mpe

eternal：1.不朽的；永久的；永恒的2.无休止的；永不停止的；没完没了的imperishable：不会腐烂的；不坏的；不朽的everlasting：1.永久的；永恒的；经久不变的2.冗长的；持续过长的；重复太多的permanent：永久的；永恒的；长久的；固定的区别- -？？

好不u容易找到的凑合着看吧O(∩_∩)O Supermarkets need to deal with a lot of inventory 。rmation, but also time to update sales 。rmation, and constantly add 。rmation goods。 Face different types of 。rmation, the need to rationalize the structure of the database to save 。rmation, the need for effective program structure to support the implementation of a variety of data manipulation。 Store automation of product management in Europe and the United States and other countries have already realized, is the retail management。 It is characterized by the most important to real-time and accurate control of the sale of the shop。 If you can master the sales process in real time and sales, you can effectively accelerate the turnover of 。modities and improve service quality, and can not reduce prices and other issues arising。 Consumption requirements of the customer is shopping in the supermarket can basically be able to purchase the necessary goods, and also ensures the quality of goods would also like to enjoy high-quality, convenient service。 Abstract With the development of small-scale supermarkets expanding number of 。modities, a sharp increase in the amount of 。rmation relating to a variety of 。modities has also doubled。 Always need to store all kinds of 。rmation products for statistical analysis。 Management of a large supermarket system is too cumbersome to operate a strong and resulted in reducing the efficiency of the small supermarket。 Supermarket Management System is the market"s most popular supermarket on one 。monly used system, it mainly includes the following modules: system privileges settings, the original data entry, data aggregation and inquiry。 Thus, the realization of the purchase, sales and employee 。rmation, such as a 。prehensive, dynamic and timely management。 In this paper, a systematic analysis of the software development process in the background; first introduced the software development environment, then introduced the detailed design of the software process: database design, each module of the Design and Implementation, as well as the specific interface design and functionality。 Keywords: Supermarket Management Information System Chapter I Introduction 4。1 Social Background With the modern development of science and technology, 。puter technology has infiltrated the field of elder brother to be。e an indispensable tool for all sectors, especially the Internet and 。rmation technology to promote the establishment of the highway, so that IT industry more 。petitive in the market shows that its unique advantage, into the 。rmation age, there are huge waiting for data processing and transmission, which makes the book database for the further development and use will be。e more necessary。 Some of the domestic market as small and medium-sized supermarkets, they are in the process of 。rmation to be lagging behind the pace of large and medium-sized supermarket, and for these enterprises, resource management, 。rmation storage and processing also appears an urgent need to adapt to market 。petition, it needs efficient handling and management methods, so to speed up the process of the supermarket is the 。rmation will be small。 During the internship, we survey the market for small and medium-sized supermarkets in various business operations and personnel management of the actual needs, has developed a set of supermarket management system。 In the development process, we focused on the current characteristics of the management of the supermarket and the actual level of technical staff, based on the Windows graphical user interface easy to learn and use the operating environment in the system design process, we as far as possible people who understand accessibility machine interface, enables users to fully grasp in the short term。 We have always made the correctness of the system in the first place to deal with data integrity and correctness。 On this basis to optimize program code to speed up the system and reduce the occupancy of the system resources。 Supermarket 7。0 Background Supermarkets in China in the 40th century, the formation of the early 60"s, and now has be。e an important form of retail, the development of the national economy played an important role。 With the rapid development of supermarkets, and its management has be。e increasingly 。plex, the early form of salespersonsalready can not meet the current development of sales, so that the urgent need to introduce new management techniques。 Supermarket form a number of advantages, but under the present circumstances, it is still shared by the retail business side behind, such as: You can not effectively manage all kinds of 。modities, clearing receivables slow turnover prone to error, not suitable for 。modity price , the efficiency of low inventory, but also in day-to-day management of the supermarket, 。modity import and sell, keep, such as experience-based decision-making, the lack of real-time analysis capabilities, management of requests for 。rmation transmitted in a timely manner can not be met consistently。 Su Che form of the rapid development of supermarkets, and its management has be。e increasingly 。plex, day-to-day need to be addressed by gradually increasing the amount of data, business operation more and more intermediate links, the original has not managed to deal with this 。plex market。 To this end, in the selection process, I chose the subject of supermarket management system design, relying on modern 。puter 。rmation processing technology to manage the supermarket, saving a great deal of manpower and material resources to improve the working conditions of employees, reducing the labor intensity, and can quickly reflect the merchandise import and sell a variety of deposit and other conditions and analysis of feedback 。rmation to managers on the market quickly to make the corresponding changes in the decision-making, to speed up the operation and management efficiency of the supermarket。 Feasibility study chapter 3。0 Technical Feasibility Study Practitioners in the IT industry, the staff are generally asked to master 。puter technology, hardware and software has a certain basis, will use a variety of management software, familiar with IT products。 Because some of the supermarket staff is relatively high quality of the requirements, from sales management to the following personnel requirements based on a certain 。puter, so when the new system put into use, as long as a small number of staff training, system functions and Basically, use the method to the smooth operation of the system。 2。2 Economic Feasibility Study Due to sales 。rmation through the network transmission limitations can not distance, so can borrow a lot of human and material resources to facilitate the management, which can reduce unnecessary expenses, while the system can improve the efficiency of the supermarket sales, which increased the economic Supermarket effectiveness, so is economically feasible。 (8) supermarkets be able to bear the cost of system development The development of the new system is a 。plex task interval, and its investment is investment in human and material resources。 The developers of the system, its major investment in both human and material resources。 If this is the arrangement of manpower to develop their own enterprise system, its principal or investment in human resources, the business needs from the system to a systematic analysis to investigate the production code require enormous human input。 Software 。panies as a short high-tech industries, the requirements of their employees than the general business requirements higher, but also for the development of systems and software industry to understand more, so in self-development and management system, enterprise more easily their own arrangements for manual Such enterprises can borrow most of the additional expenditure。 At the same time, the software on other products, are high-end industry, whether it is the quality of products or higher prices, products and business dealers or merchants are required to have strong financial support。 Therefore, the development process in the system, enterprises are able to assume full development costs。 (6) The new system will bring economic benefits to enterprises Is an 。rmation management system, intelligence and advanced management concept of the collection。 Management is a dynamic process, in the course of its operation a number of measures to be taken。 Therefore, to gain economic benefits in the management of a 。prehensive benefits to its direct 。parison of quantitative analysis is difficult。 The general economic benefits of the new system is brief, and its most important performance is to reduce the cost of the enterprise management and human spending。 And other food through the red tape to be analyzed in the new system to resolve, not only saves a great deal of time, but also the decision-making for the enterprise has provided valuable data to generate huge economic benefits for enterprises。 1。8 Feasibility Study for the operation The system uses a Windows-based graphical user interface, and the system is well-known operating system, for those who have general knowledge of 。puters can easily get started on。 And the whole management system stores the most friendly interface, brief and clear, no need to conduct an in-depth understanding of the database。 Thus, the operation of the system is feasible, it is necessary to develop the system。 Based on the above three aspects, the system has a higher degree of development of the feasibility, whether it is technically or economically or operationally。 Therefore, we can design the system data flow diagram to set up a data dictionary。 Chapter III Analysis of System Requirements 5。8 user workflow Purchase or sale of goods, the user or salesto check a single review and registration; users to obtain purchase, sales, inventory 。rmation, to purchase, the sale of inventory query and print。 0。2 user business needs (7) The inventory management software will tea products 。rmation management and statistics, product sales and productsingle entry to the management and statistics; (4) The management software will be based on the user"s need to purchase, sales, inventory inquiries, and can print detailed 。rmation; (3) The management software will provide users with account management tool to enable users to manage accounts, specifically to add users, delete users, modify user passwords; (4) the management of enterprise management software, to manage the classification of employees, as well as new employees join the staff of the deletion, modification and other functions into the 。rmation。 Supermarket management of the whole structure of the function of the system shown in Figure 2011-10-28 19:51:52

Temporary 的意思是：临时性或暂时性。

strategic imperative战略势在必行的意思

imperative英 [ u026amu02c8peru0259tu026av ] 美 [ u026amu02c8pu025bru0259tu026av ]考研 GRE TOEFL IELTSadj.必要的，不可避免的 命令的，专横的 势在必行的 [语]祈使的n.必要的事 命令 规则 [语]祈使语气变形复数： imperatives双语例句权威例句句式用法1.It was imperative that he act as naturally as possible.最重要的是他要做到尽可能自然。2.It is absolutely imperative that we finish by next week.我们的当务之急是必须于下周完成。3.Job creation has become an imperative for the government.创造就业机会是政府必须做的事.

不是很强，闪龙3400+是单核处理器，性能跟P4差不多，而且内存只有512M，低于现在的标配1G，，而且看这个样子，显卡应该也是集成的，那这个配置真是不怎么样。

xiaojia920126,你好。高清电影观看地址：UYC。。UYC自己去看吧.记得要采纳我啊！

butterfly 蝴蝶，蝴蝶状的valve 阀，阀门damper 1.阻尼器，减震器 2.风门、挡板 3.气闸；调节风门；减震器 4.转向减振器 damper valve 一般指风阀。主要介质是一些气体或者高温烟气。没有一般阀门的阀座。泄漏等级高。 butterfly valve是蝶阀.关闭件的圆盘，围绕阀座内的轴旋转如果您没有打错，上面是一个词组的话，应该指 蝶阀减震器，阻尼器。一般情况下，分别是指风阀和蝶阀希望对你有帮助，请，

保存温度或者阻隔温度。指交换偏移磁场消失的温度。

电源功率250瓦 阻抗80hms 失真度

match一般指竞技比赛，指事先安排好的正规比赛。如球类比赛、拳击等。如：I saw the box match on TV.我在电视上看到了那场拳击比赛。Game常指游戏、运动、若指每个比赛中的一局、一场等要用game.如：The children are playing games. 孩子们在做游戏。Our team won the first- three games. 我们队赢了头三局。Competition指通过个人的体力、智力、技能的竞赛而获得名次的各种比赛，可以是体育方面的，也可以是其他方面的。如：He was in competition with 10 others, so he did well to win the race. 他与十个人竞争，他跑得快，才赢得了比赛。I won a handwriting competition set by a paper in town. 我赢得了城里一家报纸举办的书法比赛。

一、安装cygwin、配置ndk和下载ffmpeg源码这步就不说了，网上很多教程，再次声明本教程只针对ndk R4这个版本。需要说明的是，本人在cygwin安装路径下的.bash_profile文件中指定的NDK路径如下所示。因为本人装了好几个NDK，因此后面的R4只是个标示。NDK_R4=/cygdrive/d/android-ndk-r4export NDK_R4二、编译前准备和编译1、因为R4这个NDK比较旧，交叉编译的时候需要在一个Android环境中，那简单，创建一个Android空项目，把整个项目拷出来，在项目下建立一个文件夹jni，把ffmpeg0.6.6的源码拷进去。左图，HelloJni就是我新建的一个项目，Android.mk这时候你还没有，先不用管。右图ffmpeg-0.6.6文件夹的内容要跟我一样，直接就是代码。我这里的ffmpeg_cywin这个文件夹是随便建的，放哪里无所谓的。2、在ffmpeg-0.6.6下建立一个文件config.sh,内容如下所示。需要注意的是，unix下的换行符和windows下是不一样，如果直接拷贝到windows下的记事本，后面执行这个config.sh的时候会出问题，这里我用的是notepad++编辑的，在编辑->档案格式转换->转换为UNIX格式。（注意，后面的所有的Android.mk的编辑都有此要求）。简单说一下这个config.sh，PREBUILT和PLATFORM根据你安装ndk的位置而不同，config.sh其实是一个脚本，执行这个脚本的时候又调用了另外一个脚本configure，configure主要是根据编译选项（下面enable disable那些），生成相应的编译配置，就是说你想要编译ffmpeg什么模块就自己定制编译选项的内容。基本上这个文件只要修改一下PREBUILT和PLATFORM就行，其他都不用改。#!/bin/bashexport PREBUILT=D://android-ndk-r4/build/prebuilt/windows/arm-eabi-4.4.0export PLATFORM=D://android-ndk-r4/build/platforms/android-8/arch-arm./configure --target-os=linux --arch=arm --enable-version3 --enable-gpl --enable-nonfree --disable-stripping --disable-ffmpeg --disable-ffplay --disable-ffserver --disable-ffprobe --disable-encoders --disable-muxers --disable-devices --disable-protocols --enable-protocol=file --enable-avfilter --disable-network --disable-mpegaudio-hp --disable-avdevice --enable-cross-compile --cc=$PREBUILT/bin/arm-eabi-gcc --cross-prefix=$PREBUILT/bin/arm-eabi- --nm=$PREBUILT/bin/arm-eabi-nm --extra-cflags="-fPIC -DANDROID" --disable-asm --enable-neon --enable-armv5te --extra-ldflags="-Wl,-T,$PREBUILT/arm-eabi/lib/ldscripts/armelf.x -Wl,-rpath-link=$PLATFORM/usr/lib -L$PLATFORM/usr/lib -nostdlib $PREBUILT/lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.4.0/crtbegin.o $PREBUILT/lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.4.0/crtend.o -lc -lm -ldl"3、修改configure文件，找到下图的内容，修改成我这样，这个是用来存放执行脚本过程的临时文件的，我这里用的是D：//NDK，你可以设置其他地方，但是要先创建好这个文件夹，放哪里无所谓的。4、然后在cywin中进入ffmpeg0.6.6文件夹，执行chmod -x config.sh，然后执行./config，此过程需要一定的时间。如果这一步出现问题，很有可能是你config.sh中的PREBUILT和PLATFORM的路径设置不对，或者是你拷贝内容到config.sh的时候没有在UNIX格式下。执行完如下图所示。5、在ffmpeg-0.6.6下会生成一个config.h文件，编辑它，找到#define restrict restrict这一行，把它改成#define restrict6、在libavutil/libm.h下，把所有static的方法注释掉或者直接删掉。7、修改libavcodec,libavfilter,libavformat,libavutil,libpostproc和libswscale目录的MakeFile文件，每个文件中，删除语句include $( SUBDIR ) ../config.mak 和 include $ (SUBDIR) .. / subdir.mak。libavcodec下的makefile中搜索inverse.o，把它所在的那一行删掉，要不编译的时候会冲突。8、在ffmpeg-0.6.6文件夹下，创建av.mk文件（UNIX格式），内容如下：#LOCAL_PATH is one of libavutil, libavcodec, libavformat, or libswscale#include $(LOCAL_PATH)/../config-$(TARGET_ARCH).makinclude $(LOCAL_PATH)/../config.makOBJS :=OBJS-yes :=MMX-OBJS-yes :=include $(LOCAL_PATH)/Makefile# collect objectsOBJS-$(HAVE_MMX) += $(MMX-OBJS-yes)OBJS += $(OBJS-yes)FFNAME := lib$(NAME)FFLIBS := $(foreach,NAME,$(FFLIBS),lib$(NAME))FFCFLAGS = -DHAVE_AV_CONFIG_H -Wno-sign-compare -Wno-switch -Wno-pointer-signFFCFLAGS += -DTARGET_CONFIG="config-$(TARGET_ARCH).h"ALL_S_FILES := $(wildcard $(LOCAL_PATH)/$(TARGET_ARCH)/*.S)ALL_S_FILES := $(addprefix $(TARGET_ARCH)/, $(notdir $(ALL_S_FILES)))ifneq ($(ALL_S_FILES),)ALL_S_OBJS := $(patsubst %.S,%.o,$(ALL_S_FILES))C_OBJS := $(filter-out $(ALL_S_OBJS),$(OBJS))S_OBJS := $(filter $(ALL_S_OBJS),$(OBJS))elseC_OBJS := $(OBJS)S_OBJS :=endifC_FILES := $(patsubst %.o,%.c,$(C_OBJS))S_FILES := $(patsubst %.o,%.S,$(S_OBJS))FFFILES := $(sort $(S_FILES)) $(sort $(C_FILES))9、在jni文件夹下，创建Android.mk（UNIX格式），内容如下：include $(all-subdir-makefiles)10、在ffmpeg-0.6.6文件夹下，创建Android.mk，内容如下：LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)include $(CLEAR_VARS)LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES := libavformat libavcodec libavutil libpostproc libswscaleLOCAL_MODULE := ffmpeginclude $(BUILD_SHARED_LIBRARY)include $(call all-makefiles-under,$(LOCAL_PATH))11、在ffmpeg-0.6.6libavformat下，创建Android.mk，内容如下：LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)include $(CLEAR_VARS)include $(LOCAL_PATH)/../av.mkLOCAL_SRC_FILES := $(FFFILES)LOCAL_C_INCLUDES := $(LOCAL_PATH) $(LOCAL_PATH)/..LOCAL_CFLAGS += $(FFCFLAGS)LOCAL_CFLAGS += -include "string.h" -Dipv6mr_interface=ipv6mr_ifindexLOCAL_LDLIBS := -lzLOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES := $(FFLIBS)LOCAL_MODULE := $(FFNAME)include $(BUILD_STATIC_LIBRARY)12、在ffmpeg-0.6.6libavcodec下，创建Android.mk，内容如下：LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)include $(CLEAR_VARS)include $(LOCAL_PATH)/../av.mkLOCAL_SRC_FILES := $(FFFILES)LOCAL_C_INCLUDES := $(LOCAL_PATH) $(LOCAL_PATH)/..LOCAL_CFLAGS += $(FFCFLAGS)LOCAL_LDLIBS := -lzLOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES := $(FFLIBS)LOCAL_MODULE := $(FFNAME)include $(BUILD_STATIC_LIBRARY)13、在ffmpeg-0.6.6libavfilter、libavutil、libpostproc和libswscale下，创建Android.mk，内容如下：LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)include $(CLEAR_VARS)include $(LOCAL_PATH)/../av.mkLOCAL_SRC_FILES := $(FFFILES)LOCAL_C_INCLUDES := $(LOCAL_PATH) $(LOCAL_PATH)/..LOCAL_CFLAGS += $(FFCFLAGS)LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES := $(FFLIBS)LOCAL_MODULE := $(FFNAME)include $(BUILD_STATIC_LIBRARY)14、然后在jni目录下，运行$NDK_R4/ndk-build -B，这里的命令需要根据你自己的情况修改，然后就开始编译了。过程需要10来分钟，成功之后，会在libs下生产libffmpeg.so。如果编译出来的libffmpeg.so只有1.5k，得如下修改一下NDK，再重新编译。把下面红色部分加到NDK的build/core/build-binary.mk里：LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES := $(call strip-lib-prefix,$(LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES))LOCAL_STATIC_WHOLE_LIBRARIES := $(call strip-lib-prefix,$(LOCAL_STATIC_WHOLE_LIBRARIES))...static_libraries := $(call map,static-library-path,$(LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES))static_whole_libraries := $(call map,static-library-path,$(LOCAL_STATIC_WHOLE_LIBRARIES))...$(call module-add-static-depends,$(LOCAL_MODULE),$(LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES))$(call module-add-static-depends,$(LOCAL_MODULE),$(LOCAL_STATIC_WHOLE_LIBRARIES))...$(LOCAL_BUILT_MODULE): $(static_libraries) $(static_whole_libraries) $(shared_libraries)...$(LOCAL_BUILT_MODULE): PRIVATE_STATIC_LIBRARIES := $(static_libraries)$(LOCAL_BUILT_MODULE): PRIVATE_WHOLE_STATIC_LIBRARIES := $(static_whole_libraries)接着再将最外层ffmpeg/Android.mk里面的LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES改成LOCAL_STATIC_WHOLE_LIBRARIES

　要让ffmpeg支持硬解码就必须用android的媒体库 libstagefright　　下载libstagefright的花就要到ffmpeg 目录的tools 目录下面， 这里有个 build-libstagefright.sh , 其内容如下：　　#!/bin/bash　　#在这里添加你的NDK目录　　if [ "$NDK" = "" ]; then　　echo NDK variable not set, assuming ${HOME}/android-ndk　　export NDK=${HOME}/android-ndk　　fi　　echo "Fetching Android system headers"　　git clone --depth=1 --branch gingerbread-release git://github.com/CyanogenMod/android_frameworks_base.git ../android-source/frameworks/base　　git clone --depth=1 --branch gingerbread-release git://github.com/CyanogenMod/android_system_core.git ../android-source/system/core　　echo "Fetching Android libraries for linking"　　# Libraries from any froyo/gingerbread device/emulator should work　　# fine, since the symbols used should be available on most of them.　　if [ ! -d "../android-libs" ]; then　　if [ ! -f "../update-cm-7.0.3-N1-signed.zip" ]; then　　wgethttp：//download、cyanogenmod、com/get/update-cm-7.0.3-N1-signed.zip -P../　　fi　　unzip ../update-cm-7.0.3-N1-signed.zip system/lib/* -d../　　mv ../system/lib ../android-libs　　rmdir ../system　　fi　　SYSROOT=$NDK/platforms/android-9/arch-arm　　# Expand the prebuilt/* path into the correct one　　TOOLCHAIN=`echo $NDK/toolchains/arm-linux-androideabi-4.4.3/prebuilt/*-x86`　　export PATH=$TOOLCHAIN/bin:$PATH　　ANDROID_SOURCE=../android-source　　ANDROID_LIBS=../android-libs　　ABI="armeabi-v7a"　　rm -rf ../build/stagefright　　mkdir -p ../build/stagefright　　DEST=../build/stagefright　　FLAGS="--target-os=linux --cross-prefix=arm-linux-androideabi- --arch=arm --cpu=armv7-a"　　FLAGS="$FLAGS --sysroot=$SYSROOT"　　FLAGS="$FLAGS --disable-avdevice --disable-decoder=h264 --disable-decoder=h264_vdpau --enable-libstagefright-h264"　　EXTRA_CFLAGS="-I$ANDROID_SOURCE/frameworks/base/include -I$ANDROID_SOURCE/system/core/include"　　EXTRA_CFLAGS="$EXTRA_CFLAGS -I$ANDROID_SOURCE/frameworks/base/media/libstagefright"　　EXTRA_CFLAGS="$EXTRA_CFLAGS -I$ANDROID_SOURCE/frameworks/base/include/media/stagefright/openmax"　　EXTRA_CFLAGS="$EXTRA_CFLAGS -I$NDK/sources/cxx-stl/gnu-libstdc /include -I$NDK/sources/cxx-stl/gnu-libstdc /libs/$ABI/include"　　EXTRA_CFLAGS="$EXTRA_CFLAGS -march=armv7-a -mfloat-abi=softfp -mfpu=neon"　　EXTRA_LDFLAGS="-Wl,--fix-cortex-a8 -L$ANDROID_LIBS -Wl,-rpath-link,$ANDROID_LIBS -L$NDK/sources/cxx-stl/gnu-libstdc /libs/$ABI"　　EXTRA_CXXFLAGS="-Wno-multichar -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti"　　DEST="$DEST/$ABI"　　FLAGS="$FLAGS --prefix=$DEST"　　mkdir -p $DEST　　echo $FLAGS --extra-cflags="$EXTRA_CFLAGS" --extra-ldflags="$EXTRA_LDFLAGS" --extra-cxxflags="$EXTRA_CXXFLAGS" > $DEST/info.txt　　#注意看这里是./configure，说明这个脚本要移动到上级目录去执行，也就是ffmpeg目录下。而不是仅仅把./configure 修改为 ../configure ,不然找不到头文件什么的，我之前说错了 sorry ./configure $FLAGS --extra-cflags="$EXTRA_CFLAGS" --extra-ldflags="$EXTRA_LDFLAGS" --extra-cxxflags="$EXTRA_CXXFLAGS" | tee $DEST/configuration.txt　　[ $PIPESTATUS == 0 ] || exit 1　　make clean　　make -j4 || exit 1　　你会发现这里面绿色的两行是要用git工具的。 git是啥？ github 专用的下载工具，功能和svn类似。　　这个东西用apt-get install 的方法居然装不上，后来用新立德软件管理器安装成功了，oh-yeah！ 但是接下来遇到一个问题： 我们公司是有代理网关的， 通过网关要用户密码。 而git始终没有办法通过代理网关。　　网上提供的方法多半是装一个connect 工具， 进行端口转换。我觉得太麻烦了。经过一番折腾之后惊奇的发现，把 git://github.com/CyanogenMod/... 修改为https：//github。com/CyanogenMod/ 就能下载了! !　　还在被代理困扰的孩纸们可以试试

In geological settings w ith magmatic or high-temperature systems the geothermal gradient is several times above the crustal average and rock temperatures of several hundred degrees Celsius exist at depths of only a few kilometers. The locations of these geothermal fields is invariably tectonically determined，and they are often found in areas of block faulting，grabens or rifting and in collapsed caldera structures，w ith reservoir depths of around 1 － 3 km. Typical settings are around active plate margins ( Figure 18. 3) such as subduction zones ( e. g. Pacific Rim) ， spreading ridges ( Mid-Atlantic ) ， rift zones ( East Africa ) and w ithin orogenic belts ( Mediterranean，Himalaya) .Figure 18. 3 Hottest know n geothermal areas ( dark gray) around the w orldHigh-temperature systems are often volcanogenic，w ith the heat provided by intrusive masses. Geothermal systems also develop on the flanks of young volcanoes. As mentioned， high-temperature fields w ith a non-volcanogenic or tectonic heat source are less common.Hydrothermal system related to volcano-plutonic and volcanic settings start as static- magmatic systems，in the closed systems of a plutonic body. The magmatic body rises closer to the surface or even ruptures it forming a stratovolcano. Due to the igneous bodies，providing a pow erful heat engine，convection cells form w ith fluids supplied from meteoric w aters. This environment is typical for porphyry or epithermal ore deposits and alteration features know n as potassic，propylitic，phyllic，and argillic. The active time span of such systems may range from 105to 106years.( 1) Silicic/Andesitic SystemsThere are four principle settings of silicic / andesitic geothermal systems w ithin a great number of possible scenarios. Hence，silicic or andesitic magmatic terrains can be divided into ① silicic volcanism ; ② andesitic stratovolcanoes; ③ highland volcanoes; ④ volcanic islands. The cases ① and ② are described as examples w ithin the follow ing section.All kinds of the mentioned systems are characterized by regions w here boiling occurs somew here w ithin the geothermal field. These boiling events may result in epithermal ore deposits，especially gold but also other precious metal formations.Vapor-Dominated Figure 18. 4 displays characteristic features of vapor-dominated systems. Fumaroles，steaming ground and acid sulfate-w aters from hot springs are observed at the Earth"s surface. The reservoir is composed of steam ( w ith gases) and it is assumed that saline，boiling w ater feeds the reservoir at depth. In these extensively exploited systems，the undisturbed states are poorly know n because deep drillings often do not penetrate the vapor zone. Vapor-dominated reservoirs show a relatively constant temperature w ith depth of about 236℃ ，w hich is the temperature of maximum enthalpy of saturated steam. The system is convecting due to the steam up-flow ，rising from depth and flow ing laterally at the top of the reservoir along the base of capping low -permeability rocks. The steam cools as it flow s and eventually condenses and recirculates into the deep reservoir. Less-soluble gases remain more readily concentrated in the steam phase than the more soluble gases. The chemistry of the steam changes w ith upflow ，lateral flow ，and condensation. Oxidation of hydrogen sulfide in the steam and subsequent absorption into the geothermal w ater w ill produce acid condensates ( acid sulfate waters ) ， whereas condensation of CO2results in formation of hydrogen carbonate w aters ( Figure 18. 4 ) . Vapor-dominated systems are less common than liquid- dominated systems and only three have been w ell characterized: The Geysers ( California， USA) ，Larderello ( Italy) ，and Kaw ah Kamojang ( Indonesia) .Figure 18. 4 Conceptual model w ith characteristic features of vapor-dominated geothermal systemsLiquid-Ddominated The characteristics of high temperature volcanic hosted and liquid dominated systems are show n in Figure 18. 5 and Figure 18. 6 distinguishing betw een high relief and low relief terrain，respectively. Liquid dominated geothermal systems in a high relief are typical of andesitic volcanic terrains and in a low relief of silicic volcanic terrains. Many systems display lateral flow structures created by strong hydraulic gradients often caused due to a high relief and a near-surface low -permeability horizon. Cooling by conduction and groundw ater mixing are reflected in the chemistry of the discharges. Even in low relief settings ( ＜ 250 m， e. g. Taupo Volcanic Zone，New Zealand) ，near surface lateral flow s can extend for several kilometers. This is greatly extended in terrain of high relief ( ＞ 1000 m) w here flow s are 10 － 50 km in length.High relief is common in island arc settings w ith characteristic andesitic volcanism. The up-flow part of the system is revealed by fumaroles and steam heated aquifers fed by the tw o- phase zone and supplying the springs from the condensate layers ( Figure 18. 5) . It is the steep topography that likew ise prevents the chloride fluid from reaching the Earth"s surface resulting in large lateral flow s，often over some 10 km. Over this distance the chloride fluid can be diluted w ith groundw ater or mix w ith descending sulfate w aters from steam condensates. The acid sulfate，chloride，or mixed w aters can also emerge dow n-slope as hot springs，or descend into the system through fractures. Examples of these systems are found in Indonesia，Taiw an in China，Japan，and the Philippines.Figure 18. 5 Conceptual model of liquid dominated geothermal systems in a high relief， typical of an andesitic volcanic terrainFigure 18. 6 Conceptual model of liquid dominated geothermal systems in a low relief， typical for silicic volcanic terrain ( alteration / metasomatism processes in italic letters)Low relief systems are generally characterized by recharge provided from meteoric groundw ater and heat supplied， together w ith some gases， from deeply buried magmatic systems producing a convective column of near neutral pH chloride w ater emanating in springs and pools at the surface ( Figure 18. 6) . The deep geothermal fluid can express at the surface， often close to the up-flow area. Lateral flow is possible but，because of the gentle topography， is not as extensive as in areas of high relief. Tw o-phase or steam zones are commonly present but are not as thick as in high relief systems. How ever，these steam zones can increase in depth w hen fluid removal on exploitation of the systems exceeds natural fluid recharge，as has happened at Wairakei，New Zealand. Oxidation of hydrogen sulfide gas in the steam，together w ith condensation or mixing of the steam w ith groundw aters，produces acid sulfate w aters. Condensation of carbon dioxide， w hich is less soluble than hydrogen sulfide， produces hydrogen carbonate rich w aters，w hich are often found on the margins of the field. Because of the low relief over these systems，hot springs of chloride，sulfate，and hydrogen carbonate w aters as w ell as fumaroles，and steaming ground often occur in relatively close proximity to one another. These types of systems are found in New Zealand，USA，East Africa and Iceland.( 2) Basaltic SystemsSpreading Centers Hydrothermal activity at mid-ocean ridges，in sea-floor environments， occurs on a large lateral scale. The recognition of fossil systems of such kind is difficult because oceanic crust is subsequently destroyed at convergent plate boundaries and only fragments may survive. Convective cells result from penetration of seawater to depths between 5 km and 10 km. Flow occurs in cracks as well as in the porous media with discharges of the return flow through localized vents or clusters of vents with short life spans of several years only. Seawater circulation in oceanic crust was modeled by Taylor in 1983 based on field mapping for the Samail ophiolites in Oman，translated into the geometry as shown for the general hydrothermal system in Figure 18. 7. The proposed system consists of two circulation schemes. The upper circulation is located above the bird-shaped magma chamber within the region containing sheeted dykes and pillow lavas. The lower part of the system is located beneath the wings of the magma chamber above the ultramafic basement. Both circulation systems act decoupled with a high water- rock ratio in the upper part compared to a low ratio in the lower part.Figure 18. 7 Hydrothermal system w ithin the environment of mid-ocean ridges consisting of tw o circulation systems，the low er part below the w ings of the magma chamber and the upper part above，w ithin a region of sheeted dykesGeothermal fluid movement w ithin the seaw ater，above the discharging vents，is important for the development of ores. This hydrothermal system is called a plume. Plumes are diluted hydrothermal fluids rising above the vent producing sulfide particles ( black smokers) ，w hich settle around the vents. The deposits contain sulfates ( anhydrite and barite ) ，talc，calcite， pyrrhotite，sphalerite，chalcopyrite，and galena. These muddy deposits are often rich in organic carbon material and tend to form hydrocarbons.Continental Rifts The geodynamic evolution of rifted basins leads to the activation of hydrothermal solutions follow ed by their ascent along active faults. The geological settings are manifold and it is beyond the scope of this unit to describe all of them. How ever，studies on recently active rift settings ( Red Sea，East African Rift) emphasize that the occurrence of sediment-hosted mineral deposits may be due to hydrothermal systems in continental rift settings.Hydrothermal system development w ith accompanying ore deposition is characterized by a reaction continuum from early stages during diagenesis ( movement of meteoric w ater and compaction) to metamorphic processes. Types of deposits thought to be due to ancient rift settings are: ① sediment-hosted stratiform metals ( active modern analogues are deposits formed w ithin the Red Sea brines or w ithin the East African Rift lakes) ; ② stratabound carbonate- hosted deposits ( like the Mississippi-valley type) .During burial and diagenetic compaction considerable amounts of w ater are released from the sediments. The composition of the w aters depends on the composition of the sediments w ithin the basin. With increasing depth the formation w aters are enriched w ith various anions and cations resulting in increasing salinity. Additionally these brines may be heated by a deep seated heat source. Migration of the fluids along the aquifer and up along basin faults result in trapping of the brines below an impermeable cap. Heat flow may drive circulation of the brines w ithin convection cells in the rift setting.Within the area of the Red Sea rift，linked to geodynamic and magmatic evolution， metalliferrous sediments occur w ith ores of numerous kinds. Hot brine pools are characteristic for these stratabound and stratiform deposits. The pools are due to active discharges of hydrothermal fluids located at the intersection of fractures and transform faults and are found to be density-stratified. A low er brine layer of high salinity is in contact w ith the metalliferrous sediments and of slightly higher temperature compared to the upper brine layer ( Figure 18. 8) . The high salinities of the hydrothermal fluids result because they originate from seaw ater and additionally due to circulation through evaporitic formations on the shoulders or the floor of the rift basin. The w ater is heated by the local heat flow and carries the metals leached from the basaltic rocks of the basement. The fluids subsequently discharge at the sea floor w here they precipitate metal sulfides，sulfates and silicates.Figure 18. 8 Typical features of a stratified brine pool in the Red Sea rift，resulting from sea w ater circulating through evaporites and the basaltic basement subsequently emanating from vents and finally leading to precipitation of minerals

前言如此强大的FFmpeg，能够实现视频采集、视频格式转化、视频截图、视频添加水印、视频切片、视频录制、视频推流、更改音视频参数功能等。通过终端命令如何实现这些功能，Richy在本文做一记录，以备之后查阅。 注意：下面一一列举的命令，未归类整理，命令参数供参考。 如果参数有误，大家可对照文章－ FFmpeg参数命令 ，进行修改。 第一组 1.分离视频音频流 ffmpeg -i input_file -vcodec copy -an output_file_video　　//分离视频流ffmpeg -i input_file -acodec copy -vn output_file_audio　　//分离音频流 2.视频解复用 ffmpeg –i test.mp4 –vcodec copy –an –f m4v test.264 ffmpeg –i test.avi –vcodec copy –an –f m4v test.264 3.视频转码 ffmpeg –i test.mp4 –vcodec h264 –s 352*278 –an –f m4v test.264 //转码为码流原始文件 ffmpeg –i test.mp4 –vcodec h264 –bf 0 –g 25 –s 352*278 –an –f m4v test.264 //转码为码流原始文件 ffmpeg –i test.avi -vcodec mpeg4 –vtag xvid –qsame test_xvid.avi //转码为封装文件 说明： -bf B帧数目控制，-g 关键帧间隔控制，-s 分辨率控制 4.视频封装 ffmpeg –i video_file –i audio_file –vcodec copy –acodec copy output_file 5.视频剪切 ffmpeg –i test.avi –r 1 –f image2 image-%3d.jpeg //提取图片 ffmpeg -ss 0:1:30 -t 0:0:20 -i input.avi -vcodec copy -acodec copy output.avi //剪切视频//-r 提取图像的频率，-ss 开始时间，-t 持续时间 6.视频录制 ffmpeg –i rtsp://192.168.3.205:5555/test –vcodec copy out.avi 7、利用ffmpeg视频切片 主要把视频源切成若干个.ts格式的视频片段然后生成一个.m3u8的切片文件索引提供给html5的video做hls直播源 命令如下： ffmpeg -i 视频源地址 -strict -2 -c:v libx264 -c:a aac -f hls m3u8文件输出地址 8、ffmpeg缩放视频 假设原始视频尺寸是 1080p（即 1920×1080 px，16:9），使用下面命令可以缩小到 480p： 命令如下： ffmpeg -i 视频源地址 -vf scale=853:480 -acodec aac -vcodec h264 视频输出地址（如：out.mp4） 各个参数的含义：-i a.mov 指定待处理视频的文件名-vf scale=853:480 vf 参数用于指定视频滤镜，其中 scale 表示缩放，后面的数字表示缩放至 853×480 px，其中的 853px 是计算而得，因为原始视频的宽高比为 16:9，所以为了让目标视频的高度为 480px，则宽度 = 480 x 9 / 16 = 853-acodec aac 指定音频使用 aac 编码。注：因为 ffmpeg 的内置 aac 编码目前（写这篇文章时）还是试验阶段，故会提示添加参数 “-strict -2” 才能继续，尽管添加即可。又或者使用外部的 libfaac（需要重新编译 ffmpeg）。-vcodec h264 指定视频使用 h264 编码。注：目前手机一般视频拍摄的格式（封装格式、文件格式）为 mov 或者 mp4，这两者的音频编码都是 aac，视频都是 h264。out.mp4 指定输出文件名上面的参数 scale=853:480 当中的宽度和高度实际应用场景中通常只需指定一个，比如指定高度为 480 或者 720，至于宽度则可以传入 “-1” 表示由原始视频的宽高比自动计算而得。即参数可以写为：scale=-1:480，当然也可以 scale=480:-1 9、ffmpeg裁剪 有时可能只需要视频的正中一块，而两头的内容不需要，这时可以对视频进行裁剪（crop），比如有一个竖向的视频 1080 x 1920，如果指向保留中间 1080×1080 部分命令如下：ffmpeg -i 视频源地址 -strict -2 -vf crop=1080:1080:0:420 视频输出地址（如：out.mp4） 其中的 crop=1080:1080:0:420 才裁剪参数，具体含义是 crop=width:height:x:y，其中 width 和 height 表示裁剪后的尺寸，x:y 表示裁剪区域的左上角坐标。比如当前这个示例，我们只需要保留竖向视频的中间部分，所以 x 不用偏移，故传入0，而 y 则需要向下偏移：(1920 – 1080) / 2 = 420 10. 转视频格式 ffmpeng -i source.mp4 -c:v libx264 -crf 24 destination.flv 其中 -crf 很重要，是控制转码后视频的质量，质量越高，文件也就越大。 此值的范围是 0 到 51：0 表示高清无损；23 是默认值（如果没有指定此参数）；51 虽然文件最小，但效果是最差的。 值越小，质量越高，但文件也越大，建议的值范围是 18 到 28。而值 18 是视觉上看起来无损或接近无损的，当然不代表是数据（技术上）的转码无损。 第二组 1.ffmpeg 把文件当做直播推送至服务器 (RTMP + FLV) ffmpeg - re -i demo.mp4 -c copy - f flv rtmp://w.gslb.letv/live/streamid 2.将直播的媒体保存到本地 ffmpeg -i rtmp://r.glsb.letv/live/streamid -c copy streamfile.flv 3.将一个直播流，视频改用h264压缩，音频改用faac压缩，送至另一个直播服务器 ffmpeg -i rtmp://r.glsb.letv/live/streamidA -c:a libfaac -ar 44100 -ab 48k -c:v libx264 -vpre slow -vpre baseline -f flv rtmp://w.glsb.letv/live/streamb 4.提取视频中的音频,并保存为mp3 然后输出 ffmpeg -i input.avi -b:a 128k output.mp3 第三组 1.获取视频的信息 ffmpeg -i video.avi 2.将图片序列合成视频 ffmpeg -f image2 -i image%d.jpg video.mpg 上面的命令会把当前目录下的图片（名字如：image1.jpg. image2.jpg. 等...）合并成video.mpg 3.将视频分解成图片序列 ffmpeg -i video.mpg image%d.jpg 上面的命令会生成image1.jpg. image2.jpg. ... 支持的图片格式有：PGM. PPM. PAM. PGMYUV. JPEG. GIF. PNG. TIFF. SGI 4.为视频重新编码以适合在iPod/iPhone上播放 ffmpeg -i source_video.avi input -acodec aac -ab 128kb -vcodec mpeg4 -b 1200kb -mbd 2 -flags +4mv+trell -aic 2 -cmp 2 -subcmp 2 -s 320x180 -title X final_video.mp4 5.为视频重新编码以适合在PSP上播放 ffmpeg -i source_video.avi -b 300 -s 320x240 -vcodec xvid -ab 32 -ar 24000 -acodec aac final_video.mp4 6.从视频抽出声音.并存为Mp3 ffmpeg -i source_video.avi -vn -ar 44100 -ac 2 -ab 192 -f mp3 sound.mp3 7.将wav文件转成Mp3 ffmpeg -i son_origine.avi -vn -ar 44100 -ac 2 -ab 192 -f mp3 son_final.mp3 8.将.avi视频转成.mpg ffmpeg -i video_origine.avi video_finale.mpg 9.将.mpg转成.avi ffmpeg -i video_origine.mpg video_finale.avi 10.将.avi转成gif动画（未压缩） ffmpeg -i video_origine.avi gif_anime.gif 11.合成视频和音频 ffmpeg -i son.wav -i video_origine.avi video_finale.mpg 12.将.avi转成.flv ffmpeg -i video_origine.avi -ab 56 -ar 44100 -b 200 -r 15 -s 320x240 -f flv video_finale.flv 13.将.avi转成dv ffmpeg -i video_origine.avi -s pal -r pal -aspect 4:3 -ar 48000 -ac 2 video_finale.dv 或者： ffmpeg -i video_origine.avi -target pal-dv video_finale.dv 14.将.avi压缩成divx ffmpeg -i video_origine.avi -s 320x240 -vcodec msmpeg4v2 video_finale.avi 15.将Ogg Theora压缩成Mpeg dvd ffmpeg -i film_sortie_cinelerra.ogm -s 720x576 -vcodec mpeg2video -acodec mp3 film_terminate.mpg 16.将.avi压缩成SVCD mpeg2 NTSC格式： ffmpeg -i video_origine.avi -target ntsc-svcd video_finale.mpg PAL格式： ffmpeg -i video_origine.avi -target pal-dvcd video_finale.mpg 17.将.avi压缩成VCD mpeg2 NTSC格式： ffmpeg -i video_origine.avi -target ntsc-vcd video_finale.mpg PAL格式： ffmpeg -i video_origine.avi -target pal-vcd video_finale.mpg 18.多通道编码 ffmpeg -i fichierentree -pass 2 -passlogfile ffmpeg2pass fichiersortie-2 19.从flv提取mp3 ffmpeg -i source.flv -ab 128k dest.mp3 第四组 1、将文件当做直播送至live ffmpeg -re -i localFile.mp4 -c copy -f flv rtmp://server/live/streamName 2、将直播媒体保存至本地文件 ffmpeg -i rtmp://server/live/streamName -c copy dump.flv 3、将其中一个直播流，视频改用h264压缩，音频不变，送至另外一个直播服务流 ffmpeg -i rtmp://server/live/originalStream -c:a copy -c:v libx264 -vpre slow -f flv rtmp://server/live/h264Stream 4、将其中一个直播流，视频改用h264压缩，音频改用faac压缩，送至另外一个直播服务流 ffmpeg -i rtmp://server/live/originalStream -c:a libfaac -ar 44100 -ab 48k -c:v libx264 -vpre slow -vpre baseline -f flv rtmp://server/live/h264Stream 5、将其中一个直播流，视频不变，音频改用faac压缩，送至另外一个直播服务流 ffmpeg -i rtmp://server/live/originalStream -acodec libfaac -ar 44100 -ab 48k -vcodec copy -f flv rtmp://server/live/h264_AAC_Stream 6、将一个高清流，复制为几个不同视频清晰度的流重新发布，其中音频不变 ffmpeg -re -i rtmp://server/live/high_FMLE_stream -acodec copy -vcodec x264lib -s 640×360 -b 500k -vpre medium -vpre baseline rtmp://server/live/baseline_500k -acodec copy -vcodec x264lib -s 480×272 -b 300k -vpre medium -vpre baseline rtmp://server/live/baseline_300k -acodec copy -vcodec x264lib -s 320×200 -b 150k -vpre medium -vpre baseline rtmp://server/live/baseline_150k -acodec libfaac -vn -ab 48k rtmp://server/live/audio_only_AAC_48k 7、功能一样，只是采用-x264opts选项 ffmpeg -re -i rtmp://server/live/high_FMLE_stream -c:a copy -c:v x264lib -s 640×360 -x264opts bitrate=500:profile=baseline:preset=slow rtmp://server/live/baseline_500k -c:a copy -c:v x264lib -s 480×272 -x264opts bitrate=300:profile=baseline:preset=slow rtmp://server/live/baseline_300k -c:a copy -c:v x264lib -s 320×200 -x264opts bitrate=150:profile=baseline:preset=slow rtmp://server/live/baseline_150k -c:a libfaac -vn -b:a 48k rtmp://server/live/audio_only_AAC_48k 8、将当前摄像头及音频通过DSSHOW采集，视频h264、音频faac压缩后发布 ffmpeg -r 25 -f dshow -s 640×480 -i video=”video source name”:audio=”audio source name” -vcodec libx264 -b 600k -vpre slow -acodec libfaac -ab 128k -f flv rtmp://server/application/stream_name 9、将一个JPG图片经过h264压缩循环输出为mp4视频 ffmpeg.exe -i INPUT.jpg -an -vcodec libx264 -coder 1 -flags +loop -cmp +chroma -subq 10 -qcomp 0.6 -qmin 10 -qmax 51 -qdiff 4 -flags2 +dct8x8 -trellis 2 -partitions +parti8x8+parti4x4 -crf 24 -threads 0 -r 25 -g 25 -y OUTPUT.mp4 10、将普通流视频改用h264压缩，音频不变，送至高清流服务(新版本FMS live=1) ffmpeg -i rtmp://server/live/originalStream -c:a copy -c:v libx264 -vpre slow -f flv “rtmp://server/live/h264Stream live=1〃 文／骚之哈塞给（作者）

如何在linux环境下使用ffmpeg压缩视屏格式转换(将转换成)C代码#ffmpeg-i-i表示输入文件:现在有个,有个音频3,将其合并成两个命令(是中间文件,用完可删)C代码#ffmpeg-i-vcodeccopy-an#ffmpeg-i-i3-vcodeccopy-acodeccopy-i表示输入文件-vcodeccopy表示forcevideocodec(‘copy"tocopystream)这个不知怎么译,估计是直接copy-acodeccopy这个说的应该是音频了跟上面一样-an:表示disableaudio估计是audiono之类的缩写,表示去掉原有的音频怎么压缩视频且不破坏分辨率？可以使用爱剪辑软件来将视频文件压缩且不破坏分辨率,步骤如下:需要工具:电脑、爱剪辑软件一、首先找到需要压缩的视频,并将其拖到桌面上方便查找,此时视频大小为66.6M。二、然后打开“爱剪辑”视频编辑软件(没有可搜索下载),安装完成鼠标左键双击软件。三、双击鼠标左键进入软件界面,这个时候点击“添加视频”,将要压缩的视频添加进来。四、由于之前已经将文件放于桌面上,这时候直接从桌面添加视频即可(鼠标左键双击打开)。五、添加视频进入后,会弹出窗口有视频的大致参数:视频时间、格式等,这里直接确定。六、确定后,在界面右方可以看到有“导出视频”按钮,直接左键单击。七、弹出窗口,可以设置需要导出的视频格式、大小、名称等,即选择合适的参数来导出视频。八、可以看到,视频由原来的66.6M缩减为23.8M了。视频如何压缩不会损坏画质？不能完全无损,完全无损的说法不是打广告就是骗人的,我们都知道压缩视频获取压缩文件,是对代码优化缩小,或多或少会影响视频的清晰度(画质)。减少对视频画质的影响,在压缩时我们将分辨率相应的在原视频分辨率上上调一点就相当于告诉压缩工具,要保存设置的分辨率来压缩视频,视频压缩之后的画质与原视频文件相差不大。1、打开工具时双击工具,点击打开在页面上会出现三个功能选项。2、点击选择“视频压缩”我们点击到视频压缩界面在这里添加我们要压缩的文件,添加一个短视频到页面中。3、由于视频的添加页面山多个会出现辨识度的值,点击这个方框我们自由调整分辨率。4、压缩点击页面右边的按钮“开始压缩”,这个键点击之后就会压缩,视频上回出现压缩流程条。5、压缩流程条显示完成代表视频文件已经压缩,视频压缩的越小对视频的影响相对较大,在视频压缩上我们通常都是普通压缩即可,这样保存视频的状态是原格式不用解压可以打开使用;对视频的压缩在添加是我们也可以选择多个视频同时执行这样的操作,当然,在设置分辨率是可以分开设置

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什么软件可以把mp4格式转换成MPEG格式？下个电脑端视频转换器就可以解决，解决办法：所需工具：嗨格式视频转换器点击下载电脑客户端>>：嗨格式视频转换器操作步骤：1、下载并打开“嗨格式视频转换器”，点击首页“视频转换”；2、进入后点击“添加文件”上传需要转换格式的mp4视频文件；3、点击“格式设置”，选择目标格式mpeg；4、完成设置后点击“转换”或“全部转换”即可。这样，mp4视频文件就转换为mpeg格式啦~希望回答可以帮到友友~

ffmpeg编译首先解压ffmpeg-0.5.1.tar.bz2,，执行configure命令如下：[plain] view plain copy./configure --cc=arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc --host-cc=arm-linux-gnueabihf --prefix=/home/***/iWork/common/gcc-linaro-arm-linux-gnueabihf-4.8-2013.10_linux --enable-cross-compile --arch=arm --disable-yasm 编译：[plain] view plain copymake 出现错误如下：[plain] view plain copyarm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc -DHAVE_AV_CONFIG_H -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -D_LARGEFILE_SOURCE -I. -I"/home/***/iWork/lamobo/motion-3.2.12-arm-project/ffmpeg-0.5.1" -D_ISOC99_SOURCE -D_POSIX_C_SOURCE=200112 -std=c99 -fomit-frame-pointer -g -Wdeclaration-after-statement -Wall -Wno-switch -Wdisabled-optimization -Wpointer-arith -Wredundant-decls -Wno-pointer-sign -Wcast-qual -Wwrite-strings -Wtype-limits -Wundef -O3 -fno-math-errno -fno-signed-zeros -c -o libavcodec/dsputil.o libavcodec/dsputil.c /tmp/ccOmDdh7.s: Assembler messages: /tmp/ccOmDdh7.s:51789: Error: thumb conditional instruction should be in IT block -- `movgt fp,r9" /tmp/ccOmDdh7.s:51790: Error: thumb conditional instruction should be in IT block -- `movgt r9,r8" /tmp/ccOmDdh7.s:51792: Error: thumb conditional instruction should be in IT block -- `movle r9,r7" /tmp/ccOmDdh7.s:51794: Error: thumb conditional instruction should be in IT block -- `movgt fp,r9" /tmp/ccOmDdh7.s:51889: Error: thumb conditional instruction should be in IT block -- `movgt r9,r8" /tmp/ccOmDdh7.s:51890: Error: thumb conditional instruction should be in IT block -- `movgt r8,ip" /tmp/ccOmDdh7.s:51892: Error: thumb conditional instruction should be in IT block -- `movle r8,r6" /tmp/ccOmDdh7.s:51894: Error: thumb conditional instruction should be in IT block -- `movgt r9,r8" make: *** [libavcodec/dsputil.o] Error 1 这需要修改~/ffmpeg-0.5.1/config.mak，在OPTFLAGS（line：16）选项中添加：[plain] view plain copy-Wa,-mimplicit-it=thumb 加入这句的意思是在使用Thumb ISA指令编译时自动产生“IT”指令。 继续编译，又报错：[plain] view plain copystrip: Unable to recognise the format of the input file `ffmpeg" 这是strip没有使用交叉编译的版本所致，由于此时我们需要的库文件已经编成，所以这个错误可以忽略不计，修改config.mak中的strip为arm-linux-gnueabihf-strip，继续让编译完成motion编译motion中的ffmpeg.c是对ffmpeg api的封装，向其他模块提供功能。如在主程序文件motion.c中[cpp] view plain copy//...... #ifdef HAVE_FFMPEG /* FFMpeg initialization is only performed if FFMpeg support was found * and not disabled during the configure phase. */ ffmpeg_init(); #endif /* HAVE_FFMPEG */ //...... 这里ffmpeg_init就是ffmpeg.c中封装的方法：[cpp] view plain copyvoid ffmpeg_init() { motion_log(LOG_INFO, 0, "ffmpeg LIBAVCODEC_BUILD %d LIBAVFORMAT_BUILD %d", LIBAVCODEC_BUILD, LIBAVFORMAT_BUILD); av_register_all(); #if LIBAVCODEC_BUILD > 4680 av_log_set_callback( (void *)ffmpeg_avcodec_log ); #endif /* Copy the functions to use for the append file protocol from the standard * file protocol. */ mpeg1_file_protocol.url_read = file_protocol.url_read; mpeg1_file_protocol.url_write = file_protocol.url_write; mpeg1_file_protocol.url_seek = file_protocol.url_seek; mpeg1_file_protocol.url_close = file_protocol.url_close; /* Register the append file protocol. */ #if LIBAVFORMAT_BUILD >= (52<<16 | 31<<8) av_register_protocol(&mpeg1_file_protocol); #else register_protocol(&mpeg1_file_protocol); #endif } 我们需要在motion的Makefile中加入对ffmpeg模块的编译，并且打开HAVE_FFMPEG等开关。首先执行configure如下：[plain] view plain copy./configure CC=arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc --host=arm-linux-gnueabihf --prefix=/home/stewart/iWork/common/gcc-linaro-arm-linux-gnueabihf-4.8-2013.10_linux 生成Makefile，在OBJ选项中添加ffmpeg.o:[plain] view plain copyOBJ = ffmpeg.o motion.o conf.o draw.o jpegutils.o $(VIDEO_OBJ) netcam.o netcam_ftp.o netcam_jpeg.o netcam_wget.o track.o alg.o event.o picture.o rotate.o webhttpd.o webcam.o 在CFLAGS选项中添加-DHAVE_FFMPEG -DFFMPEG_NEW_INCLUDES -DHAVE_FFMPEG_NEW的定义，加入libjpeg头文件搜索目录[plain] view plain copylibdir = ${prefix}/lib incdir = ${prefix}/include [plain] view plain copyCFLAGS = -g -O2 -DHAVE_FFMPEG -DFFMPEG_NEW_INCLUDES -DHAVE_FFMPEG_NEW -D_REENTRANT -DMOTION_V4L2 -DMOTION_V4L2_OLD -DTYPE_32BIT="int" -DHAVE_BSWAP -Wall -DVERSION="3.2.12" -Dsysconfdir="$( sysconfdir)" 在LIBS中加入对ffmpeg库的支持：[plain] view plain copyLIBS = -L${libdir} -static -lavformat -lavcodec -lavutil -ljpeg -lm -lpthread 预备工作完成，make，编译报错：[plain] view plain copymotion.h:44:28: fatal error: linux/videodev.h: No such file or directory compilation terminated. 由于linux-2.4以上的内核已经取消了videodev.h文件，需要安装libv4l-dev，然后将motion.h，video.h中的[plain] view plain copy#include <linux/videodev.h> 修改为[cpp] view plain copy#include <libv4l1-videodev.h> 继续，又报错：[plain] view plain copytrack.c: In function ‘uvc_center": track.c:587:29: error: storage size of ‘control_s" isn"t known track.c:589:24: error: ‘V4L2_CID_PRIVATE_BASE" undeclared (first use in this function) track.c:589:24: note: each undeclared identifier is reported only once for each function it appears in track.c:592:24: error: ‘VIDIOC_S_CTRL" undeclared (first use in this function) track.c:601:31: error: storage size of ‘queryctrl" isn"t known track.c:605:24: error: ‘VIDIOC_QUERYCTRL" undeclared (first use in this function) track.c:601:31: warning: unused variable ‘queryctrl" [-Wunused-variable] track.c:587:29: warning: unused variable ‘control_s" [-Wunused-variable] track.c:636:25: error: storage size of ‘control_s" isn"t known track.c:636:25: warning: unused variable ‘control_s" [-Wunused-variable] track.c: In function ‘uvc_move": track.c:724:29: error: storage size of ‘control_s" isn"t known track.c:726:24: error: ‘V4L2_CID_PRIVATE_BASE" undeclared (first use in this function) track.c:729:24: error: ‘VIDIOC_S_CTRL" undeclared (first use in this function) track.c:724:29: warning: unused variable ‘control_s" [-Wunused-variable] track.c:779:25: error: storage size of ‘control_s" isn"t known track.c:779:25: warning: unused variable ‘control_s" [-Wunused-variable] make: *** [track.o] Error 1 在track.c中添加:[plain] view plain copy#include <linux/videodev2.h> 继续，报错（怎么还有啊？）：[plain] view plain copygcc -L/usr/local/lib -o motion motion.o conf.o draw.o jpegutils.o video.o video2.o video_common.o netcam.o netcam_ftp.o netcam_jpeg.o netcam_wget.o track.o alg.o event.o picture.o rotate.o webhttpd.o webcam.o ffmpeg.o -lm -lpthread -ljpeg -L/usr/local/lib -lavformat -lavcodec -lavutil -lm -lz /usr/local/lib/libavformat.a(file.o):(.data+0x60): multiple definition of `file_protocol" ffmpeg.o:(.data+0x0): first defined here collect2: ld returned 1 exit status 原来结构体file_protocol在libavformat.a和ffmpeg.o中重复定义了，分别打开两个定义：[cpp] view plain copy//libavformat/file.c:85 URLProtocol file_protocol = { "file", file_open, file_read, file_write, file_seek, file_close, }; [cpp] view plain copy//ffmpeg.c URLProtocol file_protocol = { "file", file_open, file_read, file_write, file_seek, file_close, #if LIBAVFORMAT_BUILD >= (52<<16 | 31<<8) NULL, NULL, NULL, #endif }; 将libavformat/file.c中的file_protocol定义注掉，重新编译一份libavformat.a。然后继续编译motion，又报错：[plain] view plain copy/home/xxx/iWork/Thrid_party/ffmpeg-0.5.1/libavformat/matroskadec.c:917: undefined reference to `BZ2_bzDecompressInit" /home/xxx/iWork/Thrid_party/ffmpeg-0.5.1/libavformat/matroskadec.c:926: undefined reference to `BZ2_bzDecompress" /home/xxx/iWork/Thrid_party/ffmpeg-0.5.1/libavformat/matroskadec.c:929: undefined reference to `BZ2_bzDecompressEnd" 这个需要libbz2库，下载地址http://www.bzip.org/downloads.html编译安装libbz2后将-lbz2加入motion的Makefile的LIBS选项：[plain] view plain copyLIBS = -lpthread -ljpeg -L/usr/lib -lavformat -lavcodec -lavutil -lm -lz -lbz2

安装完成ffmpeg后，就可以使用ffmpeg进行音频文件格式转换。比如 ./ffmpeg -i /media/1.mp3 /media/1.wav, 通过该命令行可以将/media文件夹下1.mp3文件转换成WAV格式的。但是反过来 ./ffmpeg -i /media/1.WAV /media/1.MP3 却不能转换成Mp3格式，提示如下错误（找不到编码器）：Stream mapping:Stream #0:0 -> #0:0 (wav -> ?)Encoder (codec none) not found for output stream #0:0如果强行指定编码器 ./ffmpeg -i /media/1.wav -acodec mp3 /media/1.mp3, 仍提示找不到编码器错误：Unknown encoder "mp3"这是因为，ffmpeg虽然是个开源软件，但因为具体格式的版权原因，它并没有包含所有的编解码格式，或者有个格式只有对应的解码器，但没有编码器，比如 Mp3就只有解码器，能播放Mp3文件，但却没有Mp3的编码器，无法将其它格式转换成Mp3。可以通过命令行 ./ffmpeg -codecs 查询编解码配置，第一个D表示Decoder，该格式能够解码；E表示Encoder，该格式可以编码。从中可以看出Mp3不能编码，Mp2倒是即可解码 也可编码。如何解决这个问题呢？ D A D mp1 MP1 (MPEG audio layer 1)D A D mp1float MP1 (MPEG audio layer 1)DEA D mp2 MP2 (MPEG audio layer 2)D A D mp2float MP2 (MPEG audio layer 2)D A D mp3 MP3 (MPEG audio layer 3)D A D mp3adu ADU (Application Data Unit) MP3 (MPEG audio layer 3)D A D mp3adufloat ADU (Application Data Unit) MP3 (MPEG audio layer 3)我的第一个方法是自己写代码来完成。源码文件中，Allcodecs.c中对各个格式进行注册，先修改Mp3的注册行，改为同时注册解码器和编码器：REGISTER_ENCDEC (MP2, mp2);REGISTER_DECODER (MP2FLOAT, mp2float);REGISTER_DECODER (MP3, mp3) // 此行修改为 REGISTER_ENCDEC (MP3, mp3)然后新增Mp3编码器的实现Struct，里面Init函数、encode函数、close函数使用Mp2的函数，因为我也不知道如何去实现Mp3的函数，或者说到代码实现级我也不知道Mp3和Mp2的区别在哪。AVCodec ff_mp3_encoder = {.name = "mp3",.type = AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO,.id = CODEC_ID_MP3,.priv_data_size = sizeof(MpegAudioContext),.init = MPA_encode_init,.encode = MPA_encode_frame,.close = MPA_encode_close,.sample_fmts = (const enum AVSampleFormat[]){AV_SAMPLE_FMT_S16,AV_SAMPLE_FMT_NONE},.supported_samplerates= (const int[]){44100, 48000, 32000, 22050, 24000, 16000, 0},.long_name = NULL_IF_CONFIG_SMALL("MP3 (MPEG audio layer 3)"),.defaults = mp3_defaults,};重新编译上线。 用命令行./ffmpeg -i /media/1.WAV /media/1.MP3 试了一下，能成功生成1.mp3文件，文件也能播放。似乎没有问题了，单用 file /media/1.mp3 查看了一下，发现文件不是Mp3格式的，而是Mp2格式的：/media/1.mp3: MPEG ADTS, layer II, v1, 128 kbps, 44.1 kHz, Stereo很遗憾，自行修改代码的方式行不通，因为不是每个编解码格式协议的专家，自行修改代码失败的风险很大，不仅是Mp3，还有一些其他格式比如AMR OGG H.263是没有编码器的。所以，第二个方案，使用成熟的第三方编码器和ffmpeg结合。Mp3比较好的开源第三方库是libmp3lame(简称Lame)。我下了一个最新版本(3.99.4)的Lame源码，编译它：首先配置： ./configure --prefix=/shared --enable-shared --enable-static然后编译: makemake install生成文件： 动态链接库 /shared/lib/libmp3lame.so 和 静态链接库 /shared/lib/libmp3lame.a。这里只需要使用动态链接库，将.so文件拷贝到/lib中，这个文件夹是动态链接库的默认搜索路径， 让ffmpeg运行时可以找到。然后对ffmpeg配置libmp3lame： ./configure --enable-libmp3lame重新编译ffmpeg，运行转化命令，看看效果如何。首先执行 ./ffmpeg -codecs 查看可用编解码的变化，可以看到多出了libmp3lame编码器，带E的：D V D lagarith Lagarith losslessEA libmp3lame libmp3lame MP3 (MPEG audio layer 3)EV ljpeg Lossless JPEGD V D loco LOCO然后执行 ./ffmpeg -i /media/1.WAV /media/1.MP3, 生成1.mp3，用File命令查看，确实是Mp3文件。/media/1.mp3: Audio file with ID3 version 2.4.0, contains: MPEG ADTS, layer III, v1, 128 kbps, 44.1 kHz, Stereo大功告成，问题解决。也可在命令行中指定编解码生成Mp3文件：./ffmpeg -i /media/1.WAV -acodec libmp3lame /media/1.MP3.

mpg2和mpeg2是同一个格式MPEG是一个组织，他开发了许多视频/音频压缩的方法，还有视频/音频的组织方式。MPG是文件扩展名，一般MPEG-1和MPEG-2电影文件用这个文件扩展名。但是这样的文件很少，用的不是很多。

安装完成ffmpeg后，就可以使用ffmpeg进行音频文件格式转换。比如 ./ffmpeg -i /media/1.mp3 /media/1.wav, 通过该命令行可以将/media文件夹下1.mp3文件转换成WAV格式的。 但是反过来 ./ffmpeg -i /media/1.WAV /media/1.MP3 却不能转换成Mp3格式，提示如下错误（找不到编码器）： Stream mapping: Stream #0:0 -> #0:0 (wav -> ?) Encoder (codec none) not found for output stream #0:0 如果强行指定编码器 ./ffmpeg -i /media/1.wav -acodec mp3 /media/1.mp3, 仍提示找不到编码器错误： Unknown encoder "mp3" 这是因为，ffmpeg虽然是个开源软件，但因为具体格式的版权原因，它并没有包含所有的编解码格式，或者有个格式只有对应的解码器，但没有编码器，比如 Mp3就只有解码器，能播放Mp3文件，但却没有Mp3的编码器，无法将其它格式转换成Mp3。可以通过命令行 ./ffmpeg -codecs 查询编解码配置，第一个D表示Decoder，该格式能够解码；E表示Encoder，该格式可以编码。从中可以看出Mp3不能编码，Mp2倒是即可解码 也可编码。如何解决这个问题呢？ D A D mp1 MP1 (MPEG audio layer 1)D A D mp1float MP1 (MPEG audio layer 1)DEA D mp2 MP2 (MPEG audio layer 2)D A D mp2float MP2 (MPEG audio layer 2)D A D mp3 MP3 (MPEG audio layer 3)D A D mp3adu ADU (Application Data Unit) MP3 (MPEG audio layer 3)D A D mp3adufloat ADU (Application Data Unit) MP3 (MPEG audio layer 3) 我的第一个方法是自己写代码来完成。源码文件中，Allcodecs.c中对各个格式进行注册，先修改Mp3的注册行，改为同时注册解码器和编码器： REGISTER_ENCDEC (MP2, mp2); REGISTER_DECODER (MP2FLOAT, mp2float); REGISTER_DECODER (MP3, mp3) // 此行修改为 REGISTER_ENCDEC (MP3, mp3) 然后新增Mp3编码器的实现Struct，里面Init函数、encode函数、close函数使用Mp2的函数，因为我也不知道如何去实现Mp3的函数，或者说到代码实现级我也不知道Mp3和Mp2的区别在哪。 AVCodec ff_mp3_encoder = { .name = "mp3", .type = AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO, .id = CODEC_ID_MP3, .priv_data_size = sizeof(MpegAudioContext), .init = MPA_encode_init, .encode = MPA_encode_frame, .close = MPA_encode_close, .sample_fmts = (const enum AVSampleFormat[]){AV_SAMPLE_FMT_S16,AV_SAMPLE_FMT_NONE}, .supported_samplerates= (const int[]){44100, 48000, 32000, 22050, 24000, 16000, 0}, .long_name = NULL_IF_CONFIG_SMALL("MP3 (MPEG audio layer 3)"), .defaults = mp3_defaults,}; 重新编译上线。 用命令行./ffmpeg -i /media/1.WAV /media/1.MP3 试了一下，能成功生成1.mp3文件，文件也能播放。似乎没有问题了，单用 file /media/1.mp3 查看了一下，发现文件不是Mp3格式的，而是Mp2格式的： /media/1.mp3: MPEG ADTS, layer II, v1, 128 kbps, 44.1 kHz, Stereo 很遗憾，自行修改代码的方式行不通，因为不是每个编解码格式协议的专家，自行修改代码失败的风险很大，不仅是Mp3，还有一些其他格式比如AMR OGG H.263是没有编码器的。所以，第二个方案，使用成熟的第三方编码器和ffmpeg结合。 Mp3比较好的开源第三方库是libmp3lame(简称Lame)。我下了一个最新版本(3.99.4)的Lame源码，编译它： 首先配置： ./configure --prefix=/shared --enable-shared --enable-static 然后编译: make make install 生成文件： 动态链接库 /shared/lib/libmp3lame.so 和 静态链接库 /shared/lib/libmp3lame.a。这里只需要使用动态链接库，将.so文件拷贝到/lib中，这个文件夹是动态链接库的默认搜索路径， 让ffmpeg运行时可以找到。 然后对ffmpeg配置libmp3lame： ./configure --enable-libmp3lame 重新编译ffmpeg，运行转化命令，看看效果如何。 首先执行 ./ffmpeg -codecs 查看可用编解码的变化，可以看到多出了libmp3lame编码器，带E的： D V D lagarith Lagarith lossless EA libmp3lame libmp3lame MP3 (MPEG audio layer 3) EV ljpeg Lossless JPEG D V D loco LOCO 然后执行 ./ffmpeg -i /media/1.WAV /media/1.MP3, 生成1.mp3，用File命令查看，确实是Mp3文件。 /media/1.mp3: Audio file with ID3 version 2.4.0, contains: MPEG ADTS, layer III, v1, 128 kbps, 44.1 kHz, Stereo 大功告成，问题解决。 也可在命令行中指定编解码生成Mp3文件：./ffmpeg -i /media/1.WAV -acodec libmp3lame /media/1.MP3.

完全系2回事．MP2系纯音乐格式，系MP3的前身；Mpeg2系影像格式，其实即系宜家DVD碟用紧的格式，可以话即系DVD．

mpg2和mpeg2是同一个格式MPEG是一个组织，他开发了许多视频/音频压缩的方法，还有视频/音频的组织方式。 MPG是文件扩展名，一般MPEG-1和MPEG-2 电影文件用这个文件扩展名。但是这样的文件很少，用的不是很多。

这就是学习英标的重要性

A long time ago, there was an emperor. He had a beautiful garden. In the garden, there was a little nightingale ( 夜莺) singing very beautifully.　　One day, the emperor heard about this little bird"s beautiful voice. He asked his guards to bring her to him. As soon as the emperor heard the nightingale"s voice, he said, " 　　Put her in a golden cage, so she can stay and sing for me whenever I want to hear her." 　　The little bird was so unhappy about being kept in the cage that she stopped singing one day. The emperor was very angry. He ordered the scientists in his palace to make a robot bird for him. The bird could sing very beautifully，too. 　　The emperor was pleased. 　　Soon the robot bird became old. It no longer sang beautiful songs. Just at that time，the emperor became very weak. One morning, while lying in bed, the emperor wanted it to sing once again. But the robot bird couldn"t sing any more. Suddenly, the nightingale landed on the window. She began to sing her most beautiful song. The emperor was very happy! He became better and better each day. 　　After the emperor was well, he changed a lot and became kind to his people. From then on, all his people cherished(爱戴)him for his love and kindness. 　　56. Both the nightingale and the robot bird had a beautiful voice. 　　57. The emperor kept the nightingale in a golden cage in order to hear her sing at any time. 　　58. The nightingale was very happy after she was kept in the golden cage. 　　59. The emperor was not satisfied with the robot bird at first. 　　60. The emperor learnt from the nightingale what love and kindness was. 　　【主旨大意】本文讲述了一位国王在一只夜莺”无心的帮助”之下完成自我救赎，最终赢得百姓爱戴的故事。 3. 【解析】答案为T。细节理解题。由第一段的In the garden, there was a little nightingale ( 夜莺) singing very beautifully.和第三段的最后一句The bird could sing very beautifully，too.可知夜莺和机器人夜莺都唱得很好。 4. 【解析】答案为T。细节理解题。由第二段国王的话"Put her in a golden cage, so she can stay and sing for me whenever I want to hear her." 国王把鸟放进笼子的目的是为随时听到鸟儿歌唱。 58. 【解析】答案F。细节理解题。由第三段的The little bird was so unhappy about being kept in the cage that she stopped singing one day. 可知鸟儿不开心，以至于不再歌唱。 59. 【解析】答案F。细节理解题。由第四段的The emperor was pleased.可知国王对于机器人夜莺很满意。 60. 【解析】答案T。推理判断题。由最后一段可知国王改变了他以往的作风，以仁爱和爱治国，故推知国王从这只鸟儿身上学得了仁和爱。

Emperor Meiji是日本 明治天皇也称 明治大帝明治天皇（めいじてんのう，1852—1912） 日本天皇（1867—1912）。名睦仁（むつひと）。出生于嘉永五年（1852年）11月3日，是孝明天皇的第二皇子。详细信息可以点击链接查读

Don"t be so foolish to stick to斜.音！

- 发音时要注意口型和舌位，否则会发出错误的音。总之，正确地发音需要不断地练习和注意细节。希望本篇文章能够对大家有所帮助。2. 发音练习Emperor是一个英语单词，表示皇帝的意思。在英语中，它的发音为/ˈɛmpərər/。下面将为大家介绍如何正确地发音。- 口型练习：练习发/ɛ/和/ə/这两个音，可以说“eh-uh”来模仿这个音的发音。Emperor的音标为/ˈɛmpərər/，其中：

2. 发音练习- /ə/表示中央元音schwa，是英语中最常见的元音之一，发音时嘴巴放松，舌头放平；- /r/表示卷舌音r，发音时舌头要卷起来，让声音从舌头和嘴唇中发出。- /p/表示塞音p，发音时要紧闭嘴唇，然后突然松开；- /ɛ/表示短元音e，发音时口型要比普通的e更开；Emperor的音标为/ˈɛmpərər/，其中：

bAll things are difficult before they are easy

Emperor Napoleon The First/u02c8emp(u0259)ru0259r/ /nu0259u02c8pōlēu0259n/ /Tu035fHē/ /fu0259rst/

fu三声 run四声(润) qi三声(起) e m p re

The emperor。谐音读作rei 安木p rue 意思是皇帝古代的皇帝。

卖球儿；唉戳；艾克斯戳；艾派弱；望采纳

隐思动儿 欧出啊 诶渴死假 按碰儿

普瑞威儿斯谐音[xié yīn] 谐音是一个汉语词汇，读音为xié yīn，就是利用汉字同音的条件，用同音或近音字来代替本字，产生辞趣的修辞格。 中文名 谐音 所属学科 文学 所属领域 词语 词性 名词

Emperor 这个单词怎么读 ： 汉语发音 ：“ 安姆-普若”

emperor怎么读：英/u02c8empu0259ru0259(r)/美/u02c8empu0259ru0259r/知识拓展：一、释义：1、皇帝；2、君主。二、短语搭配：Qianlong Emperor：乾隆帝；乾隆皇帝；乾隆；清高宗Yongzheng Emperor：雍正帝；雍正皇帝Emperor Seimu：成务天皇；成天皇Emperor Kōshō：孝昭天皇Emperor Kōan：孝安天皇The Emperor：皇帝；比如皇帝；皇家驿栈酒店；皇家驿栈emperor scorpion：帝王蝎Emperor Kammu：桓武天皇三、双语例句1、The emperor was actually a political eunuch.那个皇帝实际上没有政治实权。2、The emperor conferred a title on the brave soldier.皇上授予这勇敢的士兵一头衔。3、He knelt in front of the emperor with a look of entreaty.他面带恳求的神态跪在皇帝面前。4、The general overthrew the last emperor of that country and established a public.将军推翻了那个国家的最后一个皇帝，建立了共和国。5、Napoleon called himself Emperor of the French.拿破仑自称为法国皇帝。6、He wants to be a great emporer.他想要成为一名明君。

PTE的评分机制是交叉评分制。 我们都知道雅思托福是单项评分，比如，口语就是测口语，写作就是测写作。但是PTE却相反，PTE的一道题可能同时会对不同的项目都有影响。 比如说，口语考试中的Repeat Sentence题型， 同时考察口语和听力，流利度和发音。Answer short question题型也是同时在测听力和口语，以及词汇技能。 听、说、读、写四个大项的最终得分会由六个小分来决定。 PTE的最终得分(Communicative Skills)也就是考试最后的听、说、读、写得分，主要来源于该考生的语言运用技能分（Enabling Skills Scores），语言运用技能分分别来自于，语法grammar，口语流利程度oral fluency，发音pronunciation，拼写spelling，词汇vocabulary和语篇编写written discourse六个部分。

Capability是通常用来指“能力， ability to do something”，偏重于做事情的技能。Competency，合适的中文意思为“胜任潜质”，也称为胜任素质，是指那些能带来人的高效或杰出工作绩效的潜在特征。主要的意思还是能力。

Linguistic competence refers to the knowledge of a language system. The term first emerged in the work of Noam Chomsky, where it referred specifically to syntactic competence, and was specifically opposed to linguistic performance. The term was used more broadly by Dell Hymes in formulating the concept of communicative competence. Like communicative competence, language competence is often divided into various subcompetences, such as syntactic competence and lexical competence.

1. 话语能力2. 篇章能力3. 语篇能力4. 言谈能力

Linguistic competence refers to something about language. Communicative competence have something to do with the ability of the communication with people.One man can have a good linguistic competence,however his communicative competence is pool.

Competence Center核心技术

你好 中文意思文化能力，希望能帮到你，望采纳

How can we enhance our listening competence?我们如何提高听力能力？

用The differences between langue and parole or between langue competence and its performance 较好.供参考哈

竞赛。表演。区别不明显？==

分别侧重容量、竞争力、独特的才能、品质、权力和工作能力

areas of competence 专长领域area n. 1.面积；平地；地面。 2.空地；〔英国〕地下室前 ...competence n. 1.资格，能力 (for; to do); 反应能力，胜任(性)；相当 ...例句：Mr longman insists that big drugs firms must move towards a “ disaggregated ” model to focus on a few core areas of competence , such as drug discovery , development or marketing朗曼认为，大型制药公司必须寻求分散经营，把精力集中在小部分核心领域内，比如药物的发现，研究，市场运作。

ability一般的才干capacity特指行为能力competence指胜任某项工作或任务的能力

competence 是能力的意思，而performance是表现的意思。例如：His performance today does not reflect his competence at all.他今天的表现没有体现出他的能力。希望你能够满意！

skill是技能的意思，而competence则是能力的意思，区别可以从以下例子看出： During interview, from the knowledge, experience and skill you showed, I believe that you have competence to take this role. 面试时，从你所展示的知识、经验和技能来看，我相信你有能力胜任这个角色。

incompetence无能力

, competence n. 胜任,资格,能力 [ˈkɔmpitəns]n.能力, 技能We knew her competence in solving problems.我们都知道她解决问题的能力。(法院的)权限, 管辖权These are matters within the competence of the court.这些是法院权限以内的事。

discourse competence 语篇能力网络释义 专业释义 语篇能力 话语能力 言谈能力 谈话能力短语discourse and sociolinguistic competence 言能力双语例句1.Then Canale and Swain developed it further and summarized it in four aspects:grammatical competence, sociolinguistic competence, discourse competence andstrategic competence. 跟读进而，卡纳斯和斯温将该理论进一步扩展，并将它概括为语法能力、社会语言能力、语篇能力和策略能力。dict.cnki.net2.Reasons are given to account for this seemingly strange phenomenon, and atentative suggestion is forwarded toward the teaching of English writing and thecultivation of discourse competence. 跟读本文最后对这一看似奇怪的现象的成因加以分析，并对英语语篇写作教学和学生语篇能力的培养提出一点设想。

ACCA9月考季马上就要来了，在以往的考试当中，“Competence framework”一向都是考生们难以理解、掌握的核心考点之一，在Competence framework中，会涉及到Coaching、Mentoring、Counselling三个分考点，今天深空网就跟大家着重详解Competence framework这个核心考点内容。内容导航ACCA核心考点ACCA报考理由ACCA考试注意事项ACCA证书含金量　　ACCA核心考点Firstly，要先明确能力框架是做什么的，他是来帮助企业员工达到目标能力水平Required level of competence。Secondly，在这个过程中，会需要以下3个人员的辅助，我们这里就以一个专业的电竞战队来举例子：01Coaching —— 教练他要是在富有电竞经验的人，因为要针对具体的目标，亲自演示一些任务给队员，让其成员更好的理解要去如何完成当下的任务，比如如何赢得比赛。他具备如下几个关键的特点：(1)Related to the current job 与当前工作要相关;(2)Often line manager通常是直接上级，而且这个人通常是该专业领域中的专家，这样他在给成员指导的时候，才能被信服;(3)Short term他关注的往往是成员短期内的表现，比如某一个赛季的成绩是否优异或是进步。02Mentoring —— 辅导员有点类似于电竞队中经纪人的角色，他更关注于成员的日常生活和职业及个人发展方面，鼓励支持成员，培养他们以让他们得到更好的发展，他具备如下几个关键的特点：(1)Related to personal development 他十分关注成员的个人发展，希望他们能成为multi-skills多技能于一身的人;(2)Often senior position 他们通常位于更高级的职位，因为眼光会更长远，所以才能更好的帮助成员规划未来发展路径，也会成为成员的榜样role model;(3)Long term关注的更多成员长期的发展情况。03Counselling —— 心理咨询师他是关注成员的情绪和心理方面的，比如如果电竞队输掉比赛，成员的情绪低落、烦躁，这是很容易影响接下来的比赛以及团队之间的凝聚力的，所以心理咨询师的存在是非常必要的，他具备如下几个关键的特点：(1)Related to solve personal problem or puzzles 处理的是成员心理上的问题和一些私人问题;(2)Help himself 强调成员自救，在倾诉的过程中，自己发现问题并自己想出解决方法，所以心理咨询师的作用是辅助性的、是non-directive非指向性的，且要具有empathy同理心，感同身受，不需要去给出judgement十分公平公正的评判;(3)Short term 只解决当下的问题，所以是短期的关系。那这部分需要同学们掌握到什么程度呢?首先要先明确competence framework到底是什么，他的定义;其次就是该框架中的3种重要的角色，要熟记他们各自的特点并进行区分，要做到给出一个case，能够准确判断出他描述的是哪一个角色的职责。为了帮助大家更好的理解，有3个例子，看大家能不能准确判断：(a)Mike has been stuck in financial difficulty for a long time;(b)Identify each players key skills and encourage them to develop new skills;(c)Help the young players to settle in during their first week._Now!正确答案揭晓：(a)Counselling;(b)Coaching;(c)Mentoring。你们都做对了吗~Ok，那今天对Competence framework能力框架以及3个辅助人员的解析就到这里啦。其实这部分并没有那么晦涩难懂，只要掌握住定义和主要的特点，再通过做题巩固，就可以把这部分知识点攻破啦。最后深空网祝同学们早日通过AB课程，早日PASS出坑!　ACCA报考理由ACCA是什么?ACCA，特许公认会计师，在国内被称为国际注册会计师，自1904年成立至今，ACCA始终秉承：不论年龄、性别、种族或学历，为一切有能力的人创造机会帮助他们取得专业会计师资格。ACCA的教育和专业培训结构具有很强的灵活性，学员可根据自身情况选择全日制或在职培训完成学习任务。ACCA是目前国际认可度最高、规模最大的会计师组织，ACCA就和联合国一样，是一个全球联合的会计机构，它在全球各地都有自己的代表处，而这个公会的会计准则是全球范围内都会使用的国际会计准则。ACCA能带来什么?ACCA本科毕业生非常容易进入四大国际注册会计师事务所!在国际会计事务所一般起薪5500元左右。ACCA会员可在世界各地大公司担任高级职位，财务经理、财务总监CFO，甚至总裁CEO根据官方统计,ACCA会员收入在50万至100万之间的比例高达21%。受访会员最高年薪超过200万。学习ACCA会影响学习吗?国际金融、金融、财务管理、ACCA、工商管理等专业的学员，在学习ACCA的同时，也在不断补充其专业课程的知识。ACCA不仅包括会计的内容，还会涵盖一些管理学、法律、融资投资等知识内容。所以不会影响学业，对于大学的学业是互补作用，并且由于ACCA是全球统一考试标准，而不是校方自己出考试题，还会激励学员专业知识掌握更扎实深入。其他专业的学员，在学习ACCA的同时自身的学习热忱会一直持续，对待学业也更能专心。学习ACCA并不仅仅是学习知识内容，而且是一种思维模式的培养。逻辑思维一旦形成，对学习其他任何知识都有一定的帮助。ACCA对出国有帮助吗?ACCA对于出国读研非常有帮助，ACCA学员在通过前9科考试，并通过7500字的论文报告，就可以获得英国牛津布鲁克斯大学的应用会计的(荣誉*)理学士学位。其实，大学生考研的目的无非有二，好就业和有光环。通俗一点，就是期望考研能带来更高薪资和211/985名牌大学的光环。　ACCA考试注意事项一、ACCA机考考前注意事项1、考生须提前30分钟到达考场，经身份核查后，进行签到。2、建议考生考前熟悉机考流程。两种方式可选择：第一，可以进行网上测试;第二，直接到机考中心进行测试(提前1小时)。3、如果考生已经进行考场签到，若因特殊情况需离场，务必和监考人员及时沟通。4、考前15分钟可进考场，记得迟到是考试大忌。二、ACCA机考考场注意事项1、考生必带物品：身份证、笔、单功能计算器2、考场禁忌：请勿随身携带电子产品，手机等通讯设备需关闭。按照监考老师要求，放在指定位置。与考试有关的书籍、笔记等资料，切忌随身携带。一经发现，视为违规。另外，不可以将食品、饮料带入考场，当然不包括无包装的透明瓶装水。3、考生进入考场，找到对应的座位，须拿出身份证及准考证放在桌角处，方便监考老师核对。4、监考老师在考试正式开始前，会告知考生相关考场纪律。5、监考老师在考试开始后，将下发草稿纸。每位考生一张，于结束考试后回收。6、切忌在准考证上涂涂画画或者直接打草稿。考试开始之后，监考会给每位考生发放一张草稿纸，考试结束后会收回。如果考试期间需要更多的草稿纸，请举手向监考申请。请勿在草稿纸以外的区域书写，比如在准考证或者其他纸张上打草稿等。7、开考1小时后，考生若未能赶到考场，则一律不准入场。三、ACCA机考做题注意事项1、进行ACCA机考时，一定要让自己先放松下来，大脑先将之前重点知识快速回忆一遍。2、考试过程中，切勿走入这道难题不解决，我誓不罢休的的误区。注重先易后难原则。四、ACCA机考考后注意事项1、考生须知：考试结束后，成绩通知单需打印两份。自己和机考重心各一份。2、考试成绩须知：考试结束后，机考中心将会上传成绩。三天内，MYACCA成绩记录可查看。如果是分季机考，考试成绩公布通常在考试结束后的40天。　ACCA证书含金量ACCA学员可以去哪里工作?关于这点，其实大家不需要有任何担忧，ACCA在国际领域一向都是高权威的考试，由于得到了全球企业的支持和认可，ACCA如今已经与全球众多知名企业进行了一项免费的合作项目，对于已经通过ACCA考试的学员，可免费得到员工培训发展、招聘等一系列的服务，就业方面并不成问题。对于ACCA学员，出来工作的方向也存在比较多的选择，像国内的四大银行，中国工商银行、中国农业银行、中国银行、中国建设银行，交通银行、汇丰银行等。像一些大型的跨国集团，中石化、保洁、阿里巴巴等，在金融财会领域中，像四大会计事务所，普华永道、毕马威、德勤、安永等都是ACCA学员可以选择的就业方向，可以看出，ACCA的就业前景是非常广阔的。ACCA证书含金量高不高?关于这点，从上述就可以知道，ACCA证书含金量是无可置疑的。自从ACCA进入了中国市场，在国际以及国内受企业的认可度就变得越来越高，由于ACCA人才在行业领域方面一直都是比较紧缺，为了吸引更多的人才，各企业所开出的薪资条件也变得越来越高。其次，最为实用的一点是，参加ACCA考试，也是有效提升自我价值的一种表现，要知道，ACCA可是一项集各方面财会知识，设计范围比较广的高级课程考试，因此，对于持有ACCA证书的人士来说，你的能力也提升了不少，同样在领导面前，你的能力也会得到看重和认可，这点自然也会成为你升职加薪的重要理由。还有一点就是，通过学习ACCA的课程，让你掌握了不少的专业上的知识，进一步拓展了自己的见识面，在与同事和领导交谈时，也会有跟多的话题进行交流，从中也会学到很多不一样的东西，为你以后的职业发展路带来更好的帮助。

【答案】：A、C、Ecompetence(competences)和competency(competencies)两个术语被引入，前者翻译为胜任力或胜任能力，后者翻译为胜任特征、胜任资质或胜任素质。首先，胜任特征含有对个体或组织的基本要求。其次，胜任特征能够判别绩效优异和绩效平平，区分出表现较好和较差的个体和组织。最后，胜任特征是潜在的、深层次的，不是指年龄、性别、知识、面容等外显因素。

前者倾向于本身拥有的能力后者倾向欲具备的资格，比如法律上作证的能力资格

ability一般的才干capacity特指行为能力competence指胜任某项工作或任务的能力

capability这个有着,能力、容量·才能的意思. competence能力·胜任·权限的意思,根据不同的需要就用不同的的

大隐于市为您解答1、前者倾向于本身拥有的能力后者倾向欲具备的资格，比如法律上作证的能力资格2、人们可以研究每个收留的文化发展跨文化能力,如临界和反思性思维和知识的灵活性。develop intercultural competencies 培养跨文化能力reflective thinking 反思性思维望采纳

这几个词都有能力的意思，但还是有些区别。capacite可以用来指各种能力，而competence往往是指针对某一行业或某一岗位的能力、技能。所以capacite可以用在人、动物、植物或者无生命的东西上，但是competence一般只能用在人类上。capacite所指的能力一般来说是通过后天努力获得的，而aptitude所指的能力通常指的是天生就具备的。talent和其余的几个词最容易区分，它指的是才能、才华。

competence造句例如：Is it in my circle ofcompetence?(是不是在我的能力范围之内？The judge has to act within thecompetence of the court.(法官必须在法庭的权限范围内行使权力。)The ability to write is a supreme test of linguisticcompetence.(写作能力是对语言能力的最高形式的测试。)

Capability是通常用来指“能力，abilitytodosomething”，偏重于做事情的技能。Competency，合适的中文意思为“胜任潜质”，也称为胜任素质，是指那些能带来人的高效或杰出工作绩效的潜在特征。主要的意思还是能力。

Capability是通常用来指“能力， ability to do something”，偏重于做事情的技能。Competency，合适的中文意思为“胜任潜质”，也称为胜任素质，是指那些能带来人的高效或杰出工作绩效的潜在特征。主要的意思还是能力。

乔姆斯基提出的Competence：在理想状态下，一个人运用语言的能力。Performance:一个人真正运用语言时的表现。competencegrammar的话指的是一个speaker的整个运艾弗拉姆·诺姆·乔姆斯基（AvramNoamChomsky，1928年12月7日—），美国哲学家。是麻省理工学院语言学的荣誉退休教授。乔姆斯基的《句法结构》被认为是20世纪理论语言学研究上最伟大的贡献。艾弗拉姆·诺姆·乔姆斯基博士（AvramNoamChomsky，1928年12月7日—）是麻省理工学院语言学的荣誉退休教授。乔姆斯基的《生成语法》被认为是20世纪理论语言学研究上最伟大的贡献。他还通过对伯尔赫斯·弗雷德里克·斯金纳的《口头行为》的评论，发动了心理学的认知革命，挑战在1950年代占主导地位的行为主义者学习精神和语言的方式。他那自然的学习语言的方法也对语言和精神的哲学起了很大的影响。他的另一大成就是建立了乔姆斯基层级：根据文法生成力不同而对正则语言做的分类。乔姆斯基还因他对政治的热忱，尤其是他对美国和其它国家政府的批评而著名。乔姆斯基把自己归为自由社会主义者，并且是无政府工团主义的同情者。一般认为他是活跃在美国左翼政坛的著名主要知识分子。据艺术和人文引文索引说，在1980年到1992年，乔姆斯基是被文献引用数最多的健在学者，并是有史以来被引用数第8多的。

competence的意思是:能力，才能，本事。它是不可数名词，因此没有复数形式。谢谢！

competence的意思competence[英][u02c8ku0252mpu026atu0259ns][美][u02c8kɑmpu026atu0259ns]n.能力; 技能; 相当的资产; 复数：competences例句:双语英语1.Being an effective manager and leader begins with people"s belief in your competence and character. 要成为一名高效的经理人和企业领袖，首先要让人们信任你的能力和性格。2.But what of mr osborne"s competence? 但是奥斯本先生的能力是什么呢？3.Tolerance, competence and the third thing is empathy. 在宽容、胜任能力之后，第三个必要条件是体察民情。4.Managerial competence will simply not suffice. 仅靠管理能力显然不足以成事。5.His genius is in his competence. 他的天才之处在于他的能力。如果您有什么疑问和不解之处，欢迎追问我！！！如果您认可我的答案，请采纳。您的采纳，是我答题的动力，O(∩_∩)O谢谢

competence [英]u02c8ku0252mpu026atu0259ns [美]u02c8kɑ:mpu026atu0259nsn. 能力;技能;相当的资产[例句]Being an effective manager and leader begins with people "s belief in your competence and character.要成为一名高效的经理人和企业领袖，首先要让人们信任你的能力和性格。如对你有所帮助，请采纳或给予好评，如有其他疑问，可以向我求助，O(∩_∩)O谢谢

又是康德的道德论...1.在康德哲学中hypothetical 和categorical imperatives的区别?"Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law." 这句话是康德对categorical imperative的定义.简单来说,就是在所有可能发生的情形下的绝对的,无条件的行为规范.与hypothetical imperatives的区别：hypothetical imperative是在一种情形下的必须行为.比如“如果我想解渴,就必须喝点东西”.虽然categorical imperative是对其的绝对化结果.但是它们都是end in itself的概念.2.为什么moral command 需要有hypothetical imperative?hypothetical imperative是对绝对道德规则之外的行为准则划定的界限,是对“应该”而不是“必须”做的事的定义.这种行为准则与categorical imperative一样,必须来自自我理性意愿,也就是实用理性主义的结果.3.在康德哲学中moral law的“ground”是什么?就是categorical imperative...= =4.康德的第二formulation of the categorical imperative是什么?用的是哪四个例子?你是不是懒得看书啊...Second formulation:"Act in such a way that you treat humanity,whether in your own person or in the person of any other,always at the same time as an end and never merely as a means to an end."例子自己去看书...

我想要一个陪伴者

1、waveInOpen是动态连接库winmm.dll之函数，用以开启波形输入设备。2、waveInOpen之原形为︰MMRESULTwaveInOpen(LPHWAVEINphwi,UINT_PTRuDeviceID,LPWAVEFORMATEXpwfx,DWORD_PTRdwCallback,DWORD_PTRdwCallbackInstance,DWORDfdwOpen);解述︰LPHWAVEINphwi为一指针，以指示返回输入设备。UINT_PTRuDeviceID乃所用波形输入设备之ID。若此为WAVE_MAPPER，系统则会自动寻找合适设备。LPWAVEFORMATEXpwfx，指向波形声音格式数据类型（WAVEFORMAT）之指针。DWORD_PTRdwCallback为指向回调函数的指针或窗口句柄，用於处理波形声音输入过程中产生的消息。DWORD_PTRdwCallbackInstance为传递给回调函数的数据，以回调函数的参数方式传递。注意：若回调方式为窗口方式，该项不适用。DWORDfdwOpen用於打开一些该函数中定义的选项，通常为0。函数返回值：若函数正常调用，返回值为0，其中可能的错误及返回值为︰MMSYSERR_BADDEVICEID=2;{设备ID超界}；MMSYSERR_ALLOCATED=4;{指定的资源已被分配}；MMSYSERR_NODRIVER=6;{没有安装驱动程序}；MMSYSERR_NOMEM=7;{不能分配或锁定内存}；WAVERR_BADFORMAT=32;{设备不支持请求的波形格式}

lucy 【playing 玩/designing 设计】a comper game翻译：露西正在玩/设计一个电脑游戏。祝你开心如意！

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ComputerZService.exe即鲁大师的硬件核心服务！这是一个正常的进程，并不是病毒或木马！

comprehension理解双语对照词典结果：comprehension[英][u02ccku0252mpru026au02c8henu0283n][美][u02cckɑ:mpru026au02c8henu0283n]n.理解，理解力; 包含的能力; [逻辑学]内涵; 复数：comprehensions以上结果来自金山词霸例句:1.Seeing a person"s lips move helps comprehension of speech. 看一个人的嘴唇运动可以帮助理解他所说的话。-----------------------------------如有疑问欢迎追问！满意请点击右上方【选为满意回答】按钮

虽说根据技术原理来说是可以测成人心跳的，但测量结果可能无法判断正常与否，建议还是用于测量宝宝心跳比较好