司 97.FORTISSIMO 福西摩 98.JACKSON 捷克生 99.LEPHARE 利飞亚 100.LARDO 拉度 101.LIBAN 立本 102.FAVRE-LEUBA 菲富来柏 103.FAVRINI 菲林 104.FUSION 富申 105.FAVAL 富凡而 106.GRAND-PRIX 大光明 107.GINSBO 真时宝 108.GREAT-WALL 长城 109.GENOR 金诺 110.HELDISA 海迪沙 111.HELAISA 海拉沙 112.HELVEETIA 海里维他 113.HUMA 晓马 114.HIDEX 海达斯 115.HERTLI 吼特利 116.HOCKS 霍克司 117.HOCK-ALCIS 好客爱立司 118.HETECA 海太克 119.HEMA 黑马 120.HUGUENIN 赫久尼 121.INVICTA 英佛他 122.INVAR 英凡 123.IMPERIAL 帝国 124.ILONA 依罗那 125.JENCO 占高 126.MILDIA 密尔达 127.NADIX 奈迪司 128.NAYIS 奈维司 129.NEW-ARDATH 纽阿大 130.LURENA 路利那 131.LANDIA 兰地亚 132.LENNA 伦那 133.LAMONT 拉蒙脱 134.LUSINA 洛西那 135.L.S.G. 爱尔爱司其 136.LOWANI 罗维尼 137.LEONIDAS 利纳达 138.LOWAR 罗维尔 139.MOERIS 摩立斯 140.MULCO 马尔可 141.MAGEL 梅其尔 142.MAUREEN 妙灵 143.MABEL 梅宝 144.MEDANA 麦唐纳 145.MONDO 孟度 146.MOREX 摩力克斯 147.MOTLC 无敌 148.MONDIA 孟地亚 149.MEGANA 梅根 150.MARTEL 马特尔 151.RUKO 路高 152.RUFLEX 罗勿莱 153.RODANIA 罗唐纳 154.RFPCO 立布可 155.SANDOZ 山度士 156.SIGMA 雪格马 157.SOLEX 苏力士 158.SAVILLON 赛维龙 159.NOVA 那威 160.NISUS 尼苏士 161.NIDAWA 尼大娃 162.OGIVAL 奥其佛 163.OSSO 奥苏 164.OELBANA 奥尔巴那 165.OCTO 奥克吐 166.OLMA 奥尔马 167.ONSA 翁沙 168.ORATOR 奥拉拖 169.ODEON 奥迪安 170.OCEANIC 奥西奈克 171.ONWARD 翁屋得 172.PREFFA 泼利发 173.PAX-SUPER 拍克苏伯 174.PRINCIPE 平西培 175.RALCO 瑞尔可 176.RECTA 力克它 177.RUMIX 罗米克司 178.REX 力克司 179.RIVARD 立维德 180.TITUS 铁他士 I81. TINSEL 庭沙 182.TOTIS 吐太司 183. THUXA 沙苏 184.UWECO-GENEVE 由维可 185.VADO 维都 186.VOLTO 鹅拖 187.WULEL 维尔 188.SILENA 雪伦那 189.SUTER 苏特尔 190.SPRINT 司拍灵特 191SS-LANDIA 瑞士兰地 192.SARWA 沙娃 193.SILVANA 赛尔维那 194.TENOR 顿诺 195.TEXA 德萨 196.TOLOT 拖罗 197.TRIEDLI 屈里特里 198.SUIZO-ESPECIAL 苏左爱司皮雪尔 199.SEMOS 细摩司 200.SULTANA 苏太那 201.SUREX 苏立克司 202.STERLINGIA 史拖林加 203.TUGARIS 推格力司 204.TENAMAX 顿尼麦 205.TINATIN 铁那庭 206.TROMEX 屈罗麦克司 207.TECHNOS 天克诺 208.LUZ 路兹 209.AQUILON 阿克郎 210.ACTUA 阿克脱 211.AVIA 阿维亚 212.AIGLOR 爱格
2023-06-29 10:13:101

COOL 3D猎人亮剑版的汉化补丁应该安装在哪

呵呵,你找对人了,看来你没有去过我的博客吧!汉化补丁已经过时了,直到搞了亮剑完美版后就没有更新过这个,所以亮剑完美版在某些地方要比那个汉化补丁更完善. 网易博客不让链,贴个百度地址:http://hi.baidu.com/cslrstudios
2023-06-29 10:13:111

关于万圣节的信息

  在西方国家,每年的10月31日,有个“Halloween”,辞典解释为“The eve of All Saints"Day”,中文译作:“万圣节之夜”。万圣节是西方国家的传统节日。这一夜是一年中最“闹鬼”的一夜,所以也叫“鬼节”。  两千多年前,欧洲的天主教会把11月1日定为“天下圣徒之日” (ALL HALLOWS DAY) 。“HALLOW” 即圣徒之意。传说自公元前五百年,居住在爱尔兰、苏格兰等地的凯尔特人 (CELTS) 把这节日往前移了一天,即10月31日。他们认为该日是夏天正式结束的日子,也就是新年伊始,严酷的冬季开始的一天。那时人们相信,故人的亡魂会在这一天回到故居地在活人身上找寻生灵,借此再生,而且这是人在死后能获得再生的唯一希望。而活着的人则惧怕死魂来夺生,于是人们就在这一天熄掉炉火、烛光,让死魂无法找寻活人,又把自己打扮成妖魔鬼怪把死人之魂灵吓走。之后,他们又会把火种烛光重新燃起,开始新的一年的生活。传说那时凯尔特人部落还有在10月31日把活人杀死用以祭奠死人的习俗。  到了公元1世纪,占领了凯尔特部落领地的罗马人也渐渐接受了万圣节习俗,但从此废止了烧活人祭死人的野蛮做法。罗马人庆祝丰收的节日与凯尔特人仪式结合,戴着可怕的面具,打扮成动物或鬼怪,则是为了赶走在他们四周游荡的妖魔。这也就是今天全球大部分人以古灵精怪的打扮,来庆祝万圣节的由来。时间流逝,万圣节的意义逐渐起了变化,变得积极快乐起来,喜庆的意味成了主流。死魂找替身返世的说法也渐渐被摒弃和忘却。到了今天,象征万圣节的形象、图画如巫婆、黑猫等,大都有友善可爱和滑稽的脸。 美国佛州:水下万圣节  脸谱化妆是万圣节传统节目  "Halloween"一词的产生  很多民族都在万圣节前夜有庆典聚会,这又被叫做“All Hallow E"en”、“The Eve of All Hallows”、“Hallow e"en”,或者“The eve of All Saintas"Day”。最终约定俗成演变成了“Halloween”,中文意译成了万圣节之夜。  万圣节的习俗——不请吃就捣乱  万圣节的一个有趣内容是“Trick or treat”,这习俗却并非源自爱尔兰,而是始于公元九世纪的欧洲基督教会。那时的11月2日,被基督徒们称为 “ALL SOULS DAY”(万灵之日)。在这一天,信徒们跋涉于僻壤乡间,挨村挨户乞讨用面粉及葡萄干制成的“灵魂之饼”。据说捐赠糕饼的人家都相信教会僧人的祈祷,期待由此得到上帝的佑护,让死去的亲人早日进入天堂。这种挨家乞讨的传统传至当今竟演变成了孩子们提着南瓜灯笼挨家讨糖吃的游戏。见面时,打扮成鬼精灵模样的孩子们千篇一律地都要发出“不请吃就捣乱”的威胁,而主人自然不敢怠慢,连声说“请吃!请吃!”同时把糖果放进孩子们随身携带的大口袋里。  另外还有南瓜雕空当灯笼的故事。这又是源于古代爱尔兰。故事是说一个名叫 JACK 的人,是个醉汉且爱恶作剧。一天 JACK 把恶魔骗上了树,随即在树桩上刻了个十字,恐吓恶魔令他不敢下来,然后 JACK 就与恶魔约法三章,让恶魔答应施法让 JACK 永远不会犯罪为条件让他下树。 JACK 死后,其灵魂却既不能上天又不能下地狱,于是他的亡灵只好靠一根小蜡烛照着指引他在天地之间倘佯。  妖魔鬼怪翩翩起舞  2004年10月30日,一名手持气球的罗马尼亚  儿童在首都布加勒斯特参加万圣节活动。  在古老的爱尔兰传说里,这根小蜡烛是在一根挖空的萝卜里放着,称作“JACK LANTERNS”,而古老的萝卜灯演变到今天,则是南瓜做的 Jack-O-Lantern 了。据说爱尔兰人到了美国不久,即发现南瓜不论从来源和雕刻来说都比萝卜胜一筹,于是南瓜就成了万圣节的宠物。 布鲁塞尔的万圣节  孩子们喜爱的节日  万圣节是儿童们纵情玩乐的好时候。它在孩子们眼中,是一个充满神秘色彩的节日。夜幕降临,孩子们便迫不及待地穿上五颜六色的化妆服,戴上千奇百怪的面具,提上一盏“杰克灯”跑出去玩。“杰克灯”的样子十分可爱,做法是将南瓜掏空,外面刻上笑眯眯的眼睛和大嘴巴,然后在瓜中插上一支蜡烛,把它点燃,人们在很远的地方便能看到这张憨态可掬的笑脸。  收拾停当后,一群群装扮成妖魔鬼怪的孩子手提“杰克灯”,跑到邻居家门前,威吓般地喊着:“要恶作剧还是给款待”、“给钱还是给吃的”。如果大人不用糖果、零钱款待他们,那些调皮的孩子就说到做到:好,你不款待,我就捉弄你。他们有时把人家的门把手涂上肥皂,有时把别人的猫涂上颜色。这些小恶作剧常令大人啼笑皆非。当然,大多数人家都非常乐于款待这些天真烂漫的小客人。所以
2023-06-29 10:13:121

英语选择题求答案

CAABB DBCBC AABDC BACCA
2023-06-29 10:13:162

怠速系统的组成

怠速控制系统主要是控制怠速的进气量来控制怠速的,节气门上有怠速马达或者叫怠速电机控制的!
2023-06-29 10:13:182

幻影粒子那种往墙上刻字的效果怎么做

在库窗口中,点击右键,然后再点载入,然后再找到库文件,然后再打开,然后就导入了,然后就可以使用了,然后……然后……然后……然后有兴趣看我博客:然后……地址在这里然后……你点一下这里……http://hi.baidu.com/cslrstudios
2023-06-29 10:13:201

万圣节习俗中英版

万圣节在英国古时是11月1日,渐渐演变成10月31日的。南瓜灯又名:jack-o-larnten
2023-06-29 10:13:202

a globe of the earth是什么意思,具体解释一下

不大但有些地方较常用一个其他地方常用另一个globe是有“球体”的意思多用在指实体的整个地球、遍布地球等earth(大写)是地球这个星球的名字就像mars是火星的名字多用在概念上例如说地球是家园之类或者用于和天文宇宙相关的等等earth小写也是跟上面的意思差不多但也可以是土地的意思
2023-06-29 10:13:242

又见一帘幽梦结局是什么?

《又见一帘幽梦》百度网盘高清资源免费在线观看:链接: https://pan.baidu.com/s/1B7OtVY0AKkXSoleXcvUNNg 提取码: wvbe《又见一帘幽梦》是根据中国台湾女作家琼瑶的原著小说《一帘幽梦》改编而成的电视剧,同时也是1996年陈德容、萧蔷版《一帘幽梦》的翻拍,亦是第一部在中国大陆制片和首映的琼瑶剧,共46集。故事背景由台湾改到上海,加入不少当下时尚元素,并远赴法国巴黎取景。剧情围绕汪家两姐妹汪绿萍和汪紫菱展开,二人同时爱上了楚家的长子楚濂。此时成熟稳重的费云帆也突然闯进紫菱的生活,由此开始了一系列情感纠葛,汪、楚两家的事件也如波澜般展开。
2023-06-29 10:13:241

求一首法语歌route sexy sex--paris brune歌词

Paris BruneRoute Sexy SexCopain/copine à Miami Tendance equivoque à New york Des guiliguilis dans le Mississippi les premiers 5 à 7 o clock à Little Rock Coquin coquine en Virginie Ambiance disco à chicago A califourchon en Californie Non stop rodéo jusqu"a San Franscico Route Sexy sex avec toi traverser les states route sexy sex en ford mustang cuir et latex route sexy sex puisque rien ne pressait ou presque tous les motels étaient prétexte route sexy sex Toxin toxine au New Mexique Deviance olé à San José Séance road moving destination Phoenix puis un beau jour on s"est quitté à Santa Fé Route Sexy sex avec toi traverser les states route sexy sex en ford mustang cuir et latex route sexy sex L"eldorado on y etait presque mais les voyages forment les jeunes ex route sexy sex Route sexy sex L"eldorado on y etait presque route sexy sex Route Sexy sex avec toi traverser les states route sexy sex en ford mustang cuir et latex route sexy sex puisque rien ne pressait ou presque tous les motels étaient prétexte route sexy sex avec toi traverser les states route sexy sex en ford mustang ou en solex Route sexy sex L"eldorado on y etait presque mais les voyages forment les jeunes ex route sexy sex
2023-06-29 10:13:251

魔兽世界万圣节每天能弄几个糖果 还有就是那个摸摸你的头 那个成就怎么做啊 沉重的南瓜头就是找不到

昨天我日常+每个旅馆(还没全拿)拿糖果 目前有79个糖果 沉重的南瓜头 你在旅店那个南瓜头里开“一包糖果”有一定几率出
2023-06-29 10:13:272

通过Globe运营商可以看出菲律宾人的办事效率有多么的低下

Globe是菲律宾的宽带通信运营商,这家运营商在菲律宾的地位可不一般。 Globe手机客户的市场占有率差不多和国内移动的市场比例一般大小。 Globe宽带用户的市场占用率可以参考电信在国内的市场比例。 总之Globe算是非常厉害的一家菲律宾本土运营商,客户多,公司的利润也非常大。按理说他们的服务也应该很到位,那么具体情况如何呢,我亲自体验了一回网上的沟通。 有个客户在我这安装好了Globe宽带,后来因为无法上网联系我。我第一反应想到的是他是否欠款,后来在一次性交了15000P的网费,接着恢复网络(我想着这下应该好了吧)! 但在不欠款的情况下尝试恢复网络,客户告诉我还是不行。并且连手机打开wifi都搜索不到信号。 那现在可能造成的问题有2点: 1、路由器坏了(那就插上网线也一样上不了网); 2、路由器的SSID被隐藏了,所以搜索不到。(针对这个问题,就得进路由器设置); 考虑到客户电脑方面的技能有限,所以不管什么问题造成的结果,估计客户都解决不了。这个时候只能联系Globe的客服介入,让客服安排他们所谓的工程师上门来解决问题。 6月23日凌晨联系Globe客服,反应宽带有问题。客服在6月24日10点给了我一段解决问题的文字。 我在客服6月24日10点回我的第一时间,我跟进了我的问题补充。客服在6月26日23点回复了我的问题。大致意思就说换一个Modem大概会产生550P的费用,并且让我留个联系人、电话、邮箱。 结果今天(6月28日中午12点)又让我补充个地址。你说当初就不能一次交代清楚嘛,这样零零散散的没效率办事是反应你们Globe喜欢跟客户多聊聊呢还是人的双Q就是这样? 总结: 菲律宾人的办事效率是出了名的低下,如果你在菲和他们打交道无法调整好自己的心态,很容易自己被他们给气死。正所谓既来之则安之,我已经麻木了,更多的时候在菲办事我是同时放多条线出去,谁先完成就找谁合作。反正菲律宾的人力成本低下,怕啥?
2023-06-29 10:12:421

用Ulead cool 3d 编辑的立体文字文件在“会声会影”中如何使用?

你可以直接导出来AVI格式的,点击文件,里面有个创建动画文件,选择视频文件,点击,然后选择保存格式为AVI的就OK了!
2023-06-29 10:12:393

Mr Jones是什么意思

Mr Jones琼斯先生双语例句1Mr Jones was dismissive of the report, saying it was riddled with inaccuracies.琼斯先生对报告不屑一顾,称其中充斥着谬误。2Mr Kelly posted his resignation letter to Mr Jones in the internal mail box.凯利先生把辞职信寄到了琼斯先生的内部邮箱里。
2023-06-29 10:12:371

200 求歌,在线等。

推荐你绝对好听 craig david的you don"t miss you water和all the way ,同类型的还有chris brown 的with you
2023-06-29 10:12:3615

Nas的《America》 歌词

歌曲名:America歌手:Nas专辑:NasNas - AmericaIf all I saw was gangstersComing up as a youngsterPussy and money the only language I clung taClaim ta, unrolled myself up to become oneAin"t ya happy I chose rapI"m amongst thaStreets deceivingCan"t believe my achievementsCultural strataPersona"s that of a non-neederBecause I don"t need nada except for Prada beaverFor cold winters, tattoos got my summer"s sleevelessTo my g"s on the flee from the coppersStiff bodies on freeze in funeral parlorsFrom the slums I come up a phoenixCaked up, tryna take what I"m eatingCame up a dismissive kidYou lucky if you allowed to witness thisSavvy mouthWild, hardlyA man"s manWho woulda knew the beach houses and wild partiesJezebel"s and Stella McCartney"sFor years, all thatHow could I not be deadThis old GermanSaid I was a thug with a notty headLooked at my Benz and called that a Nazi sledWith a face like he wonder where I got my breadProbably all these stones he seeFrom my shows overseasFrom crime to rhymeMy stories is I"m from the home of the thievesBlessedThe lord is a g, he gotta beWho"s the God of suckers and snitchesThe economyLipstick from Marilyn MonroeBlew a death kiss to Fidel CastroHe"d want me to spit thisOnly the strong surviveNas bear witnessThe hypocrisy is all I can seeWhite cop acquitted for murderBlack cop cop a pleaThat type of shit make me stop and thinkWe in chronic need of a second look of the law booksAnd the whole race dichotomyToo many rappers, athletes, and actorsBut not enough niggas in NASAWho give you the latest dances, trends, and fashionBut when it comes to residuals, they look past usWoven into the fabric, they can"t stand usEven in white tee"s, blue jeans, and red bandanasAssassinationsDiplomatic relationsKilled indigenous peopleBuilt a new nationInvoluntary laborTook a knife split a woman navalTook her premature babyLet her man see you rape herIf I could travel to the 1700"sI"d push a wheelbarrow full of dynamiteThrough your covenantLove to sit in on the SenateAnd tell the whole governmentY"all don"t treat women fairShe read about herself in the bibleBelieving she the reason sin is hereYou played her, with an apronLike bring me my dinner, dearShe the nigger hereAin"t we in the free worldDeath penalty in Texas kill young boys and girlsBarbarity, I"m in the double-R casuallyBugging how I made it out the hood, dazzle meHow far we really from third world savageryWhen the empire fall, imagine how crazy that"ll behttp://music.baidu.com/song/8205742
2023-06-29 10:12:291

书虫 读后感

书虫之傲慢与偏见Pride and Prejudice ", a novel a pleasure to behold, a beautiful and moving story. The article describes a number of daughters Bo Nate story. Ji-an eldest daughter, gentle kind-hearted, beautiful Keren, Bentley and rich kids at first sight, but at the crucial moment has brought a twist. Second daughter, Elizabeth, Qingli intelligent, ambitious, assertive, consistent with the property of the nobility million youth met Darcy. Can be as arrogant Darcy eccentric, Elizabeth for his prejudice are serious, they love but refuse to recognize the obvious, but also continue to hurt each other with words, but fortunately dispelled the last mistake, married lovers. Reading this novel, I have benefited greatly. In our people, there are many very modest, but there are some arrogant people. These arrogant people who sometimes annoying, they have eyes in the head long, others are dismissive. Indeed, the arrogance is a shortcoming in the environment to develop a character. Chinese children from an early age by their parents as holding掌上明珠typical "little emperors." If so has been from small to large养尊处优, how could it not arrogant? So I think that we should not be arrogant people who have prejudices, but the more soul-searching myself, to see if they have not arrogant, after their own things to learn to no longer allow parents to worry about, tired. As the book said: "Heart of pride in everyone. As long as we have so a little bit of strength, they will feel especially great. But pride and vanity while the same meaning, but in real terms in different kinds of self-pride is a feeling, Vanity will need to involve other people overestimate their own, so people have a pride without vanity, which is justifiable. 可以适当删减~~~翻译如下~~《傲慢与偏见》,一部值得细细品味的小说,一个美丽动人的故事。 文中描述了柏纳特一家几个女儿的故事。大女儿姬安,温柔善良,美丽可人,与富家子弟宾利一见倾心,却在关键时刻发生了波折。二女儿伊丽莎白,聪慧清丽,有志气,有主见,与家产万贯的贵族青年达西相识。可因为达西高傲孤僻,伊丽莎白对他存有严重的偏见,两人明明相爱却不肯承认,还不断地用言语刺痛对方,幸好最后误会冰释,有情人终成眷属。 看了这本小说,我受益匪浅。在我们这些人中,有许多很谦虚,但也有一些傲慢的人。这些傲慢的人有时的确令人讨厌,他们把眼睛长在头上,对其他人都不屑一顾。的确,傲慢是一种缺点,一种在环境下养成的性格。我们中国的孩子,从小就被父母视为掌上明珠捧着,典型的“小皇帝”。要是从小到大一直这么养尊处优,怎么会不傲慢呢?因此,我觉得我们不应该对傲慢的人产生偏见,而是该多反省自己,看看自己有没有傲慢,以后自己的事也要学会自己做,不再让父母操心,劳累了。 正如书中所说:“骄傲之心人皆有之。只要我们拥有那么一点点长处,就会觉得自己特别了不起。但其中的骄傲和虚荣虽含义相同,却实质不同,骄傲是种自我感觉,虚荣则需要牵扯到别人高估自己,所以,一个人拥有不含虚荣心的骄傲,这也是无可非议的。”
2023-06-29 10:12:221

大的英文怎么读音

你好!大的big 英[bu026ag] 美[bu026aɡ] adj. 大的; 重要的; (计划) 庞大的; 大方的; adv. 大量地; 成功地; 夸大地; 宽宏大量地; n. 大亨; 大公司; [例句]Australia"s a big country澳大利亚是个幅员辽阔的国家。
2023-06-29 10:12:132

globe与sphere有什么区别

sphere 强调几何形状 - 正球形globe 是泛指球型。
2023-06-29 10:12:101

美国留学F1签证被拒签了怎么办??请大家帮忙分析原因。

呃呃呃呃呃呃呃~~~兄弟,真被你气死了,哪有人这样回答的?被拒签的雷池都被你踩光了,签证官怎么能让你过了呢??看你的文字表述,楼主英语应该基础很一般一般,楼主也应该意识到签证官对你这个英语能力实在不认可对吧?所以,建议楼主提前一定要多练习练习英语口语,不至于在这个方面被扣很多分!!另外,楼主应该要提前对自己想要报读的美国院校的资料了如指掌啊~你看,签证官问你关于学校的事情楼主也没能回答上来,多不靠谱啊~~一般美国留学被拒签的原因有几个:一是留学资金担保未达标。二是没有明确具体的留学目的。三是假借留学名义意图移民。四是推迟了预约面谈时间。五是不具备良好的英语口语能力。六是提交虚假信息。七是国内文化程度未达标。八是面谈过程中的疏漏。申请美国F1签证被拒的问题,建议楼主查看一下这个网站http://www.gaoqianwang.cn/,本人之前办理美国f1签证被拒后马上找这个机构给办理了,国营~~而且是是专门办理签证拒签重签的权威机构来着,据说使馆有背景,不过价格也真是太高了啊!!o(╥﹏╥)o
2023-06-29 10:12:0810

万圣节有什么风俗习惯?

万圣节的风俗
2023-06-29 10:12:0411

步态分析系统足底压力分布测量设备有哪些?

主要是三大类:压力板、压力跑台、压力鞋垫。压力板的产地有意大利、德国、美国、比利时、韩国等及国产;压力跑台目前见到的仅是意大利、德国;压力鞋垫产地有意大利、德国、美国、加拿大及国产;德国主要是电容式传感器为主,其他主要是电阻式为主,美国的属于应变薄膜。压力板、跑台、鞋垫不同类型的设备有各自的适用场景和优缺点,有的可能三种都需要,还是根据研究需求来定。从功能表现和价格上来说总体比较起来,意大利的性价比会高一些。
2023-06-29 10:11:512

中国淑女品牌有哪些

淑女装品牌有哪些:1.朵以 duoyi2.蝶野 dearl3.阿依莲 ayilian4.衡韵 hamin5.红贝缇 honbillie6.城市俪人 cslr7.爱奴娇 a.joy8.奥菲曼 ofiman9.阿勒锦 a.lergin10.艾达丽尔collection11.爱特爱 eitie12.艾丽特
2023-06-29 10:11:491

万圣节前夜的英文是什么?

万圣节前夜(英语:Halloween,为“All Hallow"s Eve”的缩写),简称“万圣夜”,万圣节(All Hallow"s Day)的前一天,即每年的10月31日,是西方世界的传统节日,庆祝活动一般在晚上。主要流行于撒克逊人后裔云集的美国、不列颠群岛、澳大利亚、加拿大和新西兰等西方国家。当晚小孩会穿上化妆服,戴上面具,挨家挨户收集糖果等。万圣节前夜,其英语名称中的“Hallow”源于中古英语的“halween”,与“holy”词源很接近,在苏格兰和加拿大的某些区域,诸圣节仍然被称为“Allhallowmas”,意思是在纪念所有圣人(All Hallows)的那一天要举行的弥撒(Mass)。欧洲传统上认为万圣节前夜是灵异世界最接近人间的时间,这传说与东亚的中元节与盂兰节类似。美国明尼苏达州的阿诺卡(Anoka)号称是“世界万圣节之都”,每年此时都举行大型的巡游庆祝。万圣节前夜就是“圣夜”的意思。万圣夜已经变成一年中最流行和最受欢迎的节日之一,许多人都以极大的热情来庆祝这一节日。万圣夜在11月1日的前一夜,其实是赞美秋天的节日,就好像五朔节是赞美春天的节日一样。西方很多民族都在万圣节前夜有庆典聚会,这又被叫做“All Hallow E"en”、“The Eve of All Hallows”、“Hallow e"en”,或者“The eve of All Saints"Day”。最终约定俗成演变成了“Halloween”,中文意译成了万圣节之夜。在西方国家,每年的10月31日,有个“Halloween”,辞典解释为“The eve of All Saints"Day”,中文译作:“万圣节之夜”。万圣节是西方国家的传统节日。这一夜是一年中最“闹鬼”的一夜,所以也叫“鬼节”。华语地区常将万圣夜误称为万圣节。“Hallow”来源于中古英语halwen,与holy词源很接近,在苏格兰和加拿大的某些区域,万圣节仍然被称为“All Hallow Mas”,意思是在纪念所有的圣人(Hallow)那一天,要举行的弥撒仪式(Mass)。古代高卢、不列颠和爱尔兰的祭司——德鲁伊德有一个赞美秋天的盛大节日,从万圣夜后午夜开始,直至次日11月1日持续整整一天。他们认为,在那天晚上他们伟大的死神--萨曼会把那年死去人的鬼魂统统召来,这些恶鬼要受到托生为畜类的惩罚。当然,只要想到这种鬼魅的聚会,就足以令当时那些头脑简单的愚民胆战心惊的了。于是他们点起冲天的篝火,并严密监视这些恶鬼。 [3] 万圣夜到处有女巫和鬼魂的说法就是这么开始的。在欧洲某些与世隔绝的地区还有人相信这是真的。如今在整个欧洲,人们都把万圣夜看作尽情玩闹、讲鬼故事和互相吓唬的好机会。于是人们不再把这节日仅仅用来赞美秋光,而是让它变成一场真正的“狂欢”。而脸谱化妆是万圣节传统节目之一。
2023-06-29 10:11:431

二战时期虎式坦克是用了什么牌子的引擎?

虎式坦克起初使用Maybach HL210 P45汽油引擎,其排气量为21升,12个气缸。在3000转/每分钟的速度下输出功率为650马力。(英国人实验测试得出的输出功率为642马力。)引擎带有3个橡胶密封的Mahle涡轮式空气过滤器(为延长Maybach引擎的寿命,空气过滤器的维护是十分必要的),4个Solex双喷头汽化器,2个 Schnapper磁电火花塞,4个机械油泵,1个电动油泵,1个电启动器,1个惯性启动器,1个1000/12发电机,1个水冷的冷油器和自动灭火系统。为防止引擎转速过快,在燃油入口和汽化器之间有独立的碟阀控制器。引擎总重1250kg。 1943年3月从底盘号为250251的虎式坦克上采用新型的Maybach HL230 P45引擎。新引擎的活塞重新设计,压缩比由原来的1:68降为1:64。为适应新型的引擎。冷却系统的风扇也随之做了更改。1943年8月再次引入了一系列变更,改进了引擎内部的冷却回路,加强了油泵上的弹簧。1943年11月为延长引擎寿命,限制引擎转速的控制器在工厂里预设的满载限制为2500转/ 每分钟。 希望对您有用
2023-06-29 10:11:401

Being a Global Citizen 4 - 懂你英语 流利说 Level7 Unit3 Part1

But despite all of this momentum, we face some huge challenges. See, you might be thinking to yourself, how can we possibly persuade world leaders to sustain a focus on global issues? Indeed, the powerful American politician Tip O"Neill once said, "All politics is local." That"s what always got politicians elected: to seek, gain and hold onto power through the pursuit of local or at very best national interests. I experienced this for the first time when I was 21 years old. I took a meeting with a then-Australian Foreign Minister who shall remain nameless -- [Alexander Downer] (Laughter) And behind closed doors, I shared with him my passion to end extreme poverty. I said, "Minister -- Australia has this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to help achieve the Millennium Development Goals. We can do this." And he paused, looked down on me with cold, dismissive eyes, and he said, "Hugh, no one gives a funk about foreign aid." Except he didn"t use the word "funk." He went on. He said we need to look after our own backyard first. This is, I believe, outdated, even dangerous thinking. Or as my late grandfather would say, complete BS. Parochialism offers this false dichotomy because it pits the poor in one country against the poor in another. It pretends we can isolate ourselves and our nations from one another. The whole world is our backyard, and we ignore it at our peril. See, look what happened when we ignored Rwanda, when we ignore Syria, when we ignore climate change. Political leaders ought to give a "funk" because the impact of climate change and extreme poverty comes right to our shore. Now, global citizens -- they understand this. We live in a time that favors the global citizen, in an age where every single voice can be heard. See, do you remember when the Millennium Development Goals were signed back in the year 2000? The most we could do in those days was fire off a letter and wait for the next election. There was no social media. Today, billions of citizens have more tools, more access to information, more capacity to influence than ever before. Both the problems and the tools to solve them are right before us. The world has changed, and those of us who look beyond our borders are on the right side of history. So where are we? So we run this amazing festival, we"ve scored some big policy wins, and citizens are signing up all over the world. But have we achieved our mission? No. We have such a long way to go. But this is the opportunity that I see. The concept of global citizenship, self-evident in its logic but until now impractical in many ways, has coincided with this particular moment in which we are privileged to live. We, as global citizens, now have a unique opportunity to accelerate large-scale positive change around the world. So in the months and years ahead, global citizens will hold world leaders accountable to ensure that the new Global Goals for Sustainable Development are tracked and implemented. Global citizens will partner with the world"s leading NGOs to end diseases like polio and malaria. Global citizens will sign up in every corner of this globe, increasing the frequency, quality and impact of their actions. These dreams are within reach. Imagine an army of millions growing into tens of millions, connected, informed, engaged and unwilling to take no for an answer. Over all these years, I"ve tried to reconnect with Sonny Boy. Sadly, I"ve been unable to. We met long before social media, and his address has now been relocated by the authorities, as often happens with slums. I"d love to sit down with him, wherever he is, and share with him how much the time I spent on Smoky Mountain inspired me. Thanks to him and so many others, I came to understand the importance of being part of a movement of people -- the kids willing to look up from their screens and out to the world, the global citizens. Global citizens who stand together, who ask the question "Why?," who reject the naysayers, and embrace the amazing possibilities of the world we share. I"m a global citizen. Are you? Thank you.
2023-06-29 10:11:331

航运业的船级社是什么机构?

从事船舶检验的机构。通常为民间组织。中国从事船舶检验的部门为政府的一个部门。世界上最早的船级社是1760年成立的英国劳氏船级社。此后航运发达的国家相继成立了船级社,并在世界主要港口设立分支机构,如美国船舶局、挪威船级社、法国船级社和日本海事协会等。船级社主要业务是对新造船舶进行技术检验,合格者给予船舶的各项安全设施并授给相应证书;根据检验业务的需要,制定相应的技术规范和标准;受本国或他国政府委托,代表其参与海事活动。有的船级社也接受陆上工程设施的检验业务。 在法律意义上讲,它是出于保险或其他目的根据船舶的状况对船舶进行检验和分类的组织。其主要作用是对船舶在建造时和建造后进行定期检验的组织,目的是设定和维持船舶及其社倍的建造和维修标准。每个船级社有一套规则规定检验要求,对船舶来说,要保持其级别就必须遵守这些规则。在多数国家船东并无义务使其船舶分等级,但是通常这是船舶保险的一个条件,也是多数租船人和发货人的要求,因此,如果船舶没有分等级的话,在贸易上就有相当多的困难。船级社也监督和批准集装箱的建造。这个组织在多数的主要海运国家都存在。 1. 英国劳氏船级社LR 2. 法国船级社BV 3. 意大利船级社RINA 4. 美国船级社ABS 5. 挪威船级社DNV 6. 德国劳氏船级社GL 7. 日本海事协会NK 8. 希腊船级社HR 9. 俄罗斯船舶登记局RS 10.波兰船舶登记局PRS 11.南斯拉夫船舶登记局JR 12.保加利亚船舶登记局BKR 13.中国船级社CCS 14.捷克船舶登记局CSLR 15.韩国船级社KR 16.印度尼西亚船级社BKI 17.罗马尼亚船舶登记局RN 18.印度船级社IRS19.克罗地亚船舶登记局CRS
2023-06-29 10:11:291

英语经典句子

1、那首情歌有关风月、却无关你我。 That love song is about wind and moon, but not about you and me. 2、你随便的一说,我却认真的难过。 You casually say, but I am seriously sad. 3、有一种感觉比失恋还有痛苦,那就是自作自受。 There is a feeling more painful than lovelorn, that is self inflicted. 4、世上的事,只要肯用心去学,没有一件是太晚的。 Nothing in the world is too late as long as you are willing to learn with your heart. 5、沉默不是不说话,只是不想说话。 Silence is not silence, just don"t want to talk. 6、哭过,放弃过,但别忘记你曾经拥有过。 Cry, give up, but don"t forget you once had. 7、我想活的很酷,爱不了你了,我就去爱别人。 I want to live a cool life. If I can"t love you, I will love others. 8、我用了我所有的力气想念一个人,那个人却从来不会为我停留。 I miss a person with all my strength, but that person never stays for me. 9、那些奋不顾身去爱的人,到了最后都成了别人的爱人。 Those who are desperate to love become others" lovers in the end. 10、世上最可怕的事莫过于,把你推入地狱的人,曾把你带上天堂。 The most terrible thing in the world is that the person who pushed you into hell took you to heaven. 11、你不尝试着做些能力之外的事情,就永远无法成长。 You can never grow unless you try to do something beyond your ability. 12、简单的灵魂,是质朴;简单的内涵,是本真;简单的归依,是智慧。 The simple soul is simple; the simple connotation is the essence; the simple return is wisdom. 13、你我注定共度荆棘路,余生坎坷分开走。 You and I are destined to spend the thorny road together, and walk separately in the rest of my life. 14、我不想一个人失眠,因为我真的很怕。 I don"t want to lose sleep alone, because I"m really afraid. 15、人生,需要有一些时刻,慢下来,静下来。告诉自己,活着,真好。 Life, need to have some time, slow down, quiet down. Tell yourself, it"s good to be alive. 16、他刚才的愉快仿佛成了泄了气的气球,垂头丧气的回家了。 His pleasure just now seemed to be a balloon that was out of breath and went home dejectedly. 17、当我已经不能离开你的时候,你已经离开我。 When I can"t leave you, you have left me. 18、摇曳在笔尖的舞姿、是聚光灯下最浓烈的一抹艳红。 Swaying in the nib dance, is the most intense red under the spotlight. 19、有些故事不需要讲给别人听,有些悲伤不是谁都会懂。 Some stories don"t need to be told to others. Some sorrows are not understood by everyone. 20、我紧张得心跳加速,好像心里有个小球跳来跳去。 I was so nervous that my heart beat faster, as if there was a little ball in my heart. 21、我有什么可寂寞的,我的灵魂里自有我的热闹。 I have what can be lonely, my soul has my own lively. 22、你永远都不明白那种撕心裂肺的感觉有多痛。 You never know how painful it is to feel. 23、假设没法遗忘他,就不要遗忘好了。真正的遗忘,是不需求起劲的。 If you can"t forget him, don"t forget him. The real forgetting needs no effort. 24、看着别人笑了自己也就笑了,明明就不快乐,却莫名的被牵引着。 Looking at others smile, they also smile, clearly not happy, but inexplicably pulled. 25、你是谁朝思暮想的笔尖少年、在绝城的荒途里辗转成歌。 Who are you, the pen tip youth who yearns for day and night, turning into a song in the desolate road of juecheng. 26、当你知道迷惑时,并不可怜,当你不知道迷惑时,才是最可怜的。 When you know confusion, it is not pitiful, when you do not know confusion, it is the most pitiful. 27、尽量原谅每一个谎言,生活中谁没有过谎言。 Forgive every lie as much as possible, who has not been lying in life. 28、微笑是盛开在人们脸上的一朵美丽的花,时时刻刻散发着迷人的芬芳。 Smile is a beautiful flower in full bloom on people"s faces, which exudes charming fragrance all the time. 29、回忆是件很累的事情,就像失眠时怎么躺都不对的样子。 Memory is a very tired thing, just like how to lie down when insomnia is not right. 30、当我们失去了一些东西时,才能得到另外一些东西。 When we lose something, we get something else. 31、感谢你改变了我之后不屑一顾的走开,让我现在如此坚强。 Thank you for changing me after dismissive go away, let me now so strong. 32、愿你精致到老,眼里是太阳,笑里是坦荡,对得起初心,守得住永心。 May you be delicate to the old, the sun in your eyes, magnanimous in your smile, right at the beginning of your heart, and keep your heart forever. 33、难过的不是情人节没人过,而是明明有爱人却还是自己过。 Sad is not Valentine"s day no one, but clearly have a lover but still own. 34、如今的我们,天各一方,愿莫失莫忘。 Today, we are in different parts of the world. 35、希望你一生没有软肋,不像我,别人提到你,我就输得一塌糊涂。 I hope you have no weakness in your life. Unlike me, when others mention you, I will lose in a mess. 36、不管脚步有多慢都不要紧,只要你在走,总会看到进步。 No matter how slow the pace is, as long as you are walking, you will always see progress. 37、与其你去排斥它已成的事实,你不如去接受它,这个叫做认命。 Instead of rejecting the fact that it has become, you"d better accept it. This is called accepting life. 38、不是除了你,我就没人要了。只是除了你,我谁都不想要。 No, I don"t have anyone else except you. It"s just that I don"t want anyone but you. 39、近朱者赤,近我者红橙黄绿青蓝紫。 If you are near red, you will be red, orange, yellow, green, blue and purple. 40、世界就两件事:一件是拿事儿把时间填满,另一件是拿感觉把心填满。 There are two things in the world: one is to fill the time with things, the other is to fill the heart with feelings. 41、我就是我,一开心就疯疯癫癫,不开心就安安分分。 I am me, a happy on the madness, not happy on the safe points. 42、一场失恋就像剪坏烫坏的头发,安慰只是让人温暖的废话。 A lovelorn is just like cutting the scalded hair, comfort is just warm nonsense. 43、喜欢你的人,要你的现在。爱你的人,会给你未来。 Those who like you want your present. People who love you will give you the future. 44、人的一切痛苦,本质上都是对自己的无能的愤怒。 All human suffering is essentially anger at one"s own incompetence. 45、最初倔强固执霸道骄傲不服输的满腔热血,早已被时光磨破。 At first, he was stubborn, obstinate and arrogant. He was full of blood, which had been worn by time. 46、错过的年华在寂寞里开出斑斓的花,却荒芜了轮回的春夏。 Missed love in the lonely out of colorful flowers, but barren reincarnation of spring and summer. 47、就在那一瞬间,我仿佛听见了全世界崩溃的声音。 In that moment, I seemed to hear the world collapse. 48、性命的悲伤,总有一泊泪水缘于深爱,你是我今生无法泅渡的沧海。 The sadness of life, there is always a pool of tears due to deep love, you are my life can not swim across the sea. 49、你希望掌握永恒,那你必须控制现在。 If you want to master eternity, you must control the present. 50、我愿意让我的那些与青春,与温暖有关的回忆里都是你的影子。 I would like to let my memories related to youth and warmth be your shadow.
2023-06-29 10:11:261

ccs级船是什么概念

船舶的船级(class)是表述船舶技术状况以及安全程度已达到某船级社规范要求的某种船舶级别的证明,CCS是中国船级社的简称.世界主要船级社: 1、英国劳氏船级社 LR 2、德国劳氏船级社 GL 3、挪威船级社 DNV 4、法国船级社 BV 5、美国船级社 ABS 6、中国船级社 CCS 7、日本海事协会 NK 8、俄罗斯船舶登记局 RS 9、意大利船级社 RINA 10、韩国船级社 KR 11、希腊船级社 HR 12、波兰船舶登记局 PRS 13、南斯拉夫船舶登记局 JR 14、保加利亚船舶登记局 BKR 15、捷克船舶登记局 CSLR 16、印度尼西亚船级社 BKI 17、罗马尼亚船舶登记局 RN 18、印度船级社 IRS 19、克罗地亚船舶登记局 CRS
2023-06-29 10:11:201

hello英文

hello英文。复数hellos或helloes。过去式helloed。过去分词helloed。现在分词helloing。Hello出自英语。本义为“你好、喂”。Hello是我们日常生活中使用频率较高的一个词。hello用作感叹词主要用于熟人间打招呼“喂”,常可音译为“哈罗”。也可用于呼叫远处的熟人或陌生人,以引起注意。还可作为打电话时呼叫对方之用语。平常,大家见面了,无疑都说声Hello。Hello是我们日常生活中使用频率较高的一个词,关于它的来历,众说纷纭。有的人说,Hello这个词来源于法语ho和la,其在英语里的意思就是(嘿,好哇)。大约在1066年左右,诺曼人入侵英国时,ho和la传入英语。随着时间的推移,ho、la慢慢演变成了一个读音类似hallow的词。大约又过了几百年,也就是到了莎士比亚时代,hallow又变成了halloo。再后来,又变为读音像halloa,halloo和hallo的词语,这些词语当时在演员和猎人中间广为流传。hallo一词今天仍然在猎人中间沿用。但是,也有人认为,Hello一词是在电话发明之后才出现的。据说电话发明之初,人们况是不自觉地要说Are you there?以示他们对电话究竟能否传递信息的怀疑,但发明家爱迪生却不浪费时间,他一拿起话筒就说Hello。于是乎,这个词就成了我们今天的共用语。学英语的好处:1、学习英语可以提高自己的语言技能,增加一项语言能力。2、学习英语有利于和外国人交朋友,聊天或者一起工作。3、学习英语有利于了解其他国家的习俗文化等。4、学习英语有利于找工作,例如很多外企,英语都是必修需要。5、学习英语有利于出国学习或者旅游,不会迷路或者手足无措。6、学习英语有利于看外国的原著小说或者电视电影等。
2023-06-29 10:11:191

菲律宾globe怎样发短信充值?

*134# 回复 2 回复3 输入前10位 输入后6位
2023-06-29 10:11:144