max笔记-
英语语言学中有这样一个知识点 THEMATIC PROGRESSION是什么意思
主位推进模式 的意思
“主位推进”概念是捷克语言学家Frantisek Danes 1974年提出的,用于解释语篇各小句之间的关系。
英语语言学中词类范畴是什么意思
就应该是词法中研究的范围吧：比如词性，屈折之类
英语语言学T-G approach是什么意思啊
在语言学不同领域可能有不同的指代，最常见的应该是指transformational-generative grammar（转换生成语法），有时也可以反过来，叫generative-transformational grammar，是当代著名语言学家乔姆斯基提出的句法理论。
英语语言学中同指解读什么意思
如果提高分，我回家查查！给你标准答案！和前面你的提问一起回答！
pragmatic failure是什么意思？英语语言学专有名词
pragmatic failure
语用失误;
语用失效;
英语语言学中sememe和 morpheme的区别是什么？
一个sememe是某个morpheme的意思。
一个morpheme总会包含它自己的sememe。
比如说，
unbreakable:un, break, able是三个morpheme。
un这个morpheme的意思是：否定。那么“否定”就是Un的sememe。
同理，“make things apart”就是break的sememe.
一个比较极端的例子是s.
s在英语里自己就可以做一个morpheme。
而它的sememe是plural，也就是复数。
总之sememe是意思，morpheme是载体。
英语语言学隐喻的组成部分是什么意思
那得看你的教科书师从哪派罗，另外暗喻下还有几个分支，其组成各不相同，不过广义上的metaphor还是按照Richards的解释分成tenor(喻旨)和vehicle(喻依)，两者合并构成了figure of speech(语象)
英语语言学指的是什么
本课程基本上是一门知识性的课程，需要学生记忆的内容比较多。本课程共有十章，每一章分别介绍语言学的一个分支学科或一个研究侧面所取得的主要研究成果，主要理论，原则和研究方法。在学习过程中要注意抓住重点，着重掌握和每个题目有关的基本概念和基本理论，在理解和消化的基础上记忆，切忌死记硬背。
语言学是对语言的系统研究，对于一个学习英语的人来说，应该懂一点语言学的知识，它可以在理论上对学习语言有指导作用，有助于更好的学习语言，下面介绍一点语言学知识。
I. Introduction
1. What is Language
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human munication.
2. What is Linguistics(语言学)
Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
3.Some Basic Distinctions(区分) in Linguistics
3.1 Speech and Writing
One general principle(原则) of linguistic *** ysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope(范畴) and uses that speech does not have.
3.2 Descriptive(描述性) or Prescriptive(说明性)
A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and *** yses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavior.
3.3 Synchronic(共时) and Diachronic(历时) Studies
The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.
3.4 Langue(语言) and Parole(言语)
This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure (索绪尔）early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech munity and parole refers to the actualized(实际的) language, or realization of langue.
3.5 Competence(能力)and Performance(行为)
Competence is the ideal language user"s knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances(发声).
4.The Scope of Linguistics
General linguistics is the study of language as a whole.
Phoics(语音学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.
Phonology(音韵学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages.
Morphology(词法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words.
Syntax(句法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the rules governing the bination of words into sentences.
Semantics(语义学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language.
Applied linguistics(应用语言学) is the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages.
Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship beeen language and society.
Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship beeen language and the mind.
Historical Linguistics(历史语言学) is the study of language changes.
Anthropological linguistics(人文语言学) uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study language variation and language use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man.
Neurolinguistics(神经语言学) studies the neurological basis of language development and use in human beings.
Mathematical linguistics(数学语言学) studies the mathematical features of language, often employing models and concepts of mathematics.
Computational linguistics(计算语言学) is an approach to linguistics in which mathematical techniques and concepts(概念) are applied, often with the aid of a puter.
II. Phoics(语音学）
1. scope of phoics
Speech sounds may be studied from different angles, thus we have at least three branches of phoics:
Articulatory phoics(发音语音学）we may examine the way in which a speech sound is produced to discover which vocal ans are involved and how they coordinate(协调） in the process.
Auditory phoics （听觉语音学）we may look into the impression a speaker makes on the hearer as mediated(调节） by the ear, the auditory nerve(神经） and the brain.
Acoustic phoics (声学语音学） we study the physical properties of speech sounds, as tran *** itted（传送） beeen mouth and ear.
2. The vocal ans
The vocal ans may be viewed as consisting of three parts, the initiator of the air-stream,(气流发生器官） the producer of voice（声音发生器官） and the resonating cavities.（声音共振器官）
3. Consonants(子音）
Places of articulation(发音部位）: bilabial,(双唇） Labiodentals,（唇齿） dental,（齿） alveolar,（齿龈） retroflex,（卷舌） palate-alveolar,（上齿龈） palatal,（上颚） velar,（软颚） uvular,（小舌） glottal(声门）
Manners of articulation: plosive,（暴破） nasal,（鼻音） trill,（颤音） lateral,（边音） fricative,（摩擦） approximant,（近似音） affricate（破擦）
4. Vowels (母音）
The classification of vowels: the height of tongue raising (high, mid, low), the position of the highest part of the tongue(front, central, back), and the degree of lip rounding(rounded, unrounded)
III. Phonology（音韵学）
1. phonemes(音素）：a distinctive(有区别的） sound in a language.
2. Allophones(音位变体）：The nondistinctive sounds are members of the same phoneme.
3. Minimal pairs(最小对立体）： word forms which differ from each other only by one sound.
4. Free variation (自由变异）：If o sounds ourring in the same environment(环境）, they does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word.
5. Complementary distribution(补充分类）：Not all the speech sounds our in the same environment. When o sounds never our in the same environment
6.Suprasegmental phonology(超音段音位）：the study of phonological properties(性质） of units lager than the segment-phoneme. They are syllable(音节）， stress,（重音） word stress, sentence stress. pitch （音调）and intonation（语调）.
IV. Morphology（词法）
1. inflection(构形法）：the grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes.(屈折词缀）
2. Word-formation(构词）：the processes(过程） of word variations signaling lexical relationships.（表明词法关系） They are pound(合成）and derivation (派生）.
3. Morpheme(词素）： the *** allest unit in terms of relationship beeen expression and content.
4. Allomorph(同质异象变体）： some morphemes have considerable variation, for instance, alternate shapes or phoic forms.
5. Types of morphemes: They are roots,(词根） affix（词缀） and stem（词干）.
6. Lexicon(语言词汇）：in its most general sense, is synonymous with vocabulary.
7. Closed-class words(封闭性） and open-class words(开放性）：the former whose membership is fixed or limited and the latter whose membership is in principle(实际上） indefinite or unlimited.
8. Word class(词性）：It displays a wider range of more precisely defined classes.
9. Lexeme(词位）：the *** allest unit in the meaning system of a language that can be distinguished from other *** aller units.
10. Idiom(习语，成语）：Most phrasal lexemes are idioms. It is especially true for a sequence of words(词序） which is semantically（语义上） and often syntactically(句法上） restricted.（限制）
11. Collocation(搭配）： the habitual(习惯的） co-ourrences （同时出现）of individual lexical items.
V. Syntax (句法）
1. Positional relation or word order（词序）：the sequential(顺序） arrangement of words in a language.
2. Construction or constituent (句子结构）： the overall process of internal (内部）anization of a grammatical unit .
3. Syntactic function(句法功能）： the relationship beeen a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used. The names of functions are expressed in terms of subjects, objects, predicates, modifiers,(修饰语） plements（补语）, etc.
4. Category(范畴）：It refers to classes and functions in its narrow sense, e.g. noun, verb, subject, predicate, noun phrase, verb phrase, etc. The categories of the noun include number, gender, case and countability.
5. Phrase: a single element of structure containing more than one word, and lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of clause.
6. Clause: a group of words with its own subject and predicate, if it is included in a larger sentence.
7. Sentence: It is the minimum part of language that expresses a plete thought.
VI. Semantics
1. Conceptuali *** or mentali *** (概念主义）：Following F. De Saussure(索学尔）"s "sign" theory, the linguistic sign is said to consist of a signifier （所指）and signified（被指）, i.e., a sound image and a concept, liked by a psychological（心理的） "associative" bond.（相关联络）
2. Mechani *** (机械主义）：Some linguists, Bloomfield,(布鲁费尔德） for example, turned to science to counter（反）-act the precious theories and this leads to what call the mechanistic approach（方法）. The nature of this theory has nothing to do with the scientific study of mental phenomena.（智力现象）
3. Contextuali *** （语境主义）：It is based on the presumption(假定） that one can derive meaning from or reduce it to observable context.
4. Behaviori *** (行为主义）：Behaviourists attempt to define (定义）the meaning of a language form as "the situation(情景） in which the speaker utters（说话） it and the response（反应） it calls forth in the hearer."
5. functionali *** (功能主义）：Functionalists as represented (代表）by the Prague school（布拉格学派） linguists and neo-Firthian （新弗斯）linguists, approach the problem from an entirely new orientation（方法）. They argue（争辩） that meaning could only be interpreted（解释） from its use or function in social life.
6. Sense relationships: While reference deals with the relationship beeen the linguistic elements, words, sentences, etc.,and the non-linguistic world of experience, sense relates to the plex system of relationships that hold beeen the linguistic elements themselves. They include synonymy(同义词），antonymy(反义词）,hyponymy(下层次）Polysemy(一词多义）and Homonymy (同音异义词）
7. Semantic *** ysis: It includes 1) ponential（成分） *** ysis which defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic ponents.(意义成分）2) predication (表述） *** ysis in which the meaning of a sentence is not merely the sum of the meanings of the words which pose it. 3) relational ponents in which the semantic *** ysis of some words presents a plicated picture, because they show relations beeen o and perhaps more terms.
VII. Language Variation (语言变化）
1. Lexical change(词汇的变化）：changes in lexis.
2. Invention: (新造词）new entities.
3. Compounding:(合成词）New words are sometimes constructed by bining o old words.
4. Blending: (混合词）：It is a relatively plex form of pounding, in which o roots are blended by joining the initial part of the first root and the final part of the second root, or by joining the initial parts of the o roots.
5. Abbreviation or clipping:(缩写）A new word is created by cutting the final part or cutting the initial part.
6. acronym:(取首字母的缩写词）It is made up from the first letters of the name of an anization, which has a heavily modified (修饰） headword.
7. Met *** ysis:(再分化）It refers to a process through which a division is made where there were note before.
8. Back-formation:(逆构词） It refers to an abnormal(非正常） type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting(去掉） an imagined affix from a longer form already present in the language.
9. Analogical creation:(类比造词）It can aount for（说明） the co-existence of o forms, regular and irregular, in the conjugation(结合） of some English verbs.
10. Borrowing（借用）：English in its development has managed to widen her vocabulary by borrowing words from other languages.
11. Phonological change(音变）：It is related to language variation in the phonological system of language. It includes loss,(省音） addition,（加音） assimilation,（ 同化）dissimilation.（异化）
12. Grammatical change: Changes in both morphology（词法） and syntax（句法） are listed under this heading.
13. Semantic change:(语义变化）It includes broadening,（语义扩大） narrowing,（语义缩小） meaning shift,（意义转化） class shift（词性转换） and folk etymology.（词源变化）
14. Orthographic change ：(正字法）Changes can also be found at the graphetic level.
就是学语音学句法学语义学语用学简单来说就是单词的构成形式句子的构成要素以及他们的具体应用
分享好知识！