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伊甸园是什么意思?

2023-06-18 09:59:59
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苏州马小云

伊甸园是地上的乐园,根据《圣经·旧约·创世纪》记载,神·耶和华照自己的形像造了人类的祖先男人亚当,再用亚当的一个肋骨创造了女人夏娃,并安置第一对男女住在伊甸园中。

伊甸园在圣经的原文含有乐园的意思。圣经记载伊甸园在东方,诗人阿利盖利·但丁的《神曲》则将伊甸园置于炼狱山的顶点。有四条河从伊甸之地流出并滋润园里,这四条河分别是幼发拉底河、底格里斯河、基训河和比逊河。

人类的祖先因偷吃禁果而犯下原罪,被上帝流放,这一事迹被称为失乐园。

扩展资料

伊甸园不是巴比伦
过去多半神学家都认为伊甸园的原址是在巴比伦,原因是“东方”,因为巴比伦是在以色列的“东边”。还有,因为巴比伦有两条河与伊甸园河名相同。所以一直被认为是在巴比伦。而且,相当多的学者认为,人类文明的源头在巴比伦。

但请注意,巴比伦只有两道河,而伊甸园一共有四道河。

巴比伦不能是伊甸园,因为巴比伦没有金矿,而伊甸园却有丰富的金子。第一道名叫比逊,就是环绕哈腓拉全地的。在那里有金子,并且那地的金子是好的。在那里又有珍珠和红玛瑙。

参考资料来源:百度百科-伊甸园 (《圣经》中亚当和夏娃的原居地)

再也不做稀饭了

伊甸园

是西方人的话,指美丽的地方,就相当中国人说的“天堂”出自《圣经》

在耶和华上帝创造天地的日子,地上还没有草木和菜蔬。耶和华用地上的尘土造人,将生气吹在他鼻孔里,就成了有灵的活人,名叫亚当。耶和华上帝在东方的伊甸立了一个园子,使各样的树从地里长出来,可以悦人眼目,其上的果子好作食物。园子当中又有生命树,和分别善恶的树。有河从伊甸流出来滋润那园子。

耶和华将亚当安置在伊甸园,使他修理看守,并吩咐他说:“园中各样树上的果子,你可以随意吃”只是分别善恶树上的果子,你不可吃,因为你吃了必定死。”

耶和华说:“那人独居不好,我要为他造一个配偶帮助他。”便使亚当沉睡,取下他的一条肋骨,又把肉合起来。耶和华就用亚当身上所取的肋骨,造成一个女人,领她到那人跟前。亚当说:“这是我骨中的骨,肉中的肉,可以称她为女人,因为她是从男人身上取出来的。”因此,人要离开父母,与妻子连合,二人成为一体。当时夫妻二人,赤身露体,并不羞耻。

耶和华上帝用土所造的走兽中,惟有蛇最狡猾。蛇对女人说:“上帝不许你们吃园中所有树上的果子么?”女人说:“惟有园当中那棵树上的果子,上帝说不可吃,也不可摸,免得死去。”蛇对女人说:“你们不一定死。因为上帝知道,你们吃了眼睛就明亮了,你们便跟上帝一样能知道善恶。”女人见那棵树的果子好作食物,也悦人的眼目,并且能使人有智慧,于是就摘下果子来吃;又给她丈夫也吃了。他们二人的眼睛明亮了,才知道自己是赤身露体,便拿无花果树的叶子,为自己编做裙子。

天起了凉风,耶和华上帝在园中行走,亚当和他妻子听见上帝的声音,就藏在园里的树木中。耶和华呼唤亚当,对他说:“你在哪里?”他说:“我在园中听见你的声音,我就害怕,因为我赤身露体。”耶和华说:“谁告诉你赤身露体呢?莫非你吃了我吩咐你不可吃的那树上的果子么?”亚当说:“你所赐给我,与我同居的女人,她把那树上的果子给我,我就吃了。”

耶和华上帝又问女人。女人说:“那蛇引诱我,我就吃了。”耶和华上帝对蛇说:“你既做了这事,就必受咒诅,比一切的牲畜野兽更甚;你必用肚子行走,终身吃土。我又要叫你和女人彼此为仇,你的后裔和女人的后裔,也彼此为仇;女人的后裔要伤你的头,你要伤她的脚跟。”又对女人说:“我必多多增加你怀胎的苦楚,你生产儿女必多受苦;你必恋慕你丈夫,你丈夫必管辖你。”又对亚当说:“你既听从妻子的话,吃了那树上的果子,地必为你的缘故受咒诅,你必终身劳苦,才能从地里获得吃的。地必给你长出荆棘和蒺藜来,你也要吃田间的菜蔬。你必汗流满面才得糊口,直到你归了土,因为你是从土而出的,你本是尘土,仍要归于尘土。”

亚当给他妻子起名叫夏娃(“生命”之意),因为她是众生之母。

耶和华上帝说:“那人已经与我们相似,能知道善恶。现在恐怕他伸手又摘生命树的果子吃,就永远活着了。”便打发他们出伊甸园,去耕种他所出生的土地。

小菜G
上帝·律法·宪政

在现代西方社会,宪政是宪法框架下政府权力资源的分配架构,属于政治领域。上帝是人精神信仰的对象,属于宗教世界。按照政教分离的原则,宪政与上帝各有其活动领域,各有其运作原则。如此看来,二者似乎没有关系。然而,如果从政治文化的角度加以审视,二者之间的内在关联则不可否认。从《圣经旧约》到现代宪政的理论逻辑则具体地展示了二者之间内在的关联性。本文把二者在理论逻辑上的内在关联概括为三个依次递进的命题:在上帝之下、在律法之下、在宪法之下。
一、在上帝之下

《创世记》是《圣经·旧约》的开篇之作,它的叙述始于上帝创世:“起初上帝创造天地。地是空虚混沌,渊面黑暗;上帝的灵运行在水面上。”[1]由此上帝开始了创造宇宙万物和人类的过程。根据斯特劳斯(Leo Strauss)的释义[2],结合对文本的解读,上帝创世的过程由两个序列六个程序组成:

第一序列的创造从光开始,以植物结束:分离是其运作原则。(1)分离时间中的昼和夜。宇宙初始,一片黑暗。上帝说“要有光”,就有了光。上帝称光为昼,称暗为夜。[3]从此,在时间上白昼与黑夜有了区分。(2)分离空间中的天、地和海。宇宙初始,大水弥漫。上帝说:“诸水之间要有空气,将水分为上下。”[4]于是,上帝造出空气,立于水之上,称之为天。进而,上帝说:“天下的水要聚集在一处,使旱地露出来。”上帝称无水处为地,聚水处为海。[5]于是,在空间上有了天空、大地和海洋之别。(3)分离植物中的青草、菜蔬和果木。上帝说:“地要长出青草和结种子的菜蔬,并结果子的树木,各从其类,果子都包着核。”[6]于是,地上青草丛生,菜蔬成片,果木为林,各从其类。在第一序列的创造中,“分离”是关键,以致斯特劳斯把“创世”的实质归结为“分离:“创世就是创造分离的东西、创造植物、动物的种类以及诸如此类的东西;创世甚至意味着创造分离——天将水分开,天体将日夜分开。”[7]

第二序列的创造从太阳开始,以人结束:定位与位移是其运作原则。(4)定位日月星于天空,并使之按一定轨迹运转。上帝说:“天上要有光体,可以分昼夜,作记号,,定节令、日子、年岁,并要发光在天空,普照在地上。”[8]于是,日月运行,群星灿烂,昼夜交替,四季分明。这也是上帝对时间顺序和空间关系的进一步分离。(5)分别定位各类生物于天上、地上和水里,并使之活动。上帝说:“水要多多滋生有生命的物,要有雀鸟飞在地面以上,天空之中。”上帝还说:“地要生出活物来,各从其类;牲畜、昆虫、野兽,各从其类。”[9]于是,空中鸟飞,水中鱼翔,地上虫爬兽走,各从其类。(6)定位人类。上帝说:“我们要照着我们的形象,按着我们的样式造人,使他们管理海里的鱼、空中的鸟、地上的牲畜和全地,并地上所爬的一切昆虫。”[10]于是,上帝创造了人类的始祖——亚当,并为他创造了一个配偶——夏娃,从而男女有别,角色定位。

因此,所谓上帝创世不仅指上帝“无中生有”,也指上帝对万物以及对人的“分离”与“定位”。这种创世的意义有三:其一,“无中生有”确立了上帝原创者的地位,因而上帝的权威具有绝对性和至上性;其二,“分离”与“定位”表明上帝提供了万物存在和人类繁衍的基本法则,因而上帝的法则对万物和人类具有主宰性和支配性;其三,特别需要强调的是,人虽然从上帝那里获得了生命的权利,同时也从上帝那里得到了“管理海里的鱼、空中的鸟、地上的牲畜和全地,并地上所爬的一切昆虫”的控制权,但是,相对于上帝,人仍然在上帝之下。

从政治哲学的角度看,上帝通过创世,一方面构造了一套自然秩序,确立了上帝的至高无上的权威性,从而产生了《创世记》的第一个政治哲学命题——“在上帝之下”。另一方面,由于上帝不仅创造了宇宙万物,而且创造了人,由此也就引生出一种关系——神人关系。

二、在律法之下

人虽然在上帝之下,却在万物之上。那么,在神人关系中,人会听从上帝吗?人会信服上帝的权威吗?这是上帝创造人类之后面临的第一个难题,这也是上述神人关系的关键所在。让我们看看这一难题是如何出现的以及上帝如何应对它。

上帝在创造亚当之后,把他安置在伊甸园,并吩咐他说:“园中各样树上的果子,你可以随意吃,只是分别善恶树上的果子,你不可吃,因为你吃的日子必定死。”[11]这既是上帝对人类发出的第一道禁令,也可以视为是上帝对人类是否服从他的最初的测试。人类的始祖没有通过这次测试:在上帝的禁令和蛇的诱惑之间,当看见那“好作食物,也悦人的眼目,且是可喜爱的,能使人有智慧”的果子,夏娃以及亚当根本不能抵挡蛇的诱惑,以致违背上帝的禁令,吃下了智慧之果。这当然是对上帝权威的公开挑战,它清楚地表明人确有可能不服从上帝,同时也意味着人既然作出了如此的选择,人就必须承担相应的后果和责任。

面对人类的挑战,上帝采取的回应措施是:(1)肉体惩罚。他对夏娃说:“我必多多加增你怀胎的苦楚,你生产儿女必多受苦楚。”这是要增加女人生产的痛苦;他对亚当说:“你既听从妻子的话,吃了我所吩咐你不可吃的那树上的果子,地必为你缘故受咒诅。你必终身劳苦,才能从地里得到吃的。”[12]这是让男人在地里终生劳苦。肉体惩罚给人类传达的信息是违禁违规是要遭受惩罚的。(2)让人不能永生。上帝说:“那人已经与我们相似,能知道善恶。现在恐怕他伸手又摘生命树的果子吃,就永远活着。”[13]于是上帝在伊甸园的东边设置路障和四面转动发火焰的剑,把守通往生命之树的路。这一措施从根本上断绝了人永远活着的可能性。用霍布斯的话来说,人“所受到的惩罚是剥夺了上帝当初创造他时赋予他的永生状态。”[14]这样,人的死亡就是不可避免的,他不可能像上帝那样永远活着,因而人永远是人,他永远不可能成为神。换言之,只有上帝、神才是永恒、无限的,人永远只能是一种有限的存在。作为一种有限的存在,人本身是不可靠的。(3)把人类逐出伊甸园。在上帝看来,既然人已经具有分辨善恶的能力,那么,行善还是作恶,那就随他去吧:由人类自己去选择。上帝指望获得自由的人可以自己管好自己。

问题是,在没有约束的条件下,人真的能自己管好自己?在没有约束的条件下,人真的会行善而拒绝作恶?

也许上帝自己对这点也没有完全的把握。因此,上帝再次对人进行了测试:面对该隐和亚伯兄弟俩的供品,他以不喜欢该隐的供品来激怒该隐。随后,该隐因此而在田野里怒杀弟弟亚伯。这一兄弟相残的典型事例使上帝清楚地意识到:如果人的行为没有强制性的外在约束,拥有选择自由的人不仅不能自己管好自己,反而有可能大肆去作恶,其极端情形便是任意杀人。而且,上帝发现,该隐杀弟弟亚伯并非是一件偶然的意外事件,事实上“人在地上罪恶很大,终日所思想的尽都是恶。”[15]所以,上帝在目睹了地上的种种暴行之后,内心充满了后悔与忧伤,他决定以大洪水惩罚人类:“我要将所造的人和走兽,并昆虫,以及空中的飞鸟,都从地上除灭。”[16]用大洪水来惩罚人类隐含的真实意义其实是对人的一种告戒:人的自由及其行为如无节制和约束,其后果是灾难性的。在此意义上,大洪水的灾难与其说发源于上帝,不如说根源于人无约束的自由本身。

那么,对于上帝来说,如何对人的自由进行约束?如何结束无约束的自由状态?在使用了肉体惩罚、洪水警告等措施之后,上帝选择、采取了新的形式——立约。在《圣经·旧约》中,立约是一个反复而慢长的过程,以致形成了“圣经的立约链”(The Biblical Covenantal Chain)。[17]在此“立约链”中,以下几个环节(尤其是第一个环节)至关重要,值得加以认真分析。

(1)上帝与诺亚立约

在上帝的视野里,人虽然被定位为万物的治理者,但人是非常不确定的存在。这是因为在第二个创世序列中,“人被分属于最高的等级,甚至恰恰在象征的意义上,人能够将自己的位置移动或改变到最高的等级之上。但是,这种特性、这种自由,也是很大的危险。人是最为模棱两可的生物。”[18]正是这种模棱两可性意味着人在善恶上的模棱两可性。故此,透彻了解人性的上帝,一方面虽然以大洪水来惩罚、毁灭人类,但同时也给人类以机会。因为他确信吃了智慧之果的人类毕竟具有分辨善恶的能力,他有可能选择行善而拒绝作恶,诺亚即体现了这种可能性。所以,上帝要求诺亚造方舟躲避大洪水。另一方面,针对人作恶的可能性,上帝意识到必须有相应的防范措施,于是他采取了约束人的自由的独特方式——与人类立约。因此,大洪水之后,上帝与作为人类始祖的诺亚开始了正式的立约。这一立约可以解读为以下三个层次:

其一,双方参与:神人有约。立约虽然是上帝主动提出来的,但却不能理解为单向的,因为上帝对诺亚和他的儿子是这样说的:“我与你们和你们的后裔立约,并与你们这里的一切活物,就是飞鸟、牲畜、走兽,凡是从方舟里出来的活物立约。”[19]在此立约中,上帝与作为人类始祖的诺亚及其后裔构成了立约的双方。因此,在形式虽然只是上帝一方在立约,但在实质上这是神与人之间的一种立约,因而它是双向的。

其二,上帝弃权:自我限制。这一立约的核心内容可以理解为是上帝的一种自我弃权——放弃剥夺人的生命和自由的权力:“我与你们立约,凡有血肉的,不再被洪水灭绝,也不再有洪水毁坏地了。”[20]上帝用立约的方式自我弃权意味着上帝的自我约束、自我限制,它隐含着极为深刻的政治哲学含义:一方面,作为至高无上的绝对权威,上帝进行自我约束、限制,他已经放弃了剥夺人的生命和自由的权力。既然上帝都放弃了,那谁还有这种权力?谁的权力还能比上帝更大?而且,既然上帝对自己的权力都进行了约束、限制,那还有谁的权力敢不受限制?另一方面,正是因为上帝已经放弃了剥夺人的生命和自由的权力,那么,对于人来说,拥有生命和自由那就是一种不可剥夺的权利。这样,一方面上帝放弃某种权力,另一方面人获得某种权利,一退一进,这就最终为人的基本权利空间的确立奠定了超验的形上基础。

其三,永远守约:彩虹为证。上帝说:“我与你们并你们这里的各样活物所立的永约是有记号的。我把虹放在云彩中,这就可作为我与地立约的记号了。我使云彩盖地的时候,必有虹现在云彩中,我便纪念我与你们和各样有血肉的活物所立的约,水就再不泛滥毁坏一切有血肉的物了。虹必现在云彩中,我看见,就要记念我与地上各样有血肉的活物所立的永约。”[21]上帝反复强调“虹必现在云彩中”,不仅意味着他要永远守约,而且隐含着一种深刻的寓意:约法须有标记,约法必须恪守。

在这著名的彩虹之约中,上帝并未直接提及如何对人的自由进行约束。但是,上帝通过立约来确立神与人的基本关系,通过立约来放弃某种权力以自我约束,这实际已经是在暗示将用制定约法的方式来对人的自由进行约束与限制。换言之,上帝首先立约约束自己,这就为随后以立约的方式约束人的自由提供了一种示范,根据这种示范,人与人之间的关系、人与政府之间的关系等等,其实都可以借助立约的方式来加以调整和处理。

(2)上帝与亚伯拉罕立约

所以,上帝在诺亚的后裔中选择了以色列人的祖先——亚伯拉罕。这种选择同样按照立约的方式进行。上帝对亚伯拉罕说:“我与你立约,……我必使你的后裔极其繁多,国度从你而立,君王从你而出。我要与你并你世世代代的后裔坚立我的约,作永远的约,是要作你和你后裔的神。”[22]为了确保这一立约得到遵守,上帝对亚伯拉罕说:“你们所有的男子都要受割礼,······这是我与你们立约的证据。”[23]这一立约的意义是双重的:一方面,上帝“按约建立上帝对亚伯拉罕后裔的主权”,这为上帝随后颁布其律法奠定了政治合法性基础;另一方面,亚伯拉罕根据这约让自己及其后裔承担服从上帝律法的义务。[24]这样,从以天上的彩虹为证到以地上男子的割礼为证,神与人之间的立约已经从上帝的自我约束开始转向上帝对人的约束,这也就为在上帝的选民中如何试验立约——立约约束人的自由和立约建立国家拉开了序幕。

(3)上帝与以色列人立约

以色列人在先知摩西的带领之下,借助上帝的帮助,离开埃及,来到西奈。此时,上帝对摩西说:“我向埃及人所行的事,你们都看见了;且看见我如鹰将你们背在翅膀上,带来归我。如今你们若实在听从我的话,遵守我的约,就要在万民中作我的子民。”[25]由此立约,上帝确立了他与其选民——色列人之间的的特殊关系。此后,上帝与他的选民进行了多次的立约。比如,著名的“十戒”便是立约的结果。

立约的出现意味着上帝不再简单地依靠事后的惩罚,而是试图通过预先制定律法来约束人的行为。“十戒”中的以下几条集中地体现了律法对人的行为的约束性:不可杀人;不可奸淫;不可偷盗;不可作假见证陷害人;不可贪恋人的房屋;也不可贪恋人的妻子、奴仆、牛马。[26]因此,约在《圣经旧约》中乃是上帝所制定的律法,《圣经旧约》的前五卷通常也被称为"律法之书"(the book of the law)。正是在此意义上,"律法"(LAW)被视为上帝的声音。故此,有这种说法:“除了上帝的声音,律法还会是什么?”(What is the Law but the Voice of God?)[27]

上帝通过与人类及其选民的立约来约束人的行为,亦即把人置于律法之下,具有极为重要的政治哲学和法哲学的意义:

其一,在终极性的意义上解决了人类最终服从什么的问题:服从上帝即是服从律法。上述分析表明,上帝虽然创造了人类,但一开始他却不能确保人会按照他的指令行事。在尝试了简单的肉体惩罚方式之后,上帝开始用立约来显露自己的声音,以律法来约束人的行为。作为立约之结果的律法既然是上帝的声音,那么,一方面,由于上帝是宇宙万物和人类的创造者,具有至高无上的绝对地位,作为上帝之声音的律法亦即人类最终服从的对象也就因此而获得了神圣性与至上性;另一方面,律法既然是上帝的声音,服从上帝即是倾听上帝的声音、遵守上帝的律法,那么,对于人来说,所谓“在上帝之下”也就意味着“在律法之下”,反之亦然。这样,上帝及其律法就高高地凌驾于人类之上,构成了人信仰与服从的终极对象,而上帝的律法(Law of God)相对于人制定的法律也就成了更高级法律(a higher law),从而在逻辑上排斥了具有任意性的人的意志成为人服从的终极对象,这就为人在法治——法律主治之下(under the rule of law)奠定了坚实的超验的形上基础。

其二,自由与法律约束的不可分割性。一方面,就上帝与人的关系而言,上帝创造人类,赋予人生命以及自由选择善恶的权利,但上帝同时通过立约,以律法的形式对于人的行为加以约束。《出埃及记》尤其集中地体现了这一点:以色列人在摩西的带领下逃离埃及既是摆脱奴役、获得自由的过程,同时也是接受上帝律法的过程。另一方面,从人与上帝的关系层面来看,人虽然从上帝那里得到了生命和自由选择善恶的权利,但人却不可以毫无约束地任意妄为,其行为与选择必须接受上帝律法的约束;否则,后果是灾难性的,大洪水就是一种警示。

其三,由上帝与人的立约可以引申出两个极为重要的理念:一方面,人的生命和自由这些基本权利不能被任何人或组织所剥夺,因为至高无上的上帝已经立约不再剥夺它们。另一方面,正是上帝已经立约不再剥夺人的生命和自由这些基本权利,那就意味着相对于人的权利,上帝的权力也有其限度,也要受到立约的限制;由此,相对于人的权利,任何人或者组织的权力也有其限度,权力必须受到律法的约束。前者乃是权利不可侵犯的理念,后者则是权力必须得到限制的理念。

三、在宪法之下

在某种意义上,我们可以把《圣经旧约》中上帝与人的立约视为一种示范:既然神与人、人与人的关系可以通过立约的方式来处理,那么,人与政府的关系则可以通过立宪的方式来建立。通过立宪,在宪法的框架下理顺公民与政府的关系,建立一个旨在保障公民权利的有限政府体系,是为宪政。那么,具体而言,宪政意味着什么?

首先,宪政意味着更高级法律(a higher law)的确立。如果说更高级法律在圣经传统中乃是指上帝之律法(Law of God),那么,现代社会中的更高级法律则是宪法。[28]宪法之所以相对于普通的法律取得了更高级法律的地位,乃是因为宪法是“由人民制定、政府不能更改的”,而普通的法律则是“由政府制定、政府能够更改的”。[29]换言之,宪法与普通的法律之区别在于它们体现了两种不同的权力:人民建立新政体的制宪权与政府的日常权力。“较高的法律是人民制宪权力的表达,具有我们人民之意志的较高权威;而普遍的立法则具有国会之普遍权力和全体选民之普遍权力的权威,也是国会和全体选民之普遍权力的表达。”[30]总之,正是由于人民制宪的权力直接了体现人民的意志和权威,它高于政府的日常权力,因而,由人民制定的宪法也就成了更高级的法律,它可以约束和指导普通的法律。反过来说,制定普通的法律必须以宪法为根据,不能违背宪法的基本精神。确立宪法的至上性和神圣性,乃是宪政的基本要义之一。

第二,通过权利法案(bill of rights),确立公民的不可剥夺、不可侵犯的基本权利。这就是“借助一部获得民主承认并带有权利法案的宪法,公民实体一劳永逸地确定某些宪法根本内容,比如说,平等的基本政治权利和自由、言论和结社的自由、以及保证公民安全和独立的那些权利和自由——诸如,移居自由和职业选择的自由、法律规则的保护。”[31] 权利法案对公民基本权利的确认,一方面限定了政府权力的运作范围,从而使公民的基本权利构成了政府权力的底线;另一方面它也为公民自由权利设置了限度,即必须以服从宪法为前提。

第三,确立公民权利保障与政府征税的相关性与互惠性:对政府而言,无税收即无公民权利保障,因此公民必须纳税;对公民来说,无代议制度即无税收,因此政府必须体现民主。[32]

第四,为了保障公民的自由与权利,必须分散、制约和平衡政府的权力:(1)在政府功能上,政府权力必须分解为立法、行政和司法等权力部门,且彼此之间相互制约,权力大体平衡。因为“立法、行政和司法权置于同一人手中,不论是一个人、少数人或许多人,不论是世袭的、自己任命的或选举的,均可公正地断定是虐政。”[33](2)在地理区域上,政府权力必须分散为两个以上的层次,体现自治与共治。这意味要建立一个复合共和制:在一个单一的共和制里,人民交出的一切权力是交给一个政府执行的;在复合共和制里,人民交出的权力首先分给两种不同的政府,然后把各个政府分得的那部分权力再分给几个分立的部门。这样,人民的权利就有了双重保障。因为两种政府将互相控制,同时各个政府又自己控制自己。[34]通过上述二者确保权力资源不被任何一级政府、一个部门所垄断,从而避免政府权力的专横对公民自由权利的损害。

总之,宪政意味着宪法框架下一个旨在保障公民自由权利的分权、制衡的有限政府体系。 以上分析表明,在上帝之下、在律法之下、在宪法之下,这三个命题之间有着内在的逻辑关联。从这个角度来看,在《圣经旧约》与现代宪政之间有着切不断的理论与逻辑渊源关系。

注释: [1] 《圣经 ·创世记》1:1~2。 [2]参见Leo Strauss :《〈创世记〉释义》,载《道风:基督教文化评论》第15期,香港:汉语基督教文化研究所,2001。 [3] 《圣经 ·创世记》1:1~5。 [4] 《圣经 ·创世记》1:6。 [5] 《圣经 ·创世记》1:6~11。 [6] 《圣经 ·创世记》1:11~12。 [7] Leo Strauss :《〈创世记〉释义》,载《道风:基督教文化评论》第15期,第67页。 [8] 《圣经 ·创世记》1:14~18。 [9] 《圣经 ·创世记》1:20~25。 [10] 《圣经 ·创世记》1:26。 [11] 《圣经 ·创世记》2:16~17。 ]12] 《圣经 ·创世记》3:16~17。 [13] 《圣经 ·创世记》3:22。 [14] [英]霍布斯:《利维坛》,黎思复等译,北京:商务印书馆,1985,322页。 [15] 《圣经 ·创世记》6:5。 [16] 《圣经 ·创世记》6:7。 [17]Daniel J.Elazar:Covenant and Polity in Biblical Israel: Biblical Foundations and Jewish Expressions,1995,p212. [18] Leo Strauss :《〈创世记〉释义》,载《道风:基督教文化评论》第15期,第77页。 [19] 《圣经 ·创世记》9:9~10。 [20] 《圣经 ·创世记》9:11。 [21] 《圣经 ·创世记》9:12~16。 ]22] 《圣经 ·创世记》17:2~7。 [23] 《圣经 ·创世记》17:10~12。 [24] 霍布斯:《利维坛》,322页。 [25] 《圣经·出埃及记》19:4~5。 [26] 《圣经 ·出埃及记》20:13~17。 [27]Robert G.Jacobs: the Literature of the Bible,WM.C.Brown Company Publishers,1969,P4. [28] 更高级法律的观念在人类法律思想史上可以说源远流长。圣经传统中的上帝之律法(Law of God)以及自然法(Law of Nature)、理性法(Law of Reason)等都曾被视为更高级的法律。近代美国的宪法创立促使更高级法律在现代社会中以成文宪法的形式出现。参见:[英]弗里德利希·冯·哈耶克:《自由秩序原理》(上),邓正来译,北京,三联书店,1997,第224页。 [29][美]汉密尔顿、杰伊、麦迪逊:《联邦党人文集》,程逢如等译,北京,商务印书馆,1995,第273页。 [30] [美]约翰·罗尔斯:《政治自由主义》,万俊人译,北京,译林出版社,2000,第245页。此处引文已根据英文原文将中文译本中的“选举权力”改正为“制宪权力”。英文原文为:“Higher law is the expression of the people"s constituent power and has the higher authority of the will of We the people, whereas ordinary legislation has the authority ,and is the expression of ,the ordinary power of Congress and of the electorate."(John Rawls: Political Liberalism, New York, Columbia University Press,1996,p231)原文中的“constituent power”虽然也有“选举权力”之意,但此处论述的是作为较高法律的宪法与普通的法律之间的区分,强调人民的制宪权高于政府机关的立法权,故“constituent power”应译为“制宪权力”。 [31] 约翰·罗尔斯:《政治自由主义》,第246页。 [32] 依笔者的看法,在宪法中确立公民权利保障与政府征税的相关性与互惠性至关重要。实际上早在1783年美国新罕布什尔州宪法(New Hampshire State Constitution)中就确立了这一原则。该宪法第一部分中的第12条即为“[权利]保障与征税的互惠性”(Protection and Taxation Reciprocal )。资料来源: http://www.state.nh.us/ constitution/ constitution.html [33] 《联邦党人文集》,第246页。 [34]同上书,第265~266页。
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伊甸园,根据《圣经》旧约创世纪记载,耶和华

上帝照自己的形像造了人类的袓先,男的称亚当,女的称夏娃(或译作厄娃),安置第一对男女住在伊甸园中。伊甸园在圣经的原文中含有快乐,愉快的园子的意思(或称乐园)。圣经记载伊甸园在东方,有四条河从伊甸流出滋润园子。这四条河分别是幼发拉底河、底格里斯河、基训河和比逊河。现存的只有前两条。

上帝的原本旨意是要他们生儿育女,遍满地面,使整个地球都成为伊甸园。(创世记1:28,2:8,2:15)但后来夏娃受蛇的哄诱,偷食了知善恶树所结的果子,也让亚当食用,二人遂被上帝赶出伊甸园。

造人,是上帝最后的也是最神圣的一项工作。最初的时候,天上尚未降下雨水,地上却有雾气蒸腾,滋生植物,滋润大地。上帝便用泥土造人,在泥坯的鼻中吹人生命的气息,就创造出了有灵的活人。上帝给他起名叫亚当。但那时的亚当是孤独的,上帝决心为他造一个配偶,便在他沉睡之际取下他一根肋骨,又把肉合起来。上帝用这根肋骨造成了一个女人,取名叫夏娃。

上帝把夏娃领到亚当跟前,亚当立刻意识到这个女人与自己生命的联系,他心中充满了快慰和满意,脱口便说:"这是我骨中的骨,肉中的肉啊!可以称她为女人,因为他是从男人身上取出来的。"男人和女人原本是一体,因此男人和女人长大以后都要离开父母,与对方结合,二人成为一体。

亚当的含义是"人",夏娃的含义是"生命之母"。他们是中东和西方人传说中人类的生命之初,是人类原始的父亲和母亲,是人类的始祖。

上帝在东方的伊甸,为亚当和夏娃造了一个乐园。那里地上撒满金子、珍珠、红玛瑙,各种树木从地里长出来,开满各种奇花异卉,非常好看;树上的果子还可以作为食物。园子当中还有生命树和分别善恶树。还有河水在园中淙淙流淌,滋润大地。河水分成四道环绕伊甸:第一条河叫比逊,环绕哈胖拉全地;第二条河叫基训,环绕古实全地;第三条河叫希底结,从亚述旁边流。

过;第四条河就是伯拉河。作为上帝的恩赐,天不下雨而五谷丰登。

上帝让亚当和夏娃住在伊甸园中,让他们修葺并看守这个乐园。上帝吩咐他们说:"园中各样树上的果子你们可以随意吃。只是分别善恶树上的果子你们不可吃,因为你吃的日子必死。"

亚当和夏娃赤裸着绝美的形体,品尝着甘美的果实。他们或款款散步,或悠然躺卧,信口给各种各样的动植物取名:地上的走兽、天空的飞鸟、园中的嘉树;田野的鲜花。

他们就这样在伊甸乐园中幸福地生活着,履行着上帝分配的工作

小教板

伊甸园

是西方人的话,指美丽的地方,就相当中国人说的“天堂”出自《圣经》

在耶和华上帝创造天地的日子,地上还没有草木和菜蔬。耶和华用地上的尘土造人,将生气吹在他鼻孔里,就成了有灵的活人,名叫亚当。耶和华上帝在东方的伊甸立了一个园子,使各样的树从地里长出来,可以悦人眼目,其上的果子好作食物。园子当中又有生命树,和分别善恶的树。有河从伊甸流出来滋润那园子。

耶和华将亚当安置在伊甸园,使他修理看守,并吩咐他说:“园中各样树上的果子,你可以随意吃”只是分别善恶树上的果子,你不可吃,因为你吃了必定死。”

耶和华说:“那人独居不好,我要为他造一个配偶帮助他。”便使亚当沉睡,取下他的一条肋骨,又把肉合起来。耶和华就用亚当身上所取的肋骨,造成一个女人,领她到那人跟前。亚当说:“这是我骨中的骨,肉中的肉,可以称她为女人,因为她是从男人身上取出来的。”因此,人要离开父母,与妻子连合,二人成为一体。当时夫妻二人,赤身露体,并不羞耻。

耶和华上帝用土所造的走兽中,惟有蛇最狡猾。蛇对女人说:“上帝不许你们吃园中所有树上的果子么?”女人说:“惟有园当中那棵树上的果子,上帝说不可吃,也不可摸,免得死去。”蛇对女人说:“你们不一定死。因为上帝知道,你们吃了眼睛就明亮了,你们便跟上帝一样能知道善恶。”女人见那棵树的果子好作食物,也悦人的眼目,并且能使人有智慧,于是就摘下果子来吃;又给她丈夫也吃了。他们二人的眼睛明亮了,才知道自己是赤身露体,便拿无花果树的叶子,为自己编做裙子。

天起了凉风,耶和华上帝在园中行走,亚当和他妻子听见上帝的声音,就藏在园里的树木中。耶和华呼唤亚当,对他说:“你在哪里?”他说:“我在园中听见你的声音,我就害怕,因为我赤身露体。”耶和华说:“谁告诉你赤身露体呢?莫非你吃了我吩咐你不可吃的那树上的果子么?”亚当说:“你所赐给我,与我同居的女人,她把那树上的果子给我,我就吃了。”

耶和华上帝又问女人。女人说:“那蛇引诱我,我就吃了。”耶和华上帝对蛇说:“你既做了这事,就必受咒诅,比一切的牲畜野兽更甚;你必用肚子行走,终身吃土。我又要叫你和女人彼此为仇,你的后裔和女人的后裔,也彼此为仇;女人的后裔要伤你的头,你要伤她的脚跟。”又对女人说:“我必多多增加你怀胎的苦楚,你生产儿女必多受苦;你必恋慕你丈夫,你丈夫必管辖你。”又对亚当说:“你既听从妻子的话,吃了那树上的果子,地必为你的缘故受咒诅,你必终身劳苦,才能从地里获得吃的。地必给你长出荆棘和蒺藜来,你也要吃田间的菜蔬。你必汗流满面才得糊口,直到你归了土,因为你是从土而出的,你本是尘土,仍要归于尘土。”

亚当给他妻子起名叫夏娃(“生命”之意),因为她是众生之母。

耶和华上帝说:“那人已经与我们相似,能知道善恶。现在恐怕他伸手又摘生命树的果子吃,就永远活着了。”便打发他们出伊甸园,去耕种他所出生的土地。

wpBeta

伊甸园

是西方人的话,指美丽的地方,就相当中国人说的“天堂”出自《圣经》

在耶和华上帝创造天地的日子,地上还没有草木和菜蔬。耶和华用地上的尘土造人,将生气吹在他鼻孔里,就成了有灵的活人,名叫亚当。耶和华上帝在东方的伊甸立了一个园子,使各样的树从地里长出来,可以悦人眼目,其上的果子好作食物。园子当中又有生命树,和分别善恶的树。有河从伊甸流出来滋润那园子。

耶和华将亚当安置在伊甸园,使他修理看守,并吩咐他说:“园中各样树上的果子,你可以随意吃”只是分别善恶树上的果子,你不可吃,因为你吃了必定死。”

耶和华说:“那人独居不好,我要为他造一个配偶帮助他。”便使亚当沉睡,取下他的一条肋骨,又把肉合起来。耶和华就用亚当身上所取的肋骨,造成一个女人,领她到那人跟前。亚当说:“这是我骨中的骨,肉中的肉,可以称她为女人,因为她是从男人身上取出来的。”因此,人要离开父母,与妻子连合,二人成为一体。当时夫妻二人,赤身露体,并不羞耻。

耶和华上帝用土所造的走兽中,惟有蛇最狡猾。蛇对女人说:“上帝不许你们吃园中所有树上的果子么?”女人说:“惟有园当中那棵树上的果子,上帝说不可吃,也不可摸,免得死去。”蛇对女人说:“你们不一定死。因为上帝知道,你们吃了眼睛就明亮了,你们便跟上帝一样能知道善恶。”女人见那棵树的果子好作食物,也悦人的眼目,并且能使人有智慧,于是就摘下果子来吃;又给她丈夫也吃了。他们二人的眼睛明亮了,才知道自己是赤身露体,便拿无花果树的叶子,为自己编做裙子。

天起了凉风,耶和华上帝在园中行走,亚当和他妻子听见上帝的声音,就藏在园里的树木中。耶和华呼唤亚当,对他说:“你在哪里?”他说:“我在园中听见你的声音,我就害怕,因为我赤身露体。”耶和华说:“谁告诉你赤身露体呢?莫非你吃了我吩咐你不可吃的那树上的果子么?”亚当说:“你所赐给我,与我同居的女人,她把那树上的果子给我,我就吃了。”

耶和华上帝又问女人。女人说:“那蛇引诱我,我就吃了。”耶和华上帝对蛇说:“你既做了这事,就必受咒诅,比一切的牲畜野兽更甚;你必用肚子行走,终身吃土。我又要叫你和女人彼此为仇,你的后裔和女人的后裔,也彼此为仇;女人的后裔要伤你的头,你要伤她的脚跟。”又对女人说:“我必多多增加你怀胎的苦楚,你生产儿女必多受苦;你必恋慕你丈夫,你丈夫必管辖你。”又对亚当说:“你既听从妻子的话,吃了那树上的果子,地必为你的缘故受咒诅,你必终身劳苦,才能从地里获得吃的。地必给你长出荆棘和蒺藜来,你也要吃田间的菜蔬。你必汗流满面才得糊口,直到你归了土,因为你是从土而出的,你本是尘土,仍要归于尘土。”

亚当给他妻子起名叫夏娃(“生命”之意),因为她是众生之母。

耶和华上帝说:“那人已经与我们相似,能知道善恶。现在恐怕他伸手又摘生命树的果子吃,就永远活着了。”便打发他们出伊甸园,去耕种他所出生的土地

LuckySXyd

伊甸园在圣经的原文中含有乐园的意思。圣经记载伊甸园在东方,有四条河从伊甸流出滋润园子。这四条河分别是幼发拉底河、底格里斯河、基训河、和比逊河。

根据《旧约·创世纪》记载,上帝耶和华照自己的形像造了人类的祖先男人亚当,再用亚当的一个肋骨创造了女人夏娃,并安置第一对男女住在伊甸园中。

伊甸园应在中国的钱塘江出口

黄帝即位十五年,"昼寝而梦,游于华胥之国。华胥之国在弇州(今上海)之西,台州之北,不知斯齐国几千万里,盖非舟车足力之所及,神游而已。其国无帅长,自然而已。其民无嗜欲,自然而已。不知乐生,不知恶死,故无夭殇;不知亲己。不知疏物,故无爱憎;不知背道,不知向顺,故无利害;都无所爱惜,都无所畏忌,入水不溺,入火不热。斫挞无伤痛,指擿无痟痒。乘空如履实,寝虚若处床,云雾不硋其视,雷霆不乱其听,美恶不滑其心,山谷不踬其步,神行而已。

ardim

上帝在东方的伊甸建立了一个园子,使各样的树从地里长出来,可以悦人眼目,其上的果子好作食物。园子当中又有生命树,和分别善恶的树。有河从伊甸流出来滋润那园子。 耶和华(上帝)将亚当和夏娃安置在伊甸园中。

,后来亚当和夏娃偷吃禁果,被上帝处罚。现在来说,伊甸园就是理想中的天堂,非常美丽的地方

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2023-06-18 01:42:062

俯拾皆是的词语辨析

用法: 复句式;作谓语、宾语、定语;用于书面语。示例: 这篇文章中的错别字也太多了,俯拾皆是。松树林里,松果密密麻麻落在地上,俯拾皆是。近义词: 比比皆是、触目皆是、不胜枚举。反义词: 凤毛麟角、寥寥无几、屈指可数。适用对象:形容地上的某一类东西、要找的某一类例证、文章中的错别字等很多。相关词语:【开头相同】俯首贴耳、 俯容 、俯眺、 俯卧、 俯躬、 俯冲、 俯思、 俯伏、 俯首弭耳、 俯视、 俯仰随人、 俯就、 俯瞷 、俯拾、 俯允、 俯亮 、俯卧撑 、俯观。【结尾相同】长则是、 许是、 于是、 赖是、 所是 、为是、 暏是、 畅好是、 触目皆是、 管是、 先是、 敢则是、习非成是、 既是、 实事求是、 怕是、 还是、 百无一是。简明释义can be found everywhere;All one has to do is to stoop and pick them up.;be easily available;be extremely common。 详细释义can be found everywhere; All one has to do is to stoop and pick them up.; be easily available; be extremely common; obtainable everywhere; of things so plentiful that one can have them with ease。 例句 海滩上的贝壳俯拾皆是。Shells can be found everywhere on the beach. 致盲随感明显俯拾皆是在这份名单中.Blinding glimpses of the obvious abound in this list. 预防脑炎的草药在这一地区俯拾皆是.Herbsfor theprevention of encephalitis can be found everywhere in this area. 不过书中俯拾皆是的设计师服饰与奢华游艇,让阅读变得十分有趣。But it is chock-full of designer clothes and fancy yachts that make for a fascinating read. 也许你会觉得惊讶,练习写作的机会其实俯拾皆是。And although it might surprise you, opportunities to practice writing are not very far away. 宇宙间神奇万物俯拾皆是,静静在那儿等候我们藉之以增长智慧。The universe is full of magical things, patiently waiting for our wits to grow sharper. 被胡乱petersads几乎俯拾皆是(上网断断续续)出售书籍系统和秘密帮助你在修理你的信用观念.By jay petersads abound almost everywhere ( online and off) selling books, systems and secrets to help you fix your credit in a hurry. 圣经和犹太教的故事俯拾皆是。 Biblical and rabbinical stories abound. 我看到其他的机会俯拾皆是,而不想等待这一个。I see other opportunities abound and don"t want to wait on this one. 所以你有它的前途是有弹性的选择做俯拾皆是.So there you have it, the future is flexible and choices do abound.
2023-06-18 01:42:151

一切归尘土谁能帮我准确的翻译成英文。

All return to dust.
2023-06-18 01:42:437

学术语言是什么语言?

有些学术语言基本缺乏人性,为什么那样长长一段话里看不见作为主语的“人”呢?Beginning with its “discovery” in social anthropology, the distinction between sex and gender made another critical point, whose wide-ranging implications seemed to become clear only in the 1990s. The discinciton made it possible to expose the supposedly unalterable “natural” feature which were actually the product of historical growth or were cultural givens in the context of a dominant sex/gender system. Instead of focsing on the supposedly always similar experience of being a woman, for example in the realm of motherhood, attention could be drawn to the historicfally very different bodily experience of women, or valuation of women as mothers. Most recently, lesbian and gay biblical hermenertics have followed this line, which has both analysed critically the appropriation of the Bible for discrimination against same-sex sexuality and has also developed itts own constructive forms of rading biblical texts.像这样的话多么拗口啊,人类语言学家为什么反而不说人话,难道是鸟类?:Above all in the state of presence the structural dichotomy, which is absolutely constitutive of the linguistic sign, is clear: aposemes are both expressions of the speech intentions of speakers in the course of making themselves understood and thus tied to the parasemic sense horizon and at the same time interpretation stimuli for the meaning-seeking procedures of the comprehending hearer, who thus activates his parasemic sense horizon. In relation to the terminological inventory of Jager"s semiotic assumption, this means that the linguistic signs that are found materially in the Hebew text in the form of aposemes are observed according to indices which can indicate the communicative intension of the author and his parasemic horizon of meaning. How will that be possible, when even in a contemporary linguistic interchange no factor that transcends the discourse, no other criterion, exists other than that both partners in the discourse have learned the semanticisation of the aposemes interactively in similar speech games? 如果我们写出这样的句子,那肯定会被斥为不符合文法,是run-on sentence,而语言学家却可以堂而皇之地一直绕下去:The aposemes are indeed accessible through philogical studies. But the “efforts at mutual understanding which become a communicative site at which the partners in the discourse participate in establishing in a specific way that is constitutive of the communicated meaning” presumed by Jager for “living languages” simply do not exist between a biblical text and its contemporary readers/hearers.“意指”的确能通过语文学研究获得,然而“话语双方努力通过由交流的意思构成的特定方式来达到相互理解,使其成为交流的背景”,这是耶格为“活”语言所作的假设,但是这种努力在圣经文本与其当代读者/听者之间却根本不存在。本来是让讲解圣经经文鉴别学/校勘学等的具体概念、实践、经验和结论,作者却几乎把索绪尔、耶格等人的语言学理论从头至尾概述了一遍,用如此深奥的东西来对付近两千年前劳动人民朴实的作品,真叫人有蚊子打大炮之感。要知道,这是一本圣经研究工具书,而不是语言学工具书。我有点怀疑有人拿自己正在写的语言学教材的一部分或年度论文来充了数。
2023-06-18 01:43:013

张杰英文名Jason、另外意思

倭 也素 星星 欢迎 嫩 加偶 滴 扣扣 919048617
2023-06-18 01:43:104

女生英文名 Vear 和 Olivia 哪个好听,各自的内涵、起源是什么谢谢

Olivia.The Biblical name Olivia originated as a Biblical name. The Baby name Olivia means peace - of the olive tree.Meaning of Vera is "Faith".
2023-06-18 01:43:213

耶和_的解释耶和_的解释是什么

耶和_的词语解释是:耶和华Yēhéhuá。(1)上帝——希伯来语“上帝”一词的基督教的按字母直译,这个译名过去很长时间被许多基督教徒认为是希伯来语中以四个字母组成的上帝的神圣名称的真实转译,但现在认识到它只是一个后期的混合词,从未由犹太人使用过。耶和_的词语解释是:耶和华Yēhéhuá。(1)上帝——希伯来语“上帝”一词的基督教的按字母直译,这个译名过去很长时间被许多基督教徒认为是希伯来语中以四个字母组成的上帝的神圣名称的真实转译,但现在认识到它只是一个后期的混合词,从未由犹太人使用过。结构是:耶(左右结构)和(左右结构)_(上下结构)。拼音是:yēhéhuá。耶和_的具体解释是什么呢,我们通过以下几个方面为您介绍:一、国语词典【点此查看计划详细内容】希伯来人对上帝的称呼。为英语Jehovah的音译。基督教旧约圣经中,对上帝也称为「耶和华」。词语翻译英语Jehovah(biblicalnameforGod,Hebrew:YHWH),compareYahweh雅威[Ya3wei1]andGod上帝[Shang4di4]德语Jehova,JHWH法语Jéhovah,YHWH二、网络解释耶和华耶和华(YHWH)来源于希伯来语《圣经旧约》,是至高、全能、公义、威严、圣洁、信实、慈爱的神(上帝)。他创造了天地万物,宇宙苍穹,同时也管理整个宇宙和一切事物。关于耶和_的成语和而不唱调和阴阳地利人和汝成人耶和而不同鼓腹含和山耶云耶和颜说色画荻和丸关于耶和_的词语汝成人耶和颜说色和事老和而不唱和稀泥地利人和和而不同调和阴阳画荻和丸鼓腹含和点此查看更多关于耶和_的详细信息
2023-06-18 01:43:371

圣安德鲁斯大学哪些专业比较好?

作为典型的文理大学,圣安德鲁斯大学由四个学院组成,分别是文学院,理学院,神学院和医学院。各个院系都开设本科、硕士和博士课程。大学教学水平优秀学科包括:金融经济、商务管理、计算机科学、物理、现代语言、英语教学、数学、统计、心理学等等,由于历史悠久,因此关于中世纪研究、古罗马及古希腊历史、欧洲语言、历史、哲学等比较传统的专业会更为出色。研究水平获得最高评分的是英语语言文学和心理学两个专业。
2023-06-18 01:43:491

biblical proportions这个是说的什么意思呢? 不用直译

大块头,依圣经来看,很大的程度/部分biblical 美 ["bu026ablu026ak(u0259)l] 英 ["bu026ablu026ak(u0259)l] adj.有关《圣经》的;《圣经》中的;宏大的;大规模的proportion美 [pru0259"pu0254ru0283(u0259)n] 英 [pru0259"pu0254u02d0(r)u0283(u0259)n]n.比;大小;【数】比例;平衡v.分配;使相称1 This has been a beast of biblical proportions. 这就像是圣经里才能见到的大猛兽一样。 2 Makelaier revealed that the complex of these methods to biblical proportions.马克莱尔透露,这些方法复杂到难以想象的程度。 3 Get ready for a flood of Biblical proportions. 准备应付堪比圣经中大洪水规模的涝灾吧。
2023-06-18 01:44:151

biblical scale是什么意思?

Years of warfare among rival clans causes famine on a biblical scale后半句话被翻译成“史无前例的饥荒”
2023-06-18 01:44:382

ical做后缀的单词20个

ical做后缀的单词有:   atypical a. 非典型的   biblical a. 圣经的   biochemical a. 生物化学的,生化的   biographical a. 传记(体)的   biological a. 生物的   botanical adj. 植物(学)的 扩展资料   canonical adj. 符合规定的,经典的   categorical adj. 无条件的,绝对的;武断的   characteristical adj. 特征的   chemical adj.化学的   chimerical adj. 荒诞不经的,梦幻的   chronological a. 按年月顺序的   classical a.古典的.;经典的   clerical n. 牧师   clinical a. 临床的,病房用的   comical a. 滑稽的,可笑的   conical adj. 圆锥 (体,形) 的   cortical a. 外皮的   critical a.决定性的;批评的   cylindrical a. 圆筒形的
2023-06-18 01:44:461

know someone in the biblical sense是什么意思

=>从圣经的意义中认识一些人
2023-06-18 01:45:082

求关于圣经的英语作文

In Hebrews 8:10-11a,God instructs us: For this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days,saith the Lord; I will put my laws into their mind,and write them in their hearts:and I will be to them a God,and they shall be to me a people:And they shall not teach every man his neighbour,and every man his brother,saying,Know the Lord:for all shall know me,from the least to the greatest. These verses are especially focusing on God"s salvation plan.Throughout the church age,the dominant teaching of most Biblical churches was to tell the brothers and sisters of the congregations how they might be sure they are saved or how they might become saved.A careful analysis of the teachings of these denominations invariably shows that they include the requirement that some contribution be made by the individual seeking salvation.These contributions could include actions such as water baptism,public profession of faith,the act of accepting Christ,the partaking of the Eucharist or communion table,or praying a certain kind of prayer.In virtually every case,there was a definite violation of the law of God,which clearly stipulates that all the work of saving a person was done by Christ,long before that person was born. In Hebrews 8:10-11,quoted above,God emphasizes that once the full revelation of the Bible occurs,the teaching on salvation in the world will be altogether Biblical.Mankind will not be taught how they might become saved,but rather that salvation is entirely the work of God (Ephesians 2:8-9).God will saving a great multitude who actually may understand very little of the Bible.
2023-06-18 01:45:181

以cal为后缀的单词20个

2023-06-18 01:45:281

大学英语题:单词填空

1.verify2.不会。。3.sting4.不会。。5.enforced6.cited7.不会。。8.dispute9.show10.dissolves
2023-06-18 01:45:441

圣经的故事读后感英语

In Hebrews 8:10-11a, God instructs us: For this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, saith the Lord; I will put my laws into their mind, and write them in their hearts: and I will be to them a God, and they shall be to me a people: And they shall not teach every man his neighbour, and every man his brother, saying, Know the Lord: for all shall know me, from the least to the greatest. These verses are especially focusing on God"s salvation plan. Throughout the church age, the dominant teaching of most Biblical churches was to tell the brothers and sisters of the congregations how they might be sure they are saved or how they might bee saved. A careful *** ysis of the teachings of these denominations invariably shows that they include the requirement that some contribution be made by the individual seeking salvation. These contributions could include actions such as water bapti *** , public profession of faith, the act of accepting Christ, the partaking of the Eucharist or munion table, or praying a certain kind of prayer. In virtually every case, there was a definite violation of the law of God, which clearly stipulates that all the work of saving a person was done by Christ, long before that person was born. In Hebrews 8:10-11, quoted above, God emphasizes that once the full revelation of the Bible occurs, the teaching on salvation in the world will be altogether Biblical. Mankind will not be taught how they might bee saved, but rather that salvation is entirely the work of God (Ephesians 2:8-9). God will saving a great multitude who actually may understand very little of the Bible.
2023-06-18 01:45:571

英文单词

access
2023-06-18 01:46:313

艾克斯英文人名怎么写

Aix 人名;(西)艾克斯
2023-06-18 01:46:431

英语翻译(可以用百度HI大概告诉我它的意思)

这本书包括亚述语法、 转译的文本、 一个广泛的术语表和字母的综合列表的详细的纲。 Aramaic 也称为亚述它的知识,对于任何严重的学者的圣经为。 该指令指南是为那些 intere4sted 读取语言学习设计的。 整体,这是一相当像样的书的价格为 esecially,但它是绝对不为一个完整的初学者或想要学习阅读亚述一口流利的人。 在这两个这些方面 Huehnergard 的"语法的 Akkadian"比远此 (但不幸的打印并有点 pricier)。 如果您有兴趣学习亚述,这仍然是有一本好书。 我喜欢这本书有关的一些事项如下: 它有一个好的简明治疗亚述语法。 这本书的大部分由在转录 Akkadian 文本组成。 它还包含符号列表和数量的文本中 cuneiform 和亦之一翻译文本的比较。 这些使实践良好的阅读,但...了解使我我不喜欢的东西。 简明语法部分虽有没有习题,和很痛苦模糊在很多地方。 因为没有习题学生,可望只需记住标志列表和语法形式,然后开始阅读的书后面的注释帮助的未编辑 Akkadian 文本。 此外,语法的解释和词汇假定读者是已经熟悉圣经希伯来语 (词汇列表的书面希伯来语字母而不是 cuneiform 服务)。 这谨此陈摘要中, 是一本好书 (尤其是对价格) 一些额外的阅读实践的但真的有大量的其他语法可用是一个真正的初学者好得多 (如果你不能,可以找到它,或 Sayce 的用 Huehnergard 的).(Report this) 11 12 人的发现以下检讨有帮助: 2.0 出 5 星星的检验会 2000 年 12 月 25,按 Urshulgi (西部的研究,美国俄勒冈)-见我所有的评语这书是该的意志以及一个测试的渴望成为像一个语言学家的东西。 如果您以了解的 assyrian 在某种流利性,好拾起这本书,有这本书只成本十一美元的原因。 我从未见过 assyrian,另一个方便指南,被迫买这本书为了想要的一个竞争的卷。 它不佳安排及一个获取的印象是偷一个 assyriologist 笔记本一些编辑器的产品。 它读取喜欢一个考古学家私人的笑话,能把很多人关掉作为一个整体的语言。 另一个单词的警诫: triliteral 根中后面使用仅有意义,如果一有古代希伯来固体的接地。 我自己的技能,语言是雀斑,充其量 ; 我急切地等待一个更好的卷因为我不能否认教学,这是一个被忽略、 迷人的语言。
2023-06-18 01:47:344

John Milton 的简介

III. John Milton 1. Life: educated at Cambridge—visiting the continent—involved into the revolution—persecuted—writing epics. 2. Literary career. (1) The 1st period was up to 1641, during which time he is to be seen chiefly as a son of the humanists and Elizabethans, although his Puritanism is not absent. L"Allegre and IL Pens eroso (1632) are his early masterpieces, in which we find Milton a true offspring of the Renaissance, a scholar of exquisite taste and rare culture. Next came Comus, a masque. The greatest of early creations was Lycidas, a pastoral elegy on the death of a college mate, Edward King. (2) The second period is from 1641 to 1654, when the Puritan was in such complete ascendancy that he wrote almost no poetry. In 1641, he began a long period of pamphleteering for the puritan cause. For some 15 years, the Puritan in him alone ruled his writing. He sacrificed his poetic ambition to the call of the liberty for which Puritans were fighting. (3) The third period is from 1655 to 1671, when humanist and Puritan have been fused into an exalted entity. This period is the greatest in his literary life, epics and some famous sonnets. The three long poems are the fruit of the long contest within Milton of Renaissance tradition and his Puritan faith. They form the greatest accomplishments of any English poet except Shakespeare. In Milton alone, it would seem, Puritanism could not extinguish the lover of beauty. In these works we find humanism and Puritanism merged in magnificence. 3. Major Works (1) Paradise Lost a. the plot. b. characters. c. theme: justify the ways of God to man. (2) Paradise Regained. (3) Samson Agonistes. 4. Features of Milton"s works. (1) Milton is one of the very few truly great English writers who is also a prominent figure in politics, and who is both a great poet and an important prose writer. The two most essential things to be remembered about him are his Puritanism and his republicanism. (2) Milton wrote many different types of poetry. He is especially a great master of blank verse. He learned much from Shakespeare and first used blank verse in non-dramatic works. (3) Milton is a great stylist. He is famous for his grand style noted for its dignity and polish, which is the result of his life-long classical and biblical study. (4) Milton has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.
2023-06-18 01:47:463

我想起个外国名字以L开头的

性别?要求?
2023-06-18 01:47:587

magnify与exaggerate都有“夸大”之意,那么在这个意思上,二者区别是什么?

A :exaggerate 一般形容抽象的东西.言辞夸张之类.1. The seriousness of the situation has been much exaggerated by the press. 形势的严重性被报纸夸大了。 2. He has an exaggerated idea of his own importance. 他自视过高。 3. The reports were greatly exaggerated. 报告被严重夸大了. 1. The seriousness of the situation has been much exaggerated by the press. 形势的严重性被报纸夸大了。 2. He has an exaggerated idea of his own importance. 他自视过高。 3. The reports were greatly exaggerated. 报告被严重夸大了. 4. The press exaggerated the whole affair wildly. 新闻报道肆意夸大了整个事件. B: magnified 就是形容东西被放大了.1. The microscope magnified the object 100 times. 这台显微镜将物体放大了100倍。 2. Something that has been magnified; an enlarged representation, image, or model. 被放大的东西;放大的艺术作品、图像或者是模型
2023-06-18 01:48:521

Hieronymus Bosch的详细资料

博 斯Hieronymus Bosch(1450-1516年) 希罗尼穆斯·博斯,出生在艺术世家,祖父和父亲都是地方有名的画家,博斯本人也声名显赫,他生前和死后都受到当地统治者的重视。 博斯早期的艺术,具有稚拙和含蓄的个性;中期的创作,充分发挥了艺术的表现力和丰富的想象力:他特别善于运用幻想以此区别于重形象真实性的画家,他巧妙而滑稽地将写实与浪漫的表现方式结合起来,创造了既富于幻想又有真实感的形象,用幻想的形象来赞颂生活美好的人和事,揭露、讽刺生活中丑恶的现象,成了他独特的艺术语言。他所创造的艺术形象继承了尼德兰民间艺术中幽默和风趣的成份,同时还吸收了意大利、德国艺术中的精华。 博斯晚期的作品无论是构图和造型,还是色彩和笔触都具有新的创见和高深的造诣。博斯在美术史上历来被认为是个不可思议的画家,他那充满着奇思怪想的画面像迷一样难解,其实他所创造的艺术形象并非凭空臆造,而是为了表现自己强烈的反封建思想。他从传统的哥特式雕塑中、中世纪动物故事插图、色彩抄本和中世纪的宝石古钱币中吸收有意思的形象,同时还借用占星术来间接表达自己的思想。他的艺术创造和影响是超越时空的,他被誉为“现代绘画的始祖。”
2023-06-18 01:49:251

Woodland Christian学校

阿?????.........哦
2023-06-18 01:49:476

【高分在线等】起一个英文名

Rika--这是日文名,读出来是LIKA,就李佳,你要的话,RIKAKA也很可爱啊
2023-06-18 01:52:575

关于外国的一些风俗的英文...我要死了...

Christmas People send each other cards and give gifts to their families and friends. In homes and in stores, evergreen trees glitter with colorful lights and ornaments. Children look forward to seeing a jolly, white-bearded man in a red suit named Santa Claus. It all can mean just one thing: It"s the season of Christmas, a holiday celebrated every year on December 25. WHAT IS CHRISTMAS? Christmas is a Christian holiday. It commemorates the birth of Jesus Christ more than 2,000 years ago. Christian churches hold religious services to celebrate Christmas. At midnight on Christmas Eve, most churches hold special candlelight services. But Christmas is also a social and family holiday. It is a festival of goodwill, a time for family, friends, food, and gift-giving. Many Americans share Christmas cookies, decorate their homes, and place presents under the family Christmas tree. Children often hang up stockings for Santa Claus to fill with small gifts. According to tradition, Santa arrives on a sleigh pulled by reindeer. Presents are usually opened on Christmas Eve or Christmas Day. THE STORY OF CHRIST"S BIRTH The story of Christ"s birth comes mainly from the New Testament of the Bible, a holy book of Christianity. According to the Bible, Joseph and his wife, Mary, traveled from Nazareth to the town of Bethlehem. The town"s inn had no room for them, even though Mary was expecting a child. Her baby was born in a stable and placed in a manger, a criblike holder for animal feed. In the fields near Bethlehem, an angel appeared before shepherds who were guarding their flocks. The angel told the shepherds that a holy child named Jesus Christ had been born. Other angels appeared and sang. After the angels had gone, the shepherds went to Bethlehem to see the child. Three Wise Men came from the east looking for a newborn king. They followed a bright, guiding star called the Star of Bethlehem. It led them to Christ in the manger. There, they knelt in worship before the baby Jesus and gave him gifts. TWELVE DAYS OF CHRISTMAS The official Christmas season is popularly known as the Twelve Days of Christmas. It extends from the anniversary of Christ"s birth on December 25 to the feast of Epiphany on January 6. The Epiphany honors Jesus" baptism and the arrival of the Three Wise Men in Bethlehem. THE ROOTS OF CHRISTMAS No one knows exactly when Jesus Christ was born. For many years, local Christian churches celebrated Christ"s birth at different times. Then, in the ad 300s, the Roman Catholic Church set the birth date at December 25. At that time, older non-Christian festivals were celebrated around Christmas. The Romans celebrated Saturnalia, a festival honoring their god of harvest and god of light. Other Europeans held festivals in mid-December marking the end of the harvest season. The Roman Catholic Church probably chose December 25 to give a Christian meaning to these older festivals. The Orthodox Church, the Christian church in the east, also began using December 25 as the birth date of Jesus. But the Orthodox Church places more importance on celebrating Jesus" baptism on January 6. CHRISTMAS GIFTS The custom of exchanging gifts at Christmas comes from the ancient Romans. During Saturnalia, the Romans exchanged tokens of good luck. Later, it became customary for Romans to exchange more valuable gifts, such as clothes or jewelry. The Biblical story of the Three Wise Men who presented gifts to baby Jesus also shaped this Christmas custom. CHRISTMAS TREES The tradition of the Christmas tree came to North America from Germany. Long ago, Germans began decorating evergreen trees in their homes at Christmas. They trimmed their trees with fruits, cookies, and lighted candles. German immigrants to the United States brought this custom with them in the 1800s. Before Christian times, ancient people used evergreens for decoration and religious ceremonies. Because evergreens do not die in the winter, they came to symbolize eternal life. STAR OF BETHLEHEM The Star of Bethlehem is one of the oldest symbols of Christmas. A star traditionally sits atop Christmas trees. Stars are used for many other Christmas decorations, too. CHRISTMAS LIGHTS Lighted candles have always been a part of Christmas celebrations. The candles represent Jesus Christ, who the Bible calls “the light of the world.” Today, most people decorate their homes and yards with electric lights in place of candles. MISTLETOE AND HOLLY The custom of decorating with mistletoe at Christmastime dates to the Romans. They thought of mistletoe as a symbol of peace. They believed enemies would resolve their differences when they met beneath it. The Christmas custom of kissing under the mistletoe is thought to come from this ancient belief. Holly, too, is a popular Christmas decoration. Its sharp, pointed leaves are considered a symbol of Christ"s crown of thorns. Christ wore the crown when he was crucified (nailed to a cross). CHRISTMAS AROUND THE WORLD Each part of the world has its own Christmas traditions. In many countries, gifts are exchanged on January 6 to mark the Epiphany. On January 5, the eve of the Epiphany, children in Spain leave grain in their shoes for the Wise Men"s camels. The next morning, they find small gifts in place of the grain. In Mexico, singing children parade from house to house in a tradition called posadas. They ask for shelter, like Mary and Joseph in Bethlehem before Jesus" birth. The children are turned away at many doors before they are finally invited in. Then, everyone enjoys a large meal, singing, and dancing. In the southern part of the world, in places like Australia, Christmas arrives in summer. Australians often celebrate Christmas with a beach picnic! And Santa"s sleigh is said to be pulled by eight kangaroos!
2023-06-18 01:53:181

急求 !~~~海明威 太阳照常升起 英文

The Sun Also RisesPlot summaryThe novel explores the lives and values of the so-called "Lost Generation," chronicling the experiences of Jake Barnes and several acquaintances on their pilgrimage to Pamplona for the annual fiesta and bull fights. Barnes" genitals had been mutilated as the result of an injury incurred during World War I; he is subsequently unable to consummate a sexual relationship with Brett Ashley, though his anatomy still compels him to be attracted to her. The story follows Jake and his various companions across France and Spain. Initially, Jake seeks peace away from Brett by taking a fishing trip to Burguete, deep within the Spanish hills, with companion Bill Gorton, another veteran of the war. The fiesta in Pamplona is the setting for the eventual meeting of all the characters, who play out their various desires and anxieties, alongside a great deal of drinking.[edit]Main charactersJake Barnes: The narrator of the story, Barnes is an American veteran of World War I who suffered physical injuries that have made him physiologically impotent, and unable to pursue a sexual relationship with Brett. Having lost direction of his life as a result of his experiences during the war, Barnes attempts to content himself through hard work, drinking, and bull fights.Lady Ashley, or Brett: An extremely attractive woman who is divorced from her husband after World War I, but not during the course of the novel, Brett is the object of lust for most of the male characters of the book. Portrayed as elusive and promiscuous, Brett, like Barnes, also lacks direction in life and finds emptiness in activities that she would have normally enjoyed during pre-war times. She is engaged to Michael.Robert Cohn: His status as an outsider as a result of being Jewish has caused Cohn to develop an inferiority complex. Despite attempts to be civil and courteous, Cohn is the object of scorn from other characters. The novel"s plot turns on his attempt to recover a brief affair he had with Brett, leading him to tag along with the group of expatriates, much to their collective vexation.Michael Campbell: A Scottish veteran of the war, Michael is close friends with Jake and Bill, and engaged to Brett. Though he attempts to hide his contempt for Cohn, his fiery temper usually manifests itself during periods of heavy drinking.Bill Gorton: An old friend of Barnes, Bill is also a veteran of the war and is less cruel than Michael in his attitudes towards Cohn. Despite also being a heavy drinker, Bill is often more light-hearted than the rest of his peers.Pedro Romero: The star bullfighter of the fiesta, Romero is introduced to Jake and his friends, falls in love with Brett, and then they split up when they recognize her inability to commit to a sustained relationship. His autonomy, steadfastness, and commitment make him a model for Jake, who possesses none of these qualities even though he aspires to them. Furthermore, the younger Pedro Romero having been born in 1905 represents the younger Civic Generation, often referred to as the Greatest Generation. This served to further demonstrate the Lost Generation"s feelings of insecurity and disillusionment compared to their next-younger Generation.[edit]Major themesThe novel has heavy undercurrents of suppressed emotions and buried values. Its weary and aimless expatriates serve as metaphors for society"s lost optimism and innocence after the war. The topic of war is rarely discussed explicitly by any of the characters, but its effects are alluded to through the sexual impotence of Jake and his war wound, and the behavior of the other characters, whom Carlos Baker described as "floundering in an emulsion of ennui and alcohol." [3] The war is also present as the tragedy that affects the way characters are able to deal with themselves, and post-war society. The themes of the novel are cast against the background of the Biblical quotation the book opens with: "One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh; but the earth abideth forever" (Ecclesiastes 1:4).One way to read the novel is as an inverted novel of initiation. In traditional initiation stories, a young man leaves his home or community, goes through experiences that change his character or worldview, and returns to take his place in his community as a mature person. Jake Barnes, in contrast, leaves his autonomous position in Paris to join the group on their trip to Pamplona. His experiences there constitute an initiation, though not an initiation into the group but an initiation into self-reliance apart from the group. At the end, he renounces the detrimental influence of his friends and especially of Brett. If Brett is the "sun" of the title around whom the men revolve, Jake has succeeded in breaking out of the orbit and becoming an independent person (another sun) himself. Ultimately, the novel propagates the self-reliance and autonomy embodied by Romero, the bullfighter whom Jake admires.[citation needed]Alternatively, the novel delivers a scathing indictment of the culture which relies on "simple exchange of values." Meaning is impossible to find in this entirely relational system. Jake hints at the possibility of an escape, of "finding out what it"s all about," with his work, his interest in the earthy activities of bullfighting and fishing, and his obvious dissatisfaction, yet he too is increasingly bound by the wretched ennui that seizes all. Only once the unsustainable, unreal, novel-society has disintegrated entirely is there any hope of progression, and this hope is but scant; the values of accumulation and expenditure on which the novel relies are those which underlie modern Western culture.
2023-06-18 01:53:301

英文名Hanna和Hannah有什么区别?

hanna is spel like ha.And hannah is spel like ham la
2023-06-18 01:53:453

求一首歌开头是 电话 的 “du du” 声? 英文歌来的

是不是<电话情缘>啊?
2023-06-18 01:54:449

用英语介绍英国 最好有中文翻译

http://wenku.baidu.com/view/fbb5c0c408a1284ac8504360.html
2023-06-18 01:55:193

用英语介绍一下马来西亚

Malaysia (pronounced /mu0259u02c8leu026au0292u0259/ or /mu0259u02c8leu026aziu0259/) is a country that consists of thirteen states and three federal territories in Southeast Asia with a total landmass of 329,847 square kilometres (127,355 sq mi).[5][6] The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population stands at over 27 million.[6] The country is separated into two regions — Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo — by the South China Sea.[6] Malaysia borders Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore and Brunei.[6] The country is located near the equator and experiences a tropical climate.[6] Malaysia"s head of state is the Yang di-Pertuan Agong[7] and the government is headed by a Prime Minister.[8][9] The government is closely modeled after the Westminster parliamentary system.[10]Malaysia as a unified state did not exist until 1963. Previously, a set of colonies were established by the United Kingdom from the late-18th century, and the western half of modern Malaysia was composed of several separate kingdoms. This group of colonies was known as British Malaya until its dissolution in 1946, when it was reorganized as the Malayan Union. Due to widespread opposition, it was reorganized again as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and later gained independence on 31 August 1957.[11] Singapore, Sarawak, British North Borneo and the Federation of Malaya joined to form Malaysia on 16 September 1963.[12] The early years of the new union were marred by an armed conflict with Indonesia and the expulsion of Singapore on 9 August 1965.[13][14] The Southeast Asian nation experienced an economic boom and underwent rapid development during the late-20th century. Rapid growth during the 1980s and 1990s, averaging 8% from 1991 to 1997, has transformed Malaysia into a newly industrialised country.[15][16] Because Malaysia is one of three countries that control the Strait of Malacca, international trade plays a large role in its economy.[17] At one time, it was the largest producer of tin, rubber and palm oil in the world.[18] Manufacturing has a large influence in the country"s economy.[19] Malaysia has a biodiverse range of flora and fauna, and is also considered one of the 18 megadiverse countries.[20]Malays form the majority of the population of Malaysia. There are sizable Chinese and Indian communities as well.[21] The Malay language[22] and Islam are the official language and religion of the federation respectively.[6][23]Malaysia is a founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and participates in many international organisations such as the United Nations.[24][25] As a former British colony, it is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.[26] It is also a member of the Developing 8 Countries.[27]
2023-06-18 01:55:423

谁有关于 The reformation 的译文啊 求解 !! 谢谢!!

文艺复兴时期的精神带到了欧洲和思维完全不同于中世纪的不同方式。另一种与中世纪时代的改革者来打破这种挑战的教会,其政治影响力曾在中世纪后期减弱的权威。到了14世纪,教会内的改革被要求在欧洲许多国家。与教会的不满情绪,特别是在神圣罗马帝国的德国国家强。虔诚的德国主教谴责了让买他们的位置的做法。许多德国人不满的世故,缺乏的虔诚,以及对神职人员的一些成员的贪婪。...该名男子谁成为了对教会的抗议领导人是德国和尚,马丁路德(1483-15460)。路德任教于维滕贝格大学的圣经研究。他领导了严格的和虔诚的生活,但被一个罪恶的感觉不安,担心他会不会进入天堂。经过激烈的心理斗争,路德开始相信,男人和女人只能由神的恩典,这将给予他们在基督信仰得救。他认为,虽然一个真正的基督徒将履行好作品,这些并不能带来救恩。基督徒,路德思想,积累了恩典和信得救。路德的信仰与的灵魂。路德的时间,可以得到宽容在金钱贡献给教会的回报。主要销往一些神职人员作为提高对教会的主教或资金的方式赎罪。教会他带来了怎样的人可以接受的罪孽赦免问题进行直接的冲突。教教堂,大部分的罪会被赦免,如果一个人供认了一名神父,遗憾的行动,并要求原谅,并没有如禁食或祈祷忏悔。还有另一种方式为罪被赦免,不过,是要给予宽容。一种放纵,有人认为,减少了时间,一个人的灵魂,就必须在苦难中度过之前达成或处罚天上出售赎罪券的广泛批评,并于1517年10月31日,路德公开质疑这种做法。一名在威登堡教堂的门,他被钉95其中,或论据,攻击出售赎罪券,并邀请辩论。路德的新的挑战迅速蔓延。虽然路德教会官员反对,很多人同意他的想法,他开始质疑其他教会的教导。像刚才的改革者,路德说,圣经提供所需的所有指导过基督徒生活的人。路德认为,人应该读经的路径,找到信心。他并不认为他们不得不依靠由教皇或神职人员给予解释。他呼吁教会服务的变化,并表示,该成员应被允许神职人员结婚。
2023-06-18 01:56:214

求一个英文单词的解释!

心有所属(Committed)爱的承诺 (Committed)
2023-06-18 01:57:064

英语学术论文写作格式

英语学术论文写作格式   一、英语论文的标题   一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./Prof.C.Prager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为0.6cm(论文其他部分行距同此)。   就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为2.5cm,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期;各行左边上下对齐,并留出2.5cm左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。   二、英语论文提纲   英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。   三、英语论文正文   有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约1.5cm。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码;阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。   四、英语论文的文中引述   正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节;既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 (即英语论文参考文献)的规范性。引述别人的"观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。   1.若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如:   The divorce of Arnold"s personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9).   这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名);阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成p.9);作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号;句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。   2.被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示:   Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas”   is an admirable and characteristic   diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it   Whitman is unable to conceive the   extreme crises of society, one is certain   that no society would be tolerable whoses   citizens could not find refreshment in its   buoyant democratic idealism.(Chase 165)   这里的格式有两点要加以注意。一是引文各行距英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起;二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。   3.如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。如:   Dr.Beaman points out that“he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate between evolutionary theory and biblical creationism”(9).   值得注意的是,本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中,故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。   4.如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除,则需用省略号。如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点,如出现在引文末,则用四个点,最后一点表示句号,置于第二个圆括弧后(一般说来,应避免在引文开头使用省略号);点与字母之间,或点与点之间都需空一格。如:   Mary Shelley hated tyranny and“looked upon the poor as pathetic victims of the social system and upon the rich and highborn...with undisguised scorn and contempt...(Nitchie 43).   5.若引文出自一部多卷书,除注明作者姓和页码外,还需注明卷号。如:   Professor Chen Jia"s A History of English Literature aimed to give Chinese readers“a historical survey of English literature from its earliest beginnings down to the 20thcentury”(Chen,1:i).   圆括弧里的1为卷号,小写罗马数字i为页码,说明引文出自第1卷序言(引言、序言、导言等多使用小写的罗马数字标明页码)。此外,书名 A History of English Literature 下划了线;规范的格式是:书名,包括以成书形式出版的作品名(如《失乐园》)均需划线,或用斜体字;其他作品,如诗歌、散文、短篇小说等的标题则以双引号标出,如“To Autumn”及前面出现的“Democratic Vistas”等。   6.如果英语论文中引用了同一作者的两篇或两篇以上的作品,除注明引文作者及页码外,还要注明作品名。如:   Bacon condemned Platoas“an obstacle to science”(Farrington, Philosophy 35).   Farrington points out that Aristotle"s father Nicomachus, a physician, probably trained his son in medicine(Aristotle 15).   这两个例子分别引用了Farrington的两部著作,故在各自的圆括弧中分别注出所引用的书名,以免混淆。两部作品名均为缩写形式(如书名太长,在圆括弧中加以注明时均需使用缩写形式),其全名分别为 Founder of Scientific Philosophy 及 The Philosophy of Francis Baconand Aristotle。   7.评析诗歌常需引用原诗句,其引用格式如下例所示。   When Beowulf dives upwards through the water and reaches the surface,“The surging waves, great tracts of water, / were all cleansed...”(1.1620-21).   这里,被引用的诗句以斜线号隔开,斜线号与前后字母及标点符号间均需空一格;圆括弧中小写的1是line的缩写;21不必写成1621。如果引用的诗句超过三行,仍需将引用的诗句与论文文字分开(参见第四项第2点内容)。   五、英语论文的文献目录   论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点:   1.目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。   2.目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码;如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为2.5cm,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为0.6cm;各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为0.6cm,不必留出更多空白。   3.各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等;各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。   4.各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。   现将部分较为特殊的条目分列如下,并略加说明,供读者参考。   Two or More Books by the Same Author   Brooks, Cleanth. Fundamentals of Good Writing: A   Handbook of Modern Rhetoric. NewYork: Harcourt, 1950.   ---The Hidden God: Studies in Hemingway, Faulkner, Yeats,   Eliot, and Warren. New Haven: Yale UP,1963.   引用同一作者的多部著作,只需在第一条目中注明该作者姓名,余下各条目则以三条连字符及一句点代替该作者姓名;各条目须按书名的第一个词(冠词除外)的字母顺序排列。   An Author with an Editor   Shake speare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. Ed. Louis B.   Wright. New York: Washington Square, 1959.   本条目将作者 Shakespeare 的姓名排在前面,而将编者姓名(不颠倒)放在后面,表明引文出自 The Tragedy of Macbeth;如果引文出自编者写的序言、导言等,则需将编者姓名置前,如:   Blackmur, Richard P.Introduction. The Art of the Novel:   Critical Prefaces. By Henry James. New York: Scribner"s,   1962.vii-xxxix.   如果引言与著作为同一人所写,则其格式如下例所示(By后只需注明作者姓即可):   Emery, Donald. Preface. English Fundamentals. By Emery.   London: Macmillan, 1972.v-vi.   A Multivolume Work   Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed.   Geoffrey Keynes. 4 vols. London: Faber, 1928.   Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed.   Geoffrey Keynes. Vol.2. London: Faber, 1928. 4 vols.   第一条目表明该著作共4卷,而论文作者使用了各卷内容;第二条目则表明论文作者只使用了第2卷中的内容。   A Selection from an Anthology   Abram, M. H.“English Romanticism: The Spirit of the Age.”   Romanticism Reconsidered. Ed. Northrop Frye. New   York: Columbia UP,1963.63-88.   被引用的英语论文名须用引号标出,并注意将英语论文名后的句点置于引号内。条目末尾必须注明该文在选集中的起止页码。   Articles in Journals, Magazines, and Newspapers   Otto, Mary L.“Child Abuse: Group Treatment for Parents.”   Personnel and Guidance Journal 62(1984): 336-48.   报刊杂志名需划线,但其后不需任何标点符号。62为卷号或期号,如既有卷号,又有期号,则要将二者以句号分开。如:(3.3);1984为出版年份,应置于圆括弧中。   Arnold, Marilgn.“Willa Cather"s Nostalgia: A Study in   Ambivalance.”Research Studies Mar.1981:23-24,28.   月刊或双月刊须同时注明出版年月;23-24,28表示该文的前一部分刊于第23和24两页,后一部分则转至第28页。   Gorney, Cynthia.“When the Gorilla Speaks.”Washington Post   31 July,1985:B1.   引用日报上的英语论文必须同时注明报纸出版的年、月、日。B1为该文在报纸中的版面及页码。 ;
2023-06-18 01:57:421

英文名字“Aaron”具体意思以及来源??

阿伦卡特知道吗?
2023-06-18 01:58:085

葡萄酒瓶尺寸问题

我的回答:一般的葡萄酒瓶都是750ml的,我以几种不同类型来分类描述:1、波尔多(竖口) 瓶身直径 73.6+-1.4 mm 瓶口外径 29.5+-0.5 mm 瓶口内径 18.5+-0.5 mm 瓶高 322+-1.9 mm 瓶肚高 184mm (指中间规则圆柱形部分) 瓶底 16mm 750ml点(就是说酒装到这个点,正好750ml),距瓶口距离 70mm 2、波尔多(平口,就是T字型瓶口) 唯一的区别在于瓶口数据 瓶口外径 33mm 内径 18.5+-0.5mm3、勃艮第(竖口) 瓶身直径 80.15+-1.5 mm 瓶口外径 29.5+-0.5 mm 瓶口内径 18.5+-0.5 mm 瓶高 289+-1.8 mm 瓶肚高 110mm (指中间规则圆柱形部分) 瓶底 18mm 750ml点,距瓶口距离 67mm 4、勃艮第(平口,就是T字型瓶口) 其他数据一样,瓶口的外径是33mm 5、莱茵瓶 瓶身直径 77.7+-1.6 mm 瓶口外径 29.5+-0.5 mm 瓶口内径 18.5+-0.5 mm 瓶高 330+-1.9 mm 瓶肚高 101mm (指中间规则圆柱形部分) 瓶底 14mm 750ml点,距瓶口距离 67mm6、香槟 瓶身直径88.4+-1.6mm 瓶口外径 29.5+-0.3 mm 瓶口内径 17.5+-0.3 mm 瓶高 300+-1.8 mm 瓶肚高 99mm (指中间规则圆柱形部分) 瓶底 15mm 750ml点,距瓶口距离 72mm 上面只是标准尺寸,现在的瓶型比较多,上述尺寸也会有很多演变,不过瓶口部分的尺寸都是差不多的,因为要放软木塞,总部能设计N多尺寸的软木塞。瓶颈内部一般有一个阻滞点,那里的直径略小,这样可以固定住软木撒。
2023-06-18 01:58:462

急求西风颂英文赏析

0
2023-06-18 01:59:363

safety chamber造句 safety chamberの例文 "safety chamber"是什麼意思

Unable to find Patrick, they flee to the safety chamber in his house. After entering the safety chamber , Ben disappears. It also came with middle headpght that turned with the steering wheel, a front steel bulkhead, and a front safety chamber . Axel, Hawk, Lioness and Mr . Lee reached the Penthouse but the Architect escaped and attempted to blow them up by overloading the room"s power core but failed after the room"s reinforced safety chamber kicked in. Late on April 9, Governor Manchin announced that the bodies of the four missing miners had been found, bringing the death toll to 29 . The miners had not been able to make it to either of the safety chambers . Although the tender was not successful, this unit enjoyed moderate success with its " 240 " series of electricity teaching appartus; and " Big Joe ", a safety chamber that allowed otherwise dangerous laboratory experiments to be conducted at greatly reduced risk. According to an Associated Press story, the o safety chambers in the mine were inflatable units made by Strata Safety Products with air, water, sanitary facipties, and food sufficient to support more than a dozen miners for about four days; they could possibly support four miners for longer than 96 hours, though only if any miners managed to reach a chamber after the blast. It"s difficult to find safety chamber in a sentence. 用 safety chamber 造句挺难的
2023-06-18 01:51:401