alleviation什么意思

Poverty alleviation

poverty relief

Is this the supermarket for the poor?

应该是方式状语

poverty alleviation economic development zone

语法没问题

目前湿地管理性定义，最权威、最具代表性的是《湿地公约》中的定义。《湿地公约》将湿地定义为：“湿地是指天然或人工的、永久性或暂时性的沼泽地、泥炭地和水域，蓄有静止或流动的淡水、半咸水或咸水，包括低潮时水深不超过6m的海水区”。按照这个定义，湿地包括沼泽、泥炭地、湿草甸、湖泊、河流、滞蓄洪区、河口三角洲、滩涂、水库、池塘、水稻田以及低潮时水深浅于6m的海域地带等。《湿地公约》在1982年对湿地定义又进行了增补，湿地还包括临近湿地的河滨和海岸地区，包括岛屿或湿地范围内低潮超过6m的海域。我国是世界上湿地资源最丰富的国家之一，居亚洲第一位，世界第四位，仅次于俄罗斯、加拿大和美国。我国是世界上湿地类型最丰富的国家之一。《湿地公约》所列湿地名录中的26类自然湿地和9类人工湿地类型在中国均有分布，主要包括沼泽、湖泊湿地、河流湿地、河口湿地、海岸滩涂、浅海水域、水库、池塘、稻田等各种自然和人工湿地，而青藏高原的陆极湿地又具有世界特色。

　　难民是指由于天灾或人祸而生活无着落、流离失所、需要离开原居地的人。那么你知道难民用英语怎么说吗?下面来学习一下吧。 　　难民的英语说法1： 　　refugee 　　难民的英语说法2： 　　displaced person 　　难民的相关 短语 ： 　　难民公约 Refugee Convention 　　难民政策 refugee policy 　　难民身分 refugee status 　　非难民 non-refugee 　　政治难民 Political Refugee 　　收容难民 admission of refugees 　　难民的英语例句： 　　1. It was not the policy of the government to repatriate genuine refugees. 　　遣返真正的难民回国并非政府的政策。 　　2. She became involved in social and relief work among the refugees. 　　她参加了帮助难民的社会救济工作。 　　3. The area where most refugees are waiting is exposed to the elements. 　　大多数难民等待救济的地方都不能挡风遮雨。 　　4. Fewer than 7% of asylum seekers are accepted as political refugees. 　　寻求避难者中有不到7%的人被视作政治难民。 　　5. Thousands of refugees are packed into over-crowded towns and villages. 　　成千上万的难民涌入拥挤不堪的城镇和村庄。 　　6. Most of the refugees are camped high in the mountains. 　　多数难民在高山上露宿。 　　7. Many of the refugee villages are in isolated areas. 　　很多难民村落都在偏远地区。 　　8. Two new camps were readied for the absorption of refugees. 　　为收容难民又备好了两个新营地。 　　9. The refugees were put in camps in Italy before being resettled. 　　这些难民在重新定居之前被安置在意大利的难民营中。 　　10. Later Mr Moi raised the vexed question of refugees. 　　后来莫伊先生提出了那个让人头疼的难民问题。 　　11. The building housed 1,500 refugees and it burned for hours. 　　这幢住有1,500名难民的大楼燃烧了好几个小时。 　　12. Their energies were focussed on the alleviation of the refugees" misery. 　　他们把精力集中在减轻难民们的苦难上。 　　13. A trickle of refugees began to flee the country. 　　难民开始三五成群地陆续逃离该国。 　　14. Hungary"s opening of the border was a turning point for the refugees. 　　匈牙利开放边境对难民来说是个转机。 　　15. He lauded the work of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees. 　　他高度赞扬了联合国难民事务高级专员的工作。

2014：1 Ma Q, Li XY, Yuan HJ, Hu J, Wei L, Bao AK, Zhang JL(张金林), Wang SM (2014) ZxSOS1 is essential for long-distance transport and spatial distribution of Na and K in the xerophyteZygophyllum xanthoxylum. Plant and Soil 374: 661-676 (SCI IF2012=2.638)2 Bao AK, Wang YW, Xi JJ, Liu C, Zhang JL(张金林), Wang SM (2014) Co-overexpression of xerophyte Zygophyllum xanthoxylum ZxNHX andZxVP1-1 enhances salt and drought tolerance in transgenic Lotus corniculatus by increasing cations accumulation. Functional Plant Biology 41: 203-214(SCI IF2012=2.471)2013：3 Zhang JL(张金林), Wang SM, Flowers TJ (2013) Differentiation of low-affinity Na uptake pathways and kinetics of the effects of K on Na uptake in the halophyte Suaeda maritima. Plant and Soil 368: 629-640 (SCI IF2012=2.638)4 Zhang JL(张金林), Shi HZ (2013) Physiological and molecular mechanisms of plant salt tolerance. Photosynthesis Research 115: 1-22 (SCI IF2012= 3.150)5 Gurmani AR, Bano A, Najeeb U, Zhang JL(张金林), Khan SU, Flowers TJ (2013) Exogenously applied silicate and abscisic acid ameliorates the growth of salinity stressed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings through Na exclusion. Australian Journal of Crop Science 7(8): 1123-1130 (SCI IF2011=1.632)6 李剑, 张金林(通讯作者), 王锁民 (2013) 小花碱茅PutHKT2;1基因全长cDNA的克隆与生物信息学分析. 草业学报 22(2): 140-1497 王雪芳, 王春梅, 张金林, 段丽婕, 王锁民 (2013) 小花碱茅组织培养植株再生体系的建立. 草业学报(已接受)2012：8 Guo Q, Wang P, Ma Q, Zhang JL(张金林), Bao AK, Wang SM (2012) Selective transport capacity for K over Na is linked to the expression levels of PtSOS1 in halophyte Puccinellia tenuiflora. Functional Plant Biology 39: 1047-1057(SCI IF2012=2.471)9 Ma Q, Yue LJ, Zhang JL(张金林), Wu GQ, Bao AK, Wang SM (2012) Sodium chloride improves photosynthesis and water status in the succulent xerophyte Zygophyllum xanthoxylum. Tree Physiology 32(1): 4-13 (SCI IF2012=2.853)10 Yue LJ, Li SX, Ma Q, Zhou XR, Wu GQ, Bao AK, Zhang JL(张金林), Wang S.M. (2012) NaCl stimulates growth and alleviates water stress in the xerophyte Zygophyllum xanthoxylum. Journal of Arid Environments 87: 153-160 (SCI IF2012= 1.772)11 吴永娜, 胡静, 王引权, 李剑, 张金林(通讯作者) (2012) 当归Actin基因片段的克隆及序列分析. 中草药 43(12): 2485-248912 李剑，张金林(通讯作者) (2012) 拒盐型牧草小花碱茅PutHKT2;1基因表达模式分析. 草业科学 29(9): 1379-138313 于建龙, 张金林, 徐建华, 徐生智, 王锁民 (2012) 钠复合肥提高移栽梭梭抗旱性. 兰州大学学报(自然科学版) 48(5): 79-8414 赵常玉, 李剑, 张金林, 王锁民 (2012) HKT与植物耐盐性研究进展. 草业科学 29(10): 1604-161215 王引权, 赵勇, 安培坤, 张金林, 王艳 (2012) 不同含水量当归种子贮藏过程中生理生化特性研究. 中国中药杂志 37(2): 181-18516 王引权, 王艳, 陈红刚, 张金林, 樊秦, 夏琦, 陈健, 安培坤 (2012) 海拔梯度对药用植物品质形成影响的研究进展. 中国现代中药 14(5): 41-4417 安培坤, 王引权, 窦丽丽, 张金林, 康生福 (2012) 岷山红三叶茎叶水浸液对3种植物种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响. 草业科学 29(6): 960-96318 方永丰, 李永生, 白江平, 慕平, 孟亚雄, 张金林, 王汉宁, 尚勋武 (2012) 玉米持绿相关QTL整合图谱构建及一致性QTL区域内候选基因发掘. 草业学报 21(4): 175-1852011：19 Gurmani AR, Bano A, Khan SU, Din J,Zhang JL(张金林, 通讯作者) (2011) Alleviation of salt stress by seed treatment with abscisic acid (ABA), 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and chlormequat chloride (CCC) optimizes ion and organic matter accumulation and increases yield of rice (Oryza sativaL.). Australian Journal of Crop Science 5(10):1278-1285 (SCI IF2011=1.632)20 Zhang JL(张金林), Wetson AM, Wang SM, Gurmani AR, Bao AK, Wang CM (2011) Factors associated with determination of root Na influx in the salt accumulation halophyte Suaeda maritima. Biological Trace Element Research 139(1): 108-117(SCI IF2012=1.307)21 Wu GQ, Xi JJ, Wang Q, Bao AK, Ma Q, Zhang JL(张金林), Wang SM (2011) The ZxNHX gene encoding vacuolar Na/H antiporter in the xerophyte Zygophyllum xanthoxylum plays important roles in response to salt and drought. Journal of Plant Physiology 168: 758–767 (SCI IF2012=2.699)22 Paré PW, Zhang HM, Aziz M, Xie XT, Kim MS, Shen X, Zhang JL(张金林) (2011) Beneficial rhizobacteria induce plant growth: mapping signaling networks in Arabidopsis. Biocommunication in Soil Microorganisms, Soil Biology 23(2): 403-41223 吴永娜, 李剑, 许瑞, 王引权, 张延红, 王惠珍, 张金林(通讯作者) (2011) 党参肌动蛋白基因片段的克隆及序列分析. 中草药 42(12): 2518-252224 李剑, 赵常玉, 吴永娜, 马清, 郭强, 王锁民, 张金林(通讯作者) (2011) 小花碱茅HKT1;4(HKT7)基因片段的克隆与序列分析. 草业科学 28(6): 969-97325 徐建华, 于健龙, 伍国强, 王锁民, 张金林(通讯作者) (2011) 钠复合肥增强荒漠植物梭梭抗旱性的研究. 草业科学 28(6): 1025-102926 赵丽君，王雪芳，张金林，王锁民 (2011) 植物组织培养及其在草类植物中的研究和应用. 草业科学 28(6): 1140-11482010：27 Zhang JL(张金林), Flowers TJ, Wang SM (2010) Mechanisms of sodium uptake by roots of higher plant. Plant and Soil, 326(1): 45-60(SCI IF2012=2.638)28 李剑, 赵常玉, 张富生, 王锁民, 包爱科, 张金林(通讯作者) (2010) LEA蛋白与植物抗逆性. 植物生理学通讯 46(11): 1101-110829 孟亚雄, 张金文, 张金林, 仲军, 王化俊 (2010) 棉纤维特异启动子LTP12 驱动的基因phaB、phaC双价载体构建及其原核表达研究. 草业学报 19(3): 170-17630 蔡建一, 马清, 周向睿, 张金林, 王锁民 (2010) Na在霸王适应渗透胁迫中的生理作用. 草业学报 20(1): 89-9531 郭强, 周向睿, 王沛, 张金林, 包爱科, 伍国强, 王锁民 (2010) 盐生植物小花碱茅K通道PtAKT1基因片段的克隆及序列分析. 草地学报 18(5): 683-6882009：32 Zhang JL(张金林), Ma JF, Cao ZY (2009) Screening of cold-resistant seedlings of a Chinese wild grape (Vitis piasezkii Maxim Var. pagnucii) native to loess plateau of eastern Gansu province,China, as rootstocks. Scientia Horticulturae, 122: 125-128(SCI IF2012=1.396)33 Wang CM, Zhang JL(张金林), Liu XS, Li Z, Wu GQ, Cai JY, Flowers TJ, Wang SM (2009) Puccinellia tenuiflora retains a low Na level under salt stress by limiting unidirectional Na influx resulting in a high selectivity for K over Na. Plant Cell and Environment, 32, 486-496 (SCI IF2012=5.135)34 Bao AK, Wang SM, Wu GQ, Xi JJ, Zhang JL(张金林), Wang CM (2009) Overexpression of the Arabidopsis H-PPase enhanced the salt and drought tolerance in transgenic alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Plant Science, 176: 232-240 (SCI IF2012=2.922)35 王生银, 张永超, 李莉, 张金林(通讯作者), 王春梅, 郭强, 包爱科 (2009) 拒盐型盐生植物小花碱茅(Puccinellia tenuiflora)肌动蛋白基因片段的克隆及序列分析. 基因组学与应用生物学 28(4): 673-6772008：36 张金林, 王锁民, 陈托兄, 徐震, 严学兵，陆妮 (2008) 烯效唑(S3307)对大麦Na、K选择性和游离脯氨酸分配的影响. 麦类作物学报 28(4): 655-66037 王春梅, 李湛, 伍国强, 张金林, 王锁民 (2008) 用核素示踪研究小麦根系Na外排速率的两种方法. 核农学报 22(3): 370-3732007：38 Wang SM, Zhang JL(张金林), Flowers TJ (2007) Low-affinity Na uptake in the halophyte Suaeda maritima. Plant Physiology, 145(2): 559-571 (SCI IF2012=6.555)39 张金林, 石明辉, 许瑞, 李唯, 王锁民 (2007) 提高春小麦幼胚离体培养中愈伤组织诱导及分化效率的研究. 中国农学通报 23(4): 49-5340 刘小莉, 张金林(通讯作者), 石明辉, 张永泽, 张洪荣 (2007) Fe对红地球葡萄试管苗生长发育的影响. 中外葡萄与葡萄酒 (4): 7-1041 王旺田, 马静芳, 张金林, 曹孜义 (2007) 一种新的葡萄叶面积测定方法. 果树学报 24( 5) : 709-71342 包爱科, 王强龙, 张金林, 王锁民 (2007) 紫花苜蓿基因工程研究进展. 分子植物育种 5(6): 160-16843 谭雪莲, 张绪成, 郭天文, 夏芳琴, 张金林 (2007) 氮素对小麦幼苗叶片气体交换和能量转化特性的调控. 核农学报 21(4): 305-31044 郝燕, 王发林, 杨瑞, 张雅丽, 李红旭, 卢江, 张金林 (2007) 几种葡萄砧木生长特性及与“矢富罗莎”绿枝嫁接试验初报. 中外葡萄与葡萄酒 (6): 20-232006：45 Zhang JL(张金林), Xu R, Wang SM, Cao ZY, Ren JZ (2006) Factors affecting in vitro propagation of a Chinese wild grape (Vitis piasezkii Maxim. Var.pagnucii (Planch.) Rehd.): shoot production and rhizogenesis.New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 34(3): 217-223 (SCI IF2012=0.481)46 张金林, 王锁民, 陈托兄 (2006) 6-苄氨基嘌呤(BA)和脱落酸(ABA)对大麦Na、K选择性和游离脯氨酸分配的调节. 草业学报 15 (5): 63-6947 张金林, 陈托兄, 严学兵, 陆妮, 王锁民 (2006) 烯效唑(S3307)对湖南稷子整株水平Na、K选择性和游离脯氨酸分配的影响. 草业学报 15(2): 42-4748 王月梅, 张金林(通讯作者), 司宗信 (2006) 甘肃省发展农村能源生态模式效应及应用实例. 草业科学 23(6): 78-8149 王月梅, 张金林(通讯作者), 司宗信 (2006) 甘肃省草地资源退化原因及草地生态系统恢复途径. 中国农学通报 22(8): 495-49850 陈托兄, 张金林, 陆妮, 王锁民 (2006) 不同类型抗盐植物整株水平上游离脯氨酸的分配. 草业学报 15(1): 36-4151 包爱科, 张金林, 郭正刚, 王锁民 (2006) 液泡膜H-PPase与植物耐盐性. 植物生理学通讯 42(4): 777-78352 王强龙，王锁民，张金林，陈托兄，楼洁琼，陆妮 (2006) 紫花苜蓿高频再生体系的建立. 草业科学 23(11): 21-2753 王强龙，王锁民， 张金林，包爱科，陈托兄，楼洁琼，陆妮 (2006) 根癌农杆菌介导AtNHX1基因转化紫花苜蓿的研究. 草业科学 23(12): 55-5954 李文彬, 曹孜义, 王雅梅, 周万海, 张金林 (2006) 葡萄试管简易嫁接技术. 中外葡萄与葡萄酒 (5): 10-122002-2005：55 张金林, 王锁民, 许瑞, 曹孜义 (2005) 植物微嫁接技术的研究及应用. 植物生理学通讯 41(2): 247-25256 张金林, 陈托兄, 王锁民 (2004) 阿拉善荒漠区几种抗旱植物游离氨基酸和游离脯氨酸分布特征. 中国沙漠 24(4): 493-49957 王锁民, 陈托兄, 张金林 (2004) 6-苄氨基嘌呤(BA)和脱落酸(ABA)对湖南稷子Na、K选择性和游离脯氨酸分配的调节. 西北植物学报 24(4): 588-59558 张金林 (2003) 砧木技术在中西部地区葡萄产业发展中的应用. 甘肃科技纵横 32(4): 55-5659 张金林, 曹孜义 (2002) 葡萄砧木生根及成苗特性研究. 中外葡萄与葡萄酒 (6): 15-1860 曹孜义, 李 胜, 张金林, 陈子宣 (2002) 一次硕士研究生植物生理大实验结果分析.中国当代教育杂志 22: 63-6461 陈建军, 张金林, 曹孜义 (2001) 葡萄病毒和类病毒的研究进展. 甘肃农业大学学报 (增刊): 30-34。

2021 年6月第1套：城市化 作文题目： Directions: u2003u2003For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay based on the graph below. You should start your essay with a brief description of the graph and comment on China"s achievements in urbanization. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.参考范文： u2003u2003The chart above displays the progress of urbanization in China over the last four decades. We can see that, in less than 40 years, the number of people in China who lived in cities had more than tripled. From 1980 to 2010, the share of urban population had grown from 19.39% to 49.96%, which was a record high worldwide. u2003u2003As far as I am concerned, China"s extraordinary urbanization has gone hand-in-hand with its economic boom. Since its reform and opening-up in 1978, China"s economy has taken off. During the past four decades, China underwent vast changes to its economic system and abundant opportunities emerged in the coastal area. As a result, people living in the rural areas came to big cities in the costal area to pursuit a better life, which speeded up the progress of urbanization. u2003u2003Urbanization, in return, contributes to the development of China"s fast-growing economy. Take, for example, the basic infrastructures in big cities. The government has invested a lot of money in buildings and facilities, which enables people to live and work in high-density in tall buildings, which greatly improvs efficiency and productivity. u2003u2003In conclusion, the urbanization in China not only enables people to enjoy a better living condition, but also lays foundations for sustainable economic growth. It is a great achievement and has far-reaching benefits. 参考译文： u2003u2003上图展示了中国近四十年的城市化进程。我们可以看到，在不到40年的时间里，中国居住在城市的人数增加了两倍多。从1980年到2010年，城市人口的比例从19.39%增长到49.96%，创世界新高。 u2003u2003在我看来，中国非凡的城市化与经济繁荣是同步的。自1978年改革开放以来，中国经济开始腾飞。在过去的40年里，中国的经济体制发生了巨大的变化，沿海地区出现了大量的机遇。因此，生活在农村地区的人们来到大城市在沿海地区追求更好的生活，这加快了城市化的进程。 u2003u2003反过来，城市化有助于中国快速增长的经济的发展。以大城市的基础设施为例。政府在建筑和设施上投入了大量的资金，使得人们可以在高密度的高层建筑中生活和工作，大大提高了效率和生产力。 u2003u2003总之，中国的城市化不仅使人们享有更好的生活条件，也为可持续的经济增长奠定了基础。这是一项伟大的成就，具有深远的意义。 2021 年6月第2套：脱贫 作文题目： Directions: u2003u2003For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay based on the graph below. You should start your essay with a brief description of the graph and comment on China"s achievements in urbanization. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.参考范文： u2003u2003We can see clearly from this chart that the rural population in poverty in China has decreased sharply from the year of 2012 to 2020, from around 95 million, consisting of 12 percent population of the whole country in 2012, to almost none. Such achievements in poverty alleviation are marvelous and must have gone beyond the imagination of many. u2003u2003The cold hard data depicted on the graph might be a little abstract, but the real changes happening in the life of the Chinese people over the past decade are much more eloquent. For example, in the past, people were very much concerned about whether they have enough food to eat most of the time, but now they are more interested in whether the food they eat is healthy enough. What"s more, in the last decade, an increasing number of students have had the chance to go to college, which was impossible for them to do in the past. u2003u2003I"d like to express my heartfelt thanks to the central government of China and the whole people of the nation. Had it not been their joint efforts in the past decade, China could never have achieved such a success in poverty elimination. 参考译文： u2003u2003从这张图中我们可以清楚地看到，从2012年到2020年，中国农村贫困人口从约9500万(占全国总人口的12%)急剧下降到几乎为零。这样的扶贫成就是了不起的，肯定超出了许多人的想象。 u2003u2003图表中描绘的冷冰冰的数据可能有点抽象，但过去十年中国人民生活中发生的真实变化更有说服力。例如，在过去，人们非常关心他们是否有足够的食物吃，但现在他们更感兴趣的是他们吃的食物是否足够健康。更重要的是，在过去的十年中，越来越多的学生有机会上大学，这在过去是不可能的。 u2003u2003在此，我谨向中国中央政府和全国人民表示衷心的感谢!10年来，没有他们的共同努力，中国在消除贫困方面不可能取得这样的成就。 2021 年6月第3套：高等教育 作文题目： Directions: u2003u2003For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay based on the graph below. You should start your essay with a brief description of the graph and comment on China"s achievements in urbanization. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.参考范文： u2003u2003The bar chart issued by Ministry of Education contains the gross enrolment ratio in higher education in China from 3.4% in the year of 1990 to 51.6% in 2019. Obviously, what it endeavors / tries to convey is that this era has witnessed an enormous increase in China"s higher education development. u2003u2003Firstly, the government has provided a series of beneficial policies and financial investment in ensuring citizens the opportunity of receiving higher education. Students, even poor ones in rural counties will be encouraged to attend universities after middle school. Interest-free loans are provided to students who cannot afford the fees. Secondly, the growing per capita GDP has shifted parents" opinion from earning money as soon as their children grow up to equipping them with more specialized knowledge for long-term development. Last but not least, due to the research achievements and the improvement of education level, China"s institutions of higher education are now highly admitted. We can find from the QS World University Ranking list that Qinghua University and Beijing University have peaked in this year. u2003u2003In a nutshell, China has witnessed a great progress in its higher education, which enables more citizens to achieve a higher degree and provides more specialized knowledge in pursuing a fulfilling life. 参考译文： u2003u2003该柱状图由教育部发布，包含了中国高等教育毛入学率从1990年的3.4%到2019年的51.6%。显然，它试图传达的是，这个时代见证了中国高等教育的飞速发展。 u2003u2003首先，政府提供了一系列的优惠政策和财政投资，以确保公民接受高等教育的机会。政府将鼓励学生，即使是农村贫困地区的学生，在中学毕业后上大学。无息贷款提供给那些负担不起学费的学生。其次，人均GDP的增长使得父母的观念从孩子长大后就挣钱转变为为孩子的长远发展准备更专业的知识。最后但并非最不重要的是，由于研究成果和教育水平的提高，中国的高等教育机构现在被高度承认。我们可以从QS世界大学排名中发现，清华大学和北京大学在今年达到了顶峰。 u2003u2003简而言之，中国的高等教育取得了巨大的进步，使更多的公民获得更高的学位，提供更专业的知识，以追求充实的生活。 感谢观看，记得点赞收藏哦~~ 点赞的都能过！！！

PAPPoverty Alleviation Project

Poverty alleviation。或alleviation of poverty。

mercy啊Compassionate treatment, especially of those under one"s power; clemency.慈悲，仁慈：仁慈的对待，尤指对处于自己权力控制下的人；仁慈2.A disposition to be kind and forgiving:同情，宽厚：温和与宽容的性情：a heart full of mercy.充满包容的心3.Something for which to be thankful; a blessing:恩惠，幸运：应对之表示感谢的事物；恩惠：It was a mercy that no one was hurt.没有人受伤真是幸运4.Alleviation of distress; relief:痛苦的减轻；解脱：Distributing food among the

内容来自于B站up 主“我是瑞斯拜” 。这些仅是我个人的学习笔记。要看完整内容烦请移步B站。 老版：with the rapid development of ——(主题词 ), it"s of great necessity for —— to ——. 新版：In the contemporary world, ——(主题词) have / has become increasingly important. It"s of great necessity for —— to ——. 当今世界， 已经变得越来越重要。对于某类人来说，做某件事非常有必要。 sb. (students, freshman, citizens, parents, patients, senior people, residents, staff,) reasons and concerts evidence to support my point are follows. The followings are reasons and concerts evidence to support my point. As an old saying goes, ——. For ——(us college students / all of us), it has an increasingly important significance: ——(解释含义). The following reasons can account for this issue. ln the contemporary world, ——(主题词) have/has become increasingly important. When faced with decision of (A) or (B) , quite a few would deem that —— , but others, in contrast, believe that A/B is the premier choice and that is also my point. Among countless reasons which support my view, there are three conspicuous aspects as follow. 当面对A或B的决定时，相当多的人会认为，但另一些人，相反，认为 A/B是首要的选择，这也是我的观点。在无数支持我观点的理由中，有三个显著的方面如下。 As is starkly mirrored (reflected) in the image / chart(表格) that —— (一句话，描述图片) It is revealed that ——(图片内涵) The following reasons can account for this issue. (过渡句) In the first place, there is no doubt that—— Based on big data, most of —— (successful social elites) admitted that —— (they are spent 2/3 of time in doing sth.) Moreover, no one can deny that ——. (—— makes us weaker / stronger) Where there is / are ——, there is ——. Last but not least, I firmly believe that ——(观点3) 加分版： The + 比较级 + 动词，the + 比较级 + 动词 eg：the more friends you have, the happier you are. 简单版： Although······ In conclusion, ——. If we spare no effort to ——, the future of —— will be both hopeful and rosy. ln the contemporary world, the ability to meet challenges has become increasingly important. lt"s of great necessity for students to improve the ability to solve problems when facing difficulty. The following are reasons and concrete evidence to support my view point. In the first place,there is no doubt that we can" t divorce from reality that challenge is everywhere(we can " t avoid challenges). Based on big data，most successful social elites admitted that they"ve spent 2/3 of their time in facing challenges . Moreover,no one can deny that challenges make us stronger. Where there are difficulties, there are opportunities . Last but not least, l firmly believe that without the ability to meet challenges, we can"t make any achievements. ( lf we don"t have the ability to meet challenges, we can"t do anything.) The more problems you solve, the smarter and capable you are . In conclusion, the ability to meet challenges and solve problems is essential for everyone. If we spare no effort to cultivate this ability, the future of our study and career will be both hopeful and rosy. As an old saying goes: What is worth doing, worth doing well. For us college students, it has an increasingly important significance: If you want to achieve something, you need a serious attitude. The following reasons can account for this issue. ln the first place,there is no doubt that we can"t divorce from the reality that attitude plays an important role in one"s success. Based on big data, most successful social elites admitted that they have a serious mindset towards everything. Moreover, no one can deny that a serious attitude makes us stronger. Where there is serious spirit, there are opportunities. Last but not least, l firmly believe that without a serious attitude, we can"t make any achievements.(If we don"t have the serious mindset, we can"t do anything.) The more serious you are, the more possibility you will succeed . ln conclusion, the serious attitude towards everything is essential for everyone. If we spare no effort to(不遗余力）cultivate this mindset, the future of our study and career will be both hopeful and rosy. As is starkly mirrored in the chart（表格) that Chinese rural population has been all lifted out of poverty. lt is revealed that China"s achievements in poverty alleviation are extraordinary.（图片内涵)The following reasons can account for this issue.(过渡句) ln the first place,there is no doubt that officials in the governments have played an important role in this process . Based on big data, most of the governors involved have admitted that they"ve spent2/3 of their time in the rural area. Moreover; no one can deny that the poverty alleviation policy is indeed beneficial. Where there are good policies, there are incentives. Last but not least, I firmly believe that the personal efforts of the rural residents can" t be ignored. The harder they work，the wealthier they are. In conclusion, the accomplishment of poverty alleviation in China is outstanding. lf we spare no efforts to implement the policy and maintain the work, the future of our country will be both hopeful and rosy.

天然湿地（一）海洋/海岸湿地A --- 永久性浅海水域：多数情况下低潮时水位低于6m，包括海湾和海峡。B --- 海草层：包括潮下藻类、海草、热带海草植物生长区。C --- 珊瑚礁：珊瑚礁及其邻近水域。D --- 岩石性海岸：包括近海岩石性岛屿、海边峭壁。E --- 沙滩、砾石与卵石滩：包括滨海沙洲、海岬以及沙岛；沙丘及丘间沼泽。F --- 河口水域：河口水域和河口三角洲水域。G --- 滩涂：潮间带泥滩、沙滩和海岸其他咸水沼泽。H --- 盐沼：包括滨海盐沼、盐化草甸。I --- 潮间带森林湿地：包括红树林沼泽和海岸淡水沼泽森林。J --- 咸水、碱水泻湖：有通道与海水相连的咸水、碱水泻湖。K --- 海岸淡水湖：包括淡水三角洲泻湖。ZK（a）-- 海滨岩溶洞穴水系：滨海岩洞穴。（二）内陆湿地L --- 永久性内陆三角洲：内陆河流三角洲。M --- 永久性的河流：包括河流及其支流、溪流、瀑布。N --- 时令河：季节性、间歇性、定期性的河流、溪流、瀑布。O --- 湖泊：面积大于8hm2永久性淡水湖，包括大的牛轭湖。P --- 时令湖：大于8hm2的季节性、间歇性的淡水湖；包括漫滩湖泊。Q --- 盐湖：永久性的咸水、半咸水、碱水湖及其浅滩。R --- 内陆盐沼：永久性的咸水、半咸水、碱水沼泽与泡沼。Sp --- 时令碱、咸水盐沼：季节性、间歇性的咸水、半咸水、碱性沼泽、泡沼。Ss --- 永久性的淡水草本沼泽、泡沼：草本沼泽及面积小于8hm2泡沼，无泥炭积累，大部分生长季节伴生浮水植物。Tp --- 泛滥地：季节性、间歇性洪泛地，湿草甸和面积小于8hm2泡沼。Ts --- 草本泥炭地：无林泥炭地、包括藓类泥炭地和草本泥炭地。U --- 高山湿地：包括高山草甸、融雪形成的暂时性水域。Va --- 苔原湿地：包括高山苔原、融雪形成的暂时性水域。Vt --- 灌丛湿地：灌丛沼泽、灌丛为主的淡水沼泽，无泥炭积累。W --- 淡水森林沼泽：包括淡水森林沼泽、季节泛滥森林沼泽、无泥炭积累的森林沼泽。Xf --- 森林泥炭地：泥炭森林沼泽。Xp --- 淡水泉及绿洲。Y --- 地热湿地：温泉。Zg --- 内陆岩溶洞穴水系：地下溶洞水系。注：“漫滩”是一个宽泛的术语指一种或多种湿地类型，可能包括R、Ss、Ts、W、Xf、Xp或其他湿地类型的范例。漫滩的一些范例为季节性淹没草地（包括天然湿草地）、灌丛林地、林地和森林。漫滩湿地在此作为一种具体的湿地类型。人工湿地1 --- 水产池塘：例如鱼、虾养殖池塘。2 --- 水塘：包括农用池塘、储水池塘，一般面积小于8hm2。3 --- 灌溉地：包括灌溉渠系和稻田。4 --- 农用泛洪湿地：季节性泛滥的农用地，包括集约管理或放牧的草地。5 --- 盐田:晒盐池、采盐场等。6 --- 蓄水区：水库、拦河坝、堤坝形成的一般大于8hm2得储水区。7 --- 采掘区：积水取土坑、采矿地。8 --- 废水处理场所：污水场、处理池、氧化池等。9 --- 运河、排水渠：输水渠系。Zk(c)-- 地下输水系统：人工管护的岩溶洞穴水系等。【湿地定义】 由于湿地和水域、陆地之间没有明显边界，加上不同学科对湿地的研究重点不同，造成湿地的定义一直存在分歧。 国际湿地公约采用广义的湿地定义，指不问其为天然或人工、常久或暂时性的沼泽地、湿原、泥炭地或水域地带，带有或静止或流动、或为淡水、半咸水或咸水水体，包括低潮时水深不超过六米的水域。这一定义包含狭义湿地的区域，有利于将狭义湿地及附近的水体、陆地形成一个整体，便于保护和管理。 湿地的研究活动则往往采用狭义定义。美国鱼类和野生生物保护机构于1979年在“美国的湿地深水栖息地的分类”一文中，重新给湿地作定义为：“陆地和水域的交汇处，水位接近或处于地表面，或有浅层积水，至少有一至几个以下特征： (1)至少周期性地以水生植物为植物优势种； (2)底层土主要是湿土； (3)在每年的生长季节，底层有时被水淹没。”定义还指湖泊与湿地以低水位时水深2米处为界，按照这个湿地定义，世界湿地可以分成二十多个类型，这个定义目前被许多国家的湿地研究者接受。 湿地的水文条件是湿地属性的决定性因素。水的来源（如降水，地下水，潮汐，河流，湖泊等），水深，水流方式，以及淹水的持续期和频率决定了湿地的多样性。水对湿地土壤的发育有深刻的影响。湿地土壤通常称为湿土或水成土（Hydric Soil）。编辑本段【湿地公约】 1971年2月2日，来自18个国家的代表在伊朗南部海滨小城拉姆萨尔签署了一个旨在保护和合理利用全球湿地的公约——《关于特别是作为水禽栖息地的国际重要湿地公约》（Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat ，简称《湿地公约》）。该公约于1975年12月21日正式生效，至2008年10月，有158 个缔约方。编辑本段【国际重要湿地的标准】 《湿地公约》第二条规定，每个缔约方必须把本国至少1块湿地纳入《国际重要湿地名录》，且被纳入的湿地必须符合标准。 标准1：如果一块湿地包含适当生物地理区内一个自然或近自然湿地类型的一处具代表性的、稀有的或独特的范例，就应被认为具有国际重要意义。 标准2：如果一块湿地支持着易危、濒危或极度濒危物种或者受威胁的生态群落，就应被认为具有国际重要意义。 标准3：如果一块湿地支持着对维护一个特定生物地理区生物多样性具有重要意义的植物和/动物种群，就应被认为具有国际重要意义。 标准4：如果一块湿地在生命周期的某一关键阶段支持动植物种或在不利条件下对其提供庇护场所，就应被认为具有国际重要意义。 标准5：如果一块湿地定期栖息有2万只或更多的水禽，就应被认为具有国际重要意义。 标准6：如果一块湿地定期栖息有一个水禽物种或亚种某一种群1%的个体，就应被认为具有国际重要意义。 标准7：如果一块湿地栖息着绝大部分本地鱼类亚种、种或科，其生命周期的各个阶段、种间和/或种群间的关系对湿地效益和/或价值具有代表性，并因此有助于全球生物多样性，就应被认为具有国际重要意义。 截至2008年，中国共有36块湿地加入《国际重要湿地名录》，可参看“中国国际重要湿地名录”编辑本段【历届世界湿地日主题】 为了提高人们保护湿地的意识，1996年3月《湿地公约》常务委员会第19次会议决定，从1997年起，将每年的2月2日定为“世界湿地日”。每年开展纪念活动，每年有一个主题。从1997年以来历年湿地日的主题如下： 1997年世界湿地日的主题：湿地是生命之源（Wetlands : a Source of Life） 1998年世界湿地日的主题：湿地之水，水之湿地（Water for Wetlands, Wetlands for Water） 1999年世界湿地日的主题：人与湿地，息息相关（People and Wetlands :the Vital Link） 2000年世界湿地日的主题：珍惜我们共同的国际重要湿地（Celebrating Our Wetlands of International Importance） 2001年世界湿地日的主题：湿地世界——有待探索的世界（Wetlands World-A World to Discover） 2002年世界湿地日的主题：湿地：水、生命和文化（Wetlands : Water,Life,and Culture） 2003年世界湿地日的主题：没有湿地-就没有水（No Wetlands - No Water） 2004年世界湿地日的主题：从高山到海洋，湿地在为人类服务(From the Mountains to the Sea,Wetlands at Work for Us) 2005年世界湿地日的主题：湿地生物多样性和文化多样性（Culture and Biological Diversities of Wetlands） 2006年世界湿地日的主题：湿地与减贫（Wetland as a Tool in Poverty Alleviation） 2007年世界湿地日的主题：湿地与鱼类（Wetlands and Fisheries） 2008年世界湿地日的主题：健康的湿地，健康的人类(Healthy Wetland, Healthy People)编辑本段【湿地概述】 湿地这一概念在狭义上一般被认为是陆地与水域之间的过渡地带；广义上则被定为地球上除海洋（水深6米以上）外的所有大面积水体。《国际湿地公约》对湿地的定义是广义定义。 按照广义定义湿地覆盖地球表面仅有6％，却为地球上20％的已知物种提供了生存环境，具有不可替代的生态功能，因此享有“地球之肾”的美誉。 中国湿地面积占世界湿地的10％，位居亚洲第一位，世界第四位。在中国境内，从寒温带到热带、从沿海到内陆、从平原到高原山区都有湿地分布，一个地区内常常有多种湿地类型，一种湿地类型又常常分布于多个地区。 中国1992年加入《湿地公约》，截至目前，列入国际重要湿地名录的湿地已达30处。其实中国独特的湿地何止30处，许多湿地因为养在深闺无人识，至今仍无人问津。 地球上有三大生态系统，即：森林、海洋、湿地。“湿地”，泛指暂时或长期覆盖水深不超过2米的低地、土壤充水较多的草甸、以及低潮时水深不过6米的沿海地区，包括各种咸水淡水沼泽地、湿草甸、湖泊、河流以及泛洪平原、河口三角洲、泥炭地、湖海滩涂、河边洼地或漫滩、湿草原等。按《国际湿地公约》定义，湿地系指不问其为天然或人工、常久或暂时之沼泽地、湿原、泥炭地或水域地带，带有静止或流动、或为淡水、半咸水或咸水水体者，包括低潮时水深不超过6米的水域。 湿地是地球上具有多种独特功能的生态系统，它不仅为人类提供大量食物、原料和水资源，而且在维持生态平衡、保持生物多样性和珍稀物种资源以及涵养水源、蓄洪防旱、降解污染调节气候、补充地下水、控制土壤侵蚀等方面均起到重要作用。 湿地是位于陆生生态系统和水生生态系统之间的过渡性地带，在土壤浸泡在水中的特定环境下，生长着很多湿地的特征植物。湿地广泛分布于世界各地，拥有众多野生动植物资源，是重要的生态系统。很多珍稀水禽的繁殖和迁徙离不开湿地，因此湿地被称为“鸟类的乐园”。湿地强大的的生态净化作用，因而又有“地球之肾”的美名。在人口爆炸和经济发展的双重压力下，20世纪中后期大量湿地被改造成农田，加上过度的资源开发和污染，湿地面积大幅度缩小，湿地物种受到严重破坏。 湿地是地球上有着多功能的、富有生物多样性的生态系统，是人类最重要的生存环境之一。 湿地的类型多种多样，通常分为自然和人工两大类。自然湿地包括沼泽地、泥炭地、湖泊、河流、海滩和盐沼等，人工湿地主要有水稻田、水库、池塘等。据资料统计，全世界共有自然湿地855.8万平方公里，占陆地面积的6.4%。

一般来说，托福写作会涉及到一些固定的主题，整理这些主题所涉及到的词汇和句型，就有重要的意义。下面，小编为大家整理“托福写作高频词汇分类汇总”，希望对大家有所帮助。1. 环保话题类 white pollute 白色污染 sustainable development 可持续发展 ecosystem 生态系统 environmental pollution 环境污染 over-fishing (overgrazing) 过度捕捞 (过度放牧) sand storm 沙尘暴 resource exhaustion 资源枯竭 water and soil conservation 水土保持 soil erosion 土壤流失 clear-cutting (deforestation) 滥砍滥伐 desertification 沙漠化 conserve natural resources 保护自然资源 shortage of fresh water 淡水短缺 disruption of ecological balance 生态失衡 natural preservation zone 自然保护区2. 教育话题类 the craze for graduate school 考研热 surf the internet 网上冲浪 cyberspace 网络空间 inter-disciplinary talent 复合型人才 assignment of graduates 毕业生分配 net friend 网友 examination-oriented education 应试教育 teach students according to their aptitude 因材施教 quality-oriented education 素质教育 compulsory education 义务教育 internet bar 网吧 adult (continuing) education 成人教育 distance education 远程教育 campus culture校园文化 two-way selection 双向选择 work-study program 勤工俭学 double degree 双学位 non-resident student 走读生 resident student 寄宿生 extracurricular activities 课外活动 self-taught examination 自学考试 become well-educated through self-study 自学成才 to reduce study load 学生减负 web-addiction 沉湎于上网3. 社会热点类 Project Hope 希望工程 information revolution 信息革命 jerry-built projects 豆腐渣工程 population explosion 人口爆炸 epidemic disease 传染病 dropout students 失学儿童 laid-off worker 下岗工人 reemployment project 再就业工程 clone technology 克隆技术 migrate laborer 民工 crack down on counterfeit goods / fake products 打假 devalue 贬值 expand domestic demand 扩大内需 state-owned enterprise 国有企业 deflation 通货紧缩 inflation通货膨胀 rechargeable card 冲值卡 Smooth Traffic Project 畅通工程 anti-fake label 防伪标志 poverty alleviation 扶贫 infrastructure construction 基础设施 vicious circle 恶性循环 gender discrimination 性别歧视 psychological quality心理素质 pattern of consumption 消费结构 consumers" association消费者协会 green food绿色食品 money worship 拜金主意 Olympic committee 奥委会 host city 举办城市 bid for Olympic 申办奥运会

目前湿地管理性定义，最权威、最具代表性的是《湿地公约》中的定义。《湿地公约》将湿地定义为：“湿地是指天然或人工的、永久性或暂时性的沼泽地、泥炭地和水域，蓄有静止或流动的淡水、半咸水或咸水，包括低潮时水深不超过6m的海水区”。按照这个定义，湿地包括沼泽、泥炭地、湿草甸、湖泊、河流、滞蓄洪区、河口三角洲、滩涂、水库、池塘、水稻田以及低潮时水深浅于6m的海域地带等。《湿地公约》在1982年对湿地定义又进行了增补，湿地还包括临近湿地的河滨和海岸地区，包括岛屿或湿地范围内低潮超过6m的海域。我国是世界上湿地资源最丰富的国家之一，居亚洲第一位，世界第四位，仅次于俄罗斯、加拿大和美国。我国是世界上湿地类型最丰富的国家之一。《湿地公约》所列湿地名录中的26类自然湿地和9类人工湿地类型在中国均有分布，主要包括沼泽、湖泊湿地、河流湿地、河口湿地、海岸滩涂、浅海水域、水库、池塘、稻田等各种自然和人工湿地，而青藏高原的陆极湿地又具有世界特色。

1．功能性: 益生菌中研究最多、功能性最多的一种益生菌，且对其的研究一直未间断过。2．知名度: 全球最知名的益生菌之一，40多个国家和地区有LGG产品。3．唯一性: 全球独家拥有LGG的销售和授权，许多其它益生菌则多家公司有售。4．经验性: 全球独家既生产益生菌菌种，又自己生产各种益生菌产品（始于1990年），丰富的生产、销售、市场和全球客户服务经验。5．风味影响性: LGG产乳酸，不会对产品风味带来不利影响，而双歧杆菌以产醋酸为主，会给产品风味带来一些负面影响。6．活菌数稳定性: LGG在产品保质期内活菌数保持稳定，比如酸奶在一个月内LGG活菌数基本不变化。而大部分其它益生菌种则衰减相当迅速。如：嗜酸乳杆菌在两周后，活菌数量就降为原来的25%（不同菌株有所不同）甚至更低，四周后活菌数降为原来的10%以下。双歧杆菌在3-7天后，活菌数可降为原来的10%以下，两周后活菌数就更低，一般在1%以下。7．活体进入人体肠道能力: LGG在耐胃酸和胆汁方面的性能非常突出，可以活体进入人体肠道。而其他大部分益生菌种在进入肠道前就已经因胃酸和胆汁作用而死亡。如：普通酸奶菌种保加利亚乳酸杆菌在pH3.0条件下，半小时后活菌数降为原来的5%左右，1小时后活菌数降为原来的0.5%左右。对双歧杆菌而言，30℃，pH4.0对双歧杆菌的存活有较大影响，2小时后活菌数可降低70%-90%以上，pH2.0时则衰减更快。嗜酸乳杆菌的情况接近双歧杆菌。8．人体内定殖（存活）能力: LGG可以定殖在人体内长达两周之久，能有效改善调整人体胃肠道菌群群落，对人体健康非常有益。所以能否定殖于人体对于一个益生菌的生理功能将有很大的影响。其他大部分益生菌种均不能定殖于人体。9、LGG 获得中国卫生部首个新资源食品的正式批准，LGG 可以安全地用于国内食品中去。10、三代益生菌比较：第一代 第二代 第三代产品 酸奶等 AB益菌奶、酸奶等 LGG产品菌种 普通菌种，如嗜热链球菌、保加利亚乳杆菌等 嗜酸乳杆菌双歧杆菌等 LGG划分依据 uf06c 技术特性：产乳酸、香味物质等uf06c 无临床方面的研究 uf06c 可能对胃肠道功能有所改善uf06c 在已有的研究中或已发表的文章中，并没有针对某一种特定的菌株进行uf06c 目前在乳制品中的应用较广泛 uf06c 临床实验证实具有改善胃肠道功能的作用uf06c 所有的研究都是针对LGG这一特定的菌株uf06c 大量有关LGG功能性的科技文献uf06c 维利奥公司拥有LGG的全球唯一授权LGG益生菌LGG：预防抗生素使用引起的腹泻；治疗和预防轮状病毒引起的腹泻；治疗艰难梭状病菌腹泻；预防急性腹泻；缓解克罗恩病(Crohns disease)；抗龋齿。Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) Lowering faecal enzyme activities, reduction of Siitonen et al. (1990), Goldin et al. (1992), Kailaantibiotic-associated diarrhoea in children, et al. (1992), Hosoda et al. (1994), Isolauri et al.treatment and prevention of rotavirus and acute (1991, 1994), Majamaa et al. (1995), Raza et al.diarrhoea in children, treatment of relapsing (1995), Sepp et al. (1995), Bennett et al. (1996),Clostridium difficile diarrhoea, immune response Malin et al. (1996), Hilton et al. (1997),modulation, alleviation of atopic dermatitis Majamaa and Isolauri (1997), Shornikova et al.symptoms in children (1997c), Alander et al. (1997, 1999),Kankaanpa¨a¨ et al. (1998), Pelto et al. (1998),Rautanen et al. (1998), Arvola et al. (1999)

1997年：湿地是生命之源（Wetlands : a Source of Life）1998年：湿地之水，水之湿地（Water for Wetlands, Wetlands for Water）1999年：人与湿地，息息相关（People and Wetlands :the Vital Link）2000年：珍惜我们共同的国际重要湿地（Celebrating Our Wetlands of International Importance）2001年：湿地世界——有待探索的世界（Wetlands World-A World to Discover）2002年：湿地：水、生命和文化（Wetlands : Water,Life,and Culture）2003年：没有湿地-就没有水（No Wetlands - No Water）2004年：从高山到海洋，湿地在为人类服务(From the Mountains to the Sea,Wetlands at Work for Us)2005年：湿地生物多样性和文化多样性（Culture and Biological Diversities of Wetlands）2006年：湿地与减贫（Wetland as a Tool in Poverty Alleviation）2007年：湿地与鱼类（Wetlands and Fisheries）2008年：健康的湿地，健康的人类 (Healthy Wetland, Healthy People)2009年：从上游到下游，湿地连着你和我 (Upstream-Downstream: Wetlands connect us all )2010年：湿地、生物多样性与气候变化（Wetland, biodiversity and climate change）2011年：森林与水和湿地息息相关（Forest and water and wetland is closely linked）2012年：湿地与旅游（Wetlands and Tourism）2013年：湿地和水资源管理 2014年：湿地与农业（Wetlands and Agriculture）2015年：湿地：我们的未来 2016年：湿地与未来：可持续的生计（Wetlands for our Future, Sustainable Livelihoods）

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中国国际扶贫基金会会长的级别是非政府组织、民间社团编制。扩展资料：中国扶贫基金会（英文：China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation，缩写：CFPA）成立于1989 年，是在民政部注册、由国务院扶贫办主管的全国性扶贫公益组织，是中国扶贫公益领域规模大、具有一定影响力的公益组织之一。28年来，中国扶贫基金会通过良好的内部治理、项目管理和社会绩效得到了公众的广泛认同，社会影响力不断提高。2007年、2013年在民政部组织的全国基金会等级评审中，均被评为最高等级5A级基金会。2016年9月，《慈善法》颁布后，被民政部首批认定为具有公开募捐资格的慈善组织。

不知道好不好，自己看罗。。国家助学贷款是针对普通高等学校中经济确实困难的全日制本、专科学生的助学贷款。自1999年实施以来，在缓解贫困大学生的就学资金压力方面起到了一定的积极作用，但目前由于国家助学贷款制度仍存在政策设计方面的缺陷，贷款的实际覆盖率还很低，而且出现了高违约率现象，严重影响到助学贷款的顺利运行。本文首先从高校贫困生申贷困难、借款学生还息还贷率低、银行收贷困难三个方面详细阐述了我国大学生助学贷款的主要困境。然后从社会信用体系尚未建立、信用贷款法律制度尚不完备、贷款学生诚信度低、银行发展助学贷款业务不积极四个方面论述了我国大学生助学贷款存在困境的原因。最后从建立国家助学贷款风险补偿制度、加强诚信教育和建立个人信用体系、完善相关的规章制度和法律法规三个方面论述了走出高校助学贷款困境的途径。National Student loans are for ordinary colleges and universities in the economy this really difficult time, the student loan specialist students. Since 1999 since the implementation of poverty alleviation students in the school funding pressures played a certain positive role, but the current system of student loans because of national policy still exist in the design flaw, the actual loan coverage still very low, but there Gao Wei Yueshuai phenomenon, seriously affecting the smooth operation of student loans. This paper from the loan-to-Poor College Students Shanghai difficulties, students borrow low interest rate loan, the loan-to-bank difficult to elaborate on three aspects of China"s college students student loans the major difficulties. And from the social credit system has not yet been established, credit legal system is not yet complete, the integrity of low student loans, student loans to banks is not positive on four aspects of China"s college students student loans plight of the reason for existence. Finally, the establishment of national student loan risk compensation system, strengthen the integrity of education and the establishment of personal credit system, improve the relevant regulations and laws and regulations on the three areas out of college student loans plight of the way.

我国脱贫攻坚取得了显著成效，但仍然面临着一些新的挑战。以下是一些常见的新挑战：1. 可持续脱贫：2020年我国实现脱贫攻坚目标后，需要确保脱贫成果可持续。这包括帮助脱贫户实现可持续增收，建立长效机制，加强扶贫监管，解决被返贫的问题等。2. 深度贫困地区的脱贫：深度贫困地区的脱贫是当前的一个重点任务。这些地区的贫困程度更深，资源条件更加匮乏，脱贫难度更大。3. 特殊贫困人口：一些群体仍然面临困境，例如残疾人、贫困儿童、留守儿童、流动人口等。解决这些群体的贫困问题是脱贫攻坚的一个难点。4. 新冠疫情影响：新冠疫情对全球经济和社会造成了深刻的影响，也给脱贫攻坚带来了一些挑战。疫情可能使家庭收入减少，增加特别是因病致贫受疫情影响的人员比例，也可能导致一些贫困人口再次陷入贫困。5. 区域差异：不同地区的贫困程度和属性不同，解决这些问题的策略、措施也应当因地制宜。6. 贫困动态变化：脱贫攻坚工作面临的新挑战之一是贫困的动态变化。贫困发生和贫困人口变化可能会随着时间和经济形势的变化而发生变化。总之，解决这些新挑战需要全社会协力，特别是在政策落实、帮扶措施、制度保障、扶贫干部队伍建设等方面坚持不断创新与完善，将脱贫攻坚的经验和成效保持下去，为解决新问题、战胜新风险提供坚实基础。除了前面提到的一些挑战，我国脱贫攻坚还面临以下一些挑战：7. 生态环境保护与贫困 alleviation 的平衡：一些贫困地区的发展需要消耗和破坏环境资源，而保护生态环境又是至关重要的。如何在环境保护和脱贫攻坚之间实现平衡是一个值得探讨的问题。8. 生产生活方式与贫困 alleviation 的适应性：一些贫困地区传统的生产和生活方式越来越难以适应新时代的变革和调整，如何在保留本土特色的同时实现转型和创新，进一步提高贫困地区的生产和生活水平，是一个关键性问题。9. 动态扶贫机制的建立和完善：扶贫是一个动态过程，贫困群众和贫困地区的贫困状况会随着时间和经济形势的变化而发生变化。因此，建立动态扶贫机制，及时调整扶贫措施，适应贫困发生变化的需求，是一个重要的任务。10. 教育和技能提升：贫困地区的人民需要通过教育、技术、职业培训等方式提高自己的能力水平，进一步增强自身的竞争力，才能更好地脱贫，并逐步实现全面发展。总之，我国脱贫攻坚仍然面临着一些挑战，需要全社会共同努力，制定切实可行的政策措施和市场基础设施的支持，加大宣传和推广，落实“精准扶贫”策略，并注重长期可持续发展。除去前面提到的挑战以外，我国脱贫攻坚还会面临以下一些挑战：11.政策执行和管理：脱贫攻坚涉及多个政策领域， 咨询和协调机构缺乏协调，前期倾向于视角窄，思想和立法流程不顺畅等问题。在未来脱贫攻坚中如何规划、组织和协调各层次政策的布局，建立全面的政策管理体系，提高政策实施的质量和效率，是重要课题。12.信息技术的应用：脱贫攻坚的信息技术应用也面临着一些挑战。在脱贫攻坚的过程中，信息技术应用是必不可少的。如何充分利用信息技术，将脱贫攻坚的各个环节有机衔接，建立统一的平台系统，实现政府和公众的脱贫攻坚信息共享是关键。13.扶贫资金的有效使用和管理：扶贫资金的使用和管理是脱贫攻坚的关键。但是，扶贫资金的管理和追查存在着困难。一些地方利用扶贫资金可能出现的问题，如何保障扶贫资金的合规使用和有效发挥作用，是一个亟需解决的问题。14.民族和地区平等待解决：在开展脱贫攻坚工作时，如何统筹考虑民族和地区之间的平等问题，重视地方特色和历史文化，深入了解贫困群众的意愿和需求，遵循公正、公平、公开的原则开展工作，是脱贫攻坚的重要课题。总之，在面临各种新挑战的时候，我国可以加强合作，凝聚各方热情，借鉴国内外的先进实践，做好脱贫攻坚的规划、组织和实施工作，加强风险预警和控制能力，全力以赴推进脱贫攻坚。

因公行政、经济手段，改变一地落后的经济面貌。

破罩行 Beijing Human and Animals Environmental Education Centre 北京绿十字生态文化传播中心 Green Cross 法治环保在线 Environment & Law on Line(ELL) 中国香根草网络 China Vetiver Network 绿色北京 Green Beijing 浑善达克沙地治理协会 Hunsandake Desert Reclamation Association 北京市海淀林业老科技工作者协会动物救助分会 Animal Rescue Beijing（ARB） 北京富平学校环境与发展研究所 Fuping Institute for Environment and Development 中华环境保护基金会 China Environmental Protection Foundation 中国环境文化促进会 China Environmental Culture Promotion Association 绿网 Green Web Alliance 北京市朝阳区绿家园环境科学研究中心 Green Earth Volunteers 新疆自然保育 Xinjiang Conservation Fund 公众与环境研究中心 Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs（IPE） 绿色之星废电池志愿者服务队 绿色家园环境保护中心 Greenhome Environmental Protection Center (GEPC) 石油与环境网络 Petroleum and Environment Network 清水同盟 Clean Water Alliances (China) 国仁绿色联盟 Ground Green Union 大海环保公社 Ocean Protection Commune 北京猛禽救助中心 Beijing Raptor Rescue Center 曾经草原网站 ECHOING STEPPE 自然景象环境保护协会 CNature 自然景象环境保护协 CNature 能源与交通创新中心 Innovation Center for Energy and Transportation 北京天恒可持续发展研究所 South-North Institute for Sustainable Development 热爱家园 Grassroots Community 上海绿洲野生动物保护交流中心 Shanghai Green Oasis Wildlife Conservation and Communication Center 上海野鸟会 Shanghai Wild Bird Society 天津绿色之友 Friends of Green in Tianjin 污染受害者法律帮助中心 Center for Legal Assistance to Pollution Victims 重庆绿色志愿者联合会 The Green Volunteer League of Chongqing 中国香根草网络 China Vetiver Network 大足县生态农业种植合作协会 公众与环境研究中心 Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs（IPE） 重庆市万州社区文化促进会 Chongqing Community Association for Culture Promotion 重庆市万州绿色三峡志愿者协会 Wanzhou Volunteers" Association for Green Three Gorges, Chongqing 重庆济溪环境咨询中心 The Gsean Environmental Advisory Center of ChongQing 江苏绿色之友（南京大地文化发展交流中心） Friends Of Green Environment 绿石环境行动网络 Green Stone Environmental Action Network 青岛市青年环境保护促进会 Qingdao Youth Association of Environment Protection(QYAEP) 济南走进自然环保志愿者协会 Entering the nature-Jinan Environmental Protection Volunteers Association 河南省长垣县绿色未来环境保护协会 Green Future Environmental Protection Association in Changyuan County, Henan Province 国仁绿色联盟 Ground Green Union 绿色珠江（东莞市东城身行环保工作室） Green Zhujiang 绿点61广州 Guangzhou Green Point Environmental Portection Information Center 厦门绿拾字环保服务社 Xiamen Greencross Association 绿眼睛环保组织 Greeneyes China 屏南绿色之家 Pingnan Green Association 中国红树林保育联盟 China Mangrove Conservation Network (CMCN) 福建省绿家园环境友好中心 FuJian Green Home Environment friendly center 海南省自然保护发展研究会 Nature Conservation & Development Research Association of Hainan Province 海南生态环境教育中心 Hainan Ecological and Environmental Education Centre 海南观鸟会 Hainan Bird Watching Society 瀚海沙 Han Hai Sha 茂县九顶山野生动植物之友协会 Mao County Association of Friends of Wild Animal and Plants Protection 香格里拉高山植物园 Shangri-la Alpine Botanical Garden 绿色江河 Green River 绿色骆驼 Green Camel GreenSOS（绿色学生组织网） Green Student Organization Society 甘孜州生物多样性保护与生态文化协会（绿色康巴协会） Green KHAM 中国志愿者保护藏羚羊协会 China Volunteer Association on Pretection for Tibetan Antelope 大巴山生态与贫困问题研究会 The Daba Mountains Academy For Biology and Poverty Problems 石油与环境网络 Petroleum and Environment Network 昆明思得瑞自然资源可持续发展研究院 Kunming EarthWatch Institute For Sustainable Development of Natural Resources 成都城市河流研究会 Chengdu Urban Rivers Association(CURA) 四川省阿坝州茂县社区可持续发展促进会 Maoxian Promotion Association for Development 污染受害者法律帮助中心 Center for Legal Assistance to Pollution Victims 淮河卫士 Huai river water liuing circumstance scientific researching centre 中国香根草网络 China Vetiver Network 霍山环境扶贫发展中心 Center for Environment Development and Poverty Alleviation(CEDPA) 绿满江淮 Green Anhui 公众与环境研究中心 Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs（IPE） 芜湖生态中心 Wuhu Ecology Center 河北绿色知音 Green Friend Association 衡水市地球女儿环保志愿者协会 河北平山县西柏坡爱鸟协会 Pingshan Xibaipo Love Bird Association of Hebei 绿色家园环境保护中心 Greenhome Environmental Protection Center (GEPC) 国仁绿色联盟 Ground Green Union 绿色和谐使者——橄榄绿环境文化传播中心 Green Hotel Angel 沧州野生动物救护中心 CANGZHOU WILDLIFE RESCUE CENTER 云南大学东亚影视人类学研究所(云南人与自然基金会) East Asia Institute of Visual Anthropology at Yunnan University 云南思力生态替代技术中心 Pesticide Eco-Alternatives Center Yunnan China 云南省大众流域管理研究和推广中心（绿色流域） Green Watershed 云南省生物多样性和传统知识研究会 Center for Biodiversity and Indigenous Knowledge 昆明野地环境发展研究所 Yunnan Environmental Development Institute 香格里拉民间自然保护协会 Shangri-La Folk Environment Protection Association 香格里拉高山植物园 Shangri-la Alpine Botanical Garden 济南走进自然环保志愿者协会 Entering the nature-Jinan Environmental Protection Volunteers Association 昭通黑颈鹤保护志愿者协会 Zhaotong Volunteers Association to Protect Black-necked Cranes 云南生态网络 Yunnan EcoNetwork 卡瓦格博文化社 昆明思得瑞自然资源可持续发展研究院 Kunming EarthWatch Institute For Sustainable Development of Natural Resources 昆明环保

　　不同国家对各个国家湿地的定义是不同的。不过湿地一定是每个国家环境保护的重要领域。在中国常见的湿地有：沼泽地，泥炭地，浅水湖泊等等。而且每一年的世界湿地日都有不一样的主题，你知道历届的主题都是什么吗？如果不知道就跟我一起来看看吧！　　1997年世界湿地日的主题：湿地是生命之源(wetlands : a source of life) 　　1998年世界湿地日的主题：湿地之水，水之湿地(water for wetlands, wetlands for water) 　　1999年世界湿地日的主题：人与湿地，息息相关(people and wetlands :the vital link) 　　2000年世界湿地日的主题：珍惜我们共同的国际重要湿地(celebrating our wetlands of international importance) 　　2001年世界湿地日的主题：湿地世界——有待探索的世界(wetlands world-a world to discover) 　　2002年世界湿地日的主题：湿地：水、生命和文化(wetlands : water,life,and culture) 　　2003年世界湿地日的主题：没有湿地-就没有水(no wetlands - no water) 　　2004年世界湿地日的主题：从高山到海洋，湿地在为人类服务(from the mountains to the sea,wetlands at work for us) 　　2005年世界湿地日的主题：湿地生物多样性和文化多样性(culture and biologicaldiversities of wetlands) 　　2006年世界湿地日的主题：湿地与减贫(wetland as a tool in poverty alleviation) 　　2007年世界湿地日的主题：湿地与鱼类(wetlands and fisheries) 　　2008年世界湿地日的主题：健康的湿地，健康的人类(healthy wetland, healthy people) 　　2009年世界湿地日的主题：从上游到下游，湿地连着你和我 (upstream-downstream: wetlands connect us all ) 　　2010年全球主题是：湿地、生物多样性与气候变化(Wetlands, Biodiversity and Climate Change)，有关主题配合联合国宣报2010年为「国际生物多样性年」。2010年世界湿地日的口号为：携手保护湿地，应对气候变化 (Caring for Wetlands - An Answer to Climate Change ) 　　2011年2月2日世界湿地日主题定为“湿地与森林”。口号是“森林关乎水与湿地”。 　　2012年2月2日是第16个“世界湿地日”。主题是“负责任的旅游有益于湿地和人类”，口号是“湿地旅游，一种美妙的体验”。 　　2013年2月2日，第17个“世界湿地日(国际湿地日)”的主题是“湿地与水资源管理”，口号是“湿地守护水资源”。 　　2014年世界湿地日的主题为“湿地与农业”，宣传口号是“湿地与农业：共同成长的伙伴”。 　　2015年世界湿地日的主题为“湿地：我们的未来”，宣传口号是“加入我们”。

　　岗位能力的表现自己对此有什么感觉？但是英文的自我评价要怎么写呢?下面是我为大家带来的范文，相信对你会有帮助的。 　　篇一 　　I called **, ** pany has been to work for two years, in the past two years, there are successful, there are failures, there is joy, but also distress, in the pany under the guidance of the leadership and colleagues in the full support And help, my ability to work has been greatly improved, now two years of work to do a self-evaluation. 　　2, to do their own work in the fear of hardship, not afraid of tired, do not be afraid of their own work, do not be afraid to work hard, Work closely with colleagues, the relationship between colleagues, unity and fraternity, mutual help and mutual respect; due to their lack of work experience in the work of the lack of handling of user plaints, the work of the staff of the work of the staff, Practical experience, service work done not meticulous, this is my future direction. 　　2, I have been working in the pany since the help of my colleagues in the care, through personal efforts and work-related experience in the accumulation of knowledge continues to expand, the ability to work has made great progress. 　　3, review the past two years, I seriously study the business training, and actively participate in job training, dedication, courtesy, warm service, patiently answer questions, to provide quality services to customers and continue to practice to improve their quality and business Level, grow into a qualified salesperson. 　　In the future work and life, I believe that through my efforts, I will grow into a good staff, to bee an example of learning for others to contribute to the pany. 　　篇二 　　According to the municipal Party mittee, city hall and county Party mittee, the county government, "2014 rural reconstruction action plan to enhance the implementation of the" spirit of the notice, Zhangjiakou City Administrative Approval Office, Zhangjiakou City Poverty Alleviation Development Office in the village team from 17 February into Chicheng County Longguan town of Hetuogou village, under the leadership of the head of Zhang Wenbin, aimed at "strong team, and promote development, and livelihood, and stability" of the campaign objectives, in accordance with the work requirements, strictly abide by the work discipline, The village in the actual, and actively around the implementation of the "two activities" task, and seriously carry out home visits, village conditions and public opinion research, the use of various forms of positive publicity at all levels, various meetings and a series of national Huimin policy, The huoduogou village in 2014 to transform the rural appearance to enhance the action plan project implementation plan, "" Hutuogou village party mass line education practice activities implementation plan "and" project construction and the construction of the project, The development of the "four clear" long-term mechani *** of work, village greening project construction, village road hardening construction, drinking water safety construction of eight cut soil Goucun actual development of specific planning measures, in full swing to helpSupport work. 　　After nearly six months of efforts, the village team pleted the village "four clear" environmental remediation work, village greening work, strengthen village grassroots organizations, the party"s mass line of education practice activities such as learning and education action. Also take the initiative to play advantage, bined with the actual needs of Hetou Village, targeted to plete the "village mittee, the village convenience service room regularization, donated books, mobilize the masses of party members and masses of the obligations of tree planting, sympathy old Party cadres and poor households, Helping the masses of students, positive contact for the villagers free clinic "and other optional action. At the same time, the village-wide working group also organized to participate in the village-level system construction, and actively help to resolve the problem. 　　The first half of the investment of 5 million yuan to improve the work mechani *** of the three villages, developed four management systems to ensure the harmonious development of villages and village management on the road to formalize the same time for the second half of the "two activities" To lay a good foundation. 　　篇三 　　Time to go away, and now the work has gradually bee a matter of course, this may be a blessing, is to let me worthy of nostalgia for a period of experience. More than a month of probation down, their efforts, but also a lot of progress and learned a lot of things not previously, I think this is not only work, more importantly, gave me a chance to learn and exercise. 　　In the help and support of various departments, I do a good job co-ordination and upload work, to work in front, do the first, both work capacity, or the quality of thinking have been further improved, better pleted the pany propaganda , Personnel management, staff training, file management, logistics services and corporate security and other aspects of the task. In order to strengthen the management of people, money and materials, I improved various management systems in the past, highlighted the system management, strictly according to regulations, to further clarify the work responsibilities, improve the use of official seals, paper use, puter use, leave, duty Various routine management, fully reflects the management of people do not thinking, the work orderly. 　　Do a good job in office work, have a higher theoretical quality and *** ytical ability to solve problems. Learning through various means, for which the offices are equipped with puters, the use of online resources to learn and work-related knowledge, and constantly broaden their horizons, rich minds, enhance their ability to keep up with the development of the situation to meet the needs of the work. Improve the theoretical level, professional quality and ability to work. 　　Willing to work with others, have a strong teamwork skills; strong sense of responsibility, and indeed plete the work of the leadership of the delivery, the work of the work of self- And colleagues to work together, the relationship between harmony and harmony, with the head of the department successfully pleted the work, 　　In the days to work, I gradually fell in love with this place, like the job, want to slowly grow up here to bee a qualified official xx-x in the staff, a month of study and work , So I grew a lot, I will continue to work in the future, as always, to maintain a good style, and constantly improve themselves and make some success. 　　Four years of university study, learn more professional basic knowledge and then is a self-learning ability, and practical experience, social experience is very scarce. As a graduate, the beginning of the pany, have been very worried about how I do not know how to coexist, how to do a good job, but the pany relaxed and harmonious working atmosphere, good learning development opportunities, so I quickly pleted from students to staff . Can correctly face the setback, dialectical look at the problem. Work can always maintain a positive attitude, and strive to work. 　　The past year is a year of constant learning and enrichment, a year of active exploration and gradual growth. Of course, entering the workplace, inevitably lack of experience in business knowledge, and their own work requirements there are still some gaps. But these experiences also let me continue to mature, in dealing with a variety of issues to consider a more prehensive, professional skills have been strengthened. Here, I would like to thank the leadership of the pany and my colleagues to cultivate the guidance of my induction and help, for their mistakes in my work reminders and corrections. I also know that graduation is only a *** all step in school, society is a real university. In future work, I will strive to identify their own position, to do their best to contribute to the pany for the pany to create real wealth, but also for their own to seek a greater progress.

靠谱。中国扶贫基金会（英文：China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation，缩写：CFPA）成立于1989 年，是在民政部注册、由国务院扶贫办主管的全国性扶贫公益组织，是中国扶贫公益领域规模大、具有一定影响力的公益组织之一。综上所述中国乡村发展基金会靠谱。

一般来说，托福写作会涉及到一些固定的主题，整理这些主题所涉及到的词汇和句型，就有重要的意义。下面，小编为大家整理“托福写作高频词汇分类汇总”，希望对大家有所帮助。1. 环保话题类 white pollute 白色污染 sustainable development 可持续发展 ecosystem 生态系统 environmental pollution 环境污染 over-fishing (overgrazing) 过度捕捞 (过度放牧) sand storm 沙尘暴 resource exhaustion 资源枯竭 water and soil conservation 水土保持 soil erosion 土壤流失 clear-cutting (deforestation) 滥砍滥伐 desertification 沙漠化 conserve natural resources 保护自然资源 shortage of fresh water 淡水短缺 disruption of ecological balance 生态失衡 natural preservation zone 自然保护区2. 教育话题类 the craze for graduate school 考研热 surf the internet 网上冲浪 cyberspace 网络空间 inter-disciplinary talent 复合型人才 assignment of graduates 毕业生分配 net friend 网友 examination-oriented education 应试教育 teach students according to their aptitude 因材施教 quality-oriented education 素质教育 compulsory education 义务教育 internet bar 网吧 adult (continuing) education 成人教育 distance education 远程教育 campus culture校园文化 two-way selection 双向选择 work-study program 勤工俭学 double degree 双学位 non-resident student 走读生 resident student 寄宿生 extracurricular activities 课外活动 self-taught examination 自学考试 become well-educated through self-study 自学成才 to reduce study load 学生减负 web-addiction 沉湎于上网3. 社会热点类 Project Hope 希望工程 information revolution 信息革命 jerry-built projects 豆腐渣工程 population explosion 人口爆炸 epidemic disease 传染病 dropout students 失学儿童 laid-off worker 下岗工人 reemployment project 再就业工程 clone technology 克隆技术 migrate laborer 民工 crack down on counterfeit goods / fake products 打假 devalue 贬值 expand domestic demand 扩大内需 state-owned enterprise 国有企业 deflation 通货紧缩 inflation通货膨胀 rechargeable card 冲值卡 Smooth Traffic Project 畅通工程 anti-fake label 防伪标志 poverty alleviation 扶贫 infrastructure construction 基础设施 vicious circle 恶性循环 gender discrimination 性别歧视 psychological quality心理素质 pattern of consumption 消费结构 consumers" association消费者协会 green food绿色食品 money worship 拜金主意 Olympic committee 奥委会 host city 举办城市 bid for Olympic 申办奥运会

助人为乐的英文怎么写 助人为乐find in helping others 助人为乐[zhù rén wéi lè] 词典 find [take] pleasure [delight] in helping others; be generous in giving help; be glad to help others; be happy that one can be of help to others网络 helpful; helping others; HAPPY FOR OTHERS 助人为乐用英文怎么说？ the good deed in helping 助人为乐用英文怎么说 Find in helping others 词典释义 find [take] pleasure [delight] in helping others be generous in giving help助人为乐 be glad to help others助人为乐 be happy that one can be of help to others 助人为乐-英文翻译 助人为乐=find/takepleasure/delightinhelpingothers 助人为乐的英文 助人为乐: happiness lies in giving help to others Dora often finds it a pleasure to help others, but she is thought to have rocks in her head. 多拉经常助人为乐，但人们却认为她是干傻事。 Margaret has done so much for us without expecting anything in return; she has been a true guardian angel. 玛格利特为我们做过许多事，但并不希望得到什么回报。她真是个助人为乐的人。 We should strive to inculcate in our young people the revolutionary style of diligent study, observance of discipline, love of labour, pleasure in helping others, defiance of hardships and courage in the face of the en川my. In this way they can bee fine and petent people loyal to the socialist motherland, to the proletarian revolutionary cause and to Marxi *** -Lenini *** and Mao Zedong Thought. Thus, when they finish their schooling and take up their jobs, they will be workers imbued with a strong sense of political responsibility and collectivi *** and a firm revolutionary ideology; their style of work will be to seek truth from facts and follow the mass line, and they will observe strict discipline and work wholeheartedly for the people. 我们要大力在青少年中提倡勤奋学习、遵守纪律、热爱劳动、助人为乐、艰苦奋斗、英勇对敌的革命风尚，把青少年培养成为忠于社会主义祖国、忠于无产阶级革命事业、忠于马克思列宁主义 *** 思想的优秀人才，将来走上工作岗位，成为有很高的政治责任心和集体主义精神，有坚定的革命思想和实事求是、群众路线的工作作风，严守纪律，专心致志地为人民积极工作的劳动者。 poverty alleviation 扶贫 relief of the poor people and area 扶贫 3. "Women"s Action to Help the Poor." 3、“巾帼扶贫行动”。 -- Supporting agriculture and assisting in poverty-relief and development efforts. －－支援农业和扶贫开发工作。 Even so, the work of aiding the p......>> “团结友爱，助人为乐”用英语如何表达 30分 Unity and friendship, towards others 助人为乐是中华民族的传统美德。用英语怎么说？ Find in helping others

我国脱贫攻坚取得了显著成效，但仍然面临着一些新的挑战。以下是一些常见的新挑战：1. 可持续脱贫：2020年我国实现脱贫攻坚目标后，需要确保脱贫成果可持续。这包括帮助脱贫户实现可持续增收，建立长效机制，加强扶贫监管，解决被返贫的问题等。2. 深度贫困地区的脱贫：深度贫困地区的脱贫是当前的一个重点任务。这些地区的贫困程度更深，资源条件更加匮乏，脱贫难度更大。3. 特殊贫困人口：一些群体仍然面临困境，例如残疾人、贫困儿童、留守儿童、流动人口等。解决这些群体的贫困问题是脱贫攻坚的一个难点。4. 新冠疫情影响：新冠疫情对全球经济和社会造成了深刻的影响，也给脱贫攻坚带来了一些挑战。疫情可能使家庭收入减少，增加特别是因病致贫受疫情影响的人员比例，也可能导致一些贫困人口再次陷入贫困。5. 区域差异：不同地区的贫困程度和属性不同，解决这些问题的策略、措施也应当因地制宜。6. 贫困动态变化：脱贫攻坚工作面临的新挑战之一是贫困的动态变化。贫困发生和贫困人口变化可能会随着时间和经济形势的变化而发生变化。总之，解决这些新挑战需要全社会协力，特别是在政策落实、帮扶措施、制度保障、扶贫干部队伍建设等方面坚持不断创新与完善，将脱贫攻坚的经验和成效保持下去，为解决新问题、战胜新风险提供坚实基础。除了前面提到的一些挑战，我国脱贫攻坚还面临以下一些挑战：7. 生态环境保护与贫困 alleviation 的平衡：一些贫困地区的发展需要消耗和破坏环境资源，而保护生态环境又是至关重要的。如何在环境保护和脱贫攻坚之间实现平衡是一个值得探讨的问题。8. 生产生活方式与贫困 alleviation 的适应性：一些贫困地区传统的生产和生活方式越来越难以适应新时代的变革和调整，如何在保留本土特色的同时实现转型和创新，进一步提高贫困地区的生产和生活水平，是一个关键性问题。9. 动态扶贫机制的建立和完善：扶贫是一个动态过程，贫困群众和贫困地区的贫困状况会随着时间和经济形势的变化而发生变化。因此，建立动态扶贫机制，及时调整扶贫措施，适应贫困发生变化的需求，是一个重要的任务。10. 教育和技能提升：贫困地区的人民需要通过教育、技术、职业培训等方式提高自己的能力水平，进一步增强自身的竞争力，才能更好地脱贫，并逐步实现全面发展。总之，我国脱贫攻坚仍然面临着一些挑战，需要全社会共同努力，制定切实可行的政策措施和市场基础设施的支持，加大宣传和推广，落实“精准扶贫”策略，并注重长期可持续发展。除去前面提到的挑战以外，我国脱贫攻坚还会面临以下一些挑战：11.政策执行和管理：脱贫攻坚涉及多个政策领域， 咨询和协调机构缺乏协调，前期倾向于视角窄，思想和立法流程不顺畅等问题。在未来脱贫攻坚中如何规划、组织和协调各层次政策的布局，建立全面的政策管理体系，提高政策实施的质量和效率，是重要课题。12.信息技术的应用：脱贫攻坚的信息技术应用也面临着一些挑战。在脱贫攻坚的过程中，信息技术应用是必不可少的。如何充分利用信息技术，将脱贫攻坚的各个环节有机衔接，建立统一的平台系统，实现政府和公众的脱贫攻坚信息共享是关键。13.扶贫资金的有效使用和管理：扶贫资金的使用和管理是脱贫攻坚的关键。但是，扶贫资金的管理和追查存在着困难。一些地方利用扶贫资金可能出现的问题，如何保障扶贫资金的合规使用和有效发挥作用，是一个亟需解决的问题。14.民族和地区平等待解决：在开展脱贫攻坚工作时，如何统筹考虑民族和地区之间的平等问题，重视地方特色和历史文化，深入了解贫困群众的意愿和需求，遵循公正、公平、公开的原则开展工作，是脱贫攻坚的重要课题。总之，在面临各种新挑战的时候，我国可以加强合作，凝聚各方热情，借鉴国内外的先进实践，做好脱贫攻坚的规划、组织和实施工作，加强风险预警和控制能力，全力以赴推进脱贫攻坚。

　　不同国家对各个国家湿地的定义是不同的。不过湿地一定是每个国家环境保护的重要领域。在中国常见的湿地有：沼泽地，泥炭地，浅水湖泊等等。而且每一年的世界湿地日都有不一样的主题，你知道历届的主题都是什么吗？如果不知道就跟我一起来看看吧！　　1997年世界湿地日的主题：湿地是生命之源(wetlands : a source of life) 　　1998年世界湿地日的主题：湿地之水，水之湿地(water for wetlands, wetlands for water) 　　1999年世界湿地日的主题：人与湿地，息息相关(people and wetlands :the vital link) 　　2000年世界湿地日的主题：珍惜我们共同的国际重要湿地(celebrating our wetlands of international importance) 　　2001年世界湿地日的主题：湿地世界——有待探索的世界(wetlands world-a world to discover) 　　2002年世界湿地日的主题：湿地：水、生命和文化(wetlands : water,life,and culture) 　　2003年世界湿地日的主题：没有湿地-就没有水(no wetlands - no water) 　　2004年世界湿地日的主题：从高山到海洋，湿地在为人类服务(from the mountains to the sea,wetlands at work for us) 　　2005年世界湿地日的主题：湿地生物多样性和文化多样性(culture and biologicaldiversities of wetlands) 　　2006年世界湿地日的主题：湿地与减贫(wetland as a tool in poverty alleviation) 　　2007年世界湿地日的主题：湿地与鱼类(wetlands and fisheries) 　　2008年世界湿地日的主题：健康的湿地，健康的人类(healthy wetland, healthy people) 　　2009年世界湿地日的主题：从上游到下游，湿地连着你和我 (upstream-downstream: wetlands connect us all ) 　　2010年全球主题是：湿地、生物多样性与气候变化(Wetlands, Biodiversity and Climate Change)，有关主题配合联合国宣报2010年为「国际生物多样性年」。2010年世界湿地日的口号为：携手保护湿地，应对气候变化 (Caring for Wetlands - An Answer to Climate Change ) 　　2011年2月2日世界湿地日主题定为“湿地与森林”。口号是“森林关乎水与湿地”。 　　2012年2月2日是第16个“世界湿地日”。主题是“负责任的旅游有益于湿地和人类”，口号是“湿地旅游，一种美妙的体验”。 　　2013年2月2日，第17个“世界湿地日(国际湿地日)”的主题是“湿地与水资源管理”，口号是“湿地守护水资源”。 　　2014年世界湿地日的主题为“湿地与农业”，宣传口号是“湿地与农业：共同成长的伙伴”。 　　2015年世界湿地日的主题为“湿地：我们的未来”，宣传口号是“加入我们”。

The graph above exhibits the tremendous change of poor population in rural China from the year of 2012 through 2020. It was about 80 million, approximately 10% of the total population in the beginning. But the number of the poor has been gradually reducing in the following years. Till 2020, it turned zero, symbolizing the success of China"s poverty alleviation.The remarkable achievements attribute to the poverty elimination project by Chinese government. First of all, it had set up the platform to connect villages and cities, so that the poor people in rural places can work in cities to increase income. Secondly, the plan also worked hard to support the agriculture to raise peasants" earning. For example, certain technicians were assigned to go there, providing free help to farmers. Their professional knowledge has greatly strengthened farmers" skills in breeding and planting.Thanks to the successful implementation of poverty alleviation project, our country has got rid of poverty. And we are sure to greater in the future.

内容来自于B站up 主“我是瑞斯拜” 。这些仅是我个人的学习笔记。要看完整内容烦请移步B站。 老版：with the rapid development of ——(主题词 ), it"s of great necessity for —— to ——. 新版：In the contemporary world, ——(主题词) have / has become increasingly important. It"s of great necessity for —— to ——. 当今世界， 已经变得越来越重要。对于某类人来说，做某件事非常有必要。 sb. (students, freshman, citizens, parents, patients, senior people, residents, staff,) reasons and concerts evidence to support my point are follows. The followings are reasons and concerts evidence to support my point. As an old saying goes, ——. For ——(us college students / all of us), it has an increasingly important significance: ——(解释含义). The following reasons can account for this issue. ln the contemporary world, ——(主题词) have/has become increasingly important. When faced with decision of (A) or (B) , quite a few would deem that —— , but others, in contrast, believe that A/B is the premier choice and that is also my point. Among countless reasons which support my view, there are three conspicuous aspects as follow. 当面对A或B的决定时，相当多的人会认为，但另一些人，相反，认为 A/B是首要的选择，这也是我的观点。在无数支持我观点的理由中，有三个显著的方面如下。 As is starkly mirrored (reflected) in the image / chart(表格) that —— (一句话，描述图片) It is revealed that ——(图片内涵) The following reasons can account for this issue. (过渡句) In the first place, there is no doubt that—— Based on big data, most of —— (successful social elites) admitted that —— (they are spent 2/3 of time in doing sth.) Moreover, no one can deny that ——. (—— makes us weaker / stronger) Where there is / are ——, there is ——. Last but not least, I firmly believe that ——(观点3) 加分版： The + 比较级 + 动词，the + 比较级 + 动词 eg：the more friends you have, the happier you are. 简单版： Although······ In conclusion, ——. If we spare no effort to ——, the future of —— will be both hopeful and rosy. ln the contemporary world, the ability to meet challenges has become increasingly important. lt"s of great necessity for students to improve the ability to solve problems when facing difficulty. The following are reasons and concrete evidence to support my view point. In the first place,there is no doubt that we can" t divorce from reality that challenge is everywhere(we can " t avoid challenges). Based on big data，most successful social elites admitted that they"ve spent 2/3 of their time in facing challenges . Moreover,no one can deny that challenges make us stronger. Where there are difficulties, there are opportunities . Last but not least, l firmly believe that without the ability to meet challenges, we can"t make any achievements. ( lf we don"t have the ability to meet challenges, we can"t do anything.) The more problems you solve, the smarter and capable you are . In conclusion, the ability to meet challenges and solve problems is essential for everyone. If we spare no effort to cultivate this ability, the future of our study and career will be both hopeful and rosy. As an old saying goes: What is worth doing, worth doing well. For us college students, it has an increasingly important significance: If you want to achieve something, you need a serious attitude. The following reasons can account for this issue. ln the first place,there is no doubt that we can"t divorce from the reality that attitude plays an important role in one"s success. Based on big data, most successful social elites admitted that they have a serious mindset towards everything. Moreover, no one can deny that a serious attitude makes us stronger. Where there is serious spirit, there are opportunities. Last but not least, l firmly believe that without a serious attitude, we can"t make any achievements.(If we don"t have the serious mindset, we can"t do anything.) The more serious you are, the more possibility you will succeed . ln conclusion, the serious attitude towards everything is essential for everyone. If we spare no effort to(不遗余力）cultivate this mindset, the future of our study and career will be both hopeful and rosy. As is starkly mirrored in the chart（表格) that Chinese rural population has been all lifted out of poverty. lt is revealed that China"s achievements in poverty alleviation are extraordinary.（图片内涵)The following reasons can account for this issue.(过渡句) ln the first place,there is no doubt that officials in the governments have played an important role in this process . Based on big data, most of the governors involved have admitted that they"ve spent2/3 of their time in the rural area. Moreover; no one can deny that the poverty alleviation policy is indeed beneficial. Where there are good policies, there are incentives. Last but not least, I firmly believe that the personal efforts of the rural residents can" t be ignored. The harder they work，the wealthier they are. In conclusion, the accomplishment of poverty alleviation in China is outstanding. lf we spare no efforts to implement the policy and maintain the work, the future of our country will be both hopeful and rosy.

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我国脱贫攻坚取得了显著成效，但仍然面临着一些新的挑战。以下是一些常见的新挑战：1. 可持续脱贫：2020年我国实现脱贫攻坚目标后，需要确保脱贫成果可持续。这包括帮助脱贫户实现可持续增收，建立长效机制，加强扶贫监管，解决被返贫的问题等。2. 深度贫困地区的脱贫：深度贫困地区的脱贫是当前的一个重点任务。这些地区的贫困程度更深，资源条件更加匮乏，脱贫难度更大。3. 特殊贫困人口：一些群体仍然面临困境，例如残疾人、贫困儿童、留守儿童、流动人口等。解决这些群体的贫困问题是脱贫攻坚的一个难点。4. 新冠疫情影响：新冠疫情对全球经济和社会造成了深刻的影响，也给脱贫攻坚带来了一些挑战。疫情可能使家庭收入减少，增加特别是因病致贫受疫情影响的人员比例，也可能导致一些贫困人口再次陷入贫困。5. 区域差异：不同地区的贫困程度和属性不同，解决这些问题的策略、措施也应当因地制宜。6. 贫困动态变化：脱贫攻坚工作面临的新挑战之一是贫困的动态变化。贫困发生和贫困人口变化可能会随着时间和经济形势的变化而发生变化。总之，解决这些新挑战需要全社会协力，特别是在政策落实、帮扶措施、制度保障、扶贫干部队伍建设等方面坚持不断创新与完善，将脱贫攻坚的经验和成效保持下去，为解决新问题、战胜新风险提供坚实基础。除了前面提到的一些挑战，我国脱贫攻坚还面临以下一些挑战：7. 生态环境保护与贫困 alleviation 的平衡：一些贫困地区的发展需要消耗和破坏环境资源，而保护生态环境又是至关重要的。如何在环境保护和脱贫攻坚之间实现平衡是一个值得探讨的问题。8. 生产生活方式与贫困 alleviation 的适应性：一些贫困地区传统的生产和生活方式越来越难以适应新时代的变革和调整，如何在保留本土特色的同时实现转型和创新，进一步提高贫困地区的生产和生活水平，是一个关键性问题。9. 动态扶贫机制的建立和完善：扶贫是一个动态过程，贫困群众和贫困地区的贫困状况会随着时间和经济形势的变化而发生变化。因此，建立动态扶贫机制，及时调整扶贫措施，适应贫困发生变化的需求，是一个重要的任务。10. 教育和技能提升：贫困地区的人民需要通过教育、技术、职业培训等方式提高自己的能力水平，进一步增强自身的竞争力，才能更好地脱贫，并逐步实现全面发展。总之，我国脱贫攻坚仍然面临着一些挑战，需要全社会共同努力，制定切实可行的政策措施和市场基础设施的支持，加大宣传和推广，落实“精准扶贫”策略，并注重长期可持续发展。除去前面提到的挑战以外，我国脱贫攻坚还会面临以下一些挑战：11.政策执行和管理：脱贫攻坚涉及多个政策领域， 咨询和协调机构缺乏协调，前期倾向于视角窄，思想和立法流程不顺畅等问题。在未来脱贫攻坚中如何规划、组织和协调各层次政策的布局，建立全面的政策管理体系，提高政策实施的质量和效率，是重要课题。12.信息技术的应用：脱贫攻坚的信息技术应用也面临着一些挑战。在脱贫攻坚的过程中，信息技术应用是必不可少的。如何充分利用信息技术，将脱贫攻坚的各个环节有机衔接，建立统一的平台系统，实现政府和公众的脱贫攻坚信息共享是关键。13.扶贫资金的有效使用和管理：扶贫资金的使用和管理是脱贫攻坚的关键。但是，扶贫资金的管理和追查存在着困难。一些地方利用扶贫资金可能出现的问题，如何保障扶贫资金的合规使用和有效发挥作用，是一个亟需解决的问题。14.民族和地区平等待解决：在开展脱贫攻坚工作时，如何统筹考虑民族和地区之间的平等问题，重视地方特色和历史文化，深入了解贫困群众的意愿和需求，遵循公正、公平、公开的原则开展工作，是脱贫攻坚的重要课题。总之，在面临各种新挑战的时候，我国可以加强合作，凝聚各方热情，借鉴国内外的先进实践，做好脱贫攻坚的规划、组织和实施工作，加强风险预警和控制能力，全力以赴推进脱贫攻坚。

【短对话】 　　1.W: What a wonderful performance! Your rock band has never sounded better. 　　M: Many thanks. I guess all those hours of practice in the past month are finally paying off. 　　Q：What does the man mean? 　　2.M: I can"t decide what to do for my summer vacation. I either want to go on a bike tour of Europe or go diving in Mexico. 　　W: Well, we"re offering an all-inclusive two-week trip to Mexico for only 300 dollars. 　　Q：What does the woman suggest the man do for his vacation? 　　3. W: How long do you think this project might take? 　　M: I"d say about three months, but it could take longer if something unexpected happened. Maybe we"d better allow an extra month, so we won"t have to worry about being late. 　　Q: Why does the man say extra time should be allowed for the project? 　　4. M: I"m thinking about becoming a member here, and I"d like some information. 　　W: Sure. A three-month membership costs 150 dollars, and that includes use of the wait-room, sauna and pool. I"ll give you a free path so that you can try out the facilities before you decide. 　　Q: What do we learn from the conversation? 　　5.W: I"m sorry to hear that you failed the Physics course, Ted. 　　M: Let"s face it. I"m just not cut out to be a scientist. 　　Q: What does the man mean? 　　6.M: Gary insisted on buying the food for the picnic. 　　W: That"s pretty generous of him. But shouldn"t we at least offer to share the expenses? He has a big family to support. 　　Q: What does the woman suggest they do? 　　7.W: Did you see the headlines in the paper this morning? 　　M: Year. Apparently the bus company will be laying off its employees if they can"t reach an agreement on wages by midnight. 　　Q: What did the man read about? 　　8.W: Have we received payment for the overseas order we delivered last month? 　　M: Yes. The cheque came in yesterday afternoon. I"ll be depositing it when I go the bank today. 　　Q: What is the woman concerned about? 【六级听力长对话原文1】 　　W: OK, that"s it. Now we have to make a decision. We might as well do that now, don"t you think? 　　M: Sure, let"s see. First we saw Frank Brisenski. What did you think of him? 　　W: Well, he"s certainly a very polite young man. 　　M: And very relaxed, too. 　　W: But his appearance… 　　M: En… He wasn"t well dressed. He wasn"t even wearing a tie. 　　W: But he did have a nice voice. He sounded good on the telephone. 　　M: True. And I thought he seemed very intelligent. He answered Dona"s questions very well. 　　W: That"s true, but dressing well is important. Well, let"s think about the others. Now what about Barber Jones? She had a nice voice, too. She sounded good on the telephone, and she was well dressed, too. 　　M: En… She did look very neat, very nicely dressed, but… 　　W: But so shy. She wouldn"t be very good at talking to people at the front desk. 　　M: En…OK. Now who was the next? Ar…Yes, David Wallace. I thought he was very good, had a lot of potential. What do you think? 　　W: En… He seemed like a very bright guy. He dressed very nicely, too. And he had a really nice appearance. 　　M: He seemed relaxed to me, the type of person people feel comfortable with right away. 　　W: He was polite, but also very friendly and relaxed as you say. I think he"ll be good with the guests at the front desk. 　　M: He had a very pleasant voice, too. 　　W: That"s right. OK, good! I guess we have our receptionist then, don"t you? 　　M: Yes, I think so. We"ll just offer the job to… 　　Question 9: What are the speakers looking for? 　　Question 10: What is Frank Brisenski"s weakness? 　　Question 11: What do the speakers decide to do? 　　【六级听力长对话原文2】 　　W: Hello. 　　M: Hello. Is that the reference library? 　　W: Yes, can I help you? 　　M: I hope so. I ran earlier and asked for some information about Dennis Hutton, the scientist. You asked me to ring back. 　　W: Oh, yes. I have found something. 　　M: Good. I"ve got a pencil and paper. Perhaps you could read out what it says. 　　W: Certainly. Hutton Dennis, born Darlington, 1836, died New York, 1920. 　　M: Yes, got that. 　　W: Inventer and physicist, the son of a farmworker. He was admitted to the University of London at the age of 15. 　　M: Yes. 　　W: He graduated at 17 with the first class degree in physics and mathematics. All right? 　　M: Yes, all right. 　　W: He made his first notable achievement at the age of 18. It was a method of refrigeration which rolls from his work in low temperature physics. He became professor of mathematics at the University of Manchester at 24, where he remained for twelve years. During that time, he married one of his students, Natasha Willoughby 　　M: Yes, go on. 　　W: Later working together in London, they laid the foundations of modern physics by showing that normal laws of cause and effect do not apply at the level of subatomic particles. For this he and his wife received the Nobel Prize for physics in 1910, and did so again in 1912 for their work on very high frequency radio waves. In his lifetime, Hutton patented 244 inventions. Do you want any more? 　　M: Yes, when did he go to America? 　　W: Let me see. In 1920 he went to teach in New York and died there suddenly after only three weeks. Still he was a good age. 　　M: Yes, I suppose so. Well, thanks. 　　Question 12: What do we learn about Dennis Hutton when he was 15? 　　Question 13: What did Dennis Hutton do at the age of 24? 　　Question 14: For what were Dennis Hutton and his wife awarded the Nobel Prize a second time? 　　Question 15: Why did Dennis Hutton go to New York? 六级短文原文1 　　In America, white tailed deer are more numerous than ever before, so abundant in fact that they"ve become a suburban nuisance and a health hazard. 　　Why can"t the herd be thinned the old-fashioned way? The small community of North Haven on Long Island is home to some six hundred to seven hundred deer. The department of Environmental Conservation estimates the optimum population at 60. The town has been browsed bare of vegetation except where gardens and shrubs are protected by high fences. 　　Drivers routinely collide with deer and there are so many dead bodies left by the side of the road that the town has made it a deal with a local pet cemetery to collect and dispose of the bodies. Some people in the town have become ill from deer transmitted diseases. On the occasions when hunting has been tried, local animal rights people have worked to secure court orders against the hunts. And when that is failed, they stop the hunters, banging on pots and pans to alert the deer. Town meetings called to discuss the problem inevitably dissolved into confrontations. 　　The activists believe simply that the deer are not the problem. Some communities have even discussed the possibility of bringing wolves back into the ecological mix. That means wolves in the suburbs of New York. It is almost too wonderful not to try it. The wolves would kill deer of course. They would also terrorize and kill dogs and cats which is not what the suburban dwellers have in mind. 　　Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard 　　Q16. What do we learn about white-tailed deer in North Haven? 　　Q17. Why do local animal rights people bang on pots and pans? 　　Q18. What would happen if wolves were brought back into the ecological mix? 　　【六级短文2原文】 　　And now, if you"ll walk this way, ladies and gentlemen, the next room we"re going to see is the room in which the family used to hold their formal dinner parties and even occasionally entertain heads of state and royalty. However, they managed to keep this room friendly and intimate. And I think you"ll agree. It has a very informal atmosphere, quite unlike some grand houses you visit. The curtains were never drawn, even at night, so guests got a view of the lake and fountains outside which were lit up at night – a very attractive sight. As you can see, ladies and gentlemen, the guests were seated very informally around this oval table, which would add to the relaxed atmosphere. The table dates from the 18th century and is made from Spanish oak. It"s rather remarkable for the fact that although it"s extremely big, it"s supported by just six rather slim legs. However, it seems to have survived like that for 200 years. So it"s probably going to last a bit longer. The chairs which go with the table are not a complete set. There were originally six of them. They are interesting for the fact that they are very plain and undecorated for the time, with only one plain central panel at the back and no armrests. I myself find them rather uncomfortable to sit in for very long, but people were used to more discomfort in the past. And now, ladies and gentlemen, if you"d like to follow me into the great hall… 　　Q19. What do we learn about the speaker? 　　Q20. What does the speaker say about the room they are visiting? 　　Q21. What is said about the oval table in the room? 　　Q22. What does the speaker say about the chairs? 　　【六级短文3原文】 　　Janet James was 22 years old when she was diagnosed with MS—a disease that attacks the body"s nerves. She has just graduated from college and got a job at an advertising agency when she began to sense that something strange was going on inside her body.When James realized how severe her illness was, she knew she had better hurry up and live life. MS is the biggest cripplerof young adults. And although she didn"t have many symptoms, she knew it was just a matter of time. First on her agenda was to pursue her dream of hosting a pop music programme. She worked at a radio station for a year, always aware that her body was degenerating. Then her best friend moved away. And one night James began screaming, "I got to go! I got to go!" Two weeks later, she arrived at Alaska, thousands of miles from her friends, her family and her past. "Everything fell into a place", she recalls. A 23-year-old girl with an incurable disease can fly to Alaska and everything can work out. The MS attacks came and went. And most of the time they hardly slowed her down. James hiked, fished, learnt to sail and experimented with hot air ballooning. "I lived for adventure", she says. "Nobody ever had a better time or did more exotic strange things than I did in an 80-year period." Inevitably however, the day came when she was so weakened that she had to return to Pittsburgh, her home town. There she began relieving her adventures by writing a book about them. Her book was published in 1993. 　　Questions 23 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard. 　　Questions 23 　　What does the speaker say about MS? 　　Questions 24 　　What did Janet James decide to do after her disease was diagnosed? 　　Questions 25 　　What"s sort of person can we infer Janet James is?the ecological mix? 　听力填空原文 　　It"s difficult to estimate the number of youngsters involved in home schooling where children are not sent to school and receive their formal education from one or both parents. Legislation and court decisions have made it legally possible in most states for parents to educate their children at home and each year more people take advantage of that opportunity. 　　Some states require parents or a home tutor to meet teacher certification standards, and many require parents to complete legal forms to verify that their children are receiving instruction in state approved curriculum. 　　Supporters of home education claim that it is less expensive and far more efficient than mass public education. Moreover they site several advantages: alleviation of school overcrowding, strengthen family relationships, lower dropout rates, the facts that students are allowed to learn at their own rate, increased motivation, higher standardized test scores, and reduced discipline problems. 　　Critics of the home schooling movement content that it creates as many problems as it solves. They acknowledge that, in a few cases, home schooling offers educational opportunities superior to those found in most public schools, but few parents can provide such educational advantages. Some parents who withdraw their children from the schools in favor of home schooling have an inadequate educational background and insufficient formal training to provide a satisfactory education for their children. Typically, parents have fewer technological resources at their disposal than do schools. However, the relatively inexpensive computer technology that is readily available today is causing some to challenge the notion that home schooling is in any way inferior to more highly structured classroom education.

1、奢俭之节，必视世之丰约。 Luxury and thrift are bound to be regarded as the richness of the world. 2、水是一切生命的起源点。 Water is the origin of all life. 3、小钱不知省，大钱将滥花。 If you don"t know how to save money, you will spend it too much. 4、积小利，成巨富。 Small?Gains?Bring?Great?Wealth. 5、从俭入奢易，从奢入俭难。 From thrift to luxury is easy, from luxury to frugality is difficult. 6、勤能补拙，省能补贫。 Diligence can make up for stupidity and save energy to make up for poverty. 7、节俭本身就是一个大财源。 Frugality itself is a great source of wealth. 8、静以修身，俭以养德。 Quiet to cultivate oneself, thrifty to cultivate virtue. 9、有钱时摆阔，没钱挨饿。 When you have money, you have no money to go hungry. 10、请动一下手，关好水龙头。 Please move your hand and turn off the tap. 11、节俭本身就是一宗财产。 Thrift is a property in itself. 12、节约莫怠慢，积少成千万。 Save not neglect, save tens of millions. 13、居丰能俭，在富能贫。 Abundance leads to frugality, but wealth leads to poverty. 14、节约水资源，责任人人有。 Everyone has the responsibility to save water resources. 15、今天不节水，明天无泪流。 No water today, no tears tomorrow. 16、一星半星，凑两成斤。 One star and a half stars make up o kilograms. 17、有钱时摆阔，没钱时挨饿。 Wealthy people show off, but poor people starve. 18、节约每滴水，造福全人类。 Save every drop of water for the benefit of all mankind. 19、行船靠掌舵，理家靠节约。 Shipping depends on steering and housekeeping on economy. 20、节约用水，浪费可耻。 Save water and waste shamefully. 21、节省下来多少，就是得到多少。 How much you save is how much you get. 22、家有万石粮，挥堆不长。 There are ten thousand stone grains at home, but they can"t be piled up long. 23、紧紧手，年年有。 Hold your hands tightly, year after year. 24、节约水资源，是我们的责任。 It is our duty to save water resources. 25、零钱凑零钱，到时不费难。 It will be easy to collect change. 26、创业不可不勤，居家不可不俭。 Business must be diligent and household must be thrifty. 27、节约用水就是珍惜生命。 Saving water means cherishing life. 28、细水和流，吃穿不愁。 Fine water and stream, eat and wear without worry. 29、君子以俭德辟难，不可荣以禄。 A gentleman who overes difficulties by virtue of thrift should not be honored or rewarded. 30、勤能生则，俭能聚宝。 Diligence is the rule, thrift is the treasure. 31、小富由俭，大富由天。 A *** all fortune depends on thrift, and a great fortune depends on heaven. 32、增产不节约，金碗也打破。 Increasing production is not economical, and the golden bowl is broken. 33、节约与勤勉是人类两个名医。 Economy and diligence are o famous doctors of mankind. 34、奢侈是民族衰弱的起点。 Luxury is the starting point of national weakness. 35、俭朴是我们美德的可靠卫士。 Frugality is a reliable guardian of our virtues. 36、水是生命之源，请君节约用水。 Water is the source of life. Please save water. 37、节俭是致富的秘诀。 Frugality is the secret to wealth. 38、家有良田万石，也要粗茶淡饭。 Home has good fields and ten thousand stones, but also rough tea and light rice. 39、谁知盘中餐，粒粒皆辛苦。 Who knows that Chinese food is hard to eat. 40、含一滴水，还一份真情！ With a drop of water, but also a true love! 41、小处不省钱袋空。 A *** all place saves no money. 42、有荒节约度荒，天荒节约备荒。 There is a shortage of economy to overe the shortage, and natural shortage to save and prepare for the shortage. 43、节俭是你生中食用不完的美筵。 Frugality is a wonderful Feast you can never eat in your life. 44、由俭入奢易，由奢入俭难。 From thrift to luxury is easy, from luxury to frugality is difficult. 45、不当家不知柴米贵。 I don"t know how expensive firewood is. 46、欲求温饱，勤俭为要。 For food and clothing, thrift is essential. 47、水是不可替代的宝贵资源。 Water is an irreplaceable precious resource. 48、钱币是圆的，所以容易滚走。 The coin is round, so it"s easy to roll away. 49、强本而节用，则天不能贫。 If we have a strong capital and use it sparingly, we can never be poor. 50、节用于内，而树德于外。 Section is used inside, but tree virtue is used outside. 51、节约用水，珍爱生命。 Save water and cherish life. 52、侈而惰者贫，而力而俭者富。 Luxury makes the lazy poor, while strength makes the thrifty rich. 53、粮收万石，也要粗茶淡饭。 The harvest of grain is ten thousand stones, but we should also have rough tea and light rice. 54、节约能源，扶贫救济。 Energy conservation and poverty alleviation. 55、好处安身，苦处用钱。 Benefits are fortable and pains are spent. 56、精打细算，油盐不断。 Careful calculation, constant oil and salt. 57、浪费是支出，节约是收入。 Waste is expenditure, saving is ine. 58、细水长流，遇灾不愁。 Thin waters flow long, and you will not worry about disaster. 59、珍惜每滴清水，拥有美好明天。 Cherish every drop of fresh water and have a beautiful tomorrow. 60、浪费用水可耻，节约用水光荣。 Wasting water is shameful and saving water is glorious. 61、黄金本无种，出自勤俭家。 Gold has no seed, but es from a thrifty family. 62、节约就是大收成。 Saving is a big harvest. 63、保护水资源，人人应尽责。 Everyone should do his duty to protect water resources. 64、惜水、爱水、节水，从我做起。 Cherish water, love water and save water. Start with me. 65、一人知俭一家富。 One man is thrifty and one family is rich. 66、勤俭永不穷，坐食山也空。 Diligence and thrift are endless, and the mountain is empty.

The network makes friends the advantage 1,the open field of vision,understood promptly the current event news,gains each kind of newest knowledge and the information; 2nd,may without scruple and the net friend chats,pours out the concern,lightens the schoolwork burden,the alleviation pressure; 3rd,may post in each BBS oneself to each kind of question view and the opinion,thought has the sense of achievement very much; 4th,may enhance oneself some hobby the level; 5th,own begin to make the main page to become the fashion,likes oneself the picture material to pass on,opens a discussion area,sends some cards,with everybody exchange,own makes moderator"s feeling very good really. 6th,makes friends the expenditure in here quite to be cheap,does not need the worry to harass by the ignorant bored person 7,the network makes friends may give vent in heart constraining,may periphery not look others complexion,may break oneself lives the small group,may with the net on the will person of same belief and the friend talks the day to say,may place oneself oneself in an unreal happy environment! The network makes friends on a fault/network the swindler are many. On two/nets deceives easily. On three/nets deceives the human easy to succeed in evading responsibility. Four/excessively relied on human its thought which the net falls makes friends already not to be normal. Five/relies in the net to make friends can cause own psychological question,must look at psychological doctor promptly. The subtotal network and the reality are the completely different two worlds,does not dare the speech in the reality which said,said embarrassedly the speech,definitely may speak freely in the unreal network world.However the network is a network after all,makes friends on-line,chats only treats as the spiritual the relaxation with to pour out,cuts cannot all believe.The network is the modern society essential one kind of tool,one kind of mood,we must use,we must cautious use!

部分手机可能Toast不显示，换其他手机是正常的 这是因为Toast显示需要NotificationManagerService（查看Android源码） 部分手机把通知权限关闭了，所以Toast无法正常弹出 解决办法跳过NotificationManagerService自己维护一个队列 上面是两个是自己实现的Toast队列 我们还写了个工厂 来进行 当 App 初始化的时候判断手机的 Toast 是否能显示，如果不能显示则使用自己维护的 Toast 当用上边这个工厂进行 Toast 显示的时候会在自行维护的 Toast 队列与系统 Toast 之间选择

http://baike.baidu.com/view/129638.htm#4 有标准合同，细节也把握得很好

就是WIN 的资源管理器的进程！！！

哪个软件嫩看这个指标啊？

kotlin中的写法如下：import mypackage.util.ContextExtensions.toastfun myFun(context: Context) { context.toast("Hello world!")}

说起隋唐那些个英雄人物，有人喜欢重义气的英雄秦琼，也有人喜欢活宝程咬金，要说隋唐英雄里头人气最旺的李元霸，为什么喜欢这位呢？因为这位天生神力，手中那对擂鼓翁金锤重达八百斤，想象一下我们这种普通人如果跟他打架，被他随手一扔岂不像扔遥器控一样方便。无论是隋唐十五杰，还是隋唐十八条好汉他如果排第二没人敢排第一，当然没出道之前自称天下第一的另有其人，谁呢？宇文化及的儿子，天宝大将军力大无穷之宇文成都，李元霸的出道也正跟这位宇文成都有关。时年，隋炀帝杨广在宇文化及父子的陪同下来到山西太原，古称晋阳，驻守晋阳的是当时被封为晋国公的李渊，在接待隋炀帝杨广的酒席上，李渊与宇文化及比起了儿子，宇文化及说：“我的儿子宇文成都力大无穷，武功天下第一”，李渊也不认输：“我的小儿李元霸也是武术奇才，天下第一不敢说，至今也是没有碰到过对手”。一气之下两人不约而同，异口同声的说：“不服，要不咱们比试比试，练吧练吧！”。而是李元霸出场了，当时的李元霸年纪不过十二岁，体型精瘦，尖嘴猴腮怎么看也不是个能大家习过武的人。可是，千万不要被外在形象给蒙蔽了，当宇文成都走到李元霸旁边用手拽他的时候，发现根本拽不动，可是轮到李元霸拽宇文成都的时候，宇文成都整个人都被他提在空中甩，感觉被他放了回风筝。宇文成都不服气，比不了定力，跟你比一下硬力气，而是跑到门口搬起上千斤重的两个石狮子到大殿跑了个来回，虽然说喘了喘气，也算是力气惊人了。再看看李元霸，人家一手拎一个，蹦蹦跳跳就进来了，到了大殿还跳会儿广场舞。没有对比就没有伤害，这样一对比可就伤感情了老铁。只见宇文成都脸上一会儿红一会儿紫的。宇文成都想了想竟然力气比不了，那比比武艺，出出招。而是两人上马，李元霸使一对擂鼓翁金锤，宇文成都亮出凤翅镏金镋，结果两个回合不到，宇文成都的虎口被李元霸的擂鼓翁金锤震得流血连兵器都丢了，很是精彩，李元霸的这个出场如果非得用一个词去形容，那只能是闪亮，如果非得给这个闪亮安个期限那就是万万年。经过较量可以看出天下第一的宇文成都与李元霸相差可不是一星半点，可见如果是要分等级层次的话，那他可能永远一个人在一个层，唉，可见无敌是多么寂寞。接下来再看看这位传奇人物的经典战役：四明山一战一个人打得十八路反王俯首称臣；紫金山一战面对185万军队，冲进去就像打苍蝇，将185万打得只剩下65万,逼得李密献上玉玺;厉害吧，不急，咱们接下来慢慢走近历史上这个传奇的人物。当我们翻阅史册却发现无论是正史的记载，还是李渊的家谱，都没有找到李元霸这个名字，但是却发现李渊的第三个儿子叫李玄霸，比李世民小一岁，在16岁之时去世，唐高祖追封他为卫怀王，而李玄霸的这些个人资料却与《隋唐演义》里的李元霸神奇一致，那李玄霸为什么变成了李元霸了呢？答案在这本书《说唐》 也叫《说唐全传》，后来的《隋唐演义》就是基于这本书的产物，创作于清朝，根据民间故事整理创作，当时为了避讳不让名字与皇帝名字、年号起冲突，小说家就将这玄改成了元。出生和名字基本都已经弄清楚了，那接下来的悬念就是李元霸之死，他又到底是怎么死的呢？是传说中，在某个雨季听雷声害怕，最后乱扔兵器，结果没砸坏花花草草，却砸坏自己了吗？为什么死的时候碰巧还打雷呢？上面提到的问题，咱们这里先提到一个人物，那就是隋唐演义里李元霸的师傅袁天罡，当初李元霸学成下山师傅袁天罡就交代碰到使镏金镋的人你要躲远一点，否则就是打败他，自己也没有好果子吃，杀了他自己也必死无疑，那为什么李元霸天不怕地不怕偏偏怕打雷呢？民间传说李元霸和宇文成都他们的前世大有来头，传说宇文成都是九天应元雷神普化天尊转世，这个九天应元雷神普化天尊在封神演义中是纣王手下的闻太师闻仲，后来姜子牙封神这闻仲被封的就是九天应元雷神普化天尊。那么李元霸呢？李元霸使佛界神鸟金翅大鹏转世，那雷神和神鸟又有什么关系呢？民间说元始天尊觉得当年闻太师死得太冤，向玉皇大帝提议，想让他下界做个皇帝。可如来佛祖却不同意，他认为九天应元雷神普化天尊脾气暴躁，认为他当了皇帝肯定生灵涂炭，于是派金翅大鹏鸟转世去阻挡，而是就有了宇文化及称帝，称帝之后后面就会将帝位传给宇文成都，可是李元霸却把宇文成都给弄死了，于是九天应元雷神普化天尊转世的帝王梦就破灭了，等回到了天宫就用雷把李元霸给劈死了，也算是报了仇了。说到这里莫非这就是所谓的前世今生天注定，一切都在冥冥中。

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先用最近升级的杀毒软件查杀一下，确认系统没有病毒情况下，再作其它处理！但个人的意思是，如果你对电脑不是很精通，还是彻底重做系统，解决最彻底！这样因为是新系统电脑运行速度也很有很大提升！方法一：选用这个方法试试，或许会管用 运行 输入cmd 回车在命令提示符下输入 for %1 in (%windir%system32*.dll) do regsvr32.exe /s %1 【技巧】如果怕输入错误的话，可以复制这条指令，然后在命令提示框点击左上角的c：，按鼠标右键使用“编辑－粘贴”功能就不容易输错了。在飞速滚屏完全静止之后，别着急启动其他程序，先耐心等一会儿，因为此时dll们还在找位置。直到你的指示灯不闪了再做别的。方法二：从软件方面排除故障 先说原理：内存有个存放数据的地方叫缓冲区，当程序把数据放在缓冲区，需要操作系统提供的“功能函数”来申请，如果内存分配成功，函数就会将所新开辟的内存区地址返回给应用程序，应用程序就可以通过这个地址使用这块内存。这就是“动态内存分配”，内存地址也就是编程中的“光标”。内存不是永远都招之即来、用之不尽的，有时候内存分配也会失败。当分配失败时系统函数会返回一个0值，这时返回值“0”已不表示新启用的光标，而是系统向应用程序发出的一个通知，告知出现了错误。作为应用程序，在每一次申请内存后都应该检查返回值是否为0，如果是，则意味着出现了故障，应该采取一些措施挽救，这就增强了程序的“健壮性”。若应用程序没有检查这个错误，它就会按照“思维惯性”认为这个值是给它分配的可用光标，继续在之后的执行中使用这块内存。真正的0地址内存区储存的是计算机系统中最重要的“中断描述符表”，绝对不允许应用程序使用。在没有保护机制的操作系统下(如DOS)，写数据到这个地址会导致立即当机，而在健壮的操作系统中，如Windows等，这个操作会马上被系统的保护机制捕获，其结果就是由操作系统强行关闭出错的应用程序，以防止其错误扩大。这时候，就会出现上述的内存不能为“read”错误，并指出被引用的内存地址为“0x00000000“。内存分配失败故障的原因很多，内存不够、系统函数的版本不匹配等都可能有影响。因此，这种分配失败多见于操作系统使用很长时间后，安装了多种应用程序(包括无意中“安装”的病毒程序)，更改了大量的系统参数和系统档案之后。 在使用动态分配的应用程序中，有时会有这样的情况出现：程序试图读写一块“应该可用”的内存，但不知为什么，这个预料中可用的光标已经失效了。有可能是“忘记了”向操作系统要求分配，也可能是程序自己在某个时候已经注销了这块内存而“没有留意”等等。注销了的内存被系统回收，其访问权已经不属于该应用程序，因此读写操作也同样会触发系统的保护机制，企图“违法”的程序唯一的下场就是被操作终止执行，回收全部资源。计算机世界的法律还是要比人类有效和严厉得多啊！像这样的情况都属于程序自身的BUG，你往往可在特定的操作顺序下重现错误。无效光标不一定总是0，因此错误提示中的内存地址也不一定为“0x00000000”，而是其它随机数字。 首先建议： 1、 检查系统中是否有木马或病毒。这类程序为了控制系统往往不负责任地修改系统，从而导致操作系统异常。平常应加强信息安全意识，对来源不明的可执行程序绝不好奇。 2、 更新操作系统，让操作系统的安装程序重新拷贝正确版本的系统档案、修正系统参数。有时候操作系统本身也会有BUG，要注意安装官方发行的升级程序。 3、 尽量使用最新正式版本的应用程序、Beta版、试用版都会有BUG。 4、 删除然后重新创建 WinntSystem32WbemRepository 文件夹中的文件：在桌面上右击我的电脑，然后单击管理。 在"服务和应用程序"下，单击服务，然后关闭并停止 Windows Management Instrumentation 服务。 删除 WinntSystem32WbemRepository 文件夹中的所有文件。（在删除前请创建这些文件的备份副本。） 打开"服务和应用程序"，单击服务，然后打开并启动 Windows Management Instrumentation 服务。当服务重新启动时，将基于以下注册表项中所提供的信息重新创建这些文件： HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESOFTWAREMicrosoftWBEMCIMOMAutorecover MOFs 下面搜集几个例子给大家分析： 例一：IE浏览器出现“0x0a8ba9ef”指令引用的“0x03713644” 内存，或者“0x70dcf39f”指令引用的“0x00000000”内存。该内存不能为“read”。要终止程序，请单击“确定”的信息框，单击“确定”后，又出现“发生内部错误，您正在使用的其中一个窗口即将关闭”的信息框，关闭该提示信息后，IE浏览器也被关闭。解决方法： 1、 开始-运行窗口，输入“regsvr32 actxprxy.dll”回车，接着会出现一个信息对话 框“DllRegisterServer in actxprxy.dll succeeded”，确定。再依次运行以下命令。（这个方法有人说没必要，但重新注册一下那些.dll对系统也没有坏处，反正多方下手，能解决问题就行。） regsvr32 shdocvw.dll regsvr32 oleaut32.dll regsvr32 actxprxy.dll regsvr32 mshtml.dll regsvr32 msjava.dll regsvr32 browseui.dll regsvr32 urlmon.dll 2、 修复或升级IE浏览器，同时打上系统补丁。看过其中一个修复方法是，把系统还原到系统初始的状态下。建议将IE升级到了6.0。 例二：有些应用程序错误: “0x7cd64998” 指令参考的 “0x14c96730” 内存。该内存不能为 “read”。解决方法：Win XP的“预读取”技术这种最佳化技术也被用到了应用程序上，系统对每一个应用程序的前几次启动情况进行分析，然后新增一个描述套用需求的虚拟“内存映像”，并把这些信息储存到WindowsPrefetch文件夹。一旦建立了映像，应用软件的装入速度大大提高。XP的预读取数据储存了最近8次系统启动或应用软件启动的信息。建议将虚拟内存撤换，删除WindowsPrefetch目录下所有*.PF文件，让windows重新收集程序的物理地址。 例三：在XP下双击光盘里面的“AutoRun.exe”文件，显示“0x77f745cc”指令引用的“0x00000078”内存。该内存不能为“written”，要终止程序，请单击“确定”，而在Windows 98里运行却正常。 解决方法：这可能是系统的兼容性问题，winXP的系统，右键“AutoRun.exe”文件，属性，兼容性，把“用兼容模式运行这个程序”项选择上，并选择“Windows 98/Me”。win2000如果打了SP的补丁后，只要开始，运行，输入：regsvr32 c:winntapppatchslayerui.dll。右键，属性，也会出现兼容性的选项。 例四：RealOne Gold关闭时出现错误，以前一直使用正常，最近却在每次关闭时出现“0xffffffff”指令引用的“0xffffffff”内存。该内存不能为“read” 的提示。 解决方法：当使用的输入法为微软拼音输入法2003，并且隐藏语言栏时（不隐藏时没问题）关闭RealOne就会出现这个问题，因此在关闭RealOne之前可以显示语言栏或者将任意其他输入法作为当前输入法来解决这个问题。 例五：我的豪杰超级解霸自从上网后就不能播放了，每次都提示“0x060692f6”（每次变化）指令引用的“0xff000011”内存不能为“read”，终止程序请按确定。 解决方法：试试重装豪杰超级解霸,如果重装后还会，到官方网站下载相应版本的补丁试试。还不行，只好换就用别的播放器试试了。 例六：双击一个游戏的快捷方式，“0x77f5cd0”指令引用“0xffffffff”内 存，该内存不能为“read” ，并且提示Client.dat程序错误。解决方法：重装显卡的最新驱动程序，然后下载并且安装DirectX9.0。 例七：一个朋友发信息过来，我的电脑便出现了错误信息:“0x772b548f”指令引用的“0x00303033”内存，该内存不能为“written”,然后QQ自动下线，而再打开QQ，发现了他发过来的十几条的信息。 解决方法：这是对方利用QQ的BUG，发送特殊的代码，做QQ出错，只要打上补丁或升级到最新版本，就没事了。 方法三：出现这种情况，如果是硬件原因一般内存有问题的机率很大。 一般来说，电脑硬件是很不容易坏的。内存出现问题的可能性并不大（除非你的内存真的是杂牌的一塌徒地），主要方面是：1。内存条坏了（二手内存情况居多）、2。使用了有质量问题的内存，3。内存插在主板上的金手指部分灰尘太多。4。使用不同品牌不同容量的内存，从而出现不兼容的情况。5。超频带来的散热问题。你可以使用MemTest 这个软件来检测一下内存，它可以彻底的检测出内存的稳定度。 从网上搜索来的几篇相关文章. 【文章一】 使用Windows操作系统的人有时会遇到这样的错误信息： 「“0X????????”指令引用的“0x00000000”内存，该内存不能为“read”或“written”」，然后应用程序被关闭。 如果去请教一些「高手」，得到的回答往往是「Windows就是这样不稳定」之类的义愤和不屑。其实，这个错误并不一定是Windows不稳定造成的。本文就来简单分析这种错误的一般原因。 一、应用程序没有检查内存分配失败 程序需要一块内存用以储存数据时，就需要使用操作系统提供的「功能函数」来申请，如果内存分配成功，函数就会将所新开辟的内存区地址返回给应用程序，应用程序就可以通过这个地址使用这块内存。这就是「动态内存分配」，内存地址也就是编程中的「光标」。内存不是永远都招之即来、用之不尽的，有时候内存分配也会失败。当分配失败时系统函数会返回一个0值，这时返回值「0」已不表示新启用的游标，而是系统向应用程序发出的一个通知，告知出现了错误。作为应用程序，在每一次申请内存后都应该检查返回值是否为0，如果是，则意味着出现了故障，应该采取一些措施挽救，这就增强了程序的「健壮性」。若应用程序没有检查这个错误，它就会按照「思维惯性」认为这个值是给它分配的可用游标，继续在之后的执行中使用这块内存。真正的0地址内存区储存的是计算机系统中最重要的「中断描述符表」，绝对不允许应用程序使用。在没有保护机制的操作系统下(如DOS)，写数据到这个地址会导致立即当机，而在健壮的操作系统中，如Windows等，这个操作会马上被系统的保护机制捕获，其结果就是由操作系统强行关闭出错的应用程序，以防止其错误扩大。这时候，就会出现上述的「写内存」错误，并指出被引用的内存地址为「0x00000000」。内存分配失败故障的原因很多，内存不够、系统函数的版本不匹配等都可能有影响。因此，这种分配失败多见于操作系统使用很长时间后，安装了多种应用程序(包括无意中「安装」的病毒程序)，更改了大量的系统参数和系统档案之后。 二、应用程序由于自身BUG引用了不正常的内存光标 在使用动态分配的应用程序中，有时会有这样的情况出现：程序试突读写一块「应该可用」的内存，但不知为什么，这个预料中可用的光标已经失效了。有可能是「忘记了」向操作系统要求分配，也可能是程序自己在某个时候已经注销了这块内存而「没有留意」等等。注销了的内存被系统回收，其访问权已经不属于该应用程序，因此读写操作也同样会触发系统的保护机制，企图「违法」的程序唯一的下场就是被操作终止执行，回收全部资源。计算机世界的法律还是要比人类有效和严厉得多啊！像这样的情况都属于程序自身的BUG，你往往可在特定的操作顺序下重现错误。无效光标不一定总是0，因此错误提示中的内存地址也不一定为「0x00000000」，而是其它随机数字。如果系统经常有所提到的错误提示，下面的建议可能会有说明 ： 1.检视系统中是否有木马或病毒。这类程序为了控制系统往往不负责任地修改系统， 从而导致操作系统异常。平常应加强信息安全意识，对来源不明的可执行程序绝不好奇。 2.更新操作系统，让操作系统的安装程序重新拷贝正确版本的系统档案、修正系统参数。 有时候操作系统本身也会有BUG，要注意安装官方发行的升级程序。 3.试用新版本的应用程序。 Mode: 将虚拟内存撤换 答案: 目前为止是肯定的，也就是如在下次冷天到来时亦没再发生，就代表这是主因 追加: 如果你用 Ghost 恢复 OS 后建议 删除WINDOWS＼PREFETCH目录下所有*.PF文件因为需让windows重新收集程序的物理地址 有些应用程序错误 "0x7cd64998" 指令参考的 "0x14c96730" 内存。该内存不能为 "read"推论是此原因 源由: Win XP的「预读取」技术 这种最佳化技术也被用到了应用软件上，系统对每一个应用软件的前几次启动情况进行分析，然后新增一个描述套用需求的虚拟「内存映像」，并把这些信息储存到WINDOWSPREFETCH数据夹。一旦建立了映像，应用软件的装入速度大大提高。XP的预读取数据储存了最近8次系统启动或应用软件启动的信息。 后叙: 目前此方法亦是独步网络的(其码自己针对此问题查了许久)，也是常见问题，原本几乎每天睡前关闭软件时一些程序都会发生...read... 现在就没发生了。 【文章二】 运行某些程序的时候，有时会出现内存错误的提示（0x后面内容有可能不一样），然后该程序就关闭。 “0x????????”指令引用的“0x????????”内存。该内存不能为“read”。 “0x????????”指令引用的“0x????????”内存，该内存不能为“written”。 不知你出现过类似这样的故障吗？ 一般出现这个现象有方面的，一是硬件，即内存方面有问题，二是软件，这就有多方面的问题了。 下面先说说硬件： 一般来说，内存出现问题的可能性并不大，主要方面是：内存条坏了、内存质量有问题，还有就是2个不同牌子不同容量的内存混插，也比较容易出现不兼容的情况，同时还要注意散热问题，特别是超频后。你可以使用MemTest 这个软件来检测一下内存，它可以彻底的检测出内存的稳定度。 假如你是双内存，而且是不同品牌的内存条混插或者买了二手内存时，出现这个问题，这时，你就要检查是不是内存出问题了或者和其它硬件不兼容。 如果都没有，那就从软件方面排除故障了。 先简单说说原理：内存有个存放数据的地方叫缓冲区，当程序把数据放在其一位置时，因为没有足够空间，就会发生溢出现象。举个例子：一个桶子只能将一斤的水，当你放入两斤的水进入时，就会溢出来。而系统则是在屏幕上表现出来。这个问题，经常出现在windows2000和XP系统上，Windows 2000/XP对硬件的要求是很苛刻的,一旦遇到资源死锁、溢出或者类似Windows 98里的非法操作，系统为保持稳定，就会出现上述情况。另外也可能是硬件设备之间的兼容性不好造成的。 下面我从几个例子给大家分析： 例一：打开IE浏览器或者没过几分钟就会出现"0x70dcf39f"指令引用的"0x00000000"内存。该内存不能为“read”。要终止程序，请单击“确定”的信息框，单击“确定”后，又出现“发生内部错误，您正在使用的其中一个窗口即将关闭”的信息框，关闭该提示信息后，IE浏览器也被关闭。 解决方法：修复或升级IE浏览器，同时打上补丁。看过其中一个修复方法是，Win2000自升级，也就是Win2000升级到Win2000，其实这种方法也就是把系统还原到系统初始的状态下。比如你的IE升级到了6.0，自升级后，会被IE5.0代替。 例二：在windows xp下双击光盘里面的“AutoRun.exe”文件，显示“0x77f745cc”指令引用的“0x00000078”内存。该内存不能为“written”，要终止程序，请单击“确定”，而在Windows 98里运行却正常。 解决方法：这可能是系统的兼容性问题，winXP的系统，右键“AutoRun.exe”文件，属性，兼容性，把“用兼容模式运行这个程序”项选择上，并选择“Windows 98/Me”。win2000如果打了SP的补丁后，只要开始，运行，输入：regsvr32 c:winntapppatchslayerui.dll。右键，属性，也会出现兼容性的选项。 例三：RealOne Gold关闭时出现错误，以前一直使用正常，最近却在每次关闭时出现“0xffffffff”指令引用的“0xffffffff”内存。该内存不能为“read” 的提示。 解决方法：当使用的输入法为微软拼音输入法2003，并且隐藏语言栏时（不隐藏时没问题）关闭RealOne就会出现这个问题，因此在关闭RealOne之前可以显示语言栏或者将任意其他输入法作为当前输入法来解决这个问题。 例四：我的豪杰超级解霸自从上网后就不能播放了，每次都提示“0x060692f6”（每次变化）指令引用的“0xff000011”内存不能为“read”，终止程序请按确定。 解决方法：试试重装豪杰超级解霸,如果重装后还会，到官方网站下载相应版本的补丁试试。还不行，只好换就用别的播放器试试了。 例五：双击一个游戏的快捷方式，“0x77f5cd0”指令引用“0xffffffff”内 存，该内存不能为“read” ，并且提示Client.dat程序错误。 解决方法：重装显卡的最新驱动程序，然后下载并且安装DirectX9.0。 例六：一个朋友发信息过来，我的电脑便出现了错误信息:“0x772b548f”指令引用的“0x00303033”内存，该内存不能为“written”,然后QQ自动下线，而再打开QQ，发现了他发过来的十几条的信息。 解决方法：这是对方利用QQ的BUG，发送特殊的代码，做QQ出错，只要打上补丁或升级到最新版本，就没事了。 【原因 解决方法】 1 内存条坏了 更换内存条 2 双内存不兼容 使用同品牌的内存或只要一条内存 3 内存质量问题 更换内存条 4 散热问题 加强机箱内部的散热 5 内存和主板没插好或其他硬件不兼容 重插内存或换个插槽 6 硬件有问题 更换硬盘 7 驱动问题 重装驱动,如果是新系统,应先安装主板驱动 8 软件损坏 重装软件 9 软件有BUG 打补丁或更新到最新版本 10 软件和系统不兼容 给软件打上补丁或是试试系统的兼容模式 11 软件和软件之间有冲突 如果最近安装了什么新软件,卸载了试试 12 软件要使用其他相关的软件有问题 重装相关软件,比如播放某一格式的文件时出错,可能是这个文件的解码器有问题 13 病毒问题 杀毒 14 杀毒软件与系统或软件相冲突 由于杀毒软件是进入底层监控系统的,可能与一些软件相冲突,卸载试试 15 系统本身有问题 有时候操作系统本身也会有BUG,要注意安装官方发行的更新程序,象SP的补丁,最好打上.如果还不行,重装系统,或更换其他版本的系统。 〔又一说〕 在控制面板的添加/删除程序中看看你是否安装了微软NET.Framework，如果已经安装了，可以考虑卸载它，当然如果你以后在其它程序需要NET.Framework时候，可以再重新安装。 另外，如果你用的是ATI显卡并且你用的是SP2的补丁（一些ATI的显卡驱动需要在NET.Framework正常工作的环境下）。这种情况你可以找一款不需要NET.Framework支持的ATI显卡驱动。 如果以上两种方法并不能完全解决问题，你试着用一下“IE修复”软件，并可以查查是否有病毒之类的。 〔微软NET.Framework升级到1.1版应该没问题了〕 〔还有一说〕 方法一： 微软新闻组的朋友指点:开始--运行：regsvr32 jscript.dll 开始--运行：regsvr32 vbscript.dll 不过没解决---但提供了路子-----一次运行注册所有dll 搜索查找到方法如下: 运行 输入cmd 回车在命令提示符下输入 for %1 in (%windir%system32*.dll) do regsvr32.exe /s %1 这个命令老兄你慢慢输 输入正确的话会看到飞快地滚屏 否则……否则失败就是没这效果。回车后慢慢等（需要点时间1-2分钟） 都运行完再打开看 方法二： 这是个典型问题~~~~~引起这个问题的原因很多。一般来讲就是给系统打上补丁和更换内存、给内存换个插槽这3种方法来解决。[系统补丁只要到Microsoft Update网站在线更新就可以了] 造成这种问题的原因很多，不能单纯的下结论，尽量做到以下几点可能对你有帮助： 1。确保使用的是未修改过的软件（非汉化、破解版） 2。使用改软件时尽量不要运行其他软件。（这是个临时文件，可能某些软件也在使用临时文件夹，所以产生干扰） 3。把那些什么桌面工具，内存整理工具通通关掉（你至少有2个类似的工具在运行）” 处理方法： 运行regedit进入注册表, 在HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESOFTWAREMicrosoftWindowsCurrentVersionExplorerShellExecuteHooks下，应该只有一个正常的键值"{AEB6717E-7E19-11d0-97EE-00C04FD91972}, 将其他的删除。 〔我个人的最后解决和看法〕 我今天尝试了多种办法，最后我发现问题出在微软的NET.Framework上面。我升级了这个软件，并打齐了补丁，短暂平安后，有出现“内

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