- ardim
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The Great Wall constructs history glorious, the project grand is vast,is the world unusual miracle. The Great Wall thing north and southinterlock, are continuous bend down on our great motherland vast land.It looks like a great dragon, surmounts lofty hills, passed throughthe boundless grassland, bridged over the vast desert, rushes to theboundless sea. According to the historical literature record, somemore than 20 feudal lords country and the feudal dynasty hasconstructed the Great Wall, if constructs each time the Great Walladds, approximately above some 100,000 miles. Qin, the Chinese, thebright 3 dynasty repaired the Great Wall the length all to surpass10,000 miles. Now province, the city, the autonomous region and so onour country Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi,Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Henan,Shandong, Hubei, Hunan all have the ancient Great Wall, a peak firevestige. Only Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Great Wall amounts tomore than 30,000 miles. Ming Dynasty in "outside" outside Great Wall, but also has constructed"in side" the Great Wall and "in three passes" the Great Wall. "Incloses" Great Wall to build take Northern Qi Dynasty as thefoundation, gets up from Inner Mongolian and west of Shanxi Pianguan, travels to the East closes, even Zhu Guanru after the wildgoose gate the Hebei, then folds to northeast, after the origin,Fangshan, Changping various counties, the direct link occupies thecommonplace pass, then by the north but east, to Huairou"s fourcustoms, with "outside" the Great Wall docks, take closes asthe center, approximately becomes the north and south trend. "In threepasses" Great Wall in very many places and "in side" Great Wallparallel, some places two cities are separated by only dozens ofmiles. Except for this, but also has constructed massively "the heavycity". Area the wild goose gate closes "the heavy city" to have 24 tobe many! The Great Wall is the miracle which our country ancient times theworking people created. Starts from Chin Shihhuang, constructs theGreat Wall always is a big project. According to the record, ChinShihhuang used the nearly million labor forces to construct the GreatWall, accounted for the national population 1,/20! At that time didnot have any machinery, except the earth moving, transported the brickto be allowed to use outside the domestic animal which the donkey, thegoat could climb a mountain, completely worked all must depend on themanpower, but the working conditions also were the high mountainridge, the cliff . May infer that, not the massive crowds carryon the difficult work, is unable to complete this huge project. Great Wall"s resilience, according to the rough estimate, onlyconstructs take the Ming Dynasty as the example, if its bricks andstones, the folk recipe with constructs together the depth 1 meter,the height 5 meter big walls, may surround an Earth week to have -odd.If uses for to lay a strip width 5 meter, the depth 35 centimetersstreets, that could circle the Earth three all around. If repairs alldynasty the grand total 100,000 miles calculate, then this Daoistpriest wall may circle the Earth several weeks, this street, maycircle the Earth 340 weeks. "Because of the terrain, fills with the dangerous system" isconstructs Great Wall"s an important experience, in Chin Shihhuang"stime already affirmed it, Sima Qian reads in it "Shihchi" in. Latereach dynasty will construct Great Wall all is defers to this principleto carry on. Every is constructs Guan Chengai the mouth all rights andwrongs choice between two mountains canyons, perhaps rivers transitionplace. Perhaps flat country intercourse , both can controllike this important, and may save the manpower and the material,reaches "Wan Fumo opens" effect. Constructs the castleor the beacon tower also is the choice in "looks in all directionswants place" as for to construct the city wall, fully uses theterrain, like the picture occupies the commonplace pass, Badaling"sGreat Wall all has is constructs along the mountain ridge back, someland sectors looked from the city wall flank is extremely precipitous,the inside then really is gentle, receives "Yi Shounan to attack" theeffect. Within the boundaries of Liaoning, the the Ming Dynastydistant Dongzhen"s Great Wall has one kind to be called the steepmountainous place wall, to divide the gable, uses the cliff steepcliff, slightly divided truncates becomes the Great Wall. Alsohas some places completely using the precipitous cliff precipice, therivers and streams lake took the natural blockade, really may say waswonderful workmanship The Great Wall, took a great project, becomesthe Chinese nation a precious inheritance.
译文:长城修筑的历史悠久,工程雄伟浩大,是世界少有的奇迹。长城东西南北交错,绵延伏于我们伟大祖国辽阔的土地上。它好像一条巨龙,翻越巍巍群山,穿过茫茫草原,跨过浩瀚的沙漠,奔向苍茫的大海。根据历史文献记载,有20多个诸侯国家和封建王朝修筑过长城,若把各个时代修筑的长城加起来,大约有10万里以上。其中秦、汉、明3个朝代所修长城的长度都超过了1万里。现在我国新疆、 甘肃、 宁夏、 陕西、 内蒙古、 山西、河北、北京、 天津、 辽宁、 吉林、 黑龙江、 河南、山东、湖北、湖南等省、市、自治区都有古长城、峰火台的遗迹。其中仅内蒙古自治区的长城就达3万多里。
明朝在“外边”长城之外,还修筑了“内边”长城和“内三关”长城。“内关”长城以北齐所筑为基础,起自内蒙古与山西交界处的偏关以西,东行经雁门关、平型诸关入河北,然后折向东北,经来源、房山、昌平诸县,直达居庸关,然后又由北而东,至怀柔的四海关、与“外边”长城相接,以紫荆关为中心,大致成南北走向。“内三关”长城在很多地方和“内边”长城并行,有些地方两城相隔仅数十里。除此以外,还修筑了大量的“重城”。雁门关一带的“重城”就有24道之多!
长城是我国古代劳动人民创造的奇迹。自秦始皇开始,修筑长城一直是一项大工程。据记载,秦始皇使用了近百万劳动力修筑长城,占全国人口的1/20!当时没有任何机械,除运土、运砖可以用毛驴、山羊能爬山的牲畜外,全部劳动都得靠人力,而工作环境又是崇山峻岭、峭壁深壑。可以想见,没有大量的人群进行艰苦的劳动,是无法完成这项巨大工程的。
万里长城的工程量,据粗略估计,仅以明朝修筑为例,若将其砖石、土方用修筑一道厚1米、高5米的大墙,可环绕地球一周有余。如果用来铺筑一条宽5米、厚35厘米的马路,那就能绕地球三四周了。如果把所有朝代所修的总计10万里来计算,则这道长墙可绕地球十几周,这条马路,可绕地球三四十周。
“因地地形,用险制塞”是修筑长城的一条重要经验,在秦始皇的时候已经把它肯定下来,司马迁把它写入《史记》之中。以后每一个朝代修筑长城都是按照这一原则进行的。凡是修筑关城隘口都是非曲直选择在两山峡谷之间,或是河流转折之处。或是平川往来必经之地,这样既能控制险要,又可节约人力和材料,以达“一夫当关,万夫莫开”的效果。修筑城堡或烽火台也是选择在“四顾要之处”至于修筑城墙,更是充分地利用地地形,如像居庸关、八达岭的长城都有是沿着山岭的脊背修筑,有的地段从城墙外侧看去非常险峻,内侧则甚是平缓,收“易守难攻”之效。在辽宁境内,明代辽东镇的长城有一种叫山险墙、劈山墙的,就是利用悬崖陡壁,稍微把崖壁劈削一下就成为长城 了。还有一些地方完全利用危崖绝壁、江河湖泊作为天然屏障,真可以说是巧夺天工了.长城,作为一顶伟大的工程,成为中华民族的一份宝贵遗产。
纯英语的:
In the north of China, there lies a 6,700-kilometer-long (4,161-mile-long) ancient wall. Now well-known as the Great Wall of China, it starts at the Jiayuguan Pass of Gansu Province in the west and ends at the Shanhaiguan Pass of Hebei Province in the east. As one of the Eight Wonders in the world, the Great Wall of China has become the symbol of the Chinese nation and its culture.
Lots of beautiful legends and stories about the Great Wall took place following along the construction, and since that time these stories have spread around the country. Those that happened during construction are abundant, such as Meng Jiangnu‘s story and the legend of the Jiayuguan Pass. Meng Jiangnu‘s story is the most famous and widely spread of all the legends about the Great Wall. The story happened during the Qin Dynasty (221BC-206BC). It tells of how Meng Jiangnu‘s bitter weeping made a section of the Great Wall collapse. Meng Jiangnu‘s husband Fan Qiliang was caught by federal officials and sent to build the Great Wall. Meng Jiangnu heard nothing from him after his departure, so she set out to look for him. Unfortunately, by the time she reached the great wall, she discovered that her husband had already died. Hearing the bad news, she cried her heart out. Her howl caused the collapse of a part of the Great Wall. This story indicates that the Great Wall is the production of tens of thousands of Chinese commoners.
Another legend about the Jiayuguan Pass tells of a workman named Yi Kaizhan in the Ming Dynasty (1368BC-1644BC) who was proficient in arithmetic. He calculated that it would need 99,999 bricks to build the Jiayuguan Pass. The supervisor did not believe him and said if they miscalculated by even one brick, then all the workmen would be punished to do hard work for three years. After the completion of the project, one brick was left behind the Xiwong city gate. The supervisor was happy at the sight of the brick and ready to punish them. However Yi Kaizhan said with deliberation that the brick was put there by a supernatural being to fix the wall. A tiny move would cause the collapse of the wall. Therefore the brick was kept there and never moved. It can still be found there today on the tower of the Jiayuguan Pass.
In addition to the above-mentioned stories about the construction of the Great Wall, there are also plenty of stories about current scenic spots. A famous one is the legend of the Beacon Tower. This story happened during the Western Zhou Dynasty (11th century BC-711 BC). King You had a queen named Bao Si, who was very pretty. King You liked her very much, however Bao Si never smiled. An official gave a suggestion that setting the beacon tower on fire would frighten the King‘s subjects, and might make the queen smile. King You liked the idea. The subjects were fooled and Bao Si smiled at the sight of the chaos. Later enemies invaded Western Zhou, King You set the beacon tower on fire to ask for help. No subjects came to help because they had been fooled once before. Thus, King Zhou was killed by the enemy and Western Zhou came to an end.
Beautiful stories and legends about the Great Wall help to keep alive Chinese history and culture. In each dynasty after the building of the Great Wall, many more stories were created and spread.
- 苏州马小云
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长城的历史
我国北方的长城,开始于战国秦、赵、燕三国。
一、秦、赵、燕在北边修筑长城的原因
秦赵燕为何要在北边修筑长城,这要从战国时期的形势说起。战国时期,是我国黄河长江中下游地区由奴隶社会向封建社会的转变时期。随着各国之间政治、经济关系的加强,诸夏文化与秦、楚、吴、越文化的交流与融合,统一的趋向日益强烈。当时进行封建改革的魏、赵、韩、楚、齐、秦、燕七国强盛之后,进行兼并战争,谋求以武力统一黄河、长江中下游地区。这时,陕北、晋北、冀北和内蒙古草原上的诸少数民族也强大起来,不断掳掠秦、赵、燕三国北部边境。秦国之北,有义渠,又北为匈奴;赵国西北有林胡、楼烦,北有襜褴、匈奴;燕国北界东胡。这些北方少数民族政权,除义渠从事农业外,其他均以游牧、狩猎为生。义渠是西北黄土高原上的强国,自春秋至战国,与秦抗衡百余年。匈奴、东胡等游牧民族更是军事素质高,作战能力强。据《史记u2022匈奴列传》记载:匈奴人以游牧、狩猎为生,牲畜以马、牛、羊为最多,其次则为骆驼、驴、骡等。他们“逐水草迁徙,毋城郭常处、耕田之业。然亦各有分地。”男子从小就学习骑射。“儿能骑羊,引弓射鸟鼠;少长,则射狐兔;用为食。”因此,一到成年,“尽为甲骑”。战国之际,匈奴已经进入奴隶社会,并且有了国家政权机构。国王称为单于,其下置左、右贤王,左、右谷蠡王,左、右大将,左、右大都尉,左、右大当户,左、右骨都侯,除左、右贤王外,其余大臣都是世袭。东胡、林胡、襜褴、娄烦与匈奴基本相同。
自战国中期以来,他们不断掳掠秦、赵、燕三国北部地区。由于他们善于骑射,长于野战,采取突然袭击,来去飘忽,难于捉摸,显示出很强的战斗力。而秦、赵、燕在战国中期的作战部队主要是步兵和战车,穿着宽衣大袖的服装,行动迟缓,日行30——50里,自然不能阻止匈奴、东胡的袭击和掳掠。这不仅使三国北部人民的生命财产受到严重威胁,生产遭到严重破坏,而且大大影响了三国的统一事业。针对这种被动局面,三国便先后进行兵制改革和在北部修筑长城。
秦国自商鞅开始变法,推行富国强兵。军队逐渐改变成步兵和骑兵,并以军功论赏和升迁,因此军队的战斗力增强,所向无敌。惠文王六年(前332)和十年,先后大败魏国,夺取魏西河郡(今陕西洛河流域)和上郡(今陕西东北部)地。十三年(前225),令张仪筑上郡塞,以防北方的林胡、楼烦南侵。接着,又大举进攻义渠,使之臣服。至昭王,宣太后诱义渠王至甘泉(今陕西淳化县西北甘泉山),杀之,起兵灭义渠,置北地郡。于是,秦国北部遂于匈奴相接。为了防止匈奴人南掠,昭王下令于陇西、北地、上郡北部边境修筑长城,并派军驻守。
赵国于武灵王十九年(前307)始改革兵制,实行胡服骑射。自此兵力遂强。二十年,武灵王西略林胡地,至榆中(今内蒙古河套平原东部);林胡王献马降服,才班师而归。二十六年(前300),破中山,攘地北至燕、代(今山西北部),又西北拓地至云中、九原(今内蒙古和林格尔县至乌加河地区)。于是,下令筑长城,自代并阴山(今内蒙古大青山、乌拉特山)而西,直抵大河(今内蒙古乌加河),而置代郡、雁门、云中郡,以防匈奴南下掳掠。为了专门经营西北,次年,他让位于其子惠文王何,自号主父。惠文王二年(前297),主父出代,至西河(今山西、内蒙古间之黄河),破楼烦王而致其兵。
燕国是战国七雄中最弱的一个国家,南临强齐与新起的赵国,北逼于东胡。直到燕昭王即位(前311)以后,发愤图强,招纳各国贤能之士,实行改革,燕国才强盛起来。其时东胡强大,经常南掠燕国北部地区。燕君为了保持北部的安宁,被迫向东胡王媾和,而以大将为人质。昭王时,秦开质于东胡,他智勇双全,东胡王甚信之,因此行动自由,得以了解东胡南部的山川险要、布防情况与军队的活动规律。归国之后,即率大军袭击东胡,大破之,东胡却地千余里。又“度辽东而攻朝鲜”拓地至浿水(今朝鲜清川江)。于是,“燕亦筑长城,自造阳(今河北康保县与内蒙古太仆寺旗)至襄平;置上谷、渔阳、右北平、辽西、辽东郡以拒胡。”
综上所述,战国时期,秦、赵、燕之所以在北边修筑长城,其目的是为了防御匈奴、东胡的南掠。
长城是由城、堡发展而来。作为军事上的防御工程的城、堡,早在原始公社末期就开始了。由于它能起有效的防御作用,进入阶级社会以后,得到了普遍的发展。长城,最早出现于春秋,如楚国的方城(在今河南南阳地区)。到了战国,魏西河郡有长城,赵漳水上有长城,中山国西部有长城,燕易水有长城,齐沿泰山山脉有长城。这些长城,在战争中曾经起过很大的作用。北方游牧民族行动迅速的骑兵,行踪莫测,诸国无论是步兵还是骑兵,都无法阻止他们袭击和掳掠。只有修筑长城,加上驻军防守,才有可能阻止他们的南掠。只有在北方修筑长城,才能抽调主要兵力,用于列国之间的兼并战争和保卫战争,才能完成统一大业。
二、秦、赵、燕长城的价值
战国时期的秦、赵、燕长城,作为军事防御工程,究竟在战争中起了什么作用?关于它的作用,特别是秦长城和燕长城的作用,历史文献记载几乎没有,赵长城的记载也很少。这是不是说,它们没有起什么作用呢?不是。恰恰相反,正好说明三国修建长城后,匈奴、东胡等没有越过长城南掠,长城在军事防御上起了重要作用。
众所周知,昭王时,是秦国疆土扩展最快的时期之一。假如北面没有修筑长城,秦国就必须要派驻大军把守北方的重要通道和隘口,以阻止强大的匈奴南掠,怎么能够抽调大军不断大败六国的联军、占领六国大片土地呢?可见,秦长城修成后,只需要少量军队驻守,就能阻止匈奴南下了。如果匈奴大军南下,由于有长城防御,一时不易攻破;而秦都咸阳距此不远,一日一夜或两、三昼夜即可赴救,因此,匈奴不敢南下,自取失败。总之,自秦昭王筑长城以后,匈奴一直没有南下掳掠,这正说明了长城的军事防御作用。
至于赵长城,由于建筑在阴山(今大青山、乌拉山东南)脚下,多系用土夯筑,质量较差,而又靠近匈奴,因此开始时,常被匈奴大军攻击。赵国虽然派驻大军防守,主动出城迎战,但是常吃败仗。赵悼襄王时(前224——前236),赵边防累为匈奴所败,北方吃紧,于是,派大将李牧到长城统领大军防守。悼襄王给予李牧便宜任免属吏的特权,并将云中、雁门、代郡北部的商业税和田赋作为军费供李牧支配。李牧将指挥部设在雁门郡北部的长城下,以便东、西照应。他厚待战士,日杀数牛来改善伙食;每日教将士练习骑射,奖励成绩优异者;严守烽火台,并不断派间谍了解匈奴的动向;他下令军中:“匈奴来掳掠,全体将士立即收牛马羊入保长城,有敢捕虏者斩!”匈奴每来侵,由于烽火严紧,事先知道消息,赵国军民便收牲畜入保长城。匈奴掳掠不到人和牲畜、财务,只好退去。如此数年,虽未挫败匈奴,但赵军亦无亡失。匈奴人以及赵国边民,都认为李牧怯懦,赵王也责备李牧;而李牧依然如故。赵王怒,招牧回朝,以别将代之。新将采取迎击的战略;匈奴每来,他就率军出击,数败。在一年多的时间里,将士伤亡很多,北边无法放牧。赵王没有办法,只好再请李牧出守长城。李牧称病,杜门不出,不肯应命。赵王乃强起牧,令牧统兵守卫北方。李牧对赵王说:“王一定要用我,我仍然采取从前的战略,您同意,我才敢奉命。”赵王只得答应。李牧至长城,如故约。数年,匈奴无所得。然终以李牧为怯。赵守边将士“日得赏赐而不用,皆愿一战”。于是,李牧乃选战车1300辆,精骑13000匹,挑能破敌擒将的百金之士50000人,善射者100000人,训练作战。练成之后,便大纵畜牧。长城以北,人畜遍野。匈奴闻之,便来掳掠。小入,牧则佯败,以部分人畜委之。单于大喜,便率倾国人马南下。李牧事先设下埋伏,张左右翼夹击,大破匈奴10万余骑,单于落荒败走,逃奔北方而去。此后10余年,匈奴不敢近赵长城。赵军乘胜灭襜褴,破东胡,降林胡。于是,赵北边宁静,人民安居乐业。从这里,我们可以清楚地看出赵长城在军事防御上的巨大作用。
燕国在筑长城以前,为了保持北部的安宁,不得不向强大的东胡媾和,并以大将为人质。这种屈辱媾和的办法,并不能使东胡完全停止南掠。自从燕昭王时秦开大袭东胡军,东胡北却千余里,并筑长城之后,东胡才不敢南掠,燕国北部才无烽火之警,人民也才安居生产。这也显示了燕长城在军事防御上的伟大作用。
秦末汉初,匈奴乘中原战乱,越过秦蒙恬所筑长城,复与汉以战国秦、赵、燕长城为界。由于这条长城年久失修,北方守军稀少,因此,强大的匈奴不断进入长城以内掳掠,一直深入到代谷、太原、西河、上郡、北地等郡,汉高祖、惠帝、文帝、景帝被迫对匈奴采取和亲政策;嫁公主给单于为阏氏(即王后),并赐予大量的财物。但是,就是这样一条破烂不堪的长城,也在一定程度上发挥了军事防御作用如果不是匈奴大军,一般不能进入长城掳掠。其次,如果守将得力,纵有匈奴大军,也进不了长城。《汉书u2022李广传》:景帝时,广“为上谷太守,数与匈奴战”。匈奴始终没有从这里进入长城。武帝时,韩安国屯渔阳郡,为匈奴所败;徒(录入者注:此字疑为徙)屯右北平,又数败。武帝乃以广为右北平太守。“广守右北平,匈奴惮之,号曰‘汉之飞将军",避之,数岁不敢入右北平。”后广数出长城远征匈奴。这说明,战国燕长城仍有防御作用。程不识也是守长城的名将,与李广齐名,他治军很严,随时防御匈奴突袭,匈奴也不敢来犯,也说明战国长城起了一定作用。其后卫青、霍去病、公孙贺、公孙敖等出击匈奴,均以赵、秦长城为进攻退守的主要据点。这表明,直到西汉前期,战国秦、赵、燕长城仍在发挥军事防御作用,虽然它的防御能力已大不如战国时期了。直到汉武帝把匈奴赶到漠北以后,修复蒙恬所筑秦长城和修建外长城,这条战国秦、赵、燕长城才被放弃,它的军事防御作用也才随之终结。
三、战国秦、赵、燕长城的历史价值与现实价值
战国秦、赵、燕长城具有很大的历史价值,首先,它表明,只有修筑长城,加上一定数量的驻军,才能防止北方游牧民族骑兵闪电式的袭击。没有长城,即使有大量的步兵和骑兵,仍然是防御不了的。战国时代的历史事实证明了这一点。因为长城是有效的军事防御工程,因而后来为秦始皇所采用。秦始皇在驱逐匈奴到漠北以后,下令蒙恬立即修筑新的长城。
其次,战国秦、赵、燕所筑的长城,是相当科学的,它基本上是利用山川形势险要而建,在山口与平原地区,都建筑高厚的城墙,截断匈奴、东胡骑兵进出之路。除了长城之外,内外制高点还建有烽火台,进行侦察敌情和传递消息,让长城上的驻军作好准备;在交通路口和谷口,都建筑障城,派军驻守,以加强长城的防御能力。在长城以内,每隔一段距离,都修建驻军的大城,并设有迅速传递消息的通讯网,以便统一指挥和互相支援。这条三国长城及其烽火台、障、城等配套建筑,构成了一套完整的军事防御体系。这套军事防御体系是合乎科学的,防卫是有效的。它为后来的军事防御工程提供了样板。蒙恬所筑的秦长城,虽然全系新建,但是很明显,他是在参照战国秦、赵、燕长城建筑的基础上设计的,同时进行了取长补短。例如,他利用山川地形,因其险阻建城筑障。他把长城建于高山之上,尽量利用山脊、峰峦为城,使匈奴骑兵无法越过;尽量利用河流作屏障,尽量把长城建于河流之北,使敌人得不到水源。在丘陵、平原,则筑成高大城墙,或用土石夹筑,或用土夯筑,而把各段长城联结成一条气势雄伟、隔断南北的巨龙。秦长城的烽火台,较三国长城有了改进,都建于长城外开阔的山上,而且根据地形,每隔10里、20里、30里就有一座。障城也有改进,在交通路口或谷口,都修建南北两座障城。驻大部队的城,都建在长城之南,并与长城紧紧相连。可以说,秦长城建筑体系的高度科学性,是战国秦、赵、燕长城建筑体系的继承和发展。
最后,战国秦、赵、燕长城的历史价值,不仅表现了2200多年前中华民族的伟大气魄,而且显示了当时中国人民的高度智慧、高超的军事科学水平、高度的科学文化。
三国长城还具有很大的现实价值。首先,长城作为中华民族英勇不屈的精神象征,将鼓舞着我们不畏强暴,不怕艰难险阻,去建设我们伟大的祖国,勇攀科学高峰,把我们伟大的祖国建成一个高度繁荣富强的国家。
其次,战国秦、赵、燕长城及其地下文物,是我们研究战国军事史的资料宝库。在今天战争仍然不断,和我国仍然处于战争威胁的形势下,研究战国秦、赵、燕长城,仍然有着巨大的现实价值。
其三,战国秦、赵、燕长城遗址,是长城沿线自然变化的历史见证。从它的断裂、侵蚀、湮没程度,可以了解各个阶段的历代地震、风沙、泥石流的变化规律。我们了解了这些变化规律,就可以采取有效的防御措施。
最后,在战国秦、赵、燕长城沿线,有着许多旅游景点,这些旅游景点,绝大多数至今尚未开发。如果开发出来,将士我国的一大财富,并且是用之不竭的财富。我相信,它将为祖国的建设事业做出贡献。
- coco
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直接在百度里查一点资料然后整理一下不就行了?
----------啦啦啦!我是分隔线!----------
北京故宫博物院,是明清两朝的皇宫。位与北京城的中心。明清时称紫禁城,1925年始称故宫。占地面积极分子2万平方米,现存建筑980余座,有屋8700余间,建筑面积15万平米。是全世界规模最大、保存最完好的古代皇宫建筑群。也是中国古代建筑最高水平的杰作。1961年中华人民共和国国务院公布为全国重点文物保护单位。1987年被联合国教科文组织列入世界遗产名录。
明清故宫的建筑与规划,继承了中国古代宫殿的传统,并有所发展和创新。古代中国为了显示皇权的至高无上,有将皇宫建在都城中央的传统,但实际上大都只是将其建在都城的南北中轴线上.
紫禁城内的皇宫建筑分为南部前朝部分和北部后寝部分。前朝有太和、中和、保和三大殿,是皇帝上朝接受朝贺、接见群臣和举行大型典礼的地方,这三座殿宇也是故宫中最高大的建筑物,表现出它们不同凡响的崇高地位。后寝是皇帝和皇后、殡、妃居住的地方。
前朝后寝,分工明确,不得随便逾越,体现了中国自古以来等级分明、内外有别的伦理观念
----------啦啦啦!我是分隔线!----------
在古今中外所有的人类建筑中,最著名的一座应该就是中国的万里长城。
准确地说,长城不只有一座。在两千多年间,各代王朝在中国的北方修建了许多座长 城。其中,最"新"的而且也是目前保存最完整的一座建于中国明代(1368-1644)。
明长城是一座结构庞大复杂的边防堡垒,绵延6700公里。它是世界最伟大的人工奇迹。
明长城翻山越岭,蜿蜒迂回于崇山之间。看见它人们不由肃然起敬,感叹在如此险峻 的地方使用数量如此众多而且巨大的建筑材料。长城见证了古代中原农业文明和北方游 牧民族间剑拔弩张的激烈对抗。
明代长城是人类历史上耗费人力最巨,时间最久,物资最多的建筑。这使它成为一件 最大的历史文物。在今天这个瞬息万变的世界,保护长城是文化遗产保护领域最具挑战 性的任务。
- 再也不做稀饭了
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林嘉欣破闺蜜停薪留职咯后公共性了了了好好好了了了了了了咯吗他好不h
- 豆豆staR
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你们都是SB