- cloud123
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康熙六年(1667年)亲政。八年,年仅十六岁的康熙暗结内大臣索额图等人智捕鳌拜,夺回大权。亲政后,宣历水停圈地,准许壮丁“出旗为民”,又奖励垦荒,益蜀免粮,任用靳辅,陈潢治理黄河,规定“额外添丁,永不加赋”;设立南书房掌标票拟圣旨,加强皇权;又平定平西王吴三桂、平南王尚可喜之了尚之信,靖南王耿继茂之子耿精忠长达八的三藩之乱,派兵攻入台湾;平事实上准噶尔部噶尔丹叛乱,巩固了国家统一;又巡行东北,两面三刀次发起东准克萨反击战,沉重打击沙俄势力,派索额图、佟国纲赴尼布楚与沙俄谈判侵略边境问题,得前确定黑龙江流域的广大领土“皆我所属之地,不可弃之于俄罗斯”的原则,签定《尼布楚条约》,划定中俄东段边界,使多民族国家的统一得到巩固发展。他一生苦研儒学,表倡程永理学、开博学鸿儒科,设馆纂修《明史》,编纂《古今图书集成》、《全唐诗》、《佩文韵府》、《康熙字典》等。同时,屡兴文字狱,残酷镇压反清思想。康熙六十一年(1722年)死于畅春园,葬于清东陵之景陵。享年六十九岁,在位六十一年,庙号清圣祖。
康熙自幼勤奋好学,文韬武略样样精通,在清除螯拜,撤除三藩,统一台湾,平定准葛尔叛乱等一系列军事行动中或御驾亲征,或决胜千里,充分显示了他的军事才能。慎选人才,表彰清官,修治河道,笼络汉族知识分子等行为,又反映了康熙是一个出色的政治家和睿智的君主。
康熙皇帝在清朝十二帝(包括入关前的清太祖努尔哈赤与清太宗皇太极)中子女最多,子35人、女20人,共计55人。和玄烨的政治生活相比,他的家庭生活并不美满,诸皇子夺储之争,使他心力憔悴。从历史的角度而言,康熙帝还一位励精图治,关心民生的好皇帝。
The Kanghsi six years (in 1667) personally guided the government into a new era.Eight years, in the year only 16 year-old Kanghsi dark knots minister human understanding and so on rope volume chart catches ao does obeisance, recaptures the power authority.After personally guides the government into a new era, proclaims undergoes Shui Tingquan the place, allows the recruit “the flag is the people”, also rewards reclaims wasteland, benefits Suchuan to exempt the grain, assigns the decorative leather harness auxiliary, Chen Huang governs Yellow River, stipulated “extra has a baby, never levies additional taxes”; South sets up the studio palm sign ticket to draw up the imperial decree, the enhancement imperial authority; Also stilled sets king Wu Sangui, the Pingnan king encouraging still the letter, south peace child of Geng pure loyalty Wang the Geng Jimao long has still reached chaotic eight three fence, dispatched troops to capture Taiwan; Even Zungar Gar Dan rebelled in fact, consolidates the country to be unified; East also patrols northeast, the both sides three knives time initiates the gram Sa counterattack battle, attacks the Tsarist Russia influence heavily, sends the rope volume chart, Tong Guogang to go to Nerchinsk and Tsarist Russia negotiates invades the frontier question, front determined the Heilongjiang basin the general territories “all place of the my subordinate, may not abandon it in Russia” the principle, evaluates "the Treaty of Nerchinsk", delimits east China and Russia the section boundary, enable the multinational country the unification to obtain the consolidated development.His life grinds Confucianism painstakingly, the table leads the regulation forever Neo-Confucianism, opens the learned great Confucian scholar branch, will suppose the hall to compile "the Ming Dynasty history", will compile "Ancient and modern Books Integration", "the Entire Tang poem", "Peiwen yunfu", "the Kangxi dictionary" and so on.At the same time, is popular the literary inquisition repeatedly, suppresses the counter-clear thought brutally.The Kanghsi 61 years (in 1722) died of the smooth spring garden, buried scenery of mausoleum in the clear Dongling.Died at the age of 69 years old, reigns for 61 years, the temple number clear saint ancestor.
Kanghsi was diligent since childhood is diligent, the skill in fine arts and in military arts every kind was skilled in, in eliminated the chela to do obeisance, removes three fences, unified Taiwan, decided Ge you to rebel evenly and so on in a series of military action or the royal cart kisses drafts, or determined the final outcome the great distance, has demonstrated his military ability fully.Cautious elects the talented person, the commendation honest official, the repair river course, bosses around behaviors and so on Han Nationality intellectual, also had reflected Kanghsi is an outstanding statesman and the wisdom crowned head.
Emperor Kanghsi (including enters the pass front in the Qing Dynasty 12 emperors clear great-grandfathergreat-grandmother Nurhachu and clear too ancestor emperor primal chaos) the children are most, sub-35 human, female 20 people, total 55 people.Compares with the unreliable ye political life, his family life is not content, the various emperor"s sons seize struggle the Chu, causes his mental effort to be thin and pale.Says from the historical angle, Kanghsi emperor also makes determined efforts, care livelihood of the people good emperor.
- 阿啵呲嘚
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清圣祖康熙,名爱新觉罗·玄烨(1654年5月4日顺治十一年三月十八日—1722年12月20日康熙六十一年十一月十三日),清朝皇帝,康熙的称谓来自其年号。
顺治十一年三月十八日(1654年5月4日)生于北京紫禁城景仁宫,佟妃之子。康熙六十一年十一月十三日(公元1722年12月20日)卒于北京畅春园清溪书屋。终年69岁。在位61年(1661年-1722年),是中国历史上在位时间最长的皇帝。
康熙继位时只有八岁,是顺治的第三子。顺治接受汤若望的意见因其出过天花具有免疫力而把他选为继承人。康熙六年(1667年)七月初七在太和殿举行亲政仪式。在其祖母太皇太后孝庄文皇后的帮助下,在康熙九年赢得了与顾命大臣鳌拜的斗争,开始真正亲政的阶段。
康熙执政期间,撤除吴三桂等三藩势力(1673年),统一台湾(1684年),平定准噶尔汗噶尔丹叛乱(1688年-1697年),并抵抗了当时沙俄对我国东北地区的侵略,签定了《尼布楚条约》,划定中国东北边界。他在承德修建了避暑山庄,作为与北方游牧民族交往的基地。
从社会经济的角度考察,康熙采取了一系列有利于国计民生的政策:积极鼓励垦荒,废止圈地令,实施更名田;整修黄河、淮河、运河的水利工程。尤其是在康熙五十一年(1712年)决定“永不加赋”,取消新增人口的人头税,并最终演变成“摊丁入亩”制度。并大蠲赋税。最终促进了农业经济的发展,表现为耕地面积的迅速扩大与粮食产量的提高、经济作物的广泛种植,奠定了所谓“康乾盛世”的基础。
康熙帝重视对汉族知识分子的优遇。他曾多次举办博学鸿儒科,创建了南书房制度,并亲临曲阜拜谒孔庙。康熙帝还组织编辑与出版了《康熙字典》、《古今图书集成》、《历象考成》、《数理精蕴》、《康熙永年历法》、《康熙皇舆全览图》等图书、历法和地图。
但是,在另外一方面,康熙也存在保守和落后的方面。他在统一台湾后开放了海禁,但是由于担心米谷出境而明令禁止南洋贸易。他崇尚儒学,尤其是朱熹理学。此外在康熙五十年(1711年)还发生过戴名世《南山集》文字狱事件。
康熙十三年,康熙帝立皇后所生的一岁的皇次子胤礽为太子,但数十年后由于太子本身的素质问题及其在朝中结党而废太子。废太子后众皇子觊觎皇位,矛盾更加尖锐,故太子废而复立,但康熙仍无法容忍其结党,三年后再废太子。最终在康熙六十一年临终时传位于皇四子胤禛。传位给胤禛的理由众说纷纭,有人认为康熙是希望精明干练的胤禛能大力改革康熙末年的宽纵积弊,也有人认为康熙是因为钟爱胤禛之四子弘历(未来的干隆帝)而传位于他,还有传说是顾命大臣隆科多和胤禛矫篡遗诏。无论如何,此一传位争议是中国历史上着名的奇案之一。
- 苏萦
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