- 马老四
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动名词做主语,谓语动词用单三形式
- 北有云溪
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不定式短语、动词的-ing形式和名词性从句作主语时。谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
在一般情况下,一个英语句子的主要成分是:主语和谓语。主语表示的是“谁”或“什么”。谓语是说明主语在“干什么”或“怎么样”。次要成分是句子的附带成分,如:定语、状语、宾语、表语、补足语和同位语。这些成分是根据不同的句型和意思需要而附带的次要成分。定语是修饰或限定名词和代词的句子成分;状语是修饰动词、副词和形容词等的句子成分;宾语、表语和补足语是某些动词的附带成分,在没有特殊语境的情况下,它们又是必不可少的,如果缺少了它们,就会使句子的意思不完整或产生歧义。如:宾语是跟在及物动词后,来表示动作的对象;表语是跟在系动词后,来构成系表结构;而补足语是跟在某些及物动词后补充说明宾语或主语的。所以在学习英语语法时,首先要抓住主要矛盾:句子的主语和谓语。然后再顺藤摸瓜,进一步明确句子的次要成分:定语、状语、宾语、表语、补足语和同位语。
一.句子的主要成分
1、句子的主语
通常情况下,我们都能在一个完整的英语句子中找到其主语,即:一个表示人、物或事的词、短语或从句,来表示谓语动作的执行者或状态情形的主体。如:
He is smoking in the office. 他正在办公室抽烟。
Those students handed in their compositions yesterday. 那些学生昨天交了作文。
Studying English is our lifetime task. 学习英语是我们的终身任务。
To go swimming this afternoon is not suitable. 今天下午去游泳不合适。
Who will attend the meeting is for the manager to decide. 谁去参加会议由经理决定。
It is said that the two sides have signed an agreement. 据说双方已经签署了协议。
2、句子的谓语
英语句子的谓语都是由动词充当,其它词类不能单独作谓语。根据谓语动词本身的不同特点,谓语又可以分为以下几种不同的形式:不及物动词作谓语;及物动词作谓语;系动词作谓语,以及带情态动词或助动词的复合谓语,等等。如:
The dog died. 那条狗死了。
Writing the book cost him 20 years. 写那本书花去了他20年的时间。
The designs and colors are very beautiful. 那些设计和颜色都很美。
They can drive cars. 他们会开车。
The specialists didn"t agree on the project. 专家们没有就那项工程达成共识。
上述句子中的画线部分都是谓语,其中“died”是不及物动词;“cost”是及物动词;而“are、 ”是系动词;“can drive”是情态动词+及物动词;“didn"t agree” 是助动词+不及物动词
二、句子的次要成分
1.句子的状语
状语主要是修饰动词,表示该动作发生的时间、地点、方式、原因、条件等等;副词作状语还可以修饰形容词、副词及介词短语表示程度或修饰全句。担任状语的有副词、形容词、分词、不定式、介词短语、状语从句等。如:
The dog died [yesterday]. 那条狗昨天死了。
She is giving a talk [in the lecture room]. 她正在阶梯教室作报告。
The old lady sat [there still, thinking back of her old good days]. 那位老奶奶坐在那儿,一动也不动,回忆着过去的好时光。
He got praised [for his wonderful performance]. 他因出色的表演而受到了表扬。
[To improve his English], he keeps on spending two hours learning it [every night]. 为了提高英语成绩,他坚持每天晚上学习两个小时的英语。
You may use my car [if you can return it by supper]. 如果在晚饭前你能还来,你就可以开我的车子。
It is [rather] cold [here in winter]. 这儿冬天相当冷。
They came [very late]. 他们来地很迟。
[Curious], we looked around for other foreigners. 由于好奇,我们四处观望,看看是否还有外国人。
[Strangely],he should refused the work. 奇怪的是,他居然拒绝了那份工作。
[Greatly surprised and excited],I told my headteacher the good news. 我十分激动万分惊喜地把这个好消息告诉了班主任。
2.句子的定语
定语主要是修饰名词和代词起限定作用,几乎所有的实词和短语都可以作定语。修饰名词和代词的句子叫定语从句。如:
There is (an old stone) bridge in (our) village. 我们村有一座旧石桥。
Is there anything (on) tonight? 今晚上有什么活动吗?
The Yellow River is (the second longest) river (of China). 黄河是中国第二大河。
I have (a lot of) work (to do) today. 我今天有很多事要做。
The film (being made here) will be shown publicly in (five) months. 正在这儿拍摄的影片将在5个月后在这儿公映。
The articles (written by the writer 30 years ago) are still well-received by (young) people. 那位作家30年前写的文章现在仍受青年人的喜爱。
He (who does not reach the Great Wall) is not (a true) man. 不到长城非好汉。
3.句子的宾语
宾语是跟在及物动词和介词后的句子成分,只有代词宾格、名词及相当于名词的短语和从句才能当宾语,如:
The old man patted me on the head. 老人拍拍我的头。
We all enjoy reading Shakespeare. 我们都喜欢读莎士比亚的作品。
I want to go with you. 我想跟你一起去。
People said that the road was blocked. 有人说, 封路了。
He said, “You must return the book tomorrow.” 他说:“你明天必须把书还去。”
还有些动词要带双宾语,即:一个间接宾语“ ”和一个直接宾语“ ”。如:
Father gave me 100 dollars. 父亲给了我100美元。
Adam sent Julie a Bible. 亚当给朱莉娅寄了本《圣经》。
My uncle made my sister a model plane. 我叔叔给我妹妹做了个模型飞机。
注意:在上述例句中,间接宾语后置时其前要加“to”或“for”。如:
Father gave 100 dollars to me. 父亲给了我100美元。
My uncle made a model plane for my sister. 我叔叔给我妹妹做了个模型飞机。
4.句子的表语
表语是跟在系动词后的句子成分,几乎所有的实词、各种短语及从句都可以作表语,如:
That was a fine day. 那天是个大晴天。
He is out. 他不在家。
He is sixteen. 他十六岁。
The flowers look very beautiful. 那些花看上去真美。
The fruit on the tree appear inviting. 树上的果子似乎很诱人。
All the people got excited. 所有的人都变得很激动。
Alice is ahead of the others. 爱丽丝比别人强。
She seemed to have known it. 她好像已经知道了这件事。
The boy is growing taller and taller. 那孩子长得越来越高。
The reason is that he doesn"t like the film. 理由是他不喜欢那部影片。
She looks as if she were my own mother.她看上去就像我的亲妈妈。
5.句子的补足语
在主动语态的句子中,补充说明宾语的句子成分叫做宾语补足语;在被动语态中补充说明主语的句子成分叫做主语补足语,补足语可由某些实词和短语充当。如:
We made Juliet our monitor. 我们选朱丽叶当班长。
Keats pushed the door open.济慈把门推开了。
That question made me puzzled. 那个问题把我弄得迷惑不解。
They saw the children playing on the beach just now. 他们刚才还看到那几个孩子在海边玩。
Who will you have go to repair your bike? 你要谁去修你的自行车?
如果把上述句子变成被动语态,宾语补足语,就变成了主语补足语了。如:
Juliet was made our monitor. 朱丽叶被我们选为班长。
The children were seen playing on the beach just now. 那几个孩子,刚才还有人看到在海边玩。
The door was pushed open by Keats. 就是扇门,被济慈推开的。
6,同位语
同位语是跟在名词或代词后,起解释说明作用的句子成分。例如:
Mr. li, our headmaster, has gone to London for a conference. 我们的校长,李先生去伦敦开会了。
We Chinese love peace and hate war.我们中国人爱好和平讨厌战争。
Monitor gave us each a ticket. 班长给我们每人发了一张票。
In fact, we teachers all respect you students. 实际上,我们教师都尊重你们学生。
We want to write a book, a book(=one) about the history of our clan. 我们想写一本书,一本关于我们家族史的书。
They have known their task—to clean the sportsground.他们已知道任务了---即打扫操场。
希望我能帮助你解疑释惑。
- 我不懂运营
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1.不定式短语、动词的-ing形式和名词性从句作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
2.有几个动名词(两个或两个以上)作主语时,则谓语动词用复数。
例:Swimming and running are my favorite sports.