water

water 英[ˈwɔ:tə(r)] 美[ˈwɔtɚ, ˈwɑtɚ] n. 水; 海水; 雨水; 海域; v. 给…浇水; 供以水; 加水稀释; 流泪; [例句]Get me a glass of water.给我杯水。[其他] 第三人称单数：waters 复数：waters 现在分词：watering过去式：watered 过去分词：watered

水

水

水

水

水

水了吧water 英[ˈwɔ:tə(r)] 美[ˈwɔtɚ, ˈwɑtɚ] n. 水; 海水; 雨水; 海域; v. 给…浇水; 供以水; 加水稀释; 流泪; [例句]Get me a glass of water.给我杯水。[其他] 第三人称单数：waters 复数：waters 现在分词：watering过去式：watered 过去分词：watered

是 水

Water [人名] [英格兰人姓氏] 沃特 Walter的变体; [人名] [英格兰人姓氏] 沃特地貌名称，一片水域，来源于古英语; [人名] [爱尔兰姓氏] 沃特盖尔语姓氏的英语形式，来源于人名，含义是“寒冷的”(cold); [地名] 河、湾、海峡（英语）; 例句: 1. Some plants need lots of water. 一些植物需要大量的水。 2. Expressions about water are almost as common as water itself. 关于水的表达几乎和水本身一样常见。

水喽

water [5wC:tE] n. 水, 雨水, 海水, 水位, 水面, 流体 vt. 喷淋, 供以水, 注入水, 使湿 vi. 流泪, 加水 adj. 水的, 水上的, 水生的, 含水的 water wa.ter AHD:[w“t…r, wt“…r] D.J.[6w%8t*, 6wKt*] K.K.[6w%t+, 6w$t+] n.（名词） A clear, colorless, odorless, and tasteless liquid, H2O, essential for most plant and animal life and the most widely used of all solvents. Freezing point 0=C (32=F); boiling point 100=C (212=F); specific gravity (4=C) 1.0000; weight per gallon (15=C) 8.337 pounds (3.772 kilograms). 水：清洁、无色、无嗅、无味的液体，H2O，为绝大部分植物和动物生命所必需，广泛用于所有的溶剂。冰点为零摄氏度(32华氏度）；沸点为100摄氏度(212华氏度）；标准密度为(4摄氏度）1.0000；每加仑(15摄氏度）重8.337磅(3.772公斤） Any of various forms of water: 水：水的各种形式之任一种： waste water. 废水 Often waters Naturally occurring mineral water, as at a spa. 常作waters 矿泉水：自然出产之矿质水，如矿泉中的水 A body of water such as a sea, lake, river, or stream. 水体：如海、湖、河或溪等大片的水 waters A particular stretch of sea or ocean, especially that of a state or country: waters 领海：尤指一国的专门一片海或洋： escorted out of British waters. 护航离开英国领海 A supply of water: 水源：水的供应： had to turn off the water while repairing the broken drain. 修理漏管道的时候必须切断水源 A water supply system. 供水系统 Any of the liquids present in or passed out of the body, such as urine, perspiration, tears, or saliva. 体液：存在于体内或排出体外的液体，如尿、汗液、泪水或唾液 The fluid surrounding a fetus in the uterus; amniotic fluid. 羊水：子宫包围胎儿之液体；羊膜液 An aqueous solution of a substance, especially a gas: 水溶液：尤其是气体物质的水溶液： ammonia water. 氨水 A wavy finish or sheen, as of a fabric or metal. 波纹：织物或金属的波纹或光泽 The valuation of the assets of a business firm beyond their real value. 高估：一公司超过其实际价值的资产估价 Stock issued in excess of paid-in capital. 虚股：超过收入资本而发行的股本 The transparency and luster of a gem. 水色：宝石的透明度及光洁度 A level of excellence. 优质度：极好的水平 v.（动词） wa.tered,wa.ter.ing,wa.ters v.tr.（及物动词） To pour or sprinkle water on; make wet: 浇洒：向…上灌或喷水；使湿： watered the garden. 浇花园 To give drinking water to. 提供饮水：向…提供饮用水 To lead (an animal) to drinking water. 饮：领着（动物）去喝水 To dilute or weaken by adding water: 稀释，淡化：加水稀释或淡化： a bar serving whiskey that had been watered. 提供掺水威士忌的酒吧 To give a sheen to the surface of (silk, linen, or metal). 上轧波纹：给（丝、麻或金属）表面上光泽 To increase (the number of shares of stock) without increasing the value of the assets represented. 发行虚股：增加（股票的数量）却并没有提高所代表的资产价值 To irrigate (land). 灌溉（土地） v.intr.（不及物动词） To produce or discharge fluid, as from the eyes. 流眼泪：如从眼中产生或分泌液体 To salivate in anticipation of food: 分泌唾液：期待食物而分泌唾液： The wonderful aroma from the kitchen makes my mouth water. 厨房飘来的香味使我们垂涎三尺 To take on a supply of water, as a ship. 加水：加上水的储备，如船 To drink water, as an animal. 饮水，如动物

名词 n. 1.水[U]Fish live in water. 鱼生活在水中。 2.(江、湖、海等的)水体;大片的水[P1]Those plants can grow only in deep waters. 那些植物只能在深水中生长。 3.水位,潮位[U]4.(生物体内的)流体,分泌液;尿;泪[U]5.(国家的)海域,领海[P]The ship was in European waters. 船在欧洲水域航行。 6.【商】(超过实际资产的)估值(或股额);虚股及物动词 vt. 1.给...浇水,灌溉The flowers need watering. 这些花需浇浇水。 2.给...水;给...供水This village is watered by deep wells. 这个村庄靠深井供水。 3.搀水冲淡,加水稀释The milk they sold was watered. 他们卖的牛奶是搀了水的。 不及物动词 vi. 1.流泪;流口水The child"s mouth watered for chocolate. 那孩子因想吃巧克力而淌口水。 The smoke made my eyes water. 烟把我的眼泪都熏出来了。 2.(船等)加水3.(动物)饮水

很多种水...名词也可以是动词浇,,....也可以是流泪

water是不可数名词。water表示“水”，是物质名词，不可数。但在某些特殊情况下可用复数。如：1、表示江河湖海等的“水域”“水体”时，习惯上要用复数。如：They will cross the waters tomorrow.他们明天要渡海。2、表示某国的“近海”“海域”“领海”时，习惯上要用复数。如：British waters were a“military area”．英国领海是“军事区”。3、表示“矿泉水”“泉水”“喷泉水花”时，习惯上要用复数。如：We drink table waters.我们喝瓶装矿泉水。近义词liquid读音：英［ˈlɪkwɪd]，美［ˈlɪkwɪd]。释义：n. 液体。adj. 液体的；液态的；易变为现金的；清澈的；明亮的；晶莹的；清脆的。例句：He took one smell of the liquid and his eyes began to water.他闻了一下那种液体，就流起泪来了。复数：liquids。

water，英文单词，名词、动词，作名词译为“水；海水；雨水；海域，大片的水；人名；(英)沃特”；作动词译为“使湿；供以水；给…浇水；加水；流泪；流口水”。

water[英][ˈwɔ:tə(r)][美][ˈwɔtɚ, ˈwɑtɚ]n.水; 雨水; 海水; 海域; v.给…浇水; 供以水; 加水稀释; 流泪; 第三人称单数：waters过去分词：watered复数：waters现在进行时：watering过去式：watered例句:1.Technology such as electronic sensors and controls would permit variable pricing forpower and finely-tuned measures of water consumption. 电子传感器和控制器等技术可对电力进行可变定价，对用水消耗量进行精确计量。2.• Title: executive director of the clean water initiative •头衔：洁净水组织执行总监

水

白水的意思！

water["wɔːtə]n. 水；海水；雨水；海域，大片的水vt. 使湿；供以水；给…浇水vi. 加水；流泪；流口水n. (Water)人名；(英)沃特  [短语]water 水(W Ater Tow Er),水,水分water conservation 节约用水,节水,水利distilled water 蒸馏水,蒸馏水,基质 近义词：groundwater  ["graʊnd"wɔtə]n. 地下水

水。。。。。。。。

水

n.水; 雨水; 海水; 海域; v.给…浇水; 供以水; 加水稀释; 流泪; 第三人称单数：waters过去分词：watered复数：waters现在进行时：watering过去式：watered

water是水的英文

水

water ["wɔːtə] n.水；海水；雨水；海域,大片的水vt.使湿；供以水；给…浇水vi.加水；流泪n.(Water)人名；(英)沃特

水 水 你真的好水

水 名词 n. 1.水[U]Fish live in water. 鱼生活在水中。 2.(江、湖、海等的)水体;大片的水[P1]Those plants can grow only in deep waters. 那些植物只能在深水中生长。 3.水位,潮位[U]4.(生物体内的)流体,分泌液;尿;泪[U]5.(国家的)海域,领海[P]The ship was in European waters. 船在欧洲水域航行。 6.【商】(超过实际资产的)估值(或股额);虚股及物动词 vt. 1.给...浇水,灌溉The flowers need watering. 这些花需浇浇水。 2.给...水;给...供水This village is watered by deep wells. 这个村庄靠深井供水。 3.搀水冲淡,加水稀释The milk they sold was watered. 他们卖的牛奶是搀了水的。 不及物动词 vi. 1.流泪;流口水The child"s mouth watered for chocolate. 那孩子因想吃巧克力而淌口水。 The smoke made my eyes water. 烟把我的眼泪都熏出来了。 2.(船等)加水3.(动物)饮水

water 英[ˈwɔ:tə(r)] 美[ˈwɔtɚ, ˈwɑtɚ] n. 水; 海水; 雨水; 海域; v. 给…浇水; 供以水; 加水稀释; 流泪; [例句]Get me a glass of water.给我杯水。[其他] 第三人称单数：waters 复数：waters 现在分词：watering过去式：watered 过去分词：watered

可以说是可数名词 也可以说是不可数名词

n. 水；海水；雨水；海域，大片的水vt. 使湿；供以水；给…浇水vi. 加水；流泪n. (Water)人名；(英)沃特

watern.  水; 雨水; 海水; 海域;v.  给…浇水; 供以水; 加水稀释; 流泪;变形 过去分词: watered 复数: waters 过去式: watered 现在分词: watering 第三人称单数: watersWATERabbr.  Working Alliance To Equalize Rates 正在应用的补偿率联合约定;Water[人名] [英格兰人姓氏] 沃特 Walter的变体; [人名] [英格兰人姓氏] 沃特地貌名称，一片水域，来源于古英语; [人名] [爱尔兰姓氏] 沃特盖尔语姓氏的英语形式，来源于人名，含义是“寒冷的”(cold); [地名] 河、湾、海峡（英语）;双语例句1. The heated gas is piped through a coil surrounded by water.  受热气体通过水中的盘管输送。2. Their water was turned off weeks ago without explanation.  他们的水在几周以前就毫无理由地被切断了。3. The boat started to spin around in the water.  船开始在水中打旋。

你好！water 英[ˈwɔ:tə(r)] 美[ˈwɔtɚ, ˈwɑtɚ] n. 水; 海水; 雨水; 海域; v. 给…浇水; 供以水; 加水稀释; 流泪; [网络] 对; 含水量; 名词; [例句]Get me a glass of water.给我杯水。

water [英]ˈwɔ:tə(r) [美]ˈwɔtɚ, ˈwɑtɚ n. 水;雨水;海水;海域 v. 给…浇水;供以水;加水稀释;流泪 [例句]Technology such as electronic sensors and controls would permit variable pricing for power and finely-tuned measures of water consumption.电子传感器和控制器等技术可对电力进行可变定价，对用水消耗量进行精确计量。

当然是水拉，这是送分题目吗？

water[英][ˈwɔ:tə(r)][美][ˈwɔtɚ, ˈwɑtɚ]n.水; 雨水; 海水; 海域; v.给…浇水; 供以水; 加水稀释; 流泪; 第三人称单数：waters过去分词：watered复数：waters现在进行时：watering过去式：watered例句:1.But water was not the only additive. 但是做添加剂的不仅可以用水。2.Some tunnels are still under water. 一些隧道仍然浸泡在水中。

您好是水的意思

在英语中，它是水的意思哦

n. 水；海水；雨水；海域，大片的水vt. 使湿；供以水；给…浇水vi. 加水；流泪n. (Water)人名；(英)沃特

水

水

water [5wC:tE] n. 水, 雨水, 海水, 水位, 水面, 流体 vt. 喷淋, 供以水, 注入水, 使湿 vi. 流泪, 加水 adj. 水的, 水上的, 水生的, 含水的 water wa.ter AHD:[w��“t…r, w��t“…r] D.J.[6w%8t*, 6wKt*] K.K.[6w%t+, 6w$t+] n.（名词） A clear, colorless, odorless, and tasteless liquid, H2O, essential for most plant and animal life and the most widely used of all solvents. Freezing point 0=C (32=F); boiling point 100=C (212=F); specific gravity (4=C) 1.0000; weight per gallon (15=C) 8.337 pounds (3.772 kilograms). 水：清洁、无色、无嗅、无味的液体,H2O,为绝大部分植物和动物生命所必需,广泛用于所有的溶剂.冰点为零摄氏度(32华氏度）；沸点为100摄氏度(212华氏度）；标准密度为(4摄氏度）1.0000；每加仑(15摄氏度）重8.337磅(3.772公斤） Any of various forms of water: 水：水的各种形式之任一种： waste water. 废水 Often waters Naturally occurring mineral water, as at a spa. 常作 waters 矿泉水：自然出产之矿质水,如矿泉中的水 A body of water such as a sea, lake, river, or stream. 水体：如海、湖、河或溪等大片的水 waters A particular stretch of sea or ocean, especially that of a state or country: waters 领海：尤指一国的专门一片海或洋： escorted out of British waters. 护航离开英国领海 A supply of water: 水源：水的供应： had to turn off the water while repairing the broken drain. 修理漏管道的时候必须切断水源 A water supply system. 供水系统 Any of the liquids present in or passed out of the body, such as urine, perspiration, tears, or saliva. 体液：存在于体内或排出体外的液体,如尿、汗液、泪水或唾液 The fluid surrounding a fetus in the uterus; amniotic fluid. 羊水：子宫包围胎儿之液体；羊膜液 An aqueous solution of a substance, especially a gas: 水溶液：尤其是气体物质的水溶液： ammonia water. 氨水 A wavy finish or sheen, as of a fabric or metal. 波纹：织物或金属的波纹或光泽 The valuation of the assets of a business firm beyond their real value. 高估：一公司超过其实际价值的资产估价 Stock issued in excess of paid-in capital. 虚股：超过收入资本而发行的股本 The transparency and luster of a gem. 水色：宝石的透明度及光洁度 A level of excellence. 优质度：极好的水平 v.（动词） wa.tered,wa.ter.ing,wa.ters v.tr.（及物动词） To pour or sprinkle water on; make wet: 浇洒：向…上灌或喷水；使湿： watered the garden. 浇花园 To give drinking water to. 提供饮水：向…提供饮用水 To lead (an animal) to drinking water. 饮：领着（动物）去喝水 To dilute or weaken by adding water: 稀释,淡化：加水稀释或淡化： a bar serving whiskey that had been watered. 提供掺水威士忌的酒吧 To give a sheen to the surface of (silk, linen, or metal). 上轧波纹：给（丝、麻或金属）表面上光泽 To increase (the number of shares of stock) without increasing the value of the assets represented. 发行虚股：增加（股票的数量）却并没有提高所代表的资产价值 To irrigate (land). 灌溉（土地） v.intr.（不及物动词） To produce or discharge fluid, as from the eyes. 流眼泪：如从眼中产生或分泌液体 To salivate in anticipation of food: 分泌唾液：期待食物而分泌唾液： The wonderful aroma from the kitchen makes my mouth water. 厨房飘来的香味使我们垂涎三尺 To take on a supply of water, as a ship. 加水：加上水的储备,如船 To drink water, as an animal. 饮水,如动物

n. 水；海域；雨水；海水。v. 给 ... 浇水；给 ... 供水；加水稀释；充满眼泪；给...水喝。water的基本意思是“水”,引申可指“水深”“水面”“水路”,有时也指“(生物体内的)液体”“分泌液”,如尿、口水、胃液、羊水等。还可指“(品质或类型的)程度”。在表示“(海、江、湖、池、河等大片的)水域”时, water常用复数形式,此时常与定冠词the连用。waters也可表示“矿泉水”“矿泉浴”,还可表示“(某国的)近海海域”。water用作名词时意思是“水”,转化为动词意为“给…浇水〔洒水〕”,引申可表示“在…里掺水”“给…喂水”“流下泪〔口水〕”等。water既可用作不及物动词,也可用作及物动词。用作及物动词时,接名词或代词作宾语; 用作不及物动词时,常与down连用。可用于被动结构。词汇搭配：absorb water 吸水add water 添水administer water 管理水agitate water 摇动水boil water 煮(沸)水channel water 引水(浇地)cut off water 断水disturb water 搅动水drain water from 让水从…排出drain off water 排水draw water for a bath 放水洗澡draw water from a well 从井里汲水drink water 饮水empty water 倒干水

water，英文单词，主要用作名词、动词，作名词译为“水；海水；雨水；海域，大片的水；人名；(英)沃特”；作动词译为“使湿；供以水；给…浇水；加水；流泪；流口水”。短语搭配water quality水质water supplyyinbiao供水系统；水源water treatment水处理；水的处理waste water污水，废水drinking water饮用水 双语例句Water: You are not the only one.水说：你却不是我的唯一。What should we do about the water shortage?我们该怎样解决水资源短缺的问题呢？Should You Drink the Water?你应该喝这个水吗？单词用法1.water的基本意思是“水”,引申可指“水深”“水面”“水路”,有时也指“(生物体内的)液体”“分泌液”,如尿、口水、胃液、羊水等。还可指“(品质或类型的)程度”。2.在表示“(海、江、湖、池、河等大片的)水域”时, water常用复数形式,此时常与定冠词the连用。3.waters也可表示“矿泉水”“矿泉浴”,还可表示“(某国的)近海海域”。4.water用作名词时意思是“水”,转化为动词意为“给…浇水〔洒水〕”,引申可表示“在…里掺水”“给…喂水”“流下泪〔口水〕”等。5.water既可用作不及物动词,也可用作及物动词。用作及物动词时,接名词或代词作宾语; 用作不及物动词时,常与down连用。可用于被动结构。

1、n. 水; 海水; 雨水; 海域；v. 给…浇水; 供以水; 加水稀释; 流泪。 2、第三人称单数：waters 复数：waters 现在分词：watering过去式：watered 过去分词：watered。 3、例句：Get me a glass of water.给我杯水。

英语中的water的意思是：1、n. 水；海水；雨水；海域，大片的水2、vt. 使湿；供以水；给…浇水3、vi. 加水；流泪4、n. (Water)人名；(英)沃特water 英 [ˈwɔ:tə(r)]  美 [ˈwɔtɚ, ˈwɑtɚ]词组短语：water quality 水质water supply 供水系统；水源water treatment 水处理；水的处理例句：1、This substance has an affinity for water. 这物质和水有亲和力。2、A large quantity of water is stored in the reservoir. 水库存了大量的水。扩展资料：同近义词1、seawater["si,wɔtɚ; "si,wɑtɚ] n. 海水短语seawater mercurometer 海水测汞仪seawater density 海水密度seawater salinity 海水盐度seawater color 海水水色

water的意思解析如下：名词：水；大片的水；水体；水域；水色；清水股；虚股；水中；供水；海水。动词：给（植物；一块地）浇水；泪汪汪；充满泪水；掺水冲淡；加水稀释；给……喂水；饮水；流经；给（船；蒸汽机车牵引的列车）上水。短语搭配：1、drinking water：饮用水。2、running water：流水；自来水；活水。3、boiling water：沸水；开水；煮沸的水。4、clean water：清洁水；饮用水；洁净水。5、clear water：清水。6、save water：节约用水。7、sweet water：甜水；糖水；甘泉。8、use water：用水。9、waste water：废水；污水；浪费水。10、water energy：水能。相关例句：1、Yorkshire flood victims showed the Dunkirk spirit as they battled the rising water.约克郡的灾民们在奋战上涨的洪水时显示出了敦刻尔克精神。2、Keep adding water until you can comfortably poke your finger into the soil.不停地加水，直到可以轻松地将手指插入土中为止。3、The population was rationed to four litres of water per person per day.民众每人每天配给四升水。4、He qualified his mug of water with a plentiful infusion of the liquor.他朝一大杯水里兑了足量的酒来改变水的味道。5、Slant your skis as you turn to send up a curtain of water.当你转弯形成水幕时，将滑水橇倾斜。6、He pulled at the oars and the boat moved swiftly through the water.他划动船桨，船儿迅速划过水面。7、At the end of the lake was a small kiosk, accessible only by water.湖的尽头有一个亭子，只有坐船才能前往。8、A scheme to divert water from the river to irrigate agricultural land.从河中引水以灌溉农田的计划。9、He shows every sign of taking to university politics like a duck to water.无处不显示出他如鱼得水般地喜欢上了大学政治生活。10、She let it go and zonk, it was in the water again.她一松手，只听见嘭的一声，它又掉到水里了。

waterfilter 发音为[ˈwɔ:tə ˈfiltə]filter做动词是“过滤”的意思，作名词是“过滤器”的意思waterfilter就是滤水器

water drum的意思是“敲水”。

1、watermelon，英文单词，名词，作名词时意为“西瓜”。 2、双语例句： Howdoyoueatwatermelon 你可以怎么吃西瓜呢？ Heweighedthewatermelonbyhand. 他用手估量西瓜的重量。 Johnny,canyoucutthiswatermeloninhalfforme 约翰尼，你能帮我把这个西瓜切成两半吗？ 更多关于watermelon什么意思，进入：https://www.abcgonglue.com/ask/725aec1615825285.html?zd查看更多内容

watermelon西瓜

1、watermelon，英文单词，名词，作名词时意为“西瓜”。2、双语例句：Howdoyoueatwatermelon你可以怎么吃西瓜呢？Heweighedthewatermelonbyhand.他用手估量西瓜的重量。Johnny,canyoucutthiswatermeloninhalfforme约翰尼，你能帮我把这个西瓜切成两半吗？更多关于watermelon什么意思，进入：https://www.abcgonglue.com/ask/725aec1615825285.html?zd查看更多内容

watermelon英[ˈwɔ:təmelən]美[ˈwɔ:tərmelən]n.西瓜网络是西瓜; 瓜; 西瓜碧玺复数：watermelons双语例句 A watermelon is red inside and green outside.西瓜内红外绿。

是西瓜

watermelonn.西瓜

watermelon[英][ˈwɔ:təmelən][美][ˈwɔ:tərmelən]n.西瓜;

watermelon英[ˈwɔ:təmelən]美[ˈwɔ:tərmelən]n.西瓜复数：watermelons例句1.A watermelon is red inside and green outside.西瓜内红外绿。2.At best, a work unit might add coupons for dried watermelon seeds, salted peanuts, and a ribbonfish for the holiday dinner table.有些单位最多可能会额外提供节日购物票证用于购买西瓜子、咸花生和带鱼等。

watermelon西瓜

watermelon意思是：西瓜

答案是西瓜

watermelon[英][ˈwɔ:təmelən][美][ˈwɔ:tərmelən]n.西瓜; 复数：watermelons以上结果来自金山词霸例句:1.He said he had found out a man selling watermelon. 他说他找到了一个卖西瓜的人。2.What watermelon recipes have you been serving up this summer? 这个夏天有什么样的西瓜食谱可以被提供呢

　　watermelon　　英 [ˈwɔ:təmelən] 美 [ˈwɔ:tərmelən]　　n.西瓜;　　[例句]A watermelon is red inside and green outside.　　西瓜内红外绿。　　[其他]复数：watermelons

西瓜~~~~~~~~~~~~

中文释义：西瓜，西瓜藤。附：例句oh,whatabigwatermelon!喔唷，这么大的西瓜!awatermelonisredinsideandgreenoutside.西瓜内红外绿。thiskindofwatermelonisremarkableforitssize.这种西瓜个头儿大。howdoyoueatwatermelon?你可以怎么吃西瓜呢？ilovewatermelon.我喜欢西瓜。youcouldprobablymakethiswithwatermelonoranyothersweetmelon,buti"veonlytriedhoneydewandcantaloupe.当然你也可以用西瓜或甜瓜做这道饮品，不过我只试过用蜜瓜和美国香瓜做。

在汉语中是西瓜的意思

water 是水的意思melon是瓜甜瓜的意思汁水很多又很甜的瓜就是西瓜请采纳

西瓜

中间有空格号吗？如果没有的话是 西瓜

西瓜

额　英语不好！！

你懒得连字典都不去查

是"幸存,生存"的意思啊!

water ancient古代的水 ancient 英[ˈeɪnʃənt]美[ˈenʃənt]adj. 古代的，已往的; 古老的，过时的; 年老的; 老式的;n. 古代人; 古文明国的国民; <古>高龄老人; <古>旗手;[例句]They believed ancient Greece and Rome were vital sources of learning.他们认为古代希腊罗马是知识的重要发源地。[其他] 复数：ancients 形近词： ancienn facient

1、先打开泵夹套的热水装置，预热好了再开启（夹套）循环泵。2、当夹套水温达到28度时，关闭热水加热装置。3、当反应釜温度接近27度时，关闭（夹套）循环泵，打开夹套的旁路阀门，并关闭夹套入口和出口阀门。4、当反应釜温度达到27~28度，同时打开自来水阀门和夹套进出口阀门，将夹套温度尽可能调节到27度。夹套入口的温度可能会稍微低于夹套出口的温度，可以达到需要的温度。1、加热烧瓶，并用容器收集蒸馏水。2、收集138毫升溶液。3、将烧瓶冷却至75摄氏度。4、然后降低搅拌速度至300-325转/分钟。5、移除所有收集的液体的烧瓶。6、拆卸冷凝器，用四氢呋喃清洗并用空气吹干。7、移除所有的液体到烧瓶。8、用四氢呋喃清洗并用空气吹干，并把它们放回货架。

ablegate abnegate abrogate agate aggregate arrogate bijugate billingsgate castigate circumnavigate colligate congregate conjugate corrugate delegate derogate desegregate disaggregate divagate elongate ergate expurgate extravagate floodgate fluxgate frigate fumigate fustigate gate headgate homologate indagate ingate instigate interrogate investigate irrigate jugate legate levigate liftgate ligate litigate macroaggregate mitigate navigate negate nondelegate objurgate obligate profligate promulgate propagate prorogate reaggregate reinvestigate relegate resegregate rugate runagate segregate subirrigate subjugate subrogate surrogate tailgate togate tollgate variegate virgate vulgate

倒水 PUOR多用与液体倒

Dieter Prinz and Dr.Amir H.MalikInstitute of Water Resources Management,Hydraulic and Rural Engineering,Section of Rural Engineering,University of Karlsruhe,D-76128 Karlsruhe,Germany1　IntroductionWater is already a scarce commodity in many parts of the world-and will be of even shorter supply in future:Due to an ever increasing world population,improving standard of living,irregularities caused by global climate change and growing water pollution,the world water problems aggravating day by day.Especially the drier parts of the tropics and subtropics,but also European countries,experience severe water supply problems-and agriculture will be hit hard-est.Agriculture utilizes globally about 70%of all the water managed by man,and about 80% of the water used in the developing world（Prinz,2000）.At the same time,the competition between the various sectors-agriculture,communities,industry,nature,becomes stiffer and agriculture will be the loser in the run for scarce water resources,as the output per unit water is of significantly lower value than in the other economic sectors.On the other hand,the need for more food asks also for more irrigation water,therefore we have to find ways of growing more food with less water（Agarwal,2001）.But it is not only a problem of water quantity,but of quality due to increasing pollution,too.2　General overviewWater conservation in agriculture may be defined as the application of measures designed（1）To improve the availability of water for agricultural purposes（“Supply Management”）,（2）To reduce the present size of water demand（“Demand Management”）,and（3）To keep water resources from being polluted or wasted.The solutions found must be sustainable and possible negative effects e.g.on nature have to be avoided.（1）Rainwater management:Rainwater management can be either“in-situ moisture conservation”or“Water Harvesting”.（2）In-situ moisture conservation:Its main aim is to minimise the runoff losses and to in-crease the available soil moisture for crop growth.（3）The water retention within the field allows higher infiltration rates and thus results（in dry areas）in better crop yields.（4）Water Harvesting is defined as“the collection and concentration of rainfall（and overland flow）and its use for the irrigation of crops,pastures and trees for domestic and livestock consumption”.The water storage can be done in the soil matrix or in a reservoir（Prinz and Wolfer,1998）.Fig.1　The atmosphere-soil-plant-water-system（by Dupriez ＆ De Leener,1992,altered）（5）　Rain and surface runoff management serves also the purposes of soil conservation,a prerequisite for water conservation,and flood control.The term“efficient use of water”is a very critical one:The efficiency might be defined as“unit of water used by crops to produce one unit of dry matter”or“…to produce one unit of harvested produce”.When water is in short supply,farmers are very much interested in increasing the efficiency by limiting unproductive water losses（evaporation from soil,surface runoff,seepage）.Even if the farmers can increase the efficiency per unit water available in their fields,this does not necessarily improve general,regional water efficiency.Fig.2　Water losses under semiarid conditions（Average values）（Source:Rockstroem ＆ Falkenmark,altered）Reduced seepage e.g.means a lower recharge of groundwater,less surface runoffmeans reduced surface water flows and fewer opportunities for using water further downstream,including less water supply for river valleys and wetlands.Therefore，we have to distinguish between recoverable water losses and unrecoverable water losses;the latter ones are those quantities of water lost to the atmosphere,to saline aquifers or to the sea（Fig.2）.3　Measures in rain-fed agricultureGlobally,rain-fed agriculture is practised on 83% of cultivated land and supplies more than 60% of the world"s food（FAO,2001）.In-situ water conservation,often combined with water harvesting measures,can contribute significantly making better use of the rain in dry areas to supply the crops during the rainy season with sufficient water.One element of in-situ moisture conservation is the curbing of runoff losses,which can amount to 30%～50%of rainfall on sloping grounds.3.1　Reduction of runoff lossesRunoff losses can be minimized e.g.by（1）Tying ridges:A tied ridge system can double crop,yields in semi-arid areas,while simultaneously preventing soil erosion.The water storing capacity in a tied ridge system amounts to 40～70 mm（Fig.3）.Fig.3　Tied ridges（Source:Prinz and Malik,2001）Fig.4　Stone lines in North Africa（Source:FAO）（2）Cultivating crops in furrows:The runoff can be minimised by cultivation in furrows①on hilly land as well as in lowlands，②for rainfed or for irrigated cropping，③with or with-out water conservation.Advantages are①As ridges dry out easily,moisture retention below furrow remains optimal，②No runoff and no soil erosion occur.Disadvantages are①Danger of water logging and anaerobic conditions，②Compaction of furrow bottoms by tractor traffic may worsen water logging and③Transmission of diseasesConstruction of earth basins and sunken beds to cultivate crops in them.A very remark-able example is the Zay technique（Chritchley et al.,1992）.Pits of 30 cm diameter are dug,90cm apart and 15～20cm deep.An experiment in Niger showed a doubling of yield from 600kg/ha on a（manured）field without Zay to 1200 kg/ha on fields with Zay pits（Fatondji et al.,2001）.（3）Lines of stones and trash,bunds and ridges（Fig.4）.（4）The application of Fanya Juu techniques,catching the rain in uphill or downhill trenches and inducing the establishment of terraces over a longer period（Fig.5）.Fig.5　There are two different Fanya Juu techniques to arrange ridge ＆ basin:Either the ridge is located up or downhill of the basin.（Source:Prinzand Malik,2001）.（5）Construction of ditches and basin to retain water in the field（Fig.6）（6）Contour farming is also well established measures in soil and water conservation.Contour farming means that tillage,planting and other farm operations are done along the contour（Fig.7）,by impeding the down-slope flow water,allowing the water to infiltrate and avoiding erosion.Contour farming on slopes of 4%～6% can reduce water loss（runoff）by 50% and soil loss by about 50%,compared to up and down hill cultivation.Fig.6　Retention ditchesFig.7　Contour farming.（S:urce:WOCAT.2000）（7）Strip Cropping:Strip cropping means dividing land into alternative strips of soil and water conserving crops and crops with a high soil erosion/runoff risk（Fig.8）.The strips should be of equal widths and not too wide to allow uncontrollable quantities of runoff to accumulate.Vegetation strips either of grasses or hedges slow down runoff water and force to deposit its load.The vegetation acts as filter.Over the years,terraces might develop.Aside of reducing runoff losses the fol-lowing measures can be applied：（8）Conservation tiliage:Conventional tillage has a number of advantages（it opens and turns the soil,it is rather effective in sup-pressing weeds,etc.）,but in dry areas it has also many disadvantages：①it leads to higher evaporation；②it brings oxygen into the soil,thus accelerating humus degradation；③may lead to lower infiltration rates（after a few rainfall events）.Fig.8　Planting vegetation strips（Source:WOCAT,2000）Conservation tillage aims at soil amelioration and rooting depth improvement to overcome water supply problems in dry areas.Soil management in water conservation means：①improving soil moisture intake；②reducing evaporation losses from the soil；③improving water holding capacity of soils；④avoiding compaction；⑤reducing deep percolation losses；⑥creating an optimal root environment.（9）Construction of the various kinds of terraces:Terraces cut slopes into segments,reducing slope angle and length of slope（Fig.9）.Bench terraces are the most ancient form of terrace.Beach terraces as well as channel terraces impound rainfall and runoff and encourage water to infiltrate into the soil.Fig.9　Different types of terraces（Source:Prinz and Malik,2001）3.2　Improving crop selectionIt is well established,that different crops need rather different quantities of water to pro-duce a yield.Rice,e.g.is a very water intensive crop,using twice as much water per hectare as wheat（FAO 200 1）.When farmers decide to switch from rice cultivation to any so called upland crop,this will save substantial amounts of water.But the cultivation of less water demanding crops than rice is not the only measure suggested in this respect:using crops of high water use efficiencyusing well adapted,high yielding varieties;short-strawed wheat gives double or triple yield per unit water in comparison to the traditional varieties.3.3　Improving crop husbandryIn areas with a short rainy season,the right timing of the crop is a decisive feature,as well as the type of cropping,e.g.relay or sequential cropping.A high water use efficiency can only be achieved if all the other growth factors are kept near the optimum.Important elements in this respect are：①nursery techniques with optimal water supply,but little percolation；②optimal seeding density and seeding methods,e.g.“dry seeding”；③the optimal association of crops；④crop protection,to avoid any suffering of the crops from pests and diseases；⑤supply of nutrients,i.e.the manuring and applying mineral fertiliser；⑥timely weeding of the crop to avoid water losses by unwanted plants.Fig.10 shows an example of water production function for maize under Kenyan conditions,illustrating the dependency of the yield level under given rainfall conditions from the level of management.Fig.10　Water-production function for maize in Machakos District,Kenya.（Source:Beets,1990）Combining cropping with animal husbandryAccording to Cape（1995）it needs 700 l of water to produce one litre of milk.This water,of course,is needed to produce fodder plants and one kg of alfalfa hay needs roughly 600 1 of water.The combination of cropping and raising animals,e.g.cows,can be very water efficient as can be the cultivation of fishes in rice fields（aquaculture）.3.4　Reduction of transpiration lossesTranspiration of plants counts for the largest share of the water used by a crop stand.The high evaporative demand of the atmosphere determines largely the amount of water lost by transpiration.If the air suction is higher than the water supply of the plant,the closing of the leave pores（stomata）is a counter measure,but a measure which lowers productivity.The grower can interfere by two means：①by reducing wind speed,e.g.by planting shelter belts and②by planting crops in greenhouses or in plastic tunnels.Measure 2 is the cultivation of crops under shade trees or in shade houses.The breeders have already succeeded in breeding a number of new grain varieties with lower transpiration rates per kg of dry matter produced.3.5　Reduction of evaporation lossesAccording to Hudson（1987）,shading the surface can substantially reduce the evaporation losses.The more of less unproductive evaporation from soil and water surfaces should be reduced wherever possible.Proven measures are e.g.:（1）The application of mulch layers of organic origin or as plastic mulch；（2）The use of certain cover crops,which need less water for transpiration than they save from evaporation;（3）The use of conservation tillage which disturbs to a lesser degree the ground,but disturbs the capillary rise of the water to the surface;（4）Various systems of agro-forestry produce shade and reduce temperatures for the annual crops grown below.Shade trees often belong to the Leguminosae family；（5）Contour hedges and shelter belts reduce wind speed;（6）Greenhouses and tunnels reduce not only transpiration but also significantly the evaporation from the ground.3.6　Reduction of percolation lossesPercolation losses occur as well under rain-fed agriculture as under irrigation,from soils to groundwater layers as well as from ponds and reservoirs to deeper layers.To improve soil management in regard to water efficiency,the following measures are recommended：（1）Improving rain water intake by keeping an open soil surface,by mulching with organic material and by keeping a high organic content in the soil and a good soil structure.（2）Improving soil water holding capacity by keeping a high level of soil fertility（high percentage of organic material,good structure etc.）.（3）Avoiding compacted layers,e.g.a plough pan,allowing water to reach deeper soil layers and to increase the wetted soil volume.（4）Optimising the root environment:A soil environment is optimal for plant growth,contributing to a high water application efficiency,if it is deep enough,if the soil is well structured and well supplied with nutrients,if it contains a high water storage capacity,has no hard pans or stone layers,has no salt and toxic element accumulation and has no drainage problems.4　Future OutlookFuture research fields will include biotechnology,bioengineering and plant breeding which should be employed to arrive at species and varieties with a significant lower water demand.Future research should be multidisciplinary.References[1]Agarwal A.Increasing water harvesting and water conservation is the only way to ensure food security.Down to Earth,Vol 10,No.3,June 30,2001.[2]Beets W.C.Raising and sustaining productivity of smallholders farming systems i

Dieter Prinz and A.H.MalikInstitute of Water Resources Management,Hydraulic and Rural Engineering,University of Karlsruhe,D-76128 Karlsruhe,Germany1　IntroductionIn the Developing World,agriculture counts for about 80% of total water withdrawal（Prinz,2000）.Agriculture is under enormous pressure by the other sectors of the economy,as the economic value created per unit water is lowest in agriculture.At the same time,growing populations make it necessary to produce more food and fibre and to ensure that crop yields per unit land continue to rise.Therefore,developing countries will have to find ways of growing more food with less water.But there is not only the problem of water quantity but additionally the one of deteriorating quality of water.There are many modern and traditional or combined technologies available to improve water conservation development（Agarwal,2001,Rijsberman,2001）.There is the need①to define the aim（under given frame work conditions）；②to analyze the losses（conveyance,distribution,application a.o.losses）；③to identify the most promising water conservation methods and techniques,and,eventually；④to integrate the various elements within a（soil and）water conservation strategy（Emerson,1998,UNEP,1998）.2　Measures applied in irrigated agricultureIrrigation water,if in ample supply,reduces considerable the risk of agricultural production and allows yields double as high as the yields which can be obtained from rain-fed agriculture（FAO,2001）.Roughly 40% of the food is produced on irrigated land,on 17% of the total cultivated land.The water needed for crops amounts to 1000～3000 m3per ton of cereal harvested.With other words,it takes one to three tones of water to grow 1kg of rice.As mentioned before,the losses of water have to be covered as well as the measures to increase the efficiency of water use in irrigation.We have to distinguish between recoverable water losses and unrecoverable water losses;the latter ones are those quantities of water lost to the atmosphere,to saline aquifers or to the sea.Recoverable losses include:seepage,surface runoff,operational losses and losses due to deep percolation.Fig.1　Water losses within a surface irrigation system in a semi-arid regionThe water losses could be（Fig.1）conveyance losses.distribution losses（e.g.canal evaporation,percolation and operation losses）orfield-ditch losses,field-application losses which depend on soil,irrigation method and management,Reduction of conveyance and distribution losses33%～50% of water diverted for irrigation is lost‘en route"：The conveyance and distribution losses are enormous.By lining the canal system or by conveying the water in pipes,these losses can be significantly reduced.It should be kept in mind,that at least the seepage losses are in most cases recoverable losses;the water might be lifted up from the groundwater layer downstream.Seepage losses occur in unlined main canals,in the canal distribution system and in field ditches.Most of the water is lost in unlined main canals.The questions which arise here are the following:What quantities of water are lost?Are these losses easy to recover?What feasible lining methods could be used?How high are the costs of lining and of maintenance?What are the benefits of the saved water?Could the unlined canal be used in the rainy season to recharge an aquifer?Reduction of application lossesApplication losses are either surface runoff losses or percolation losses,often summarised as“operational losses”.The water applied,should be sufficient to wet the volume of root penetration,but should not go beyond.Numerous technical means are available to apply exactly the amount of water needed,but financial and labour problems,in large irrigation schemes also management problems,hinder this.Operational losses depend on：①the chosen distribution system；②the available regulating and mechanical facilities；③the skill and discipline of the operator.3　Crop root zone depthThe active root zone of the crop（if water is not a constraint）depends on：①crop type；②its stage of maturity；③soil conditions（Fig.2）.Fig.2　The water applied should be sufficient to wet the volume of root penetration（but not more）Use of efficient irrigation methodsThe large differences in water efficiency between the various irrigation methods are quite well known:Traditional surface irrigation generally achieves only around 40%　efficiency,sprinkler irrigation can be 70%～80% efficient and drip irrigation might reach over 90% efficiency（Wolf and Stein,1998,Fig.3）.Modern irrigation technology could in theory save about half of the water presently consumed in irrigation,but technical,economic and socio-cultural factors hinder the transformation of theory into practice.These methods are arranged according to their average efficiency.The surface irrigation techniques are：①basin irrigation，②furrow irrigation and③border irrigation.Fig.3　The five basic methods of applying water to the soilThese techniques have one drawback in common:the uneven water application over the irrigated area.Water infiltration is much greater at the top end of the field than the bottom because of the longer opportunity time at the top end and this results in high deep percolation.Surge irrigation（Fig.4）has been shown to markedly improve the efficiency of water application.It is the practice of intermittently stopping and starting water flows across a field.Fig.4　Water percolation in surge and continuous flowAnother method is the sprinkler irrigation.Low Energy Precision Application（LEPA）center pivots are one of the most efficient irrigation methods available today because they offer both high water application efficiency and low operating pressure.The water is applied near the ground surface below canopy.Drip/trickle irrigation is characterised by the following:low flow rate,long duration irrigation,frequent irrigation,water applied near or into the plant"s root zone,and low-pressure delivery system shigh investment costs and maintenance demand.In drip irrigation some techniques were developed which are not as efficient as the more costly ones,but which allow even small farmers a very high efficiency e.g.in vegetable cropping:the drip bucket irrigation is such a low cost and relatively efficient technique,applied already on thousands of farms in East Africa（Prinz and Malik,2001）.3.1　Case study:Growing More Rice with Less Water（China）Water Efficient Irrigation TechniquesOne method to save water in irrigated rice cultivation is the intermittent（submerged）irrigation.This example shows real water saving and increase of production.Production levels remained stable over the time period in spite of this massive shift of water（see Fig.5,Table 1）out of agriculture.Growing more rice with less water improves also the productivity of water.This was made possible through pol-icy,management,and technological changes（Rijsberman,2001）.Fig.5　Water quantities used for domestic,industrial and hydropower purposes increased 10 times during the period 1976 and 1996,with subsequent reduction of water quantities for irrigationTable 1 Changes in land and land productivity in Zhanghe Irrigation District,China（1966～1998）Source:Rijsberman 2001.3.2　Subsurface Irrigation Techniques3.2.1　Pitcher irrigationPitcher irrigation or“Pot Irrigation”is a traditional,extreme efficient form of irrigation.The technique is particularly suitable to the irrigation of vegetables（like legumes,beans,water-melons,etc.）in home ardens（Fig.6）.The clay pots can either be installed independently,i.e.the water supply is done by the farmers manually,one by one,or interconnected:the water supply is done by using a water reservoir,which can be a tank,a well,etc.3.2.2　Surface trickle irrigationFig.6　Clay pots used forpitcher irrigationTo reduce deep percolation losses in subsurface irrigation,a trench is dug and a layer of plastic sheets is positioned below the trickler pipe（Fig.7）.3.2.3　Vertical Pipe MethodA very simple but effective method for ree cultivation is the vertical pipe method:Provided sufficient water storage capacity in the root one is given,a larger quantity of water is applied through the vertical pipe to supply the tree with water for 2～4 weeks（Fig.8）.Fig.7　Subsurface trickle irrigation with reduced percolation lossesFig.8　Vertical pipe methodThe water efficiency depends not only on the methodWolf and Stein（1998）cite a study made in Israel by Hagan（1994）,who found surface irrigation to be 70% water efficient but drip irrigation only 42%～56%.This deviation from generally believed figures is due to differences in the available underlying conditions.For the farms using surface irrigation,water was in very short supply and therefore it had to be used as efficiently as possible.Drip irrigation on the other hand has been used under conditions of sufficient water to grow crops of high market value.Low cost of water and high market prices did not give any incentive to the farmers to use water efficiently.3.3　More rational use of irrigation water3.3.1　Supplemental irrigation（SI）It is the application of small quantities of irrigation water to essentially rain-fed crops in times when the demand can not be covered by rainfall（Oweis,1997）.SI is usually practiced usually in the wetter part of the dry areas with 300 to 600 mm annual rainfall in order to improve and stabilise yields（Oweis et al.,2001）.Supplemental irrigation might be taken from groundwater or from excess water stored during the rainy season.3.3.2　Deficit irrigationAnother technique which allows a very high water use efficiency under fully irrigated conditions is deficit irrigation.The deficit irrigation is the distribution of limited amounts of irrigation water to satisfy essential water needs of plants.The water supply is reduced in less critical periods of water demand by the crop and supply of full amount of water during stress-sensitive periods.A similar technique is the“intermittent submerged irrigation technique”for rice（ISI）.This technique has been promoted in China but it is now applied in many rice growing areas world wide.Up to 20% of the irrigation water can be saved,if the paddy crop is not grown under submerged conditions through out the main growing season,but only intermittently.The phases where submerged conditions are recommended are those“sensitive”stages mentioned earlier.Precondition for deficit irrigation management is the knowledge of the sensitive periods of the crop/the variety in question.3.3.3　AquaculturePaddy croppingcan be combined with fish raising if certain preconditions are given（Fig.9）.This allows a multiple use of water and hence water saving per unit produce.Fig.9　Combining paddy cropping with fish raisingCase study:Drip Irrigation Systems（DIS）in IndiaDrip Irrigation Systems in India are being praticised since 1970,being used on a limited scale in Tamil Nadu,Karnataka,Kerala and Maharashtra States,mainly for high value,horticultural crops like coconut,coffee,grape and vegetable production without the benefit of any subsidies from the governments.At Rahuri,in Maharashtra State,the use of drip irrigation of pomegranates,grown in gravely soils,resulted in a savings of about 44%（as compared to conventional check basin irrigation systems）with a further water savings of about 14% when compared to un-mulched plots.The capital costs involved are high compared to conventional irrigation systems,but the labor and operational costs are low in India.The net result is that the benefit-cost ratio for DIS is very favourable compared to conventional systems since the payback period for investment very short.The cost of using drip irrigation system is summarized in the Table 1.With DIS in India,there was an improvement in crop yields and savings in water use of between 18% and 40%.Consequently,there was a substantial improvement in the water use efficiency that ranged up to three times that of conventional surface irrigation methods,even with the use of poor quality irrigation water.See Table 2 for water savings and increased yields achieved using drip irrigation in Indian case.Table 2　Drip irrigation cost;water savings v.increased yield achieved in IndiaSource:Saksena 2000.4　Improving water availabilityAs mentioned earlier,aquifer depletion is a common problem in many dry areas of the world.Many techniques have been developed to artificially recharge aquifers to sustain the water table and to allow further control of pumping water to cover the water needs of humans and crops.One interesting example of combined basin irrigation with groundwater recharge is reported from Uttar Pradesh Province in India（IWMI,2002）.In the monsoon season,surface water is diverted through an unlined canal system to provide farmers with irrigation water for rice crops.Around 60% of the irrigation water applied is used by the plants,most of the remaining 40%filters through the soil to recharge the groundwater.Combined with seepage from unlined canals those“losses”provide farmers with groundwater to irrigate dry season crops.The research showed,that the water table in the study area,which had been progressively declining,has been raised from an average of 12m below ground level to an average of6.5m.5　SummaryWe need information on crop water requirements.Losses have to be a

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建立测定食品中的4种黄曲霉毒素含量的HPLC方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱仪(附荧光检测器),Zor-bax Zebax-C18色谱柱(250 mm*4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为水和乙腈,流速1.0 ml/min,激发波长:360 nm,发射波长:440 nm作为分析条件,以正己烷和三氟乙酸为衍生剂来测定食品中的4种黄曲霉毒素含量。结果:黄曲霉毒素AFB1、AFG1在0～100μg/kg范围内线性关系良好,AFB2、AFG2在0～25μg/kg范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.999;4种黄曲霉毒素回收率均在75%～104%之间;按取样量20 g计算,则AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2在样品中的检出限分别为0.20、0.05、0.20、0.05μg/kgkanghbu@hotmail.com