max笔记-
情态动词的定义:
情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪,态度或语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语, 只能和其他动词原形构成谓语.
We can be there on time tomorrow.
我们明天能按时去那儿.
May I have your name?
我能知道你的名字吗?
Shall we begin now?
我们现在就开始吗?
实义动词
有完整词汇意义的动词叫做实义动词.实义动词分跟有宾语的及物动词和不跟宾语的不及物动词.连系动词也是实义动词,但连系动词不能单独构成谓语,其后必须跟有表语.
1．及物动词和不及物动词
有些及物动词只有一个宾语（单宾语）,有些可跟间接宾语和直接宾语（双宾语）,或跟宾语和宾语补足语（复合宾语）,例：
I like the book very much．我很喜欢这本书.
My teacher lend me some books．我的老师借给我一些书.（双宾语）
I"ll let you know as soon as I hear from her．我一接到她的信就通知你.（复合宾语）
而不及物动词不带宾语,例：
The good news soon spread all over the city．好消息很快传遍全城.
许多动词既可作及物动词,又可作不及物动词,例：
He turned his head．他把头转过去了.（及物）
She turned and walked to the house．她转身走回家.（不及物）
有些不及物动词与及物动词本义相同,但形式不同,例：
lie 躺（不及物）； lay 放（及物）
The book is lying on the table．书在桌上.
He laid the book on the table．他把书放在桌上.
有些及物动词用反身代词作宾语,我们把它们称为反身动词,例：
He can"t express himself in English．他无法用英语表达自己的想法.
The boy dressed himself quickly．那男孩很快穿好了衣服.
有些不及物动词用作及物动词时需用其同源的名词作宾语,称作同源宾语,例：
He dreamed a sweet dream last night．昨夜他作了个美梦.
The people are living a happy life．人民过着幸福的生活.
She sighed a deep sigh．她深深地叹了一口气.
注意：有些不及物动词后面可接形容词或名词,这时的用法相当于连系动词,例：
The tree grows tall．这棵树长得很高.
He returned an old man after 50 years abroad．在国外过了五十年后他回来时已是个老头了.
实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词
动词从其含义来分,有实义动词(notional verb),连系动词(1ink verb),情态动词(modal verb)和助动词(auxiliary verb)四类.
1. 实义动词 实义动词有完全的词义,并能独立作谓语动词.
如：The sun shone brightly this morning.今天早晨阳光灿烂.
He likes to go for a long walk on sundays.他喜欢星期日出去作长距离散步.
We have a big TV set in the club.我们俱乐部有台大电视机.
2. 连系动词 连系动词在句中作谓语动词,后面跟表语.英语连系动词有be(是),seem(似乎),look(看来),keep(保持),become(变成),get(变得),grow(变得),feel(感到),turn(变得,变成),appear(显得),remain(仍旧是)等.如：
It is never too late to mend.改过不嫌晚.
It was a close game.那场球赛比分很接近.
The children in this nursery look very healthy.这个托儿所的孩子看起来都非常健康.
Keep quiet,please!请安静!,
The tape recorder seems all right.这台录音机好像没有毛病.
Later he became a doctor.他后来成为一名医生.
The problem remained unsolved until last year.问题到去年才解决.
[注一]下面句子中的come和go也是连系动词.如：
The old man"s dream has come true.这位老人的梦想实现了.
Something has gone wrong with the truck.卡车出毛病了.
[注二]有些连系动词如seem, appear等后面常跟to be.如：
The new text seens to be easy,but actually it is rather difficult.这篇新课文好像很容易,其实相当难.
She appears to be the girl"s sister.她似乎是那女孩的姐姐.
3. 情态动词 情态动词有can (能),may (可以,也许),must(必须)等及其过去式could,might等,表示能力、义务、必要、猜测等说话人的语气或情态.情态动词只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词.
[注]关于情态动词详见第十一章.
4. 助动词 助动词有shall,will,have,be,should,would, do等.它们只能和主要动词一起构成各种时态、语态、语气等动词形式,以及否定和疑问等结构中的谓语动词.
You must obey the school rules.
你必须遵守校规.
情态动词数量不多,但用途广泛,主要有下列:
can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would) .
情态动词的位置:
情态动词在句中放在谓语动词之前, 谓语动词前若有助动词,则在助动词之前,疑问句中, 情态动词则在主语之前.
I can see you. Come here.
我能看见你,过来吧.
He must have been away.
他一定走了.
What can I do for you?
你要什么?
How dare you treat us like that!
你怎能那样对待我们!
情态动词的特点:
情态动词无人称和数的变化, 情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 "not". 个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式, 过去式用来表达更加客气, 委婉的语气, 时态性不强, 可用于过去,现在或将来.
He could be here soon.
他很快就来.
We can"t carry the heavy box.
我们搬不动那箱子.
I"m sorry I can"t help you.
对不起,我帮不上你.
情态动词的用法:
can (could) 表示说话人能,可以,同意,准许,以及
客观条件许可,could 为 can 的过去式.
Can you pass me the books?
你能给我递一下书吗 ?
Could you help me, please?
请问,你能帮助我吗?
What can you do?
你能干点什么呢?
Can you be sure?
你有把握吗?
can 和could 只能用于现在式和过去式两种时态,将来时态用 be able to 来表示.
He could help us at all.
他完全可以帮助我们.
With the teacher"s help,I shall be able to speak English correctly.
由于老师的帮助,我将能准确地讲英语.
may (might) 可以, 表示说话人同意,许可或请求对方许可.
You may take the book home.
你可以把书带回家去.
May I come in?
我可以进来吗?
May I use your dictionary?
我可以用你的词典吗?
You may put on more clothes.
你可以多穿点衣服.
He said he might lend us some money.
他说他可以借给我们一些钱.
may 否定式为 may not, 缩写形式是 mayn"t.
might 是may 的过去式, 有两种用法, 一种表示过去式,一种表示虚拟语气, 使语气更加委婉, 客气或对可能性的怀疑.
He told me he might be here on time.
他说他能按时间来.
Might I borrow some money now.
我可以借点钱吗?
He might be alive.
他可能还活着.
Must 必须,应该,一定,准是, 表示说话人认为有必要做某事, 命令, 要求别人做某事以及对事物的推测.
must 用来指一般现在时和一般将来时, 过去式可用 have to 的过去式代替.
I must finish my work today.
我今天必须完成我的工作.
You mustn"t work all the time.
你不能老是工作.
Must I return the book tomorrow?
我必须明天还书吗?
After such a long walk, you must be tired.
走了这么长的路,你一定困了.
He must be the man I am looking for.
他一定是我要找的人.
He had to go because of somebody"s calling
him that day.
那天他要走是因为有人叫他.
must + have + 过去分词,表示现在对过去事物的推测.
He must have told my parents about it.
他一定把这件事情告诉我父母亲了.
He must have received my letter now.
他现在一定收到我的信了.
It"s six o"clock already, we must have been late again.
已经六点钟了,我们一定又迟到了.
must 和 have to 的区别: must 表示说话人的主观思想, have to 表示客观需要.
You must do it now.
你必需现在就干.(说话人认为必须现在干)
I have to go now.
我得走了.(客观条件必须现在走)
need 需要 多用在否定式或疑问句中.
Need I attend the meeting tomorrow?
我需要明天参加会议吗?
You need not hand in the paper this week.
这一周你不必交论文.
need 是一个情态动词, 他的用法完全和其他情态动词一样, 但 need 还可当作实义动词使用, 这时 need 就象其他动词一样,有第三人称,单复数, 后面加带 to 的动词等特性.
I need a bike to go to school.
我上学需要一辆自行车.
Do you need a dictionary?
你需要词典吗?
She needs a necklace.
她需要一条项链.
needn"t + have + 过去分词 表示过去做了没必要做的事情.
You needn"t have taken it seriously.
这件事情你不必太认真.
dare 敢 多用在否定或疑问句中.
The little girl dare not speak in public.
小女孩不敢在公众面前说话.
Dare you catch the little cat?
你敢抓小猫吗?
dare 除用作情态动词外,更多的是当实义动词使用, 用法同实义动词一样,要考虑人称,单复数,时态等.
Do you dare to walk in the dark?
你敢黑夜走路吗?
He doesn"t dare to tell the teacher what happened that day.
他不敢告诉老师那天发生的事.
ought 应当,应该 后面跟带有 to 的动词不定式.
You ought to read these books if you want to know how to repair the motorcar.
如果你想知道如何修理汽车,你应该读这些书.
You ought to bring the child here.
你应该把孩子带来.
ought + to have done 句型.指过去动作,表示一件事情该做而未做.
You ought to have been here yesterday.
你昨天就应该来.
ought not to have done 句型.表示一件不该做的事情却做了.
You ought not to have taken the book out of the reading-room.
你不应该把书带出阅览室.
will (would)决心,愿望. would 为 will 的过去式,
可用于各人称.
I"ll do my best to catch up with them.
我要尽全力赶上他们.
I"ll never do it again, that"s the last time.
我再不会做那件事情了,这是最后一次.
He said he would help me.
他说他会帮助我.
will, would用于疑问句表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问,用 would 比 will 更婉转,客气.
It"s hot. Will you open the windows?
天气太热了,你能打开窗户吗?
Will you help me to work it out?
你能帮我解这道题吗?
Would you like some coffee?
给你来点咖啡怎样?
Shall, should表示命令,警告,允诺,征求,劝告,建议惊奇.
You should hand in the exercise book.
你应该交作业本儿了.
This should be no problem.
这应该没问题.
Shall we go now.
我们现在可以走了吗?
Why should I meet him?
为什么我要见他?
have to,不得不,必须,表示客观条件只能如此, 而must 则表示主观思想必须.
I have to go now.
我现在得走了.
I have to cook for my child.
我得给孩子做饭.
You must be here on time next time.
你下次一定要按时来.
We must go to get the timetable ourselves.
我们一定要自己去拿时刻表.
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