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英汉翻译的原理与实践Unit07

2023-07-24 10:28:20
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Unit 7

I、课外练习参考译文:

一天中我最喜欢的是最后那段时刻--至少是醒着的最后那段时刻。我再三努力不让眨动的眼皮合上,不让书本掉落在胸前,这时候我知道真的该入睡了。我深情地把书放在身边的床上。我们一起入睡--我和我的书,我和书中的人物,我和交杂的梦境,都一起入睡。

躺在床上看书似乎成了家传。上一次母亲帮我照看孩子时,我回到家里发现整幢房子一片漆黑,只有两处微弱的灯光。一处在我儿子的房间,我看到八岁的儿子拿着一本《鸡皮疙瘩》,打着电筒躲在被窝里看书。房子的那头,母亲拿着书已经打起盹来。

差不多在这一老一小的中间就是我:一个已经长大成人的昔日女孩,过去经常在野营时把《南茜u2022德鲁》漫画藏在被窝里与之同眠,一位将来帮儿子照看小孩的老奶奶,儿子回家时发现母亲已经心满意足地脸上盖着书本呼呼入睡。

我没有按照传统的分类方法把书分为小说类和非小说类、长篇类和短篇类、修身养性类和娱乐消遣类,而是把床头读物分为催人入眠类和驱散睡意类。两类书籍各得其所。就在昨天晚上,我挑了一本薄薄的但文字密集的文学评论。我知道这本书会让我倒下就睡着。与之完全不同的另一类则是情节紧张扣人心弦的书,如犯罪小说、爱情故事、生活喜剧,书中的叙事充满魅力令你不忍打断,书中的世界引人入胜使你难舍难离,你会一页又一页地翻下去,一直看到十二点钟过后。

II、英汉翻译原理第三讲:怎样理解原文?(续)

六、要理解词语不同用法时的不同含义:

【例53】 They were distressful memories to her.

×它们都是她感到悲伤的回忆。

【译文】 这些都是勾起她痛苦回忆的往事,

【例54】 Anyone who doubts that global financial markets control national economies need only look at the crisis facing the "tigers" of the Far East.

×任何认为全球金融市场未必能左右国民经济的人,只须环视一下笼罩着远东“四小龙”的那场金融危机。

【译文】 无论是谁,如果认为世界各国金融市场未必能控制各国经济,只须看一看远东地区的“四小龙”所面临的这场金融危机就明白了。

【例55】 Concerned farmers are building terraces on hilly fields, rotating their crops, and using new plowing methods to cut soil losses significantly.

【译文】 关注事态的农民们在山地上修造梯田,实行轮作,并采用新法耕作以大幅度减少土壤流失。

七、要注意省略和替代部分的理解:

【例56】 "Has he sold his collection yet?" "He has some of the paintings; I"m not sure about the rest."

ד他的藏画全都卖了吗?” “他有一些画,其他的我说不准。”

【译文】 “他的藏画全都卖了吗?” “有一部分画他已经卖了,其他的我说不准。”

【例57】 In other words there is at work in the language of a man, or of an age even, a constant principle of selection.

【译文】 换句话说,不仅一个人的语言,甚至于一个时代的语言,都不断受到淘汰原理的影响。

【例58】 A causeless event or thing, we cannot think of any more than we can of a stick with only one end.

【译文】 我们不可能设想有哪件事情是无缘无故产生的,就像我们不可能设想有哪根棍子只有一头一样。

【例59】 We are human and human beings are far from perfect. To be human implies that we will make mistakes. But it"s more than that we feel human. We now feel entitled.

【译文】 我们是凡人,而凡人远非十全十美。作为凡人就是说我们会犯错误。但是,我们觉得自己是凡人不仅仅由于我们会犯错误。我们如今感到有权利犯错误。

【例60】 You have acted as if you do; but I don"t think you do.

【译文】 你装出好象很喜欢我的样子,可我觉得你并不喜欢我。

III、课堂练习(正确理解以下各句,并在正确理解的基础上将其译成汉语):

1.If anyone has the right to hope he can solve what to most physicists would seem unsolvable, he has.

2.By taking thought, men can move mountains -- and have.He had retired to private prayer in his chamber.

3.Many considerations go into growing the most flavorful produce, and the simple fact of being certified "organic" is not guarantee.

4.Senate Majority Leader George Mitchel hit the ceiling, as did most other Democrats, who immediately declared themselves allergic to taxes.

5.Two of the largest and most powerful nations of the world have since 1950 lived in isolated ignorance of one another and mutual fear and hate.

6.At the meeting, Johnson was very critical of Smith"s record, but she was able to blunt his attack by showing that he had a private grievance against her.

7.Along with strong incentive and education systems, third-wave companies maintain an openness to outside ideas and a tolerance for failure that help to keep innovative thinking alive.

8.When he dined with his sister that evening, Madeline helped herself to a cigarette from his pack on the table, and lit and smoke it inexpertly. Her defiant, self-satisfied, somewhat pathetic air made Warren laugh.

IV、课堂练习参考译文:

1.如果说谁有权利希望自己能解决大多数物理学家似乎无法解决的问题,那么他就有这种权利。

2.人们只要动脑筋,就能移山填海--而且人们已经这样做了。

3.风味的农产品的种植涉及到许多因素,而仅仅获得“天然产品”的认证并不能保证什么。

4.参议院多数党领袖米契尔和大多数民主党人士都大发雷霆,他们立即宣称无法忍受增税。

5.自1950年以来,世界上两个地域、实力的国家彼此隔离,毫无了解,相互间既恐惧又敌视。

6.在会上,约翰逊百般指责史密斯过去的所作所为,但史密斯指出约翰逊对她有私仇,因而削弱了约翰逊攻击的锋芒。

7.第三次浪潮时代的企业除了需要有力的激励和教育机制外,还应善于接受外界的思想,善于容忍失败,这样才有利于思想上的活跃创新。

8.华伦那天跟妹妹美德琳一起吃晚饭时, 妹妹从桌上他的烟盒里取出一支香烟,不太在行地抽了起来。她那种不可一世、自鸣得意、又有点惹人爱怜的神气引得华伦哈哈大笑。

V、课外练习(正确理解下列短文,并将其译成汉语):

Beauty has always been regarded as something praiseworthy. Almost everyone thinks attractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and have more respectable occupations. Personal consultants give them better advice for finding jobs. Even judges are softer on attractive defendants. But in the executive circle, beauty can become a liability.

While attractiveness is a positive factor for a man on his way up the executive ladder, it is harmful to woman.

Handsome male executives were perceived as having more integrity than plainer men; effort and ability were thought to account for their success.

Attractive female executives were considered to have less integrity than unattractive ones; their success was attributed not to ability but to factors such as luck.

All unattractive women executives were thought to have more integrity and to be more capable than the attractive female executives. Interestingly, though, the rise of the unattractive overnight successes was attributed more to personal relationships and less to ability than was that of attractive overnight successes.

Why are attractive women not thought to be able? An attractive woman is perceived to be more feminine and an attractive man more masculine than the less attractive ones. Thus, an attractive woman has an advantage in traditionally female jobs, but an attractive woman in a traditionally masculine position appears to lack the "masculine" qualities required.

This is true even in politics. "When the only clue is how he or she looks, people treat men and women differently," says Anne Bowman, who recently published a study on the effects of attractiveness on political candidates. She asked 125 undergraduate students to rank two groups of photographs, one of men and one of women, in order of attractiveness. The students were told the photographs were of candidates for political offices. The were asked to rank them again, in the order they would vote for them.

The results showed that attractive males utterly defeated unattractive men, but the women who had been ranked most attractive invariably received the fewest votes. (332 words)

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动词不定式由to+动词原形构成。这里的to是不定式标志,没有词义。不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能,又有动词的时态和语态的特点及作用。可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语。除了跟情态动词和某些时态的助动词构成谓语之外,动词不定式一般不能用作谓语。动词不定式用作主语不定式结构做主语,可以直接放于句首。但这样的用法不多见。To hesitate(犹豫) is a pity.犹豫是件憾事。To be here is a great pleasure.到这里是快乐的事情。To remember to switch(关掉) off the electricity isimportant.记得关电是重要的。现代英语一般使用形式主语it,把不定式后置。因此上面的句子一般这样表述:Itis a pity to hesitate.犹豫不决真遗憾。Itis a great pleasure to be here.很高兴来到这里。Itis not sufficient to know the main facts.知道主要事实是不够的。Itis important to remember to switchoff the electricity.要记得关掉电源是很重要的。不定式用作表语不定式作表语有两种情况要注意,一种是主语和表语都是不定式,主语是条件,表语是结果。这时,作表语的不定式不可以用动名词(doing)表示。To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。 To decide is to act.下决心等于行动。Tobe kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.对敌人仁慈就是对人民的残忍。一种是,主语以这些名词表示:aim, ambition, duty, hope, idea,intention, mistake, plan, purpose, suggestion等;或主语以what引导的名词性主语从句表示,后面的不定式说明其内容。Your mistake was not to write that better.你的错误是没有写得更好。What I would suggest is to start work at once.我要建议的是马上开始干活。My idea is to climb the mountain from the north.我的主意是从北边山爬山。动词不定式作宾语不定式作宾语有两种情形:todo something (接不定式作宾语的动词:afford, agree, aim, apply, arrange,ask, choose, claim, decide, decline, demand, desire, determine, expect, hope,learn, long, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, seek, threaten, want,wish等)He pretended not to see me.他假装没看到我。I expected to be back on Sunday.我可望在星期天回来。 What did he say he wanted to do? 他说过他想要做什么呢?She asked to work only at weekend.她要求只在周末工作。 She applies to work only at weekend.她申请只在工作在周末。Of course we hope to get a few more.当然我们希望得到更多一些。He agreed to smoke no more cigarettes.他同意不再吸烟了。She promises to make no mistake at all.她答应不再犯错误了。不定式作宾语补足语1表示感官的动词,不定式作宾语补足语时要省to,这类动词有:feel, hear, listen to,notice(无被动语态), observe, see, watch(无被动语态)等。转为被动语态时,不定式就成了主语补足语,这时的to要补上来。Iheard her sing.我听到她唱歌了。Thecar was seen to stop.车子有人看见停了。2表“使役”的动词have,let, make等用不定式作宾语补足语也要省to,这3个动词中,have没有被动语态,make用于被动语态时也要把to补上来,而let的被动语态一般表示“出租”的意思;其他的“使役”动词不定式作宾语补足语时则不能省to,但都有被动语态。这些动词有:advise, allow, ask, beg,cause, drive, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, invite, permit, persuade,remind, teach, tell, trust, urge, want, warn等。Wewere made to wait outside.有人让我们在外面等。3表示心里状态的动词,如:believe,consider, declare(宣称), discover, feel, find, guess,imagine, judge, prove, suppose, think, understand等。这类动词的宾语补足语一般是to be或to have done不定式,且在consider, declare, find,prove, think等之后的to be往往可以省略。Iknow this to be a fact.我知道这是事实。Wefound him (to be) dishonest.我们发现他不诚实。示情感状态的动词:hate, like, love, prefer, want等。这时常用would跟hate, like, love, prefer搭配。这类动词一般不用被动形式。I"dhate you to do that.我讨厌你那样干。 I"dprefer you to leave him.我宁愿你离开他。I"dlove them to come tonight.我很想他们今晚来。 I don"t want there to be any trouble.我不想有如何麻烦。5还有一类不及物动词跟介词搭配,也可以用不定式作宾补,一般没有被动语态。这类动词有:arrange for, ask for, long for(期望), prepare for, providefor, vote for(赞成), wait for, wish for, call on/ upon, count on(指望), depend on/ upon, relyon等。Wewaitfor that to be done.我们在等人那件事。 I will arrange for you to come.我将为你来做安排。Youcan"t rely on him to assist you.你不能靠他辅助你。 Shall we ask for Mary to come too? 我们可以请玛丽也来吗?动词不定式作定语动词不定式作定语跟中心词有逻辑关系,大致分为主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系和状语关系等。不定式在句中做定语通常做后置定语,即放在被修饰名词或代词后。1 主谓关系:不定式的动作是不定式所修饰的中心词来执行。可以改成定语从句。1) 不定式还可用来修饰人。He is a man tofinish his task best.他是完成任务最好的人。He was a brave man todo what he did.他是个敢做敢当的勇敢之人。2) 不定式常可用来修饰物,表示某物要做某事。The next train toarrive (which would arrive) was from New York.下一列到站的火车是从纽约开来的。The next bus toarrive (which arrives) here may be late half an hour.下一趟到这里的公汽可能晚到半小时。2 动宾关系:不定式所修饰的中心词跟不定式有动宾关系。可改成定语从句。跟主谓关系一样,不定式修饰的既可以是人,也可以是物。不定式动作的执行者可能是句子的主语,也有可能是句子的宾语(见不定式的被动式);有时不定式动作的执行者暗含在上下文中;有时用for somebody/something指出动作的执行者;有时根本不知道是谁。1) 及物动词不定式:动词不定式直接放在所修饰的中心词之后。This is adelicious cake for you to eat (which you can eat).这是一个给你吃的美味蛋糕。Do you haveanything to say (which you will have to say)? 你有什么要说的吗?2) 不及物动词不定式:由于不定式跟中心词有动宾关系,因此不及物动词或短语之后应该使用相应的介词。She has a room tolive in.她有一间房子住。 He has a child to take care of.他有一个孩子要照管。3) 有些名词接不定式做定语,可以省略介词,它们是:place, reason, time, way等。Is that the way to do it (inwhich/that it can be done)? 这是做这个事情的方法吗?You need a place to sleep (where/inwhich you can sleep).你需要一个睡觉的地方。4) 不定式所修饰的名词,可以是及物动词的宾语、双宾语动词的宾语,也可以是及物短语动词的宾语。He found no good music to enjoy.他发现没有好音乐可欣赏。(music是及物动词found的宾语)They brought her some clothes to wash.他们带给她一些要洗的衣服。(clothes是双宾语动词brought的直接宾语)3 同位关系:不定式跟中心词有同位关系。这类名词一般都只能用不定式作定语。1) 某些由同源动词转变而来的名词,同源动词以不定式做宾语,同源名词则以不定式做定语,不定式跟中心词是同位关系。这样只能以不定式作定语的名词:ability, anxiety, attempt, curiosity,decision, desire, disposition, failure, freedom, inclination, obligation,offer, permission, plan, promise, refusal, reluctance, temptation, tendency,willingness, wish, yearning等。I have no wish to quarrel (= don"t wish to quarrel) withyou.我并不希望跟你吵架。Their decision to leave (=That they decided to leave) was very annoying.他们决定走叫人心烦。2) 某些以不定式作状语的形容词,派生转化为同源名词后,也可以用不定式作定语。不定式跟这个名词中心词也是同位关系。在这种结构中,不能用分词形式。Her anxiety to succeed led her to workhard.她迫切想成功,这促使她努力工作。His ability to get on with people is hischief advantage.他能和人相处是他的主要优势。4 状语关系:中心词接上适当的介词可以看成是不定式的状语。1) 修饰某些抽象名词的不定式,也可以使用介词接动名词的方式。这类名词通常表示抽象概念,后面用动词不定式做定语,解释中心词的内容。这样的名词有如:ambition, campaign, chance, honor, mood, need,necessity, plan, opportunity, reason, right, time, way等。Give me your reasons to go/for going there.告诉我你去那儿的理由。He told me his plan to buy/for buying avilla.他跟我说,他计划买栋别墅。2) 不及物动词加介词的不定式做定语,可以改成:preposition + whom/which +to do结构。Please give me a seat to sit on / on whichto sit.请给我一条凳子坐坐。He"s looking for a place to live in/inwhich to live.他在找住的地方。动词不定式作状语不定式做状语,可以修饰动词、形容词或副词,表示动作的目的、结果、原因、条件和方式。1 表示目的表示目的时,不定式可放在句子的前面也可放在句子的末尾。但在句子前面时,不定式常与句子用逗号隔开;而在句子末尾时一般不用逗号隔开。表示目的的不定式放于句首是为了强调这个目的。不定式表示目的,通常句子的主语是它的逻辑主语。He was running to catch the bus.他跑着去赶公共汽车。 Hewent home to see his mother.他回家看望他的母亲。2 表示结果She went abroad neverto return.她去了国外就没回来了。He must be deaf notto hear that.他一定聋哑了,没有听见。3 表示原因不定式表示原因跟表示目的的不定式,在形式上是一样的,需要根据词汇意义进行判断。但表示原因的不定式一般只能放于句末,而不定式做目的状语可以放于句首或句末。试比较:She wept to hear the news.她哭泣是因为听到那个消息。She wept to obtain sympathy.她抽泣是为了得到同情。(To obtain sympathy, she wept.)4 表示条件不定式表示条件时,一般放在句首,也可以放于句末。但疑问句和否定不定式表示条件多置于句末。谓语动词一般含有情态动词:can,may, must, will, shall, should, would等。不定式的动作由句子的主语执行;间或在不定式前用for引出动作的执行者。有时根据上下文,不定式使用的是虚拟语气:1) 主句中使用虚拟语气的情态动词:could, might, should, ought to, would等;2) 不定式使用tohave done模式,是对过去的虚拟。一般来说,不定式表示条件,可以改成条件状语从句。To be heated, liquid will change into gas.如果受热,液体就会变成气体。To be successful, one must do one"s best.要想成功,就要竭尽全能。5 表示方式不定式可接在asif/as though之后表示方式。He moved his mouth as if to say something.他的嘴唇动了动,好像要说什么事似的。6 独立成分表明说话人的态度,在句中做独立成分。一般都放于句首,用逗号隔开。有时也放于句末或句中,也要用逗号隔开。不定式如果带有自己逻辑主语构成独立结构,通常放于句末,用以表示动作之后将要发生的事态。To be true,wecan do it well.当然,我们能做好的。 Sadto tell, he committed suicide.说来令人悲伤,他自杀了。
2023-07-24 06:53:4514

【TED演讲】怎样说话人们才会听(中英文对照稿)

人们天天在说话,怎样说话我们认为不需要学习。看看这个视频,或许会有收获。 正文是中英文对照稿。 查看视频 The human voice: It"s the instrument we all play. It"s the most powerful sound in the world, probably. It"s the only one that can start a war or say "I love you." And yet many people have the experience that when they speak, people don"t listen to them. And why is that? How can we speak powerfully to make change in the world?人类的声音: 是我们所有人都弹奏的乐器。 可能是这个世界上最有力的声音。 它绝无 仅有,或能引起战争, 或能说“我爱你”。 然而,很多人有这种经历, 当他们说的时 候,人们并不在听。 这是为什么呢? 我们怎样有力地说 而让世界发生某种改变? What I"d like to suggest, there are a number of habits that we need to move away from. I"ve assembled for your pleasure here seven deadly sins of speaking. I"m not pretending this is an exhaustive list, but these seven, I think, are pretty large habits that we can all fall into. 我所提议的是, 我们需要改变一些习惯。 在此我为你们收集整理了, 说话的七宗罪。 我没打算假装这是一个详细的列表, 但这七个,我以为是 我们相当容易犯的坏习惯。 First, gossip. Speaking ill of somebody who"s not present. Not a nice habit, and we know perfectly well the person gossiping, five minutes later, will be gossiping about us. 第一就是,流言蜚语, 在背后说某些人的坏话。 这不是一个好习惯,我们都很明白 那 个说闲话的人在五分钟以后 就会在别人跟前说我们的闲话。 Second, judging. We know people who are like this in conversation, and it"s very hard to listen to somebody if you know that you"re being judged and found wanting at the same time. Third, negativity. You can fall into this. My mother, in the last years of her life, became very negative, and it"s hard to listen. I remember one day, I said to her, "It"s October 1 today," and she said, "I know, isn"t it dreadful?" It"s hard to listen when somebody"s that negative. 第二,评判。 我们知道有些人在谈话中是这样的, 这让人很难听进别人的话, 如果你 知道你被人评判 且被认为不合格。 第三,消极。 你能陷入这个泥潭。 我的母亲,在她生命的最后几年里, 变得非常非常 消极,很难让人听她说话。 我记得有一天,我对她说, “今天是十月一号,” 她说, “我知道,这不可怕吗?” (笑声) 当某人那么消极的时候是很难让人听进去的。 And another form of negativity, complaining. Well, this is the national art of the U.K. It"s our national sport. We complain about the weather, sport, about politics, about everything, but actually, complaining is viral misery. It"s not spreading sunshine and lightness in the world. Excuses. We"ve all met this guy. Maybe we"ve all been this guy. Some people have a blamethrower. They just pass it on to everybody else and don"t take responsibility for their actions, and again, hard to listen to somebody who is being like that. 另外一种消极,就是抱怨。 这是英国的全国性艺术。 是我们的全国性运动。我们抱怨天 气, 体育和政治,几乎每件事, 但实际上抱怨是病毒性的悲催, 它不会在这个世界上 传播太阳和光明。 借口。我们都遇上过这个家伙。 也许我们都曾经是这个家伙。 有些人有指责癖好。 他 们怪罪任何人 而不是对自己的行为负责任, 所以,这又是让人难以聆听的一种。 02:01 Penultimate, the sixth of the seven, embroidery, exaggeration. It demeans our language, actually, sometimes. For example, if I see something that really is awesome, what do I call it? And then, of course, this exaggeration becomes lying, and we don"t want to listen to people we know are lying to us. And finally, dogmatism. The confusion of facts with opinions. When those two things get conflated, you"re listening into the wind. You know, somebody is bombarding you with their opinions as if they were true. It"s difficult to listen to that. 七件里面的老六,倒数第二, 浮夸,吹牛。 它有时贬低了我们的语言,事实上。 比如, 如果我看见 什么真的很神奇的事情, 那我该说什么呢? (笑声) 当然这种夸大后来就 变成了说谎。 彻头彻尾的说谎,我们就不想听 这种我们知道会说谎的人。 最后是,固执己见, 把事实和意见混淆。 当这两件事混为一谈, 你就像在听风一样。 你知道,有人用他们自己的意见来强迫你。 这很难让我们听讲。 So here they are, seven deadly sins of speaking. These are things I think we need to avoid. But is there a positive way to think about this? Yes, there is. I"d like to suggest that there are four really powerful cornerstones, foundations, that we can stand on if we want our speech to be powerful and to make change in the world. Fortunately, these things spell a word. The word is "hail," and it has a great definition as well. I"m not talking about the stuff that falls from the sky and hits you on the head. I"m talking about this definition, to greet or acclaim enthusiastically, which is how I think our words will be received if we stand on these four things. So what do they stand for? See if you can guess. The H, honesty, of course, being true in what you say, being straight and clear. The A is authenticity, just being yourself. A friend of mine described it as standing in your own truth, which I think is a lovely way to put it. The I is integrity, being your word, actually doing what you say, and being somebody people can trust. And the L is love. I don"t mean romantic love, but I do mean wishing people well, for two reasons. First of all, I think absolute honesty may not be what we want. I mean, my goodness, you look ugly this morning. Perhaps that"s not necessary. Tempered with love, of course, honesty is a great thing. But also, if you"re really wishing somebody well, it"s very hard to judge them at the same time. I"m not even sure you can do those two things simultaneously. So hail. 这就是说话的七宗罪。 我认为这些是我们需要避免的。 但有没有比较正面的呢? 的确 有。 我想建议四种我们可以牢靠站立的 真正强有力的基石或者基础, 如果我们想让我 们的言语有力 并且让世界产生变化。 幸运的是,这些事情连起来是一个单词。 这个词 就是“hail”,它有着特别好的定义。 我不是讲那个天上掉下来的 砸在你头上的东西。 我在谈论的是 “热情地致敬或赞扬”这个定义。 我认为我们的言辞会如此被接受, 如 果我们坚持这四件事。 那么它们到底是什么呢? 看看你是否能猜到。 H,代表了诚实(Honesty),当然, 说 真话,直接了当并且清楚明白。 A,代表了真实(Authenticity),做一个自然而然的自己。 我的一个朋友把它描述为 坚持真实的自己, 我觉得这是一个优美的表述。 I,代表了正 气(Integrity),言而有信, 说到做到, 成为别人能信任的人。 L,代表爱(Love)。 我不是指罗曼蒂克的爱情, 而是指对别人有良好的祝愿,这出于两个原因。 第一,我认 为绝对的诚实 也许不是我们所想要的。 我的意思是,天哪,今天早上你真难看。 那可 能不必要。 诚实是很重要的。当然,适当地带着爱。 但还有,当你真的很希望别人好, 就很难同时评判他们。 我不知道你们是否能 同时做到这两点。 那么 hail。 Also, now that"s what you say, and it"s like the old song, it is what you say, it"s also the way that you say it. You have an amazing toolbox. This instrument is incredible, and yet this is a toolbox that very few people have ever opened. I"d like to have a little rummage in there with you now and just pull a few tools out that you might like to take away and play with, which will increase the power of your speaking. Register, for example. Now, falsetto register may not be very useful most of the time, but there"s a register in between. I"m not going to get very technical about this for any of you who are voice coaches. You can locate your voice, however. So if I talk up here in my nose, you can hear the difference. If I go down here in my throat, which is where most of us speak from most of the time. But if you want weight, you need to go down here to the chest. You hear the difference? We vote for politicians with lower voices, it"s true, because we associate depth with power and with authority. That"s register. 上面提到的是你所说的内容。 另外,就像老歌里唱的,你所说的很重要, 还有你的表达 方式也很重要。 你有一个很神奇的工具盒。 里面有难以置信的工具, 然而这个工具盒 只有不多的人打开过。 我愿意跟你们在这里 做一点儿探查,并且找出几种工具。 你也 许想拿来试一下, 这些将会增加你说话的力量。 比如说,音域。 假声大部分时候可能是没用的, 但在两者之间会有一种是有用的。 对 于在座的语音教练们, 我不会在这个问题上很深入。 然而,你能定位你的声音。 如果 我把声音提到鼻子这儿,你可以听出不同。 如果我把声音降到嗓子这里, 这是我们大部 分人大多数时候所做的。 但是如果你想有份量, 你需要降到胸腔。 你听出了不同吗? 我们给声音低沉的政治家投票,那是真的, 因为我们把深沉 和权力、权威联系在一起。 那是音域。 Then we have timbre. It"s the way your voice feels. Again, the research shows that we prefer voices which are rich, smooth, warm, like hot chocolate. Well if that"s not you, that"s not the end of the world, because you can train. Go and get a voice coach. And there are amazing things you can do with breathing, with posture, and with exercises to improve the timbre of your voice. Then prosody. I love prosody. This is the sing-song, the meta-language that we use in order to impart meaning. It"s root one for meaning in conversation. People who speak all on one note are really quite hard to listen to if they don"t have any prosody at all. That"s where the word "monotonic" comes from, or monotonous, monotone. Also, we have repetitive prosody now coming in, where every sentence ends as if it were a question when it"s actually not a question, it"s a statement? And if you repeat that one, it"s actually restricting your ability to communicate through prosody, which I think is a shame, so let"s try and break that habit. 然后我们再说音色, 那是你的声音让人感觉如何。 研究显示我们喜欢那种 丰厚,平滑, 温暖,像热巧克力一样的声音。 当然如果你没有那样的声音,这也不是世界末日。 因为 你可以训练。 去找到一个声音教练。 你可以做很神奇的事情, 利用呼吸,姿势,还有 锻炼 来提高你嗓音的音色。 然后是韵律。我喜欢韵律。 那是唱歌,是元语言, 我们用来传送意味。 在谈话中是意 思的根基。 那种说话一个声调的人 很难让人听讲, 如果他们没有一点儿韵律。 那就是 单调这个词的来源, 或者说枯燥无味,一成不变。 我们还有重复性的韵律, 每个句子 的结尾好像是一个疑问句, 但事实上,它不是疑问句,而是陈述句。 (笑声) 如果你 一遍一遍地重复某个东西, 它会限制你 用韵律来交流的能力, 我认为这是一件憾事, 让我们努力打破那个习惯。 Pace. I can get very excited by saying something really quickly, or I can slow right down to emphasize, and at the end of that, of course, is our old friend silence. There"s nothing wrong with a bit of silence in a talk, is there? We don"t have to fill it with ums and ahs. It can be very powerful. 语速,我可以非常非常兴奋地 飞快地说着什么, 或者我能慢下来强调, 在结尾处,当 然是我们的老朋友, 沉默。 在讲话中,有一点儿沉默 没关系,是吗? 我们不需要用 “嗯” 和“ 啊”来填充。 沉默就很有力。 当然,音调常常跟语速一起 来指示兴奋度,但你能仅仅用音调就显示出来。 你把我的钥 匙放在哪儿啦? 你把我的钥匙放在哪儿啦? 那么轻微的差别 在这两个表达中。 Of course, pitch often goes along with pace to indicate arousal, but you can do it just with pitch. Where did you leave my keys? (Higher pitch) Where did you leave my keys? So, slightly different meaning in those two deliveries. And finally, volume. (Loud) I can get really excited by using volume. Sorry about that, if I startled anybody. Or, I can have you really pay attention by getting very quiet. Some people broadcast the whole time. Try not to do that. That"s called sodcasting, Imposing your sound on people around you carelessly and inconsiderately. Not nice. 最后,是音量。 我能用音量表示极端的兴奋。 如果我打扰了任何人的话,抱歉。 或者, 我能用很轻的声音 让你认真地注意。 有人全程一直都在说话。 别那样。 那叫做“公放 音乐”, 把你的声音不假思索 和草率地强加给别人。不好。 当然,这些工具真正发挥作用的地方, 是当你有什么很重要的事情要做的时候。 这可能 是像这样站在演讲台上 对着人演讲。 它可能是求婚, 要求加薪,或者婚礼上的讲话。 不管是什么,如果它非常重要, 你应该看着这个工具盒, 以及将要工作运行的发动机, 没有预热的发动机不会好好工作。 预热你自己的声音。 Of course, where this all comes into play most of all is when you"ve got something really important to do. It might be standing on a stage like this and giving a talk to people. It might be proposing marriage, asking for a raise, a wedding speech. Whatever it is, if it"s really important, you owe it to yourself to look at this toolbox and the engine that it"s going to work on, and no engine works well without being warmed up. Warm up your voice. 07:46 Actually, let me show you how to do that. Would you all like to stand up for a moment? I"m going to show you the six vocal warm-up exercises that I do before every talk I ever do. Any time you"re going to talk to anybody important, do these. First, arms up, deep breath in, and sigh out, ahhhhh, like that. One more time. Ahhhh, very good. Now we"re going to warm up our lips, and we"re going to go Ba, Ba, Ba, Ba, Ba, Ba, Ba, Ba. Very good. And now, brrrrrrrrrr, just like when you were a kid. Brrrr. Now your lips should be coming alive. We"re going to do the tongue next with exaggerated la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la. Beautiful. You"re getting really good at this. And then, roll an R. Rrrrrrr. That"s like champagne for the tongue. Finally, and if I can only do one, the pros call this the siren. It"s really good. It starts with "we" and goes to "aw." The "we" is high, the "aw" is low. So you go, weeeaawww, weeeaawww. 让我给你演示怎样做。 你们都愿意站起来一会儿吗? 我会给你演示六个预热声音的锻炼, 在每次演讲之前我都这么做。 在跟任何重要的人谈话之前,做以下这些。 第一,举起双 臂,吸气, 然后呼出,啊哈,就像那样。 再来一次。 啊哈,很好。 现在我们要预热我 们的嘴唇, 做出吧,吧,吧,吧, 吧,吧,吧,吧。很好。 现在,brrrrrrr, 就像你 是个孩子。 brrrrr。现在你的嘴唇应该活了。 下一个是舌头, 夸张的啦,啦,啦, 啦...... 美极了。你们做得很好。 然后,卷舌一个 R,Rrrrrr。 这就像给舌头的香槟酒。 最后,如果我只能做一个, 专业人士把这叫做警报。 这个特别好。它开始于“we”然后 转为“aw”。 “we”是高音,“aw”是低音。 那么就是,“weeeaawww......” Fantastic. Give yourselves a round of applause. Take a seat, thank you. Next time you speak, do those in advance. 妙极了。给你自己来鼓个掌。 请坐,谢谢你们。(鼓掌) 下次你演讲之前,提前做到这几项。 Now let me just put this in context to close. This is a serious point here. This is where we are now, right? We speak not very well to people who simply aren"t listening in an environment that"s all about noise and bad acoustics. I have talked about that on this stage in different phases. What would the world be like if we were speaking powerfully to people who were listening consciously in environments which were actually fit for purpose? Or to make that a bit larger, what would the world be like if we were creating sound consciously and consuming sound consciously and designing all our environments consciously for sound? That would be a world that does sound beautiful, and one where understanding would be the norm, and that is an idea worth spreading. Thank you. 现在让我在结束之前作个总结。 这一点是认真的。 这就是我们的所在,对吗? 我们说 得不好, 人们也听不进去, 在一个吵闹和喧哗的环境里。 我已经在讲台上 分阶段地谈 到这个问题。 这个世界会是怎样, 如果我们有说服力, 人们有意识地听, 在一个量身 定做的环境下? 或者说得更大一些, 世界将会是怎样, 如果我们有意识地说话, 有意 识地倾听, 并且有意识地针对声音 来设计我们的周围环境? 那会是一个听起来非常美 丽的世界, 在那儿 理解会是常态。 那是一个值得传播的理念。感谢你们。
2023-07-24 06:54:231

for作介词时,通常有哪些意思? 在什么情况下用of?

3123
2023-07-24 06:54:312

votefor的翻译votefor的翻译是什么

votefor的意思是:投票赞成。votefor的意思是:投票赞成。votefor的网络解释是votefor。votefor的例句是Manyvotedfortherepealofthatpropertylaw.许多人投票赞成废止那项财产法。一、参考翻译点此查看votefor的详细内容投票支持支持的一票二、网络解释1.votefor1.投票赞成:18.putin插嘴;|19.votefor投票赞成;|21.playonwords说俏皮话;2.投赞成票:Inordertosupporthisfamily,heworksveryhard.为了维持家庭,他工作十分努力.|⑶votefor投赞成票|for是介词,后面可接人名、事件等等.例如:3.为...投票:44.begoodat=dowellin=learnsth.well擅长/学好|45.votefor为...投票|46.roundface圆脸4.投票选举某人:voteagainst投票反对某人|votefor投票选举某人|VotingRightsBill选举权法案三、例句Manyvotedfortherepealofthatpropertylaw.许多人投票赞成废止那项财产法。Voteforthemanwhoyoucantrust.投票赞成你能信赖的人吧。votefor的相关临近词vote、voteonaccount、voteofcensure、votearithmetic、voteofaccount、voteatelection、voteimmediately、votedredundancy、voteonanissue、voteunanimously点此查看更多关于votefor的详细信息
2023-07-24 06:54:501

votefor的意思votefor的意思是什么

votefor的意思是:投票赞成。votefor的意思是:投票赞成。votefor的网络解释是votefor。votefor的例句是Manyvotedfortherepealofthatpropertylaw.许多人投票赞成废止那项财产法。一、参考翻译点此查看votefor的详细内容投票支持支持的一票二、网络解释1.votefor1.投票赞成:18.putin插嘴;|19.votefor投票赞成;|21.playonwords说俏皮话;2.投赞成票:Inordertosupporthisfamily,heworksveryhard.为了维持家庭,他工作十分努力.|⑶votefor投赞成票|for是介词,后面可接人名、事件等等.例如:3.为...投票:44.begoodat=dowellin=learnsth.well擅长/学好|45.votefor为...投票|46.roundface圆脸4.投票选举某人:voteagainst投票反对某人|votefor投票选举某人|VotingRightsBill选举权法案三、例句Manyvotedfortherepealofthatpropertylaw.许多人投票赞成废止那项财产法。Voteforthemanwhoyoucantrust.投票赞成你能信赖的人吧。votefor的相关临近词vote、voteonaccount、voteofcensure、votearithmetic、voteofaccount、voteatelection、voteimmediately、votedredundancy、voteonanissue、voteunanimously点此查看更多关于votefor的详细信息
2023-07-24 06:54:581

vote for 和vote on 意思一样吗

短语vote for 和vote on的区别其实在于介词的不同。vote for 中的介词for表示支持,翻译:投票支持某人或者某事。其反义的短语是vote against。vote on 中介词on的含义是关于、有关,翻译为:关于某事进行投票表决。请看例句:Thirty delegates voted for the motion.有三十名代表投票赞成这个动议。He voted for the measure.他投票赞成这个议案。If we cannot agree, let"s vote on it.咱们意见要是不一致,就此进行表决吧。They decided to vote on the question.他们决定就此问题进行投票表决。
2023-07-24 06:55:062

Vote for him Vote to him 哪一个有错误?如果没错误,区别是什么?

第一个是对的。
2023-07-24 06:56:022

关于vote的词组有哪些?有vote about吗?如果有,用法是什么?

vote through vote against/for没有vote about
2023-07-24 06:56:233

英语尖子进,造句(高分哦!)

纯原创!! I take charge of the meeting. He takes charge of the classroom. I voted for her. We all voted for Tom. I started taking notes. Secretary should take notes in the meetings. He is responsible for the office. The teacher ought to be responsible for the class. We will talk it over in one week"s time. We all agreed to talk it over in Monday. Then we made a list of some other things to discuss. She should make a list of this. Should it be free for readers? This book is free for students. Should they pay for it? Have you paied for the pen? We will make a decision about the name at the next meeting. You should make a decision about the class now. We will have a meeting in one week"s time. My father will come back in one week"s time. I got a copy of newspaper. She buy a copy of paper. You can get it for free. Can I get the ruler for free? He took photoes from the air. The paper-plane came from the air. I did it of my own. She lives of her own. I had the habit of reading. Do you have the habit of playing basketball? We ought to try our best to finish the work. He should try his best to pass the exam. We should try to climb the mountain. My mother should try to cook better. I believe in myself. She believed in herself when she found the problem. We do our homework once a week. My father comes home once a week. I was pleased with eat your breakfast. She was pleased with do her homework. You should keep fit. I ought to keep fit through doing exercise. She had a high fever at home. He had a high fever in the hospital and he can"t go to school. At break,she came out of the classroom. At break,I did my homework. I did not do it alone at all. He is not a good man at all. She gets on well with him. I got on well with my classmates. For this reason,I can"t do it alone. For this reason,I should be a good teacher.
2023-07-24 06:56:353

为什么同样是宾语从句 ,图一found后不用加in,而图二加了for?

图一found后不用加in,是因为搭配的是副词where,它不需要介词;如果是宾语(如代词whom),就需要相应的介词了,例如The police questioned him about whom the car had been driven by.(警察盘问他是谁开的这辆车)同理,图二加介词for与vote搭配, vote for 投..的票,投票给...
2023-07-24 06:56:431

share your rules the class. you1classmate vote for the coolest school是什么意思

share your rules the class. you I classmate vote for the coolest school分享你的规则的类。你我的同学投最酷的学校
2023-07-24 06:56:561

英语介词:to for of的用法

to (表示时间)到, 直到, 在…到来之前, 离… (表示时间)到, 直到, 在…到来之前, 离… The Parliament was prorogued to the tenth of February. 议会休会到二月十日。 (表示方向)朝, 往, 通向 He turned to his companion before he replied. 他转身朝向他的伙伴然后回答。 (表示状态)紧贴着, 紧靠着, 对着 The two lovers danced cheek to cheek. 那对情侣脸贴着脸跳舞。 (表示对象)对, 对于, 对…来说 What will Doris say to it? 对此事多丽丝将怎么说呢? (表示比较)比, 相对于 The men are noodles to her. 与她相比, 这些男人都是笨蛋。 (表示方位)在…方向[方位], 处于…顺序 Scotland is to the north of England. 苏格兰在英格兰之北。 (表示距离)离, 距离 It is ten kilometres to the station. 到车站十公里。 (表示目标)到达, 直到 We came to a picturesque cottage. 我们来到一座风景如画的村落。 (表示结果)转换为, 转变为, 趋于 Wait until the lights change to green. 等交通灯变成绿色再走。 [表示方向、时间]朝...方向; 向; 往; 到 from north to south 从北到南 go to school 上学 keep to the right 靠右边走 turn to the left 向左转弯 ten minutes to nine 9 点差10分 [表示终点、程度、范围]达到, 到; 趋于, 倾向 be tired to death 累得要死 change from bad to worse 每况愈下 to a certain degree [extent] 到某种程度[范围] punctual to the minute 一分钟都不差 be rotten to the core 烂透了 [表示对立, 反面, 对应]针对; a hand-to-hand fight 白刃战 face to face 面对面 contrary to it 与此相反 [表示对比、比较、选择]比; 对 equal to ... 等于 inferior to ... 次于 I prefer this to that. 我宁愿要这个, 不要那个。 The picture is true to life. 这画栩栩如生。 The score was 9to 6. 比分是九比六。 [表示间接关系]给..., 于... I give a book to him. 我给他一本书。 My mother wrote to her yesterday. 我妈妈昨天给她写了信。 It seems to me that... 在我看来... [表示结果、效果]致, 致使 shoot a wolf to death 把狼射死 tear to pieces 扯碎 to one"s surprise 使某人吃惊 to the point 恰到好处 to no purpose 落空 [表示目的]为了; 作为 call to witness 叫...做证人 come to the rescue 前来营救 drink to one"s health 为某人的健康干杯 to that end 为了那个目的 [表示对象]于; 对于 be kind to sb. 对某人很好 be open to public 向公众开放 duty to the state 对于国家的义务 the right answer to a question 对问题的正确回答 to my knowledge 就我所知 To him it is a trouble. 对他来说, 这是个麻烦。 [表示结合, 归属]归于 belong to 属于 the key to my office 我办公室的钥匙 a private secretary to the minister 部长的私人秘书 Such a man is an honor to his country. 这样的人是他国家的光荣。 [表示适合; 配合; 按照]按, 按照; 随同, 伴随 sing [dance] to the music 配合音乐唱歌[跳舞] not to one"s taste 不合...所好 adopt it to one"s needs 适合某人的需要 set words to music 给音乐谱写歌词 put milk to coffee 加牛奶于咖啡中 [表示关连、联系]对于, 至于, 关于 What did she say to that? 关于那件事她说些什么? [表示数量与单位的关系]每 12 to the dozen 一打有十二个50 persons to the square kilometre 每平方公里五十人 [表示原因]由于 fall to one"s opponent"s blows 受到对手的打击而倒下 [to oneself]专对; 专为...单独所有[所用] have the room to oneself 独住一间 think to oneself 自忖 talk to oneself 自言自语 keep oneself to oneself 不与人来往 for (表示时间)在(某一特定时间); 在…时节; 持续达 (表示方向)向, 朝, 开往 They made a rush for the exit. 他们猛然冲向出口处。 (表示对象) 替, 帮, 给, 为…做准备, 对, 对于, 对…来说, 在…一方 What can I do for you? 我能帮你什么忙吗? (表示原因)因为, 由于, 作为…的结果 I"m pretty angry with you for not telling me. 由于你没有告诉我, 我对你很生气。 (表示距离)延续达, 计有 I followed him for some distance. 我跟着他走了一段路程。 (表示结果)当做, 作为, 作为…的部分, 就…的条件而言 We can"t accept that as a basis for a decision. 我们不能同意以此为基础来做出决定。 (表示目的)为了…, 适用于 The ship sent out a message for help. 船只发出求救信号。 (表示态度)支持, 赞同, 想要 Are you for the plan or against it? 你支持这计划还是反对它呢? (表示比率)按…比例, 以…价格, 第…次 I bought this book for £3. 我买这本书花了三英镑。 conj. 因为, 由于 Prepare to alight, for we are almost there. 我们马上要到了, 准备下车吧。 [表示目的]为了 struggle for existence 生存竞争 go out for a walk 出去散步 [表示目标、去向]向, 往 leave for Shanghai 动身去上海 the train for Dalian 开往大连的火车 passengers for Beijing 去北京的旅客 He is getting on for sixty. 他快到六十岁了。 [表示对象、用途等]为, 对于; 适于; 供; 属于...的; 给...的 books for children 儿童图书 an instrument for measuring pressure 测压力用的仪器 Not For Sale 非卖品(常用于商品标签) That will be bad for your health. 那将有损于你的健康。 A letter for you! 你的信! [表示愿望、爱好、特长等]对于, 倾向于 long for freedom 渴望自由 have a liking for music 爱好音乐 an eye for beauty 审美的眼光 [表示理由、原因]由于, 因为 jump for joy 高兴得跳起来 a city famous for its beauty 一个以美丽而著称的城市 代, 替; 代表 teach for sb. 为某人代课 [表示时间、距离、数量等]达, 计 The meeting lasted (for) hours. 会议继续了几个小时。 [表示赞成, 支持]拥护, 有利于 vote for sb. 投某人的票 They are all for him. 他们都拥护他。 [表示让步] 虽然, 尽管 For all your explantions, I understand no better than before. 尽管你作了解释, 我还是不懂。 至于, 说到, 就...而言 for my part 至于我, 讲到我 He is tall for his age. 就他的年龄而言, 他是个高个子。 So much for today. 今天就讲[做]这么多。 [表示等价、报酬、 赔偿或比例关系] 交换 sell for a dollar 以一美元卖掉 answer point for point 逐点答复 translate word for word 逐字翻译 [表示约定的时间] an appointment forSaturday 星期六的约会 [表示身分]看作, 当作, 作为 take sb. for a fool 把某人看成傻瓜 give sth. up for lost 认定某物已丢失而不找寻 It was built for a pleasure boat. 这条船是作为游艇建造的。 [用于插入语, 表示列举] Many people want to buy it because, for one thing , the price is low. 许多人想买它, 原因之一就是价格便宜。 [与名词或代词连用, 后接动词不定式, 构成名词短语] make way for the car to pass 给汽车让路 It is time for him to go. 他该走了。 for conj. 因为, 由于 He felt no fear, for he was very brave. 他很勇敢, 毫不畏惧。 【说明】 for 和 because 在表示“原因”的时候意思基本相同, 一般可以互相代用。 of prep. (表示时间)在…的, 在…之前; 在…期间 He was born at the turn of the century. 他出生于世纪之交。 (表示方式)根据 She did it of her own will. 她是自愿这么做的。 (表示对象)对于, 就…而言 He felt quite certain of success. 他对成功很有把握。 (表示原因)由于, 因为 I was sick of their fun and games. 他们的嬉闹让我厌烦。 (表示方位)在; 位于 New York is east of Washington. 纽约在华盛顿以东。 (表示范围)在…之中 Tom is the eldest of the family. 汤姆是家里年龄最大的。 (表示结果)在…方面 The place is easy of access. 这地方容易进入。 (表示目的)用于…的 This is a house of prayer. 这是一座教堂。 (表示否定)缺乏, 没有 They were destitute of necessaries of life. 他们缺少生活必需品。 现代英汉综合大辞典 of prep. [表示所属关系](属于)...的 man of that time 那个时代的人 [表示关于](关于)...的 a long story of adventure 一个很长的冒险故事 [表示同位关系] the city of Rome 罗马市 the name of James 詹姆士这个名字 [表示性质、内容 、状况等] a look of pity 令人哀怜的神色 a man of ability 能干的人 [表示数量、种类] a kind of oil 一种油 three pieces of meat 三块肉 [表示部分或全部] five of us 我们中五个人 the five of us 我们五个 [表示...中最突出的] the heroofheroes 最杰出的英雄 in one"s heart of hearts 在内心深处 [表示在...方面] be difficult of access 难以进去(或接近) be quick of eye 眼快 [表示起源、根源、原因] be ashamed of 因...而羞愧 be sick of 厌恶 die of 死于... [表示由...组成、做成] a table of wood 木头桌子 [表示动作的对象] the love of one"s country 爱祖国、故乡 the telling of lies 说谎 [表示动作的主体] the arrival of the delegation 代表团的到来 It is clever of you to do so. 你那样做真聪明。 [表示除去、剥削等] cure sb. of a disease 医好某人的病 defraud sb. of a thing 骗去某人的东西 [表示方位、时间等的范围] north of Boston 波士顿以北 of late years 近年来 three minutes of ten [美]差三分钟到十点
2023-07-24 06:57:041

海选的英语怎么表达?

分类: 教育/科学 >> 外语学习 解析: 海选(hai3xuan3) petitive election The Chinese term is very vivid, which means selection from a sea of candidates. It also means that any9one can vote for his or her favorite candidate.
2023-07-24 06:57:111

vote for pedro 什么电影

大人物拿破仑
2023-07-24 06:57:291

This programme is a ___TV show, so you can call the station directly to vote for your favourite...

C (1)alive、live、living都有“活的、有生命的”意思,与dead意义相反。但live通常只作前置定语,且一般用于动物;alive、living不仅可作定语(alive只能置于名词后;living一般置于名词前,也可置于名词后),也可以作表语。 (2) lively 有“活泼的、快活的、生动的”等意思,可以指人或物,可作定语或标语;但它没有“活着的”意思,而其他三个都有。(3)lovely表示可爱的。
2023-07-24 06:57:441

英语翻译

bjkvhj nbvhjhfyuhgjkhjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjhhhhhhhhhhhhhgf7ytjugbvghugfcfcfgtrdxdtygfhvgcfhgcdfxhzs9gfzsdbldfxzshukgycghjhgbvncvgjjkxcdfhgjgjbvnbnzxczvnbvvgjhgkgkhvgfghgfghghvghfgdrfgd
2023-07-24 06:57:555

英语中破折号、冒号后面可以加完整主谓宾的句子吗?

可以吧
2023-07-24 06:58:154

for,as,and这3个单词的每个所有意思都说出来,who konw?

for prep.[表示目的]为了struggle for existence 生存竞争go out for a walk 出去散步[表示目标、去向]向, 往leave for Shanghai 动身去上海the train for Dalian 开往大连的火车passengers for Beijing 去北京的旅客He is getting on for sixty. 他快到六十岁了。[表示对象、用途等]为, 对于; 适于; 供; 属于...的; 给...的books for children 儿童图书an instrument for measuring pressure 测压力用的仪器Not For Sale 非卖品(常用于商品标签)That will be bad for your health. 那将有损于你的健康。A letter for you! 你的信![表示愿望、爱好、特长等]对于, 倾向于long for freedom 渴望自由have a liking for music 爱好音乐an eye for beauty 审美的眼光[表示理由、原因]由于, 因为jump for joy 高兴得跳起来a city famous for its beauty 一个以美丽而著称的城市代, 替; 代表teach for sb. 为某人代课[表示时间、距离、数量等]达, 计The meeting lasted (for) hours. 会议继续了几个小时。[表示赞成, 支持]拥护, 有利于vote for sb. 投某人的票They are all for him. 他们都拥护他。[表示让步] 虽然, 尽管For all your explantions, I understand no better than before. 尽管你作了解释, 我还是不懂。至于, 说到, 就...而言for my part 至于我, 讲到我He is tall for his age. 就他的年龄而言, 他是个高个子。So much for today. 今天就讲[做]这么多。[表示等价、报酬、 赔偿或比例关系] 交换sell for a dollar 以一美元卖掉answer point for point 逐点答复translate word for word 逐字翻译[表示约定的时间]an appointment forSaturday 星期六的约会[表示身分]看作, 当作, 作为take sb. for a fool 把某人看成傻瓜give sth. up for lost 认定某物已丢失而不找寻It was built for a pleasure boat. 这条船是作为游艇建造的。[用于插入语, 表示列举]Many people want to buy it because, for one thing , the price is low. 许多人想买它, 原因之一就是价格便宜。[与名词或代词连用, 后接动词不定式, 构成名词短语]make way for the car to pass 给汽车让路It is time for him to go. 他该走了。习惯用语but for 如不是, 如没有for sb. to 使某人做某事, 应由某人做...Oh for... [古诗]但愿有; 要是能有...该多好 现代英汉词典for prep.给;为a present for Mary 给玛丽的礼物I"ve got a little present for your birthday. 我有一件小礼物送给你过生日。I can do it for myself. 我自己能做这件事。These investigations are not done for nothing. 这些调查工作自然不是白做的。以…为目的地;开往;前往We set off for London. 我们动身去伦敦。在…时间She"s coming for Christmas. 她在圣诞节来。代;替;代表Red is for danger. 红色代表危险。What do you want for a present? 你要什么样的东西作礼物?为了for existence 为了生存"Did you come to Paris for the purpose of simple leisure, or for business purposes?" "你到巴黎来的目的纯粹是为了休闲,还是为了做生意?"对于;关于For him to forfeit his favourite hobby would be impossible. 要他放弃他所喜爱的业余爱好是不可能的。I have no ear for music. 我对音乐外行。For many of these families a college education was something new. "对其中的许多家庭来说,大学教育是件新事物。"因为He"s learning English for the fun of it. 他为了好玩才学习英语的。for several reasons 因为种种原因We bought this house with a much higher price than others just for its convenience. "我们买下这幢房子花的钱比其它房屋要贵得多,就是图的方便。"仅管For all his efforts, he didn"t succeed. 他虽然竭尽全力还是没有成功。"For all your explanations, I understand no better than before." "尽管你作了解释,我还是不懂。"以…为价钱;付出a pen for 50 pence 50 便士一枝笔以…的价格,值He paid 50 pence for the book. 他付了50便士买这本书。经过(时间、距离)We ran for two miles. 我们跑了两英里。He stayed for a week. 他待了一周。We haven"t seen each other for ages. 我们好久没见面了。用于for + 名词或代词 + to + 不定式动词的名词短语中The bell rang for the lesson to begin. 开始上课的铃响了。词性变化conj.因为We can"t go for it is raining. 我们不能走,因为正在下雨。"For his ideas and actions, he went to jail for a short time." "由于他的思想和行动,曾蹲过短时间的监狱。"习惯用语for example例如You can buy fruit here — oranges and bananas, for example. 你可以在这里买水果,例如买柑橘和香蕉。"The government has reduced spending in several areas, for example in the construction of highways." "政府已经在几个方面削减了开支,例如高速公路的建设。"That"s for you! 就是这样!There"s ... for you! 恰好相反He just grabbed the money and left — There"s gratitude for you! 他抓了钱就走,你可真会感激人! 简明英汉词典for prep.(表示目的)为了, 因为, 至于, 对于, 适合于conj.因为
2023-07-24 06:58:491

英语语法解析,for的用法。帮我解释一下!谢谢!

现代英汉综合大辞典for prep. [表示目的]为了 struggle for existence 生存竞争 go out for a walk 出去散步 [表示目标、去向]向, 往 leave for Shanghai 动身去上海 the train for Dalian 开往大连的火车 passengers for Beijing 去北京的旅客 He is getting on for sixty. 他快到六十岁了。 [表示对象、用途等]为, 对于; 适于; 供; 属于...的; 给...的 books for children 儿童图书 an instrument for measuring pressure 测压力用的仪器 Not For Sale 非卖品(常用于商品标签) That will be bad for your health. 那将有损于你的健康。 A letter for you! 你的信! [表示愿望、爱好、特长等]对于, 倾向于 long for freedom 渴望自由 have a liking for music 爱好音乐 an eye for beauty 审美的眼光 [表示理由、原因]由于, 因为 jump for joy 高兴得跳起来 a city famous for its beauty 一个以美丽而著称的城市 代, 替; 代表 teach for sb. 为某人代课 [表示时间、距离、数量等]达, 计 The meeting lasted (for) hours. 会议继续了几个小时。 [表示赞成, 支持]拥护, 有利于 vote for sb. 投某人的票 They are all for him. 他们都拥护他。 [表示让步] 虽然, 尽管 For all your explantions, I understand no better than before. 尽管你作了解释, 我还是不懂。 至于, 说到, 就...而言 for my part 至于我, 讲到我 He is tall for his age. 就他的年龄而言, 他是个高个子。 So much for today. 今天就讲[做]这么多。 [表示等价、报酬、 赔偿或比例关系] 交换 sell for a dollar 以一美元卖掉 answer point for point 逐点答复 translate word for word 逐字翻译 [表示约定的时间] an appointment forSaturday 星期六的约会 [表示身分]看作, 当作, 作为 take sb. for a fool 把某人看成傻瓜 give sth. up for lost 认定某物已丢失而不找寻 It was built for a pleasure boat. 这条船是作为游艇建造的。 [用于插入语, 表示列举] Many people want to buy it because, for one thing , the price is low. 许多人想买它, 原因之一就是价格便宜。 [与名词或代词连用, 后接动词不定式, 构成名词短语] make way for the car to pass 给汽车让路 It is time for him to go. 他该走了。 习惯用语 but for 如不是, 如没有 for sb. to 使某人做某事, 应由某人做... Oh for... [古诗]但愿有; 要是能有...该多好 现代英汉词典for prep. 给;为 a present for Mary 给玛丽的礼物 I"ve got a little present for your birthday. 我有一件小礼物送给你过生日。 I can do it for myself. 我自己能做这件事。 These investigations are not done for nothing. 这些调查工作自然不是白做的。 以…为目的地;开往;前往 We set off for London. 我们动身去伦敦。 在…时间 She"s coming for Christmas. 她在圣诞节来。 代;替;代表 Red is for danger. 红色代表危险。 What do you want for a present? 你要什么样的东西作礼物? 为了 for existence 为了生存 "Did you come to Paris for the purpose of simple leisure, or for business purposes?" "你到巴黎来的目的纯粹是为了休闲,还是为了做生意?" 对于;关于 For him to forfeit his favourite hobby would be impossible. 要他放弃他所喜爱的业余爱好是不可能的。 I have no ear for music. 我对音乐外行。 For many of these families a college education was something new. "对其中的许多家庭来说,大学教育是件新事物。" 因为 He"s learning English for the fun of it. 他为了好玩才学习英语的。 for several reasons 因为种种原因 We bought this house with a much higher price than others just for its convenience. "我们买下这幢房子花的钱比其它房屋要贵得多,就是图的方便。" 仅管 For all his efforts, he didn"t succeed. 他虽然竭尽全力还是没有成功。 "For all your explanations, I understand no better than before." "尽管你作了解释,我还是不懂。" 以…为价钱;付出 a pen for 50 pence 50 便士一枝笔 以…的价格,值 He paid 50 pence for the book. 他付了50便士买这本书。 经过(时间、距离) We ran for two miles. 我们跑了两英里。 He stayed for a week. 他待了一周。 We haven"t seen each other for ages. 我们好久没见面了。 用于for + 名词或代词 + to + 不定式动词的名词短语中 The bell rang for the lesson to begin. 开始上课的铃响了。 词性变化 conj. 因为 We can"t go for it is raining. 我们不能走,因为正在下雨。 "For his ideas and actions, he went to jail for a short time." "由于他的思想和行动,曾蹲过短时间的监狱。" 习惯用语 for example例如 You can buy fruit here — oranges and bananas, for example. 你可以在这里买水果,例如买柑橘和香蕉。 "The government has reduced spending in several areas, for example in the construction of highways." "政府已经在几个方面削减了开支,例如高速公路的建设。" That"s for you! 就是这样! There"s ... for you! 恰好相反 He just grabbed the money and left — There"s gratitude for you! 他抓了钱就走,你可真会感激人! 简明英汉词典for prep. (表示目的)为了, 因为, 至于, 对于, 适合于 conj. 因为满意请采纳
2023-07-24 06:58:571

在什么情况下用介词for,of,在什么情况下加ing

ing在有些特定的词语后面是要用的 比如finish doing sth start doing sth 还有就是在be 后面。for (表示时间)在(某一特定时间); 在…时节; 持续达 (表示方向)向, 朝, 开往 They made a rush for the exit. 他们猛然冲向出口处。 (表示对象) 替, 帮, 给, 为…做准备, 对, 对于, 对…来说, 在…一方 What can I do for you? 我能帮你什么忙吗? (表示原因)因为, 由于, 作为…的结果 I"m pretty angry with you for not telling me. 由于你没有告诉我, 我对你很生气。 (表示距离)延续达, 计有 I followed him for some distance. 我跟着他走了一段路程。 (表示结果)当做, 作为, 作为…的部分, 就…的条件而言 We can"t accept that as a basis for a decision. 我们不能同意以此为基础来做出决定。 (表示目的)为了…, 适用于 The ship sent out a message for help. 船只发出求救信号。 (表示态度)支持, 赞同, 想要 Are you for the plan or against it? 你支持这计划还是反对它呢? (表示比率)按…比例, 以…价格, 第…次 I bought this book for £3. 我买这本书花了三英镑。 conj. 因为, 由于 Prepare to alight, for we are almost there. 我们马上要到了, 准备下车吧。 [表示目的]为了 struggle for existence 生存竞争 go out for a walk 出去散步 [表示目标、去向]向, 往 leave for Shanghai 动身去上海 the train for Dalian 开往大连的火车 passengers for Beijing 去北京的旅客 He is getting on for sixty. 他快到六十岁了。 [表示对象、用途等]为, 对于; 适于; 供; 属于...的; 给...的 books for children 儿童图书 an instrument for measuring pressure 测压力用的仪器 Not For Sale 非卖品(常用于商品标签) That will be bad for your health. 那将有损于你的健康。 A letter for you! 你的信! [表示愿望、爱好、特长等]对于, 倾向于 long for freedom 渴望自由 have a liking for music 爱好音乐 an eye for beauty 审美的眼光 [表示理由、原因]由于, 因为 jump for joy 高兴得跳起来 a city famous for its beauty 一个以美丽而著称的城市 代, 替; 代表 teach for sb. 为某人代课 [表示时间、距离、数量等]达, 计 The meeting lasted (for) hours. 会议继续了几个小时。 [表示赞成, 支持]拥护, 有利于 vote for sb. 投某人的票 They are all for him. 他们都拥护他。 [表示让步] 虽然, 尽管 For all your explantions, I understand no better than before. 尽管你作了解释, 我还是不懂。 至于, 说到, 就...而言 for my part 至于我, 讲到我 He is tall for his age. 就他的年龄而言, 他是个高个子。 So much for today. 今天就讲[做]这么多。 [表示等价、报酬、 赔偿或比例关系] 交换 sell for a dollar 以一美元卖掉 answer point for point 逐点答复 translate word for word 逐字翻译 [表示约定的时间] an appointment forSaturday 星期六的约会 [表示身分]看作, 当作, 作为 take sb. for a fool 把某人看成傻瓜 give sth. up for lost 认定某物已丢失而不找寻 It was built for a pleasure boat. 这条船是作为游艇建造的。 [用于插入语, 表示列举] Many people want to buy it because, for one thing , the price is low. 许多人想买它, 原因之一就是价格便宜。 [与名词或代词连用, 后接动词不定式, 构成名词短语] make way for the car to pass 给汽车让路 It is time for him to go. 他该走了。 for conj. 因为, 由于 He felt no fear, for he was very brave. 他很勇敢, 毫不畏惧。 【说明】 for 和 because 在表示“原因”的时候意思基本相同, 一般可以互相代用。 of prep. (表示时间)在…的, 在…之前; 在…期间 He was born at the turn of the century. 他出生于世纪之交。 (表示方式)根据 She did it of her own will. 她是自愿这么做的。 (表示对象)对于, 就…而言 He felt quite certain of success. 他对成功很有把握。 (表示原因)由于, 因为 I was sick of their fun and games. 他们的嬉闹让我厌烦。 (表示方位)在; 位于 New York is east of Washington. 纽约在华盛顿以东。 (表示范围)在…之中 Tom is the eldest of the family. 汤姆是家里年龄最大的。 (表示结果)在…方面 The place is easy of access. 这地方容易进入。 (表示目的)用于…的 This is a house of prayer. 这是一座教堂。 (表示否定)缺乏, 没有 They were destitute of necessaries of life. 他们缺少生活必需品。 现代英汉综合大辞典 of prep. [表示所属关系](属于)...的 man of that time 那个时代的人 [表示关于](关于)...的 a long story of adventure 一个很长的冒险故事 [表示同位关系] the city of Rome 罗马市 the name of James 詹姆士这个名字 [表示性质、内容 、状况等] a look of pity 令人哀怜的神色 a man of ability 能干的人 [表示数量、种类] a kind of oil 一种油 three pieces of meat 三块肉 [表示部分或全部] five of us 我们中五个人 the five of us 我们五个 [表示...中最突出的] the heroofheroes 最杰出的英雄 in one"s heart of hearts 在内心深处 [表示在...方面] be difficult of access 难以进去(或接近) be quick of eye 眼快 [表示起源、根源、原因] be ashamed of 因...而羞愧 be sick of 厌恶 die of 死于... [表示由...组成、做成] a table of wood 木头桌子 [表示动作的对象] the love of one"s country 爱祖国、故乡 the telling of lies 说谎 [表示动作的主体] the arrival of the delegation 代表团的到来 It is clever of you to do so. 你那样做真聪明。 [表示除去、剥削等] cure sb. of a disease 医好某人的病 defraud sb. of a thing 骗去某人的东西 [表示方位、时间等的范围] north of Boston 波士顿以北 of late years 近年来 three minutes of ten [美]差三分钟到十点
2023-07-24 06:59:131

英语答案

1.2期Unit1专项练习1. library 2. pay 3. publish3. Consider 5. pleased 6. suggest7. activities 8. return 9. design10. lonely短语1. takes charge of 2. ought to3. are free for 4. For this reason5. trying her best 6. will vote for7. in one week"s time8. take notes二、1. paid, for 2. at break3. get on well 4. be responsible for5. once a week 6. keep fit7. for free 8. takes charge of9. make a decision about10. doesn"t, at all句型1. paid for 2. Ought we to3. ought not to 4. Should people5. for free 6. How often does, go语法1-5 BDACA 6一10 DACBC1.not后加to2.去掉be3.去掉to4.helping改为help5.we后加toUnit 1一、1-5 CADBC 6-10 ADBDB二、 11-15 DBACD 16-20 ADCAD三、 21-25 DCBCC 20-30 ADBDC四、 31-35 DBCDB 36-40 BCADC五、 41. editor43. confidence45. pleased42. experience44. return六、 46. took charge of47. be responsible for48. trying his best49. once a week50. gets on well七、Dear headmaster,I"m Li Hua. I am in Class 4,Grade 8. I think we should have our ownschool newspaper. Here are some advice.First, we should choose the chiefeditor. He must have experience. Then weought to choose the secretary and someeditors. They should be good at writing.The name of the school newspaper isMayfield Sun. The members of the papershould have a meeting once a week. Theschool newspaper should be publishedevery month. Each class can have two copiesfor free. All the students can write for it.That"s all I hope my advice is helpful.Li Hua Unit2专项练习词汇1. innocent 2. check 3. meant4. rather 5. empty 6. invited7. refused 8. ticket 9. manager10. insurance短语一、1 . broke into 2. was angry with 3. get away 4. knocked at 5. bumped into 6. refused to 7. took away 9. the same, as二、1.the same height as 2. no longer4. by underground 5.(略)6. at the time of 7.(略)8. In addition to9. makes him, happy10. from the distance句型1. the same size as 2. at last3. cost me 4. any longer5. instead of语法一、1-5 CBABC 6-10 DCBCD 11-15 DBABC二、 16. stealing 17. wearing 18. dancing19. pnnting 20. lying情景反应1-5 EABDCUnit 2 1-5 ADCAB 6-10 BDBBD11-15 BCDAC 16-20 BDBAC21-25 CABBD 26-30 ACCDA31-35 DDBDA 36-40 BADAD41. enter 42. guilty43. detective 44. suspect 45. spell46. refused to give / offer47. being the best48. instead of himself49. are no longer50. admitted driving
2023-07-24 06:59:211

but前面可以加逗号吗

逗号间的插入语凭借逗号抵消了充当词组、从句的作用。引入独立分句时,要在and或but之前配置一个逗号。1、若but后有主语(无论整个句子有一个或多个主语,主语是否一致),在but之前加逗号。例:McCainranforpresident,butIdidnotvoteforhim.McCainranforpresident,buthedidnotwin.2、若but后没有主语,不要在but之前加逗号。例:McCainranforpresidentbutdidnotwin.
2023-07-24 06:59:294

FOR和TO在句子中的用法 就是什么时候用FOR,什么时候用TO.

for:prep. 为,为了;因为;给;对于;至于;适合于 conj. 因为 prep. 为了,为…目的: 例句: to run for exercise为锻炼而跑步to go for a walk去散步属于…的;…用的: 例句: equipment for the education教育设备适合于…需要(或目的): 例句: a room for sleeping卧室medicine for the children适合于儿童使用的药物为了成为;为了得到(或获得);为拯救(或保持): 例句: to fight for one"s life为生存而斗争to send for a doctor去请医生代替,取代;作为…的符号: 例句: to use blankets for coats用毯子代替外衣a substitute for butter黄油代用品代表,代理;为了…的利益: 例句: to act for another代替别人A lawyer acts for his client.律师代表他的当事人行动.对…特别敏感,对…反应(或理解)快: 例句: She has an eye for beauty.她对美有鉴赏力.赞成…,支持…,拥护;有利于: 例句: to vote for a levy投票赞成征税Are you against it or for it?你对此事是反对呢还是赞成?为了向…表示敬意: 例句: to give a banquet for someone设宴招待某人(开)往…,以…为目的地: 例句: to start for Beijing出发到北京去to leave for home动身回家寻找,寻求;希望,渴望;贪求,期待: 例句: to look for a lost article寻找失物to hunger for knowledge渴求知识专门(供)给,有特殊用途: 例句: flowers for a girl给少女的花money for paying bills付账的钱当作,作为: 例句: to know a thing for a fact知道某事属实关于,至于;考虑到(…的性质),就…而言(或而论): 例句: too warm for April就四月而言,天太热a need for improvement改进的必要由于,因为,作为(…的)结果: 例句: to cry for pain痛得哭了虽然,尽管(常与 all 连用): 例句: stupid for all her learning学得那么多,还是很笨与…成比例;与…相称,与…对应;与…一致: 例句: For one enemy he has a hundred friends.他有一敌而有百友.two dollars spent for every dollar每挣一美元就得花去二美元相当于,等于[前接或后跟同一名词时,for 在两个比较或相反的事物中表示相等]: 例句: a bill for $100 100美元的账单以…价格(或支付);换,交换;作为…的补偿: 例句: I paid $50 for it.我花了50美元买它.(数量、距离)达,计: 例句: to walk for a mile步行一英里处罚: 例句: payment for the crime犯罪的代价在…期间,在(指定时间): 例句: an appointment for two o"clock两点钟的约会为了变成: 例句: to go for a soldier去当兵[用来引导相当于定语从句的不定式短语]: 例句: It"s for you to decide.该由你来决定.It"s time for me to go.我该去了.[废语]在…之前 conj. 因为,由于…的缘故;既然;鉴于…: 例句: He felt no fear, for he was a brave man.他不感到害怕,因为他是个勇敢的人.Comfort him for he is sad.去安慰他,因为他很悲伤.[比 because 较为正式,少用于口语中,用于提出证据或说明前面刚作的陈述]
2023-07-24 06:59:531

下面表“顺序”的词,哪些是口语用的?哪些是书面用的?

初学外语的第一大障碍就是发音问题。发不好音,会给进一步学习外语造成一连串的困难。发音不正确就听不准,读不好,更谈不上用英语交流,而且还会直接影响到语汇的记忆和积累。随着学习上拦路虎的增多,成绩会逐步下降,甚至会对外语失去信心。因此,语音教学对初学英语的小学生和中学生来说都是一样,是个至关重要的问题。 小学生英语自主学习能力的有效习得 传统的学习方式已成为影响基础教育课程改革的一大障碍。帮助学生改变单一、被动的学习方式为多样化的、合作的、体验的、探究式的学习方式应成为小学英语课程教学实践的教研重点。小学生英语学习的过程应该是由学生亲自参与的、丰富生动的思维活动,在教师帮助下,学生经历一个理解、实践和主动建构的学习过程。 小学生刚接触英语,他们有很强的好奇心,也有学好英语的愿望,但不具备学习英语的经验。俗话说,良好的开端是成功的一半,因此,在起步阶段,激发培养他们学习的兴趣,是十分重要的.小学生英语学习网, http://kouyu.9yaotaow.cn/ 口语宝,人机对话机,激发兴趣的钥匙。
2023-07-24 07:00:152

初三英语 语法 关于OF 的

of [u0254v, u0259v, v, f] prep. 属于;关于;…的;由…组成的of 是 - 什么 的 什么 , 比如说 king of pop 流行 之 王to[英][tu:,tu,tu0259] [美][tu,tu0259] prep.向,朝着;到;关于;属于adv.朝一个方向的;到某种状态;关闭be similar to 和……相似 be open to 对……开放 be loyal to 对……忠诚 be helpful to对……有益处 be useful to对……有用 be good to sb对某人好   (比较:be good for 对……有益处) be bad to 对……不好 be bad for(比较:对……有害处)be new to 对……不习惯;对……陌生 as to 关于;至于 next to(否定词前)几乎; be due to do sth.预定要做某事 next to ……的旁边 due to 由于;归因于…… thanks to 多亏了;由于 owing to 由于;因……的缘故 in / with regard to 关于 in /with relation to 关于;就……而论 subject to 在……条件下;依照 be given to 沉溺于 be related to 与…相关 get down to着手做lead to 着手做 object to / be opposed to 反对 put one"s mind to全神贯注于 be equal to 胜任 devote oneself to献身于 give rise to 引起 look forward to 盼望 pay attention to 注意 lead to通向 see to 负责 access to 接近(某地的)方法 be addicted to 沉溺于… 对…上瘾 according to 根据 contribute to 为…作贡献with带着...;有...的(这个表示“伴随,有的”意思,老师应该常讲的)The girl with long hair is my classmate.长头发的女孩是我同学。2. 以(手段、材料),用(工具)My American friend is learning to eat with chopsticks.我的一位美国朋友在学着用筷子吃饭。3. 在...一边,赞成We are with you there.在那一点上我们站在你这一边。4. 跟...,反对The Allied Forces fought with Germany.盟军跟德国交战。5. 加上,包括...在内His bank savings, with his wife"s jewels, amount to three million dollars.他的银行存款加上他太太的首饰合计达三百万元。6. 随着,对应An independent man, Peter never goes with the tide.彼得是个有主见的人,从不随大流。7. 尽管有With all the setbacks, he did not lose heart.尽管遭受种种挫折,他没有丧失信心。8. 由于,因为They were wild with joy.他们欣喜若狂。forprep.1. 为了,为…目的:to run for exercise为锻炼而跑步to go for a walk去散步2. 属于…的;…用的:equipment for the education教育设备3. 适合于…需要(或目的):a room for sleeping卧室medicine for the children适合于儿童使用的药物4. 为了成为;为了得到(或获得);为拯救(或保持):to fight for one"s life为生存而斗争to send for a doctor去请医生5. 代替,取代;作为…的符号:to use blankets for coats用毯子代替外衣a substitute for butter黄油代用品6. 代表,代理;为了…的利益:to act for another代替别人A lawyer acts for his client.律师代表他的当事人行动。7. 对…特别敏感,对…反应(或理解)快:She has an eye for beauty.她对美有鉴赏力。8. 赞成…,支持…,拥护;有利于:to vote for a levy投票赞成征税Are you against it or for it?你对此事是反对呢还是赞成?9. 为了向…表示敬意:to give a banquet for someone设宴招待某人10. (开)往…,以…为目的地:to start for Beijing出发到北京去to leave for home动身回家11. 寻找,寻求;希望,渴望;贪求,期待:to look for a lost article寻找失物to hunger for knowledge渴求知识12. 专门(供)给,有特殊用途:flowers for a girl给少女的花money for paying bills付账的钱13. 当作,作为:to know a thing for a fact知道某事属实14. 关于,至于;考虑到(…的性质),就…而言(或而论):too warm for April就四月而言,天太热a need for improvement改进的必要15. 由于,因为,作为(…的)结果:to cry for pain痛得哭了16. 虽然,尽管(常与 all 连用):stupid for all her learning学得那么多,还是很笨17. 与…成比例;与…相称,与…对应;与…一致:For one enemy he has a hundred friends.他有一敌而有百友。two dollars spent for every dollar每挣一美元就得花去二美元18. 相当于,等于[前接或后跟同一名词时,for 在两个比较或相反的事物中表示相等]:a bill for $100 100美元的账单19. 以…价格(或支付);换,交换;作为…的补偿:I paid $50 for it.我花了50美元买它。20. (数量、距离)达,计:to walk for a mile步行一英里21. 处罚:payment for the crime犯罪的代价22. 在…期间,在(指定时间):an appointment for two o"clock两点钟的约会23. 为了变成:to go for a soldier去当兵24. [用来引导相当于定语从句的不定式短语]:It"s for you to decide.该由你来决定。It"s time for me to go.我该去了。25. [废语]在…之前conj.因为,由于…的缘故;既然;鉴于…:He felt no fear, for he was a brave man.他不感到害怕,因为他是个勇敢的人。Comfort him for he is sad.去安慰他,因为他很悲伤。[比 because 较为正式,少用于口语中,用于提出证据或说明前面刚作的陈述] be be 动词 be+形容词 be+v-doing、us 宾格 we 主语
2023-07-24 07:00:221

he tells me you are a doctor这里为什么用tells而不是told呢?

用一般现在时
2023-07-24 07:00:3415

金牌每课通四年级下册英语卷答案

金牌每课通四年级下册英语卷答案, 金牌每课通三年级期末检测卷答案 听力部分 一、1.lunch 2.sneakers 3.cucumber 4.sunny 5.shoes ( A B A C C ) 二、1.What"s the weather like in Beijing? 2.----What colour is your T-shirt? 3.Let"s go to the canteen to have some chicken. 4.It"s windy in Harbin. 5.This is the teacher"s desk. ( B B C A C ) 三、1.Are they ducks? 2.Is this your dress? 3.Can I help you? 4. What are they? 5.How many cows do you have? ( A B B A B ) 四、 1. Go to the library . Read a book. 2. Go to the playground. Play football. 3. Put on your slippers.Dance in your room. 4. Feed the hens. 金牌每课通答案大卷英语五年级下M10 选择题 1.—Thank you very much. — A. That"s OK. B. Good bye. C. Thanks. 答案:A 2.—Are these buses? —Yes, A. it is B .these are C. they are. 答案:C 根据中文提示写出单词或片语使句意完整、正确。 1.Who does she( )(看起来像)? 答案:look like 2.Kate likes oranges( )(一点点). 答案:a little 英语《金牌每课通》六年级下期中检测卷答案 1-A B V A B D C D C A A C D B 16-20CABCB 21-25 DCBDC 26-30CBCDC 31-35 ADDBB 36-40DEFAC 41-45 ADBBC 46-50ACADB 51-55 BCCDA 56-60DDCBB 61. it 62.of 63. is 64.overlooking 65. became 66.which 67. the 68.geographical 69. equipped 70. that 短文改错: 71. Look back to ... Look → Looking 72. ... several days before ... before → ago 73. ... I think reason ... reason前加the 74. But I believe ... But → And 75. ... make friends with ... make → made 76. ... from other city ... city → cities 77. Most important ... important → importantly 78. ... I shouldn"t have ... shouldn"t → couldn"t 79. ... wish everyone for ... 去掉for 80. ... we take count. count → counts One possible version: Hi everyone! I"m Li Hua from Senior Three.Today I am glad to be running for chairman of the English Club. I think I"msuitable for the position. As monitor of my class, I have been thought highlyof by my clas *** ates and teachers. I"m a good municator and good atanising activities. Most importantly, I can speak fluent English and oftenmunicate with foreigners. If I"m lucky enough to be elected aschairman, I will try my best to arrange more activities and create a strongerEnglish atmosphere for us. I sincerely hope you will give me a chance and votefor me. Thank you. 部分解析 阅读理解: A篇(艺术) 本文是记叙文。文章讲述了乐队指挥Andersson把音乐带入生活的故事。 21. D。细节理解题。由第二段末的 I bought many recordings of the world"s great orchestras andconductors and listened to them for hours on end可知。 22. C。推理判断题。由第三段中的What audiences do not see is all the work ... with the orchestra可推断,乐队指挥在正式表演前需要做很多的准备工作。 23. B。推理判断题。由第四段中的reads about the poser"s life ... Her goal is to recreate themusic as the poser intended可推断,Andersson之所以了解作曲家们的生活是为了更好地再现他们的音乐。 24. D。细节理解题。由倒数第二段中的To help young musicians understand how to play the music, Anderssonmight tell them to ... 可知。 B篇(家庭、朋友与周围的人) 本文是议论文。作者认为家长们过分注重孩子们的天赋而忽略了品格。 25. C。推理判断题。由第一段开头的I"m having a lot of conflicting emotions和第二段中的Maybe I"d be out therebragging with some moms if she was ... 以及第三段中的But that"s a lie. I prayed for better than normal. Maybe that"s whyI feel terrible when ... 可推断,作者的女儿智力平平;当听到别的妈妈夸耀自己孩子多么有天赋时,作者会感到很羞愧。 26. C。词义猜测题。由第二段中的if she was reading on an eighth grade level instead of ... beingsome kind of bination of Gandhi and Mozart可推断,划线词的意思是“奇才”。 27. B。推理判断题。由第四段中的she also cares about other people"s feelings及下文所举的两个例子可推断,Violet是一个善良的女孩。 28. C。细节理解题。由最后一段中的But no one brags about how nice their kid is ... stories of kindness可知,作者喜欢听关于孩子们的好品格的故事。 C篇(健康) 本文是说明文。文章介绍了季节性过敏加剧的原因和缓解办法。 29. D。推理判断题。由第一段中的The long winter with bitter cold temperatures delayed some trees ...the biggest cause of spring allergies可推断,气候变化,即较长的冬季,导致一些树木延期授粉,进而导致大量的树木在同一段时间授粉,从而使季节性过敏加剧。 30. C。细节理解题。由第一点建议中的So by peeling or cooking fruit, you can lessen or pletely avoidany reaction可知。 31. A。推理判断题。由第二点建议中的Hair pastes cause the hair to bee a pollen mag可推断,美发产品会吸引花粉。 32. D。细节理解题。由第三点建议中的make sure you at least wash your face at night可知。 D篇(购物) 本文是应用文。文章是一则座椅电梯的广告。 33. D。细节理解题。由文中的A simple clear LED display shows the status of the stairlift可知,显示屏可以显示座椅电梯的状况。 34. B。细节理解题。由文章末的EXPIRES October 31, 2015可知,只有在2015年10月31日前购买才能享受优惠。 35. B。文章出处题。通读全文可知,本文是一则关于座椅电梯的广告。 七选五: 话题:个人情感 本文是议论文。文章论述了钱与快乐不成正比。 36. D。D项与上文的oftenlong hours away from home ... richer financially相呼应。 37. E。E项是针对第一段所提问题的回答;下文People who earn a good living are often happier than people who livein poverty进一步说明了E项的内容。 38. F。F项与上文的fortablestandard相呼应;下文Here inthe U.S., the standard falls around $75,000是对F项的举例说明。 39. A。A项在此起承上启下的作用,引出人们关于金钱和快乐的错误观念。 40. C。C项与上文的the ideathat life would be happier ... measurable happiness及下文的People who earned $50,000 wereonly 9 percent more content than those making $25,000相呼应。 完形填空: 话题:现代技术 本文是说明文。文章介绍了一款只能接电话的手机。 41. A。42. D。智慧手机在我们的生活中已经变得如此“普遍(mon)”以至于很“难(hard)”想起以前网路覆盖范围很小时的生活。 43. B。由第三段中的people to live in the moment及the minimum amount of connectedness可推断,Light Phone的设计宗旨是使它被使用得尽可能“少(little)”。 44. B。智慧手机能给人提供各种资讯和便利,使用率很高;而Light Phone则是为了使人们少用手机。故这款手机的设计理念是与主流“趋势(trend)”相反的。 45. C。由下文的make a product可推断,两位创办人见面后很快决定要“创造(create)”一种产品。 46. A。由下文的people to live in the moment可推断,两位创办人想创造一种帮助人们与外界“断开联络(disconnect)”的产品,从而使人们不受太多外界的干扰,活在当下。 47. C。由第一段末的go against the ... 可推断,这款新研发的产品的功能与智慧手机的功能“相反(opposite)”。 48. A。由上文可知,新型产品“可以使(allows)”人们活在当下。 49. D。由第四段中的receive forwarded calls from your phone, which you leave at home可知,创办者们开始考虑人们可以把手机“留(leave)”在家里。 50. B。由下文的doesn"t have a screen at all可推断,这款没有萤幕的装置应该很“小( *** all)”。 51. B。这款装置“只(just)”有一个数字键盘。 52. C。把手机留在家里可以使人们获得片刻休息,从而尽情“享受(enjoy)”周围的世界。 53. C。由上段的your phone, which you leave at home in order to ... 及下文的for certain ... we don"t really... 可推断,创办者们不是说人们“不应该(shouldn"t)”使用智慧手机。 54. D。由下文的like when taking your kid to the park or having dinner with yourwife可推断,此处是说某些“时刻(moments)”。 55. A。上文提到人们在某些时刻可以把手机留在家里,也就是说人们有时实际上并不“需要(need)”来自脸谱网等的通知。 56. D。由下文的wondering if someone"s trying to ... in an emergency可推断,Light Phone使人们在休息的同时不用“担心(anxiety)”别人会不会有急事与自己联络。 57. D。由第四段中的the ability to receive forwarded calls from your phone可推断,Light Phone可以使使用者转接到打给智慧手机的电话,因而使用者不必担心有人需要紧急“联络(reach)”他们。 58. C。“如果(if)”享受生活的机会还不够吸引人的话,使用者随后还可以看到智慧手机上所有的通知等。 59. B。由下文的and notifications可推断,此处是指来自智慧手机的不太紧急或重要的资讯。故选emails。 60. B。由上文的isn"t attractive enough可推断,使用者随后能够看到来自智慧手机的电子邮件和通知,这就像是给使用者的“款待(treat)”。 语法填空: 61. it。考查代词。设空处指代上文的the closest U.S. port city to Europe,故填it。 62. of。考查介词。consist of是固定短语,意为“由……组成”。 63. is。考查一般现在时。由前句可知,设空处描述的是客观事实,故填is。 64. overlooking。考查动词-ing形式作定语的用法。peninsulas与overlook(俯瞰)之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,且overlook所表示的动作正在进行,故填overlooking。 65. became。考查一般过去时。由in the 18th century可知,bee所表示的动作发生在过去,故填became。 66. which。考查关系词。设空处引导非限制性定语从句,指代前面整个主句的内容,故填which。 67. the。考查定冠词。序数词前要加定冠词the。 68. geographical。考查形容词作定语的用法。设空处修饰名词position,故填形容词geographical。 69. equipped。考查过去分词作定语的用法。equip与ships之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,且equip所表示的动作已完成,故填equipped。 70. that。考查连线词。设空处引导宾语从句且从句中不缺成分,故填that 七年级下册语文金牌每课通随堂检测答案要26到30课的小卷答案 一)因为是“我”的武断,冤枉了第三只猫,是“我”亲手造成了它的悲剧。所以“我”深感内疚和自责。越是内疚和自责,痛苦的表情也就越强烈。 (二)第二只猫丢失后,“我”家好久不养猫,表达了“我”及家人难过的心情。第三只猫死后,“自此,我家永不养猫”是对全文的总结,与文章开头呼应,因为第三只猫的悲剧是“我”亲手制造的,“我”目睹了前两只猫的不幸后,又亲自制造了第三只猫的悲剧,深感内疚,此句表达了作者强烈自责悲痛的情感。 (三)答案不唯一。可从互想理解、换位思考等角度讨论,言之成理即可。 英语一本通四年级下册答案 选择题 1.—Could you help with English? —No problem. A.me, my B.my, mine C.I, me 答案:A 2.Thank you your help. It"s very kind you. A.for, to B.for, of C.with, of 答案:B 填空 1.---What would you like to_______? ---- Well, a hamburger and a bottle of juice, please. 答案:have 2.----These shoes are 300 yuan. ----Sorry, that"s too expensive. Can we see_______ pair? 答案:another 好卷四年级下册答案英语 I. 1-5 CABBA II. 1. lovely 2. Everybody 3. carefully 4. height 5. birthday III. 1. carefully 2. to buy 3. hobbies 4. pleasant 5. myself IV. 1. What a 2. How 3. What 4. How 5. What an V . 1. Could, lend 2. is famous for 3. set up 4. went on, went on with 5. spent, on / paid, for VI. 1-5 CABCC VII. One possible version My name is Xu Yang. I was born on January 14, 1995. My hometown is in Guangdong, but I live in Hainan. I like Hainan because the weather here is very nice. I am a tall boy. I am 160 cm in height. We go to school from Monday to Friday. We have six classes every day. I have many hobbies, such as listening to music, dancing, playing the piano and collecting stamps. Collecting stamps is my favorite. In my spare time, I share the stamps with my clas *** ates and friends. I like my school life. 金牌每课通九年级上化学答案. 八十三反对 四年级英语金牌教练下册的答案第64页 :1010jiajiao./daan/bookid_58053. 希望能帮助你。 四年级状元点金卷英语下册答案 读书破万卷,下笔如有神 答案通过自己思考出来的,在网上是问不到答案的哈 多想想,答案错了没关系的 学习的目的就是要学会思考 才是自己的答案,多思考吧.
2023-07-24 07:01:091

英语中to,of,for的用法

先说to:到,向,给(我觉得这是最概括性的说法了)We work from nine to five.我们从九点工作到五点。We live next door to a cinema.我们住在一家电影院的隔壁。 of:1. (属于)…的; 例句: the king of England英格兰国王 2. 含有…的,装有…的: 例句: a book of pictures一本画册 a glass of water一杯水 3. 由…组成: 例句: a meal of bread and water只有面包和白开水的一顿饭 4. 在…之中的: 例句: a member of the football team一名足球队员 5. 由…制成: 例句: a bridge of wood一座木桥 6. [表示日期、时间] the 2nd of June 6月2日 例句: It"s 10 (minutes) of 6.现在是6点差10分钟。 7. [表示距离、方向、分隔、 离开等]: 例句: within half a mile of the park离公园半英里以内 east of the city城市以东 8. [表示由来, 起源,出处]从, 来自…的: 例句: a girl of the nobility贵族小姐 9. [表示原因、理由、动机等]由于,因为: 例句: to die of hunger死于饥饿 10. [表示具有某种性质、状况]: 例句: a man of tact一个老练的人 a plan of great decision一项重大决策 for:1. 为了,为…目的:例句: to run for exercise为锻炼而跑步to go for a walk去散步2. 属于…的;…用的:例句: equipment for the education教育设备3. 适合于…需要(或目的):例句: a room for sleeping卧室medicine for the children适合于儿童使用的药物4. 为了成为;为了得到(或获得);为拯救(或保持):例句: to fight for one"s life为生存而斗争to send for a doctor去请医生5. 代替,取代;作为…的符号:例句: to use blankets for coats用毯子代替外衣a substitute for butter黄油代用品6. 代表,代理;为了…的利益:例句: to act for another代替别人A lawyer acts for his client.律师代表他的当事人行动。7. 对…特别敏感,对…反应(或理解)快:例句: She has an eye for beauty.她对美有鉴赏力。8. 赞成…,支持…,拥护;有利于:例句: to vote for a levy投票赞成征税Are you against it or for it?你对此事是反对呢还是赞成?9. 为了向…表示敬意:例句: to give a banquet for someone设宴招待某人10. (开)往…,以…为目的地:例句: to start for Beijing出发到北京去to leave for home动身回家
2023-07-24 07:01:181

急求一篇英语作文!!谢谢!万分感谢!!

meiyou
2023-07-24 07:01:353

句子,for的意思

专门为
2023-07-24 07:01:566

【最简方案下空语类PRO去留之争议】 最简分数

  摘 要:空语类PRO作为具有语义、语法功能而没有语音形式的隐性名词成分,在管辖与约束理论和最简方案理论框架下有其存在的理论依据和事实根据,但PRO的概念也呈现出许多问题。自20世纪80年代以来,PRO一直是生成语法中重要理论――控制理论研究的焦点。随着最简理论的深入研究与发展,它的存在受到越来越多学者的质疑。近年来围绕PRO的去留问题句法学界展开了激烈的争论,有学者认为PRO的概念应该从句法上删除,也有学者坚持PRO存在的必要性和合理性。   关键词:空语类PRO 最简方案 精简主义观点 非精简主义观点      1. 引言      空语类(Empty Category)是Chomsky于上个世纪70年代末80年代初提出的一个概念。20世纪80年代以来,随着管辖与约束理论(GB理论)的出现,空语类在生成语法中起着重要的作用,也成为近二十多年来Chomsky生成语法研究的中心课题之一。所谓空语类是指:“在句法、语义表达式中存在,而在音系表达式中没有音系矩阵的成分。”(徐烈炯,1988:193)也就是说,空语类是具有语法和语义功能但没有语音形式的隐性名词成分。根据Chomsky的管约论,自然语言中至少有四种空语类的语素变体(Chomsky,1981:143):NP语迹、pro、PRO、wh-语迹。NP语迹和wh-语迹由移位(movement)产生,而PRO和pro则由基础生成(base generated)。其中空语类PRO由于是一个重要而热点的句法理论――控制理论研究的核心内容而成为句法学界争论的焦点。本文将探讨空语   类PRO存在的依据和问题,并在此基础上介绍分析有关PRO去留的一些热点争议。      2. PRO存在的依据      2.1 理论依据   PRO概念的提出是具有相关的理论依据的。Chomsky(1981)提出了一些基本假设,如“投射原则(Projection Principle)”、“题元理论(Theta Theory)”,而空语类PRO的存在则与这些假设相吻合。首先,Chomsky(1981:52)提出了这样的假设:S→NP INFL VP。该假设认为任何句子(clause)都是由NP、INFL、VP三个部分组成的。INFL称为“屈折成分”,具有[+tense]二值。当INFL具有[+tense]特征时代表限定式,此时NP是一个有语音形式、有格的NP;当INFL具有[-tense]特征时代表不定式,此时NP是一个没有语音形式、没有格的PRO。这一假设后来发展成为“扩充的投射原则(EPP)”,其规定每一个句子,无论是内嵌的(imbedded)还是非内嵌的(non-imbedded),无论是限定的(finite)还是非限定的(non-finite),在所有的句法平面上都要有一个主语(Chomsky,1981)。英语中的不定式分句也被看作是一个句子,应该包含一个逻辑主语,如下句:   (1) Idecided [IP PROto study syntax]   句(1)中不定式分句中没有显性的NP作主语,但句子仍然合乎语法,由此可推出其中存在着隐性的逻辑主语PRO,它没有语音内容,因而也没有语音表达。正是由于隐性主语(null subject)PRO的存在,句子才没有违反扩充的投射原则。   其次,根据Chomsky的“题元准则(Theta Criterion)”,动词必须把题元角色一一分派给句中的名词短语,如果某个题元角色不能分派出去,句子则不合语法。句(1)中不定式分句的动词study是一个二元谓词,需要分派两个题元角色,其中syntax这一显性名词短语被分派了受事题元角色,充当动词study的内部题元角色,但其外部题元角色却没有显性名词短语充当,但句子又是合乎语法的,由此可推出隐性主语PRO承担了其施事题元角色。因此,根据以上两点分析,空语类PRO的存在与Chomsky的主要理论假设相吻合,显然具有其存在的理论依据。   2.2 语义依据   “不定式隐性主语PRO存在的依据主要来自语义”(刘红,2006:50)。传统语法中表面上无主语的不定分句在语感和语义理解上均存在一个隐性逻辑主语。试看下面的例句,如果将(2a)句的不定式用(2b)句的限定式来诠译,那么不定式分句的隐性主语便浮出水面了。   (2)a. I promise [_to visit him]   b. I promise [I will visit him ]   2.3 句法依据   空语类PRO存在的句法依据也是非常明显的。其存在的句法依据之一来自谓词性名词的一致性(agreement)特征(Radford,1988:314)。在系表结构中作系动词补足成分的名词需要与其所在的句子主语保持人称、性、数的一致性。请看下例:   (3)a. The students are not sure [whether he should be a candidate /candidates]   b. The student is not sure [whether PRO to be a candidate /candidates]   (3a)中斜体部分的谓词性名词必须为单数才可以与其所在的whether分句主语he保持一致;而(3b)中斜体部分的谓词性名词处于whether分句中,显然它必须与某个成分保持人称和数的一致。这个名词不能与the student保持一致,因为它们并不处于同一个句子中。由此可以推断,该名词所在的嵌入不定式分句有一个隐性主语PRO。PRO从它的的先行词the student那里获得性、数、人称等句法特征,在这里为第三人称单数。因此一致特征可以为空语类PRO的存在提供事实根据。   空语类PRO存在的另一个句法依据来自照应词的照应性特征。根据Chomsky约束理论的第一条原则,照应词在管辖范畴内受约束,即它的先行词必定在管辖范围内。试比较下例:   (4)a. Bill is not sure [ whether he should vote for himself]   b. Bill is not sure [whether PRO to vote for himself]   (4a)中照应词himself在其管辖范围内受先行词he的约束,因而合乎语法;而(4b)中himself的先行词不可能是唯一的显性名词Bill,因为它们不在同一个管辖范围。由此可推出himself所在的分句必然存在一个隐性名词主语作它的先行词,该隐性主语PRO回指主句主语Bill。因此,照应词的照应特征同样为PRO的存在提供了可靠的句法依据。      3. PRO的问题      尽管PRO在管约理论框架下有其存在的理论依据和其它语义、句法根据,并且对于相关句法理论的研究举足轻重,但随着生成语法的不断发展和完善以及控制研究的新理论的不断出现,PRO的存在显示出越来越多的问题。首先,在GB理论中,PRO的分布是由约束理论来解释的,它被认为是一种代名词性的照应词(pronominal anaphor)。由于代名词与照应词在管辖范围上是相互对立的,因此PRO必须不受管辖(Chomsky,1986)。而在最简方案下,管辖这一概念已被取消,不能再用来解释PRO的分布问题。因此,Chomsky和Lasnik(1993)提出用格理论(Case Theory)来解释PRO的分布,认为PRO具有空格。然而只有空语类PRO被赋予空格,并且能核查/赋予空格的INFL不能核查/赋予其它格。PRO与空格似乎彼此互为存在,它们通过句法硬性规定互相得到解释(Horntein,1999,2001)。 本文为全文原貌 未安装PDF浏览器用户请先下载安装 原版全文   其次,PRO的解释也有问题。Chomsky(1981)接受了Rosenbaum(1967)提出的最短距离原则(MDP),即PRO受一个最短距离的成分统制它的名词短语的控制。然而,Manzini和Roussou(2000)指出最短距离原则怎样成为独自受驱动的原则尚不能被解释。而且一些控制结构中的PRO无法通过最短距离原则得到统一的解释。最典型的便是英语中promise类动词的控制结构。请看下例:      (5a)中PRO可以通过最短距离原则得到解释,受最近的名词短语me控制,而(5b)中的PRO却越过离它最近的名词短语me受主句主语控制,显然违背了最短距离原则,但句子却又是合乎语法的。此外,一些语言中的后控制现象(backward control)也无法通过最短距离原则得到解释,因为这种控制结构中的控制语并不成分统制空语类PRO。另外,Alboiu(2003,2004)通过对Romanian语言中的控制结构进行研究发现该语言中控制语既可以出现在主句中,也可以出现在嵌入分句中。而在控制理论中控制语必须成分统制PRO,因此该语言中的PRO也无法通过最短距离原则来解释。   由此可见,PRO的概念在最简方案的理论框架中突显出越来越多的问题,其在句法上的分布和解释都得不到统一的说明。正因为如此,随着对跨语言现象的广泛深入的研究,近年来句法学界围绕着PRO的去留问题进行了持久的激烈争论。下文将对此进行介绍和分析。      4. PRO的去留之争议      近年来生成语法研究中关于PRO的争议主要分为两大阵营。一方面,20世纪90年代随着最简主义的出现,管辖的概念被取消,而深层结构和表层结构作为不同的表征层面也被删除(Chomsky,1995,2000等),因此PRO的存在受到了诸多学者的质疑,其中包括Martin(1996),O"Neil(1997),Wurmbrand(1998),Manzini和Roussou(1998,2000),Hornstein(1999,2001),Boeckx和Hornstein(2003),Janke(2003),Alboiu(2004),Barrie和Pittma(2004)等。他们从精简主义观点(Reductionist approach)出发主张取消PRO这一特殊的隐性成分。而另一方面,也有学者如Landau(1999,2003)从非精简主义观点(Non-reductionist approach)出发,坚持捍卫PRO作为一个重要的句法成分存在的必要性。   4.1 精简主义观点(Reductionist approach)   对控制结构的研究持精简主义观点的学者一致认为应该取消PRO这一句法成分,但围绕控制是否涉及移位,又分为两派。Wumbrand(1998)提出的精简主义最简方法可以说是最少受争议的。她认为强制控制结构只是一种单句结构(monoclausal construction),不存在空语类PRO,也无须用移位来解释控制关系。她把下面这个句子标示为“语义控制”,主句动词选择一个VP补足成分:      Janke(2003)提出了一种不存在空语类PRO的强制控制的理论,他用约束关系来解释强制控制,认为在这种约束关系中照应性成分是不定式动词本身而不是任何空语类,并指出控制关系是通过谓词的词汇语义特征投射到词汇句法特征表达出来的。因此在他的控制理论中,没有空语类PRO,也没有任何名词短语的移位。   另外一些精简主义者则用DP移位来解释控制关系,从而取消PRO的存在。其中Manzini和Roussou(1998,2000)以及Hornstein(1999,2001)提出的控制的移位分析理论最有影响力。这两种分析方法都把题元角色看作可接受核查的特征,而且最关键的是两者都认为一个DP可以获得多个题材元角色,这与标准的题元理论完全不同。Manzini和Roussou认为题元角色是在动词所在范畴内合并(merge)并且与一个DP相联系的体态特征。在他们的理论体系中,DP只能在其格位置进行合并,因而只能出现在屈折范畴内。在其范畴内DP会吸引(attract)所有的题元角色到上一个DP。因此强制控制不再有空语类PRO,而只是被看作吸引两个题元角色,不再是一个。另外他们的理论不仅取消了强制控制结构中的空语类PRO,而且还取消了Hornstein(1999)所提出的任意控制中的空语类pro,认为在任意控制中谓词受算子C的控制,而不是受某个名词论元的控制。从这个意义上来说,Manzini和Roussou的控制理论用高度统一的原则解释了不同种类的控制关系,而不需要假设任何空语类的存在。   Hornstein(1999,2001)的移位控制理论相相比较之下要保守一些,他认为DP合并到题元范畴而非屈折范畴。然而他的理论又有其新奇之处:该理论允许DP移位到论元位置,正如其移到格位置一样。Hornstein认为强制控制结构中不定式分句的主语PRO实际上是一个经移位后留下的DP语迹,是移位的DP的没有语音形式的拷贝(copy)。他取消空语类PRO是以修改标准的题元理论为基础的。他认为题元角色是由动词赋予给DP的特征,题元特征能够触发移位,同一个DP可以有多个题元角色。如下例:      他认为(7a)的衍生结构为(7b)。Mary首先与动词leave合并,核查动词的题元特征,接着Mary移位到不定式分句的主语位置并核查INFL的限定语特征,该位置为非格标记位置,Mary的格特征无法得到核查,它又移位到VP的标志语位置并核查动词want的外部题元特征,最后Mary提升到主句IP的标志语位置,核查INFL的限定语特征和主格特征。这一衍生过程解释了Mary是不定式分句的控制语这一事实。Hornstein认为不需要给强制控制结构假设一个具有种种特征性和规定性的空语类PRO的存在,这里的空语类只是一个DP语迹,是Mary移位后留下的拷贝。另外,他把非强制控制结构中的空语类看成是一个pro,从而彻底排除了空语类PRO在任何控制结构中存在的可能性。   4.2 非精简主义观点(Non-reductionist approach)   对控制结构的研究持非精简主义观点的主要代表人物是Landau. Landau(1999,2003)认为PRO在跨语言中的强制控制结构中普遍存在,把控制与提升等同起来是一大错。他认为强制控制是主句探针(probe)和嵌入的照应性成分(anaphoric element)之间的一致操作(Agree operation)(Chomsky,2000,ect.)。该照应性成分视衍生过程中具体的控制类型而定,完全控制(exhaustive control)中的照应性成分是一个空语类PRO,而部分控制(partial control)中的照应性成分则是嵌入分句的Agr。完全控制和部分控制的区别则在于主句谓词是否强制性地需要一个相同的嵌入论元。Landau坚持控制的一般观点,认为PRO存在并且它与NP/DP-语迹不同,他通过对意大利语、冰岛语等其它语言中的控制现象的研究证明将控制与提升归于一体是错误的,从而质疑在最简方案中那些旨在删除空语类PRO,将其等同于NP/DP语迹的精简主义观点。总之,他认为PRO作为解释控制结构的关键成分是句法系统中普遍存在的。 本文为全文原貌 未安装PDF浏览器用户请先下载安装 原版全文      5. 结语      通过以上分析,我们可以看出PRO的概念在句法理论中的存在对推导控制结构的形成、解释控制关系作出了较为精确的规律性的说明。在特定的句法现象和特定的语言中,空语类PRO的存在是有一定的理论依据和实证基础的。但随着句法理论的不断发展,PRO作为生成语法中享有特殊地位,具有独特特征的成分受到越来越多句法学者的质疑。只有对各种控制类型及各语言中的控制现象进行深入研究之后,我们才能得出一个统一的观点。究竟应该保留还是摒弃空语类PRO的概念尚在激烈的争议之中,有待我们进一步取证研究。      参考文献:   [1]徐烈炯.生成语法理论[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1988.   [2]Chomsky,Noam.Lectures on Government and Binding[M]. Dordrecht:Foris,1981.   [3]刘红.空语类PRO的句法分析――兼谈PRO在汉语的几种句式中的分布[J].外语与外语教学,2006,(10):50-51.   [4]Radford,Andrew. Transformational Grammar:A First Course[M]. London:Cambridge Universtiy Press,1988.   [5]Chomsky,Noam. Barriers[M]. Cambridge:MIT Press,1986.   [6]Chomsky,Noam& Howard Lasnik. The theory of principles and parameters.In Noam Chomsky,The Minimalist Parameter[M]. Cambridge:MIT Press,1993:13-128.   [7]Hornstein,Norbert. Movement and Control [J]. Linguistic Inquiry,1999,(30):69-96.   [8]Hornstein,Norbert.Move! A Minimalist Theory of Construal[M]. Blackwell Publishers,2001.   [9]Rosenbaum,Peter. The Grammar of English Predicate Complement Constructions[M]. Cambridge:MIT Press,1967.   [10]Manzini,Rita&Anna Roussou. A Minimalist Theory of A-Movement and Control [J].Lingua,2000,(110):409-447.   [11]Alboiu Gabriela. The Ups and Downs of Obligatory Control [J]. presented at the North American Syntax Conference,May2-4,2003:1-14.   [12]Alboiu Gabriela. Shared Arguments in Control [J]. Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics,2004,(22):53-74.   [13]Chomsky,Noam. The Minimalist Program[M]. Cambridge:MIT Press,1995.   [14]Chomsky,Noam. “Minimalist Inquiries:The Framework.”In Martin,R.D.Michaels,&Juan Uriagereka(eds) Step by Step:Essays on Minimalist Syntax in Honor of Howard Lasnik[C].Cambridge:MIT Press,2000.89-147.   [15]Martin,Roger. A Minimalist Theory of PRO and Control[D]. Doctoral dissertation. University of Connecticut,Storrs,1996.   [16]O"Neil. Means of Control:Deriving the Properties of PRO in the Minimalist Program[D]. Doctoral dissertation,Harvard University,1997.   [17]Wurmbrand,Suzanne. Infinitives[D]. Doctoral dissertation,MIT,1998.   [18]Manzini,Rita&Anna Roussou. A Minimalist Theory of A-Movement and Control [J]. University College London Working Papers,vol.11,1998.   [19]Boeckx,Cedric&Norbert Hornstein. Reply to “ Control is Not Movement”[J]. Linguistic Inquiry,2003.34,(2):269-280.   [20]Janke Vikki. A PRO-less Theory of Control [J]. Working Papers at the 6th Durhan Postgraduate Conference in Linguistics,2003.214-242.   [21]Barrie,Michael& Christine,M. Pittman. Partial Control and The Movement towards Movement [J]. Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics,2004,(22):75-92.   [22]Landau,Idan. Elements of Control [D]. Doctoral dissertation,MIT,1999.   [23]Landau,Idan. Movement out of Control [J]. Lingusitc Inquiry,2003.34,(3):471-499.      注:“本文中所涉及到的图表、注解、公式等内容请以PDF格式阅读原文。” 本文为全文原貌 未安装PDF浏览器用户请先下载安装 原版全文
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Every man and woman eighteen years of age or older is eligible to vote for the candidate of ______.

B. their choice
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for 表示目的或原因时能不能放在开头

我觉的不可以
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FOR 的具体用法

for的用法很多啊 哪列的完去看语法书吧
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