The birth of TBT there is a history, in 1970, GATT was established to develop standards and conformity assessment working group, 1975-1979 hosted by the GATT in the Tokyo Round in the tough negotiations to begin in 1979, formally signed the "General Agreement on Tariffs - Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade "(GATT-TBT), 1980 Nian 1 take effect on 1st. In the Uruguay Round of negotiations, the Member States after intense bargaining, in 1991 on the technical barriers to trade re-revised in 1994 and formally signed into Marrakesh. After the establishment of the World Trade Organization, TBT agreements are further attention.Technical barriers to trade can be the implementation of import restrictions the following aspects:First, through technical provision itself directly import restrictions. Through legislative and other measures of a country to develop a very complex technical requirements of products, in the implementation of trade protection on imported goods to facilitate accused refuse imports of non-compliance. For example, France banned imports of fruit juice containing glucose, while the U.S. exports of fruit juices generally contain the food additives, this provision just reached the French resistance to the U.S. fruit juice purposes.Secondly, through the certification measures and technologies indirectly obstructed the implementation of the provisions of imports of goods. To UL mark, for example, in the United States a "guarantor Laboratory" (referred to as UL), anything about security, signal, chemical danger, electrical, fire, heating, air conditioning, refrigeration and other related goods to be sold in the United States, are examination must apply for the Institute. Only imported goods meet their safety standards, has been marked with UL mark can be in the U.S. market.Third, through strict quarantine requirements (Health and Sanitary Regulation) to restrict imports of goods. In recent years, developed countries, the increasingly widespread use of health and quarantine regulations to restrict imports of foreign goods, health and quarantine requirements of the growing number of goods, health and quarantine requirements have become increasingly harsh.Fourth, packaging, labeling and first-class mark to set requirements in respect of import barriers. Many countries in the domestic market for the sale of goods, provided all kinds of packaging, labels and logos in the regulations. These requirements is complex and cumbersome procedures, importers have had to comply with the implementation of, or can not be imported or sold. For example, September 11, 1998, the U.S. Secretary of Agriculture signed a new law requires that all wood packaging from China to take stringent inspection requirements.Second, technical barriers to trade (TBT) analysis of the effects of import and export of the countryTBT effect is that after the implementation of TBT measures on the importing and exporting States. The following from the importing and exporting country, two aspects separately.(A), TBT effects on trade effects of the importing country analysis:First, the importing country terms of trade (terms of trade effect)If the importing country is a big country, its use of TBT, the limited imports of goods, but also an established international market prices, it makes the commodity in short supply in the importing country, resulting in their domestic prices, thereby reducing its domestic demand and imports; in the international market, due to reduced imports of the country in the international market also appeared the oversupply of the commodity to the international market prices, while the great powers themselves do not change the price of imported goods, so she exported the same amount of goods on the be able to exchange for more of such imported goods, so big countries can improve their use of TBT terms of trade.If the importing country as a small country, then the quantity of imported goods because it accounts for only a small share of the international market, its use of TBT to stop imports, although the decrease of imports of goods, but not enough to affect the international market price of such goods. Therefore, the small country TBT policy will not produce terms of trade effect.Second, importing countries the impact of domestic economic activity (domestic effect)We are a small country, for example, with supply and demand analysis to build models, the following figure:In Figure 1, in order to facilitate the analysis, we assume that a country"s TBT measures can only impose restrictions on certain imports, but not all. In the figure, OP, OQ, S, D, respectively, the price of a commodity, quantity, the supply curve and demand curve. In the absence of TBT under certain restrictions, the country"s domestic market price is equal to the international market price OP1, the domestic demand for OQ1, domestic supply of OQ4, Q1Q4 dependence on imports, introduced after TBT restrictions on a portion of imports, imports from Q1Q4 reduced Q2Q3 , imports of domestic short supply, its domestic price will rise as the OP2, its domestic supply will be increased accordingly to OQ3.① consumption effect: TBT reduced the importing country"s consumer surplus.Before the introduction of TBT, the consumer surplus for the P1AE area, while the implementation of TBT, the consumer surplus for the P2BE the area, the consumer surplus reduces P1P2BA area.
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