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英语情态动词用法与归纳

2023-07-23 22:54:43

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陶小凡

情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪,态度或语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语, 只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。

情态动词数量不多,但用途广泛,主要有下列:

can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would) .

情态动词的位置:

情态动词在句中放在谓语动词之前, 谓语动词前若有助动词,则在助动词之前,疑问句中, 情态动词则在主语之前。

情态动词的特点:

情态动词无人称和数的变化, 情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 "not"。个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式, 过去式用来表达更加客气, 委婉的语气, 时态性不强, 可用于过去，现在或将来。

情态动词的用法:

can (could) 表示说话人能,可以,同意,准许,以及

客观条件许可,could 为 can 的过去式。

Must 必须,应该,一定,准是, 表示说话人认为有必要做某事, 命令, 要求别人做某事以及对事物的推测。

must 用来指一般现在时和一般将来时, 过去式可用 have to 的过去式代替。

must + have + 过去分词,表示现在对过去事物的推测。

must 和 have to 的区别: must 表示说话人的主观思想, have to 表示客观需要。

need 是一个情态动词, 他的用法完全和其他情态动词一样, 但 need 还可当作实义动词使用, 这时 need 就象其他动词一样,有第三人称,单复数, 后面加带 to 的动词等特性。

needn"t + have + 过去分词表示过去做了没必要做的事情。

dare 除用作情态动词外,更多的是当实义动词使用, 用法同实义动词一样,要考虑人称,单复数,时态等。

ought 应当,应该后面跟带有 to 的动词不定式。

ought + to have done 句型。指过去动作,表示一件事情该做而未做。

ought not to have done 句型。表示一件不该做的事情却做了。

will (would)决心,愿望。 would 为 will 的过去式,

will, would用于疑问句表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问,用 would 比 will 更婉转,客气。

Shall, should表示命令,警告,允诺,征求,劝告,建议惊奇。

have to,不得不,必须,表示客观条件只能如此, 而must 则表示主观思想必须

大鱼炖火锅: 首先它是动词，而且不同于行为动词，行为动词表示的是可以通过行为来表达的动作（如写，读，跑），而情态动词只是表达的一种想法（如能，也许，敢）。用法是：情态动词+行为动词原形例句：I can read this sentence in English. 我能用英语读这句话。情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪,态度或语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语, 只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。 We can be there on time tomorrow.我们明天能按时去那儿。 May I have your name? 我能知道你的名字吗？ Shall we begin now?我们现在就开始吗？ You must obey the school rules.你必须遵守校规。情态动词数量不多,但用途广泛,主要有下列: can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would),have (to) ,had better. 情态动词还有一个很重要的用法，即情态动词表推测—— 情态动词表推测的用法小结（一）情态动词表推测的三种句式 1.在肯定句中一般用must (一定)，may（可能），might /can, could（也许，或许）。（1）He must/may/might know the answer to this question? 他一定/可能/也许知道这个问题的答案。（2）It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating. 屋里很冷，他们肯定把暖气关了。 2.否定句中用can"t / couldn"t(不可能), may not/might not(可能不)。（1）It can"t/couldn"t be the headmaster. He has gone to America. 这不可能是校长，他去美国了。（2）He may not/might not know the scientist. 他也许不认识那位科学家。 3.疑问句中用can/could (能……?)。（1）Could he have finished the task? 他可能把任务完成了吗？（2）Can he be at home now? 他现在能在家吗？注：以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的。Might, could并非may, can的过去式，而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。（二）情态动词表推测的三种时态 1.对将来情况的推测，用“情态动词 + 动词原形”。（1）She must / may / might / could arrive before 5. 5:00前她一定/可能/也许到。（2）She must/may/might/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone. 她一定/可能/也许会在山里一连走好几英里而遇不到一个人。 2.对现在或一般情况的推测，用“情态动词 + be”，“情态动词 +be doing”或“情态动词 + 动词原形”。（1）He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now. 他一定/可能/也许正在听收音机。（2）He can"t ( couldn"t ) / may ( might ) not be at home at this time. 这个时候他不可能/可能不在家。（3）Mr. Bush is on time for everything .How can ( could ) he be late for the opening ceremony ? 布什先生一向准时，这次开幕式他怎么可能迟到呢？ 3.对过去情况的推测，用“情态动词 + have +过去分词”。（1）It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is wet. 地湿了，昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。（2）The door was locked. He can ( could ) not / may ( might ) not have been at home . 门锁着，他不可能/可能不在家。（3）Can / Could he have gotten the book？难道他找到书了吗？注：情态动词 should /ought to表推测时，意为“想必会，理应……”但与“have +过去分词”连用时，则又可构成虚拟语气意为“本应该做某事却没做”。例如：（4）It"s seven o"clock. Jack should/ought to be here at any moment. 现在七点钟了，杰克理应随时到达。（推测）（5）She should / ought to have attended your birthday party, but she had to look after her mother in hospital. （虚拟）她本该出席你的生日晚会的，可是她得在医院照顾她妈妈。（6）Tom should not /ought not to have told me your secret, but he meant no harm. （虚拟）汤姆本不该告诉我你的秘密，可是他并无恶意。

豆豆staR

情态动词 (Model Verbs) 又称为情态助动词 (Model Auxil-iaries)。英语中助动词主要有两类：一是基本助动词，如have, do, be；二是情态助动词，如may, must, need等。情态动词与其他动词连用表示说话人的语气。情态动词可表达建议、要求、可能和意愿等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。在大学英语四、六级考试中，情态动词部分重点测试以下内容：

（1）情态动词+行为动词完成式

（2）情态动词+行为动词进行式

（3）情态动词+行为动词完成进行式

（4）某些情态动词的特殊用法

一、情态动词+行为动词完成式

情态动词+行为动词完成式即“情态动词+ have + v-ed分词”，表示对过去行为或动作进行推测、评论或判断。

1. must have v-ed

must have v-ed 表示推测过去某事“一定”发生了。其否定形式为：can"t / couldn"t have v-ed, 表示过去不可能发生某事。例如：

1）Since the ditch is full of water, it must have rained last night.

2）You couldn"t have met my grandmother. She died before you were born.

2. could have v-ed

could have v-ed 表示推测过去某动作“很可能”发生了。例如：

1）“The dictionary has disappeared. Who could have taken it?”

2）“Tom could have taken it. He was alone yesterday.”

3.may / might have v-ed

may / might have v-ed 表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了.may 比 might 表示的可能性在说话人看来稍大些。例如：

I can"t find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday.

4. ought to / should have v-ed 和 ought not to / shouldn"t have v-ed

ought to / should have v-ed 和 ought not to / shouldn"t have v-ed 用于对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”，分别表示“本应该…”和“本不应该…”。例如：

1）With all the work finished, I should have gone to the party last night.

2）You ought not to make fun of him. He is not the one you laugh at but learn from.

5. needn"t have v-ed

needn"t have v-ed 表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要，意为“本没必要…”。例如：

You needn"t have waken me up; I don"t have to go to work today.

注：表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时，就表示的可能性程度而言，must最大，could其次，may更次之，might最小。例如：

“I wonder how Tom knew about your past.”

“He must / could / may / might have heard of it from Mary.”

二、情态动词+行为动词进行式

情态动词+行为动词进行式（即情态动词+ be + v-ing形式），表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。例如：

1）He must be playing basketball in the room.

2）She may be staying at home.

三、情态动词+行为动词完成进行式

情态动词+行为动词完成进行式（即情态动词+ have been + v-ing 形式），表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。例如：

1）They should have been meeting to discuss the problem.

2）He may / might have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw him.

四、某些情态动词的特殊用法

1. need

考试中主要测试 need 作情态动词与作实义动词的区别，对此，可参见表1.need 作情态动词时，后面跟不带to 的动词不定式，即 “need to”。通常用在疑问句和否定句中，表示询问是否有“必要”，其否定形式为needn"t，表示“不必”；疑问形式为 Need … do? 极少用于肯定句。例如：

1）I don"t think we need turn the light on at that time.

2）Need you ride a bike to school?

情态动词need与实义动词need 在时态、肯定、否定结构上的对比见表1。

2. dare

考试中主要测试dare作情态动词和作实义动词的区别。

情态动词dare 与实义动词dare 在时态、肯定、否定、疑问结构上的对比见表2。

3. can 和 may

考试中主要测试can，may或could，might表示可能性的区别及对may构成的疑问句的回答。

时态情态动词need 实义动词 need

现 You need (not) do You (don"t) need to do

在

时 He need (not) do He needs (doesn"t need) to do

过 You needed (didn"t need) to do

去

时 He needed (didn"t need) to do

将 You need (not) do You will (not) need to do

来

时 He need (not) do He will (not) need to do

句型时态动词

情态动词dare 实义动词 dare

肯定句现在时 dare to 少用 dare/dares to do

过去时 dare to 少用 dared to do

否定句现在时 daren"t/dare not do do/does not dare (to) do

过去时 dared not do did not dare (to) do

疑问句现在时 Dare he do? Do you/Does he dear (to) do?

过去时 Dared he do? Did he dare (to) do

（1）can, could, may, might都可以表示可能性.can, could表示潜在的可能性或理论上或逻辑判断上存在的可能性；而may, might则表示事实上的可能性。此外，can还具有“有能力”的意思，而may与might则不具此意。例如：

1）According to the weather forecast, it may rain tomorrow.

2) Any man with a little sense can see that he is wrong.

（2）May I / we …？这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes, please.或Certainly；否定回答为Please don"t.或No, you mustn"t. 例如：

“May we leave now?” “No, you mustn"t. You haven"t finished your home work yet.”

4. can 和 be able to

can 与 be able to 都可以表示能力，但两者在用法上有点差异：can (could)表示主观能力，不表示意愿，它的将来时用will be able to; be able to表示主观意愿，强调要克服困难去做某事。例如：

1）My grandma is over seventy, but she can still read without glasses.

2）He is able to give up his bad habits.

5. must 和 have to

must 和 have to 都可以表示“必须”，但有几点区别：

（1）must 强调“内在的职责”、“义务”，而have to 强调“外界压力”、“不得已而为之”。

（2）have to可用于多种时态，而must一般用于现在时，其过去时与将来时分别由had to与shall / will have to代替。

（3）在回答must引起的问题时，如果是否定的答复，不能用mustn"t，而要用needn"t或don"t have to，因为mustn"t是“一定不要”、“一定不能”的意思。例如：

1）You must come to the classroom before eight.

2）It is raining hard outside, but I have to leave now.

3）“Must we do it now?” “No, you needn"t.”

6. used to +v, be used to +v-ing和be used to +v

（1）used to +v意为“过去常常”，“过去一直”；be used to +v-ing / n（名词）意为“习惯于”；be used to +v意为“被用来（做某事）”。

（2）used to只表示过去，而be used to +v-ing / n可表示现在、过去或将来。例如：

1）He used to smoke. Now he doesn"t.

2）He"s quite used to hard work / working hard.

3）The knife is used to cut bread.

7．用作情态动词的其他短语

would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, can not but, may (just) as well等可用作情态动词。例如：

1）The soldier would sooner die than surrender.

2）The brave soldier would as soon die as yield to such an enemy.

3）I"d rather walk than take a bus.

4）If you don"t like to swim, you may just as well stay at home.

注：这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形.would (had) rather, would (had) sooner, would (just) as soon后可跟that 引导的从句，that 常省去，从句要用虚拟语气。对现在和将来的假设用过去时，对过去的假设用过去完成时。例如：

1）I would rather you came on Sunday.

2）I would sooner you hadn"t asked me to speak yesterday.

马老四