求英文介绍的东京资料。

历史沿革

500多年前，东京还是一个人口稀少的小渔镇，当时叫作江户。1457年，一位名叫太田道灌的武将在这里构筑了江户城。此后，这里便成了日本关东地区的商业中心。1603年，日本建立了中央集权的德川幕府，来自日本各地的人集中到这里，江户城迅速发展成为全国的政治中心。据记载，19世纪初，江户的人口已超过百万。1868年，日本明治维新后，天皇由京都迁居至此，改江户为东京，这里成为日本国的首都。1943年，日本政府颁布法令，将东京市改为东京都，扩大了它的管辖范围。 东京是日本全国的政治中心。行政、立法、司法等国家机关都集中在这里。被人们称为“官厅街”的“霞关”一带聚集着国会议事堂、最高裁判所和外务省、通产省、文部省等内阁所属政府机关。过去的江户城，现在已成为天皇居住的宫城。东京也是日本的经济中心。日本的主要公司都集中在这里。它们大多分布在千代田区、中央区和港区等地。东京同它南面的横滨和东面的千叶地区共同构成了闻名日本的京滨叶工业区。主要工业有钢铁、造船、机器制造、化工、电子、皮革、电机、纤维、石油、出版印刷和精密仪器等。东京金融业和商业发达，对内对外商务活动频繁。素有“东京心脏”之称的银座，是当地最繁华的商业区。 东京还是日本的文化教育中心。各种文化机构密集，其中有全国百分之八十的出版社和规模大、设备先进的国立博物馆、西洋美术馆、国立图书馆等。坐落在东京的大学占日本全国大学总数的三分之一，在这些大学就读的学生则占全国大学生总数的一半以上。东京作为一个国际性的大都市，还经常举办各种国际文化交流活动，如东京音乐节和东京国际电影节等。

东京的历史可以追溯到四百多年前。当时称为“江户”，1603年德川家康在这里建立德川幕府后城市开始繁荣起来。作为日本政治和文化的中心，江户在十八世纪中叶开始成为一个拥有百万人口的大城市。这一时期，天皇一直居住在京都，京都是国家正式的首都。江户时代持续了将近260年，直到1868年明治维新，德川幕府统治瓦解，皇权复兴。天皇迁移到江户，将江户改名为东京，从此东京成为日本的首都。

在明治时期（1868-1912），日本开始热中于吸取西欧文明。封建领主的宅地里建起了大量由石头砖瓦结构的建筑物，主要城市的马路都由圆石所铺成。

1869年，日本在东京和横滨之间开通了第一条电信线路，

1872年第一辆蒸汽机车开始在新桥到横滨之间运行。西欧的发型取代了男人们传统的发髻，硬圆顶礼帽、高领和带有裙撑的裙子成为时尚高峰。

1882年，日本第一个动物园在上野开放。

1885年，政府采用了内阁制，伊藤博文成为日本第一任首相。随着1889年日本帝国宪法（明治宪法）的公布，日本建立起了一个现代民族国家的政治体系。

在大正时期（1912-1926），城市工作人口的数量增加了，城市居民的生活消费比重提高。并且，教育水平也得到改进，进入高等女子学校学习的女孩的数量增加了。表演性的艺术诸如戏剧和歌剧繁荣起来。

震后东京1923年9月，关东大地震使东京变成了废墟。由地震引起的大火把市中心夷为平地。据报道，死亡及行踪不明者超过14万人，30万栋房屋毁坏。地震之后规划了城市修复计划，但是由于工程花费超过了国家预算，只有一小部分得以实现。 关东大地震结束后不久，昭和时代在昏暗中拉开帷幕。即便如此，日本的第一条地铁于1927年在浅草和上野之间开通了。

1928年首次举行全民众议院议员选举。1931年羽田的东京机场竣工，1941年东京港开港。到了1935年，东京居住的人数增长到636万，与纽约和伦敦的人口相匹敌。 然而1941年爆发的太平洋战争对东京产生了巨大的影响。为了适应战争需要，东京原来所存在的双重的行政机构东京府和东京市被取消。1943年，府和市合并形成东京都。因此，建立了都行政系统，并任命行政长官。在二战末期，东京被轰炸102次，最严重的空袭是在1945年3月10日，空袭后的东京在这次空袭中，造成了生命和财产的巨大损失。1945年8月15日，日本接受了波茨坦公告中的条款，战争结束。经轰炸后东京的大部分成为废墟，到1945年10月，人口下降到349万，是1940年的一半。 1947年5月，日本的新宪法和地方自治法生效，通过公众投票安井诚一郎被选举为新体制下东京第一届都知事。同年8月开始了现在的23区制。 二十世纪五十年代是国家逐步恢复的一个时期。1953年开始放送电视，1956年日本加入联合国。尤其1950年朝鲜战争的爆发，特需景气使经济得以迅速繁荣起来。从而导致日本在二十世纪六十年代进入经济高速增长的时期。由于进行技术革新和引入新工业新技术，这一时期，人工合成纤维和电视机、电冰箱、洗衣机等家用电器开始进入大量生产时期，致使东京居民的日常生活发生了巨大的转变。1962年东京人口突破1000万。1964年，奥林匹克运动会在东京举行，新干线（高速列车）开始运行，首都高速公路开通，为东京今天的繁荣打下了基础。 进入二十世纪七十年代，高速经济增长的负面影响开始日益明显，国家开始被空气、水污染、高度的噪音污染等环境问题所困扰。1973年的石油危机使多年快速的经济成长开始出现停滞。 到了二十世纪八十年代，由于国际经济活动的增加以及信息社会的出现，东京在经济发展上迈上了一个新台阶。东京成为世界上屈指可数的大都市之一，并且还有很多引人自豪的魅力，如最尖端的技术、信息、文化和时装以及高度的公共安全。但是，这些快速的发展导致了一系列的城市问题，如环境水平下降、交通拥挤和救灾物资准备不足。1986年以后，土地和股票价格开始呈螺旋式的上升，这就是众所周知的“泡沫经济”现象。 日本在泡沫经济下得到了巨大的发展，但是随着二十世纪九十年代初泡沫的破裂，长期的经济萎靡产生税收衰减，导致了都政府的财政危机。步入二十一世纪，现在东京处于一个历史的转折点。通过落实多方面的开拓政策，东京正在努力战胜自身所面临的危机，力争把东京建设成理想的极具吸引力的都市。

英文：History

More than 500 years ago, Tokyo小渔is a sparsely populated town, then called Edo. In 1457, a named Ota Dokan"s generals built in Edo City. Since then, this has become the Kanto region, business center. 1603, Japan established a centralized Tokugawa Shogunate, from all over Japan are concentrated here, the rapid development of Edo Castle becoming the country"s political center. According to records, the early 19th century, Edo"s population has more than one million. In 1868, Japan after the Meiji Restoration, the emperor moved from Kyoto to this, Edo to Tokyo, where to become the capital of Japan. In 1943, the Japanese government issued a decree will be replaced by the city of Tokyo, Tokyo, and expand the scope of its jurisdiction. Tokyo, Japan, the country"s political center. The executive, legislative, judicial and other state organs are concentrated here. Been referred to as the "Guanting Street" and "Xia Guan" gathered around the National Assembly, the Supreme Court and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Industry provinces, the Ministry of Education and other government agencies own cabinet. Edo past City, now has become a living Emperor Miyagi. Tokyo is Japan"s economic center. Japan"s major companies are concentrated here. They are mostly located in Chiyoda-ku, the central area and Hong Kong and other places. Tokyo, Yokohama and its southern Chiba and eastern regions together constitute a well-known leaf Japanese Keihin Industrial Zone. Major industries include iron and steel, shipbuilding, machine building, chemical industry, electronics, leather, electronics, fibers, petroleum, printing and publishing and other precision instruments. Tokyo financial industry and the commercial development of frequent internal and external business activities. Known as "the heart of Tokyo" Ginza is known, is the most popular shopping areas. Tokyo is Japan"s cultural and educational center. Intensive cultural institutions, of which 80 percent of the national publishers and large-scale, advanced equipment, the National Museum of Western Art, the National Library and so on. Located in the University of Tokyo University, Japan accounted for one-third of the total number of these university students nationwide accounted for more than half of the total number of university students. Tokyo as an international metropolis, but also often held a variety of international cultural exchange activities, such as the Tokyo Music Festival and the Tokyo International Film Festival.

Tokyo"s history can be traced back more than 400 years ago. At that time, known as "Edo", in 1603 the establishment of Tokugawa Ieyasu Tokugawa Shogunate here after the city began to flourish. As Japan"s political and cultural center of Edo in the mid-eighteenth century has become a city of millions of people. This period, the Emperor has been living in Kyoto, Kyoto, the capital of the state official. Period lasted for nearly 260 years until the Meiji Restoration in 1868, the collapse of the Tokugawa shogunate rule, imperial renaissance. Emperor moved to Edo, the Edo was renamed Tokyo, from Tokyo to become the capital of Japan.

In the Meiji period (1868-1912), Japan keen to learn from the beginning of civilization in Western Europe. Feudal lords in the house and built a brick structure of a large number of stone buildings, major cities by road paved by the boulder.

In 1869, Japan opened between Tokyo and Yokohama, the first telecommunications lines,

The first steam locomotive in 1872 started a new bridge to run between Yokohama. Western Europe replaced hair men hair traditional, hard-dome hat, high collar and a skirt up the skirt as a fashion peak.

In 1882, Japan"s first open zoo in Ueno.

In 1885, the Government adopted a cabinet system, Ito Hirobumi became Japan"s first prime minister. With the 1889 Constitution of the Empire of Japan (Meiji Constitution) the announcement of the establishment of a modern Japanese nation-state political system.

In the Taisho period (1912-1926), the number of urban working population increased, the proportion of urban residents to increase consumption of life. In addition, the level of education has also been improved, women entered the high school the number of girls increased. Performing arts such as theater and opera flourished.

Tokyo after the earthquake in September 1923, the Great Kanto earthquake in Tokyo turned into ruins. Fires caused by the earthquake razed the city center. According to reports, missing persons died and more than 140,000 people, 300,000 houses were damaged. Earthquake restoration program planned for the city, but the cost of the project has exceeded the national budget, only a small portion can be achieved. Kanto earthquake shortly after the Showa era kicked off in the gloom. Even so, Japan"s first subway in 1927 in Asakusa and Ueno opened between.

The first time in 1928 the House of Representatives elections held in all the people. 1931 Tokyo Haneda airport, Tokyo, Hong Kong opened in 1941 in Hong Kong. By 1935, the number of people living in Tokyo rose to 6,360,000, with the population of New York and London match. However in 1941 the outbreak of the Pacific War, Tokyo had a dramatic impact. In order to adapt to the needs of the war, Tokyo was the existence of a dual government administrative agencies and the city of Tokyo, Tokyo was canceled. In 1943, merged to form the city government and Tokyo. Therefore, the establishment of all administrative systems, and the appointment of the Chief Executive. At the end of World War II, Tokyo was bombed 102 times, the most serious air raid in March 10, 1945, after the Tokyo air raid in the raid, the lives and property caused a great loss. August 15, 1945, Japan accepted the terms of the Potsdam Proclamation, the end of the war. After the bombing of Tokyo by the most in ruins, and in October 1945, the population dropped to 3.49 million, is half of 1940. May 1947, Japan"s new entry into force of the Constitution and the Local Autonomy Law, through a public vote Seiichiro Yasui was elected as the new system, the first Governor of Tokyo. The beginning of August the same year the current system of 23 zones. Fifty years on behalf of the twentieth century is the gradual recovery of the country for a period of time. Start running television in 1953, Japan joined the United Nations in 1956. In particular, the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950, the special economic prosperity of the economy up quickly. Resulting in the sixties of the twentieth century, Japan entered into the stage of a period of rapid economic growth. As a result of technological innovation and the introduction of a new industry of new technologies, this period, the artificial synthetic fibers and TV sets, refrigerators, washing machines and other household appliances during the mass production started, resulting in the daily lives of residents in Tokyo, has undergone tremendous changes. Tokyo in 1962 exceeded 10 million population. In 1964, the Olympic Games held in Tokyo, the Shinkansen (high-speed train) is running, the capital of the highway opened for Tokyo today to lay the foundation for prosperity. The seventies into the twentieth century, high-speed economic growth in the beginning of the negative impact is increasingly clear, the state began to be air, water pollution, noise pollution, such as a high degree of environmental problems. 1973 oil crisis years of rapid economic growth began to stagnate. To the eighties of the twentieth century, due to the increase in international economic activities as well as the emergence of the Information Society, Tokyo, in terms of economic development onto a new level. Tokyo as the world"s one of a handful of cities, and there are a lot of pride in the charm of attraction, such as cutting-edge technology, information, culture and fashion as well as the high degree of public safety. However, the rapid growth of cities led to a series of issues, such as a reduction in the level environment, traffic congestion and shortage of relief supplies ready. After 1986, land and stock prices began to rise was spiral, which is known as the "bubble economy" phenomenon. Japan"s bubble economy has been under huge development, but the early nineties the twentieth century with the bursting of the bubble, a sluggish economy have a long-term revenue decline resulted in all the Government"s financial crisis. Into the twenty-first century, now in Tokyo at a historic turning point. Through the implementation of a wide range of development policy, Tokyo is working to overcome the crisis faced by themselves, and strive to Tokyo into an ideal city attractive.