营养不良的英语翻译 营养不良用英语怎么说

malnutrition营养不良malnutrition营养不良malnutrition营养不良

Ying yang bu liang.

cacotrophia dystrophia hypoalimentation innutrition malnutrition undernourishment

营养失调症专指瘦弱、营养不良的现象，若体重低于标准体重的15%以下，称营养不良，情况严重时，皮下脂肪会完全消失，称消耗症。婴儿营养失调症不仅表现为身体瘦弱，也容易引起消化不良症或其他疾病，所以逐渐受到重视。①原因：哺乳方法不适当、感染疾病、养育不当，都可能致此病。目前营养少有缺失，大部分是由于急性、慢性疾病所引起的二次性失调症，另外也有体质上的原因。②症状：体重减轻、发育不良、皮下脂肪减少，使皮肤形成皱纹，严重时脸颊的脂肪也会消失，出现未老先衰的样子。继续下去，会逐渐缺乏活力，眼神茫然，起初还有饥饿感，渐渐地减低食欲。不仅是瘦弱，各种生理机能也易减退，抵抗力弱，容易形成肺炎或消化不良症。③治疗：起因若是营养不足或喂养不当，只要改正即可。医学|教育网搜集整理不过现在大部分都是由于疾病引起的二次性营养失调症，所以最根本的，还是要治疗基本疾病。

mal-表示“坏，恶”(亦作male)malcontent不满的(mal+content满意的)malpractice不法行为(mal+practice做事，实践→做坏事)malnutrition营养不良(mal+nutrition营养)malediction诅咒(male+dict说+ion→说坏话)malefaction坏事.Malaprop;来自一喜剧中的Mrs，恶行(male+fact做+ion→做坏事)malodor恶臭(mal+odor气味)maltreat虐待(mal+treat对待)malapropism字的误用(mala+prop恰当+ism→[用字]不恰当

malaria 疟疾

世界粮食日英文是:World Food Day

白蛋白偏低是什么意思 临床上常发现一些病人前白蛋白偏低，那么你知道吗？白蛋白偏低的原因是什么呢?针对此问题，下面进行具体解答。？前白蛋白（PALB）是一种载体蛋白质，在肝内合成，前白蛋白的参考值范围：1岁 100mg/L、1-3岁168-281mg矗、成人280-360mg/L。如果低于以上参考值，说明白蛋白偏低，如果白蛋白偏低能反映肝细胞有损害，那么具体呢？主要有以下几种意思。1：急性炎症、恶性肿瘤、肝硬化或肾炎。前白蛋白除了作为一种灵敏的营养蛋白质指标，在这种情况下，往往也会发生前白蛋白血浓度下降，引起白蛋白偏低。2：肝脏疾病。据相关数据，白蛋白正常的肝病患者有30％会出现白蛋白偏低，坏死后肝硬化也可出现白蛋白偏低，甚至几乎是零。肝硬化肝细胞坏死较轻，前白蛋白变化不大，预后较好，当病情改善时，前白蛋白也可迅速升高；3：亚急性肝坏死。在这种情况下一直存在白蛋白偏低，故前白蛋白可用作判断肝病预后指标。4.肝癌以及阻塞性黄疸。此类患者均可出现白蛋白偏低，其降低程度与病情有密切关系；相关阅读：肝功能检查注意什么？甲胎蛋白偏高的原因有哪些？温馨提示：总之前白蛋白偏低的原因有哪些？前白蛋白偏低常见于晚期恶性肿瘤、慢性感染、肝硬化、慢性活动性肝炎、阻塞性黄疸患者。 白蛋白的偏低原因 原因一：白蛋白偏低通常是营养状态不太好；球蛋白偏低一般是免疫功能低下或者服用了免疫抑制剂等，但光看这两个指标，很难确定问题，还要看总蛋白、白蛋白与球蛋白比值等。原因二：白蛋白低与肝功能异常有关还与肝脏合成蛋白质功能下降有关，饮食上以高热量，高蛋白质和维生素丰富而易消化的食物为宜，但不要过量，因为会加重肝脏负担。原因三：白蛋白合成不足，常见于急慢性肝病。蛋白质营养不良或吸收不良。原因四：营养不良性低蛋白血症或消化道疾患，不能很好地吸收消化，缺乏制造蛋白的原料，如胃癌，肠癌，肝癌。原因五：肾源性低蛋白血症：由于肾脏正常的排泄屏障受损引起的大量血清白蛋白从尿液中排出，且丢失的蛋白总量大大超过人正常饮食摄入的蛋白的量，即会导致白蛋白偏低的原因。原因六：肝脏是合成蛋白的主要场所，而白蛋白的合成几乎全由肝脏合成，各种肝脏、蛋白补偿机能受损，则造成制造的不足。会导致白蛋白偏低。引起肝功能白蛋白偏低的原因有很多，主要表现在以下几个方面：1、营养不良会引起白蛋白偏低；2、急慢性肝病、胃癌、肠癌、肝癌等都会引起蛋白质吸收不良，进而导致白蛋白偏低；3、肾脏排泄屏障受损也会导致白蛋白偏低；4、白蛋白的合成几乎全由肝脏合成，因而各种肝脏、蛋白补偿机能受损，就会造成白蛋白制造不足，导致肝功能白蛋白偏低 。 白蛋白偏低的原因是什么 ?? 总蛋白是肝功能检查的重要指标之一，但 ?? 总蛋白是反映肝脏合成功能的指标，由白蛋白和球蛋白组成。由于肝脏有很强的代 偿能力，只有当肝脏损害达到一定程度时 才能出现血清总蛋白和白蛋白的变化。因 此，血清总蛋白和白蛋白检测主要用于反 映慢性肝损害，并可反映肝实质细胞的储备功能。 位于云南省昆明市人民西路183号的昆明医 学院附属康复医院肝病专家李江教授进行具体介绍。 ?? (1)、当患者有营养不良性低蛋白血症或消 化道疾病时，不能很好的吸收就会缺乏合 成白蛋白的原料，从而使白蛋白的合成减 少，如胃癌、肠癌等等。 ?? (2)、当肾脏有问题的话会使大量的白蛋白 从尿液中排出，从而丢失大量的蛋白质， 也会使血清中白蛋白含量降低的。 ?? (3)、大部分白蛋白是由肝细胞合成的，当 肝脏爱到严重的损伤以后就会使白蛋白的 合成减少，从而导致血清中白蛋白的值偏 低，这也是比较常见的引起白蛋白偏低的原因。 ?? 而白蛋白在人体内的是比较重要的，当它 偏低以后将不能维持胶体渗透压，严重的 患者会出现腹水，身体浮肿。另外如果是 肝细胞受损引起的话白蛋白低的话，白蛋 白值越低，代表着肝细胞受到的损伤也就 会越严重，对肝脏的危害是比较大的 。 总蛋白低是什么原因？ 最主要的是肝细胞受损，肝功能出现障碍，肝脏合成蛋白质减少，白蛋白由肝脏合成，是正常人体血清总蛋白中的主要蛋白质成分。白蛋白在维持血液胶体渗透压、体内代谢物质运输。下降明显，造成总蛋白血清蛋白质是血清固体成分中含量最多的一类物质。低。一般是因为肝炎引起的；其次，蛋白质丢失，如严重大面积烧伤烧伤一般是指由热力（包括热液、蒸汽、高温气体、火焰、灼热金属液体或固体等）所引起的组织损害。主要是指皮肤和/或黏膜的损害，严重者也可伤及其下组织。此外由于电能、化学物质、放射线等所致的组织损害及临床过程类似于热力烧伤，临床上均将其归于烧伤一类。也有将热液、蒸汽所致之热力损伤称为烫伤，火焰、电流等引起者称为烧伤。、大量血浆渗出、大出血；肾病综合征肾病综合征（nephrotic syndrome，NS）它不是一独立性疾病，而是肾小球疾病中的一组临床症候群。时，尿液中蛋白质长期被丢失；溃疡性结肠炎溃疡性结肠炎是一种原因不明的慢性结肠炎，病变主要限于结肠的粘膜，表现为炎症或溃疡，多累及直肠和远端结肠，但可向近端扩展，以至遍及整个结肠。时，可随粪便排出一定量的蛋白质。最后，营养不良广义的营养不良(malnutrition)应包括营养不足或缺乏以及营养过剩两方面，现只对前者进行论述。营养不良常继发于一些医学和外科的原因，如慢性腹泻、短肠综合征和吸收不良性疾病。营养不良的非医学原因是贫穷食物短缺。缺乏营养知识，家长忽视科学喂养方法。在发达国家营养不良的病人通常可以通过治疗原发病、提供适当的膳食，对家长进行教育和仔细的随访而治疗。但在许多第三世界国家，营养不良是儿童死亡的主要原因。在营养不良、社会习惯、环境和急、慢性感染之间存在着复杂的交互影响，以至治疗是非常困难，并不是单单提供适当的食物即可解决。或消耗增加，如长期食物中蛋白质含量不足或慢性肠道疾患所致吸收不良，患有慢性消耗性疾病如结核病、恶性肿瘤、肝硬化肝硬化是一种常见的慢性肝病，是由一种或多种病因长期或反复作用，引起肝脏弥漫性损害。临床上早期由于肝脏功能代偿较强，可无明显症状;后期则有多系统受累，以肝功能损害和门脉高压为主要表现，并常出现消化道出血、肝性脑病、继发感染、癌变等严重并发症。等。对于肝炎和肝硬化肝硬化是一种常见的慢性肝病，是由一种或多种病因长期或反复作用，引起肝脏弥漫性损害。临床上早期由于肝脏功能代偿较强，可无明显症状;后期则有多系统受累，以肝功能损害和门脉高压为主要表现，并常出现消化道出血、肝性脑病、继发感染、癌变等严重并发症。引起的总蛋白血清蛋白质是血清固体成分中含量最多的一类物质。低，则应尽快治疗，才能将危害降低到最小。 白蛋白偏低的原因，会有是什么影响吗 建议：白蛋白偏低，可能引起身体免疫低下，还有可能引起低蛋白血症，如果引起低蛋白血症，会有水肿，胸水等症状。白蛋白稍低不会有太大症状，但血浆蛋白降低的低蛋白血症会引起一系列症状，那样就建议您及时去医院检查治疗。 白球比偏低，白蛋白偏低，什么意思 营养不良，多吃蛋白，厉害的话静滴白蛋白

其实这个问题很简单!肯定有!回答完毕

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MariaMarchManMarkMartMartinMarMas

Mini-Biography for Audrey HepburnAudrey Hepburn was born on May 4, 1929 in Brussels, Belgium, with the given name of Edda Kathleen van Heemstra Hepburn-Ruston. She really was blue-blood from the beginning with her father, a wealthy English banker, and her mother, a Dutch baroness. After her parents divorced, Audrey went to London with her mother where she went to a private girls school. Later, when her mother moved back to the Netherlands, she attended private schools as well. While vacationing with her mother in Arnhem, Holland, Hitler"s army suddenly took over the town. It was here that she fell on hard times during the Nazi occupation. Audrey suffered from depression and malnutrition. After the liberation, Audrey went to a ballet school in London on a scholarship and later began a modeling career. As a model, she was graceful and, it seemed, she had found her niche in life--until the film producers came calling. After being spotted modeling by a producer, she was signed to a bit part in the European film Nederlands in 7 lessen (1948) in 1948. Later, she had a speaking role in the 1951 film, Young Wives" Tale (1951) as Eve Lester. The part still wasn"t much, so she headed to America to try her luck there.Audrey gained immediate prominence in the US with her role in Roman Holiday (1953) in 1953. This film turned out to be a smashing success as she won an Oscar as Best Actress. This gained her enormous popularity and more plum roles. One of the reasons for her popularity was the fact that she was so elf like and had class, unlike the ***-goddesses of the time. Roman Holiday was followed by another similarly wonderful performance in the 1957 classic Funny Face (1957). Sabrina (1954), in 1954, for which she received another Academy nomination, and Love in the Afternoon (1957), in 1957, also garnered rave reviews. In 1959, she received yet another nomination for her role in _Nun"s Story (1959). Audrey reached the pinnacle of her career when she played Holly Golightly in the delightful film, Breakfast at Tiffany"s (1961) in 1961. For this she received another nomination. One of Audrey"s most radiant roles was in the fine production of My Fair Lady (1964), in 1964. Her co-star Rex Harrison once was asked to identify his favorite leading lady. Without hesitation, he replied, "Audrey Hepburn in MY FAIR LADY". After a couple of other movies, she hit pay dirt and another nomination in 1967"s Wait Until Dark (1967).By the end of the sixties, after her divorce from actor Mel Ferrer, Audrey decided to retire while she was on top. Later she married Dr. Andrea Dotti. From time to time, she would appear on the silver screen. One film of note was Robin and Marian (1976) with Sean Connery in 1976. In 1988, Audrey became a special ambassador to the United Nations unicef fund helping children in Latin America and Africa, a position she retained until 1993. She was named to People"s magazine as one of the 50 most beautiful people in the world. Her last film was Always (1989) in 1989. Audrey Hepburn died on January 20, 1993 in Tolochnaz, Switzerland, from colon cancer. She had made a total of 31 high quality movies. Her elegance and style will always be remembered in film history as evidenced by her being named to Empire magazine"s "The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time".奥黛丽·赫本小传奥黛丽·赫本出生于1929年5月4日的比利时布鲁塞尔，教名是Edda Kathleen Heemstra Hepburn-Ruston。她是贵族血统，父亲是英国富有的银行家，母亲是荷兰女男爵。父母离婚后，奥黛丽·赫本和母亲去了伦敦，在那里上了一所私立女子学校。后来，母亲返回荷兰，她同样在荷兰上私立学校。她和母亲在荷兰阿纳姆度假时，希特勒的军队突然接管了城镇。在纳粹分子统治时期，奥黛丽·赫本在那里过了一段艰苦的生活。她一直忍受着抑郁和营养不良的痛苦。解放后，赫本去了伦敦的一所芭蕾舞学校，获得了学位，后来就开始了她的模特生涯。作为一名模特，她的仪态优雅，她感到似乎已经找到适合她一生的位置---直到电影制片人打来电话。1948年，被制片人发现后，她签约在一部欧洲电影里扮演一个小角色，“7 lessen”(1948)。过后，1951年，她在电影“Young Wives" Tale”里饰演Eve Lester，是正式的演员。角色一直不很多，因此她前往美国去试试运气。1953 年，奥黛丽·赫本在“罗马假日”(1953)中的演出使她在美国变的引人注目。这部电影取得了了不起的成功，她因此而获得了奥斯卡最佳女主角奖，并且备受好评，有很多角色来找她。赫本成为明星的原因之一是她能那天真清纯的小精灵形象以及她那古典美，不象当时的那些性感女郎。“罗马假日”后是另一部同样极好的电影杰作“甜姐儿”(1957)。1954年，“莎宾娜”(1954)让她获得了一个奥斯卡奖提名，1957年的“午恋”(1957)也得到了很多好评。1959年，“修女传”(1959)让她又获得一次提名。1961年，当奥黛丽·赫本在“帝凡尼的早餐”中饰演令人喜爱的Holly Golightly时，达到了她事业的顶峰。这次她又获得一次提名。赫本最光彩的形象是在名作“窈窕淑女”(1964)中的角色。她的合作者Rex Harrison曾被问及他最喜爱的女主角。他毫不犹豫地回答，“‘窈窕淑女"中的奥黛丽·赫本。”两部其他电影之后，她又碰到了好运，因为1967年的 “盲女惊魂记”而再次获得提名。 * prominence (n.) 突起，凸出，显著，杰出，卓越，声望。60岁时，她和演员梅尔·费勒离婚，想在她事业顶峰时期退休。后来与Andrea Dotti博士结婚。有时，也会出现在银幕上。著名的一部电影是1976年和肖恩·康纳利合演的“罗宾和玛丽安”(1976)。1988年，奥黛丽·赫本成为联合国儿童基金会特使，对拉丁美洲和非洲的儿童给予帮助，一直做到1993年。她被人物杂志评为世界上最美丽的50人之一。她的最后一部电影是 1989年的“直到永远”(1989)。1993年1月20日，奥黛丽·赫本因结肠癌死于瑞士的洛桑。她生前主演过31部优秀的电影。赫本被帝国杂志选为 “永远的100位影星”之一，她的高雅和时尚将总远铭刻在电影史上。名词解释blue-blood 贵族（或王族，名门）出身Nazi (n.) 纳粹分子，法西斯分子malnutrition (n.) 营养不良niche (n.) 合适的职务（或地位等）plum (n.) 李子，紫红色，佳品，令人垂涎的东西，意外收获elf (n.) 可爱的小精灵garner (n.) 获得，得到

否定前缀有很多，比如un dis im 等等，相应的举例有unhappy disagree impossible等等。

儿童这个英语怎么说？

叫花鸡译：beggars chicken例句：1.东坡肉、叫花鸡、龙井虾仁、西湖醋鱼都是有名的菜肴。Dongpo pork, Beggar"s chicken, fried shrimps with Longjing tea, and West Lake fish are among the most popular dishes. 2.我买得不多，买了只叫花鸡，但感觉那只鸡是营养不良，小得可怜，就要10块了。I buy a few, bought only call flower chicken, but feel that chicken is malnutrition, pitifully small, be about 10 dollars. 3.现在只有极少数人知道叫花鸡复杂的配制秘方，蔡主厨将倾囊相授他的秘诀。Well, only few people now the complexity of the recipe of this highlight, hence Master Chef Tsoiagreed to give away some of its secret.

目录 1 概述 2 疾病名称 3 英文名称 4 蛋白质能量营养不良症的别名 5 ICD号：E46 5.1 分类 6 ICD号：I43.2﹡ 6.1 分类 7 流行病学 8 病因 9 发病机制 9.1 蛋白质代谢 9.2 氨基酸代谢 9.3 糖类代谢 9.4 脂类代谢 9.5 体液和矿物质 9.6 蛋白质能量营养不良分型 10 病理 10.1 肉眼观 10.2 光镜检查 10.3 电镜检查 10.4 病理生理 11 蛋白质能量营养不良的临床表现 11.1 消瘦型 11.2 水肿型 11.3 混合型 12 蛋白质能量营养不良的并发症 12.1 水和电解质紊乱 12.2 常伴有其他营养素缺乏症 12.3 全身免疫功能低下 13 实验室检查 13.1 血浆白蛋白蛋白 13.2 运铁蛋白 13.3 前白蛋白 13.4 血清氨基酸测定 13.5 尿素与肌酐比值 13.6 尿中羟脯氨酸排出量 14 辅助检查 15 诊断 15.1 病史 15.2 临床表现 16 鉴别诊断 17 蛋白质能量营养不良的治疗 17.1 急救期治疗 17.2 恢复期治疗 18 预后 19 蛋白质能量营养不良的预防 19.1 加强儿童保健工作 19.2 喂养指导 19.3 加强体格锻炼，提高身体素质。 19.4 防治其他疾病 19.5 早期发现蛋白质能量营养不良应及早纠正。 20 相关药品 21 相关检查 22 参考资料 附： 1 治疗蛋白质能量营养不良症的穴位 这是一个重定向条目，共享了蛋白质能量营养不良的内容。为方便阅读，下文中的 蛋白质能量营养不良 已经自动替换为 蛋白质能量营养不良症 ，可 点此恢复原貌 ，或 使用备注方式展现 1 概述 蛋白质能量营养不良症（proteinenergy malnutrition；PEM）是指一种因蛋白质和能量长期摄入不足所致的营养缺乏病[1]。根据临床特征可分为干瘦型、浮肿型和混合型[1]。 蛋白质能量营养不良症（protein energy malnutrition，PEM）是因食物供应不足或疾病因素引起的一种营养缺乏病，临床上表现为消瘦（marasmus）和恶性营养不良综合征（kwashiorkor）。消瘦是由于长期在膳食中缺乏热量、蛋白质以及其他营养素的结果，或患者对食物的消化、吸收和利用有障碍所引起。此型以能量缺乏为主，兼有蛋白质缺乏，表现为进行性消瘦、皮下脂肪减少、水肿及各器官功能紊乱。恶性营养不良则表现为膳食中蛋白质缺乏突出，而热能的供应还是够的，主要表现为营养不良性水肿。但大多数患者是介于两者之间，轻型的慢性蛋白质能量营养不良症常被忽视，它影响着小儿的生长发育、免疫功能，易患病又不易康复。严重的蛋白质能量营养不良症可直接造成死亡；轻型慢性蛋白质能量营养不良症常被人所忽视，但对儿童的生长发育和患者的康复都很有影响，所以蛋白质能量营养不良症是临床营养学上的一个重要问题。 心脏是个代谢活跃的器官，能利用多种物质，如糖、乳酸、丙酮酸、脂肪酸、磷脂及氨基酸等作为能源。营养性心肌病（nutritional cardiomyopathy）是指因营养不良或营养过度导致心肌细胞能量代谢异常、细胞结构发生病理改变，最终出现心功能不全的一组疾病。及时补充不足或移除过量的营养素有可能预防或逆转上述改变。临床上引起营养性心肌病常见病因有：蛋白质能量营养不良症（proteinenergy malnutrition，PEM）、维生素B1缺乏、酒精过量、硒缺乏和肥胖。目前认为硒缺乏与克山病有关，酒精过量引起的酒精性心肌病另有介绍。肥胖症与高血压、高脂血症和胰岛素抵抗合并存在，系冠心病危险因素之一，已纳入“代谢和浸润性心肌病”中。此处重点讨论因蛋白质能量营养不良症和维生素B1缺乏引起的心脏改变。 2 疾病名称 蛋白质能量营养不良症3 英文名称 proteinenergy malnutrition 4 蛋白质能量营养不良症的别名 energyprotein malnutrition；蛋白质能量营养不良；蛋白质热量营养不良症；蛋白质能量营养不良 5 ICD号：E46 5.1 分类 代谢科 > 营养缺乏病 6 ICD号：I43.2﹡ 6.1 分类 心血管内科 > 心肌病 7 流行病学 蛋白质能量营养不良症在世界各地都有发生，在不发达国家发病比较普遍，特别是在自然灾害与战争时期，食品和粮食供应不足时发病率更高，是影响小儿健康和导致死亡的严重疾病之一。本病各年龄人群都可发生，但以婴幼儿为多见。继发性营养不良则多为疾病所诱发。欧美等经济发达国家中，以及年长儿童和成人中发生的营养不良以继发性为多。据统计住院病人中发病率可达28%～80%。 8 病因 蛋白质能量营养不良症可因严重蛋白质缺乏和（或）严重能量摄入不足引起。原因有以下几种：①摄入不足：饥荒、战争或经济落后造成食品匮乏或不平衡。精神失常、神经性厌食和上消化道梗阻等疾病病人不能如常人正常摄食。②消化吸收不良：伴发于其他疾病的顽固而长期的呕吐、腹泻及消化吸收障碍。③机体需要增加而供给不足：多见于婴幼儿、妊娠及哺乳期妇女。此外，甲状腺功能亢进症、肿瘤、结核、糖尿病等消耗性疾病均增加体内各种营养物质消耗，若补充不足也可发生蛋白质能量营养不良症。 9 发病机制 蛋白质能量营养不良症的发生是一个复杂的病理生理过程。当食物中蛋白质和能量供应不足时，机体开始通过生理调节降低组织器官对营养素的需要，可使机体在低营养水平的内环境中生存，但当蛋白质和能量继续缺乏时，生理功能失调，适应机制衰竭，便可导致死亡。蛋白质能量营养不良症可引起其他营养物质，如维生素B1、维生素B6、叶酸、铁、镁等缺乏，常合并存在低钾血症、低镁血症、低磷酸盐血症。这些因素均可参与加重营养不良和对脏器损害。 蛋白质能量营养不良症病人因精神委靡、动作迟缓、代谢率低下，心脏负荷相对较轻，临床可不出现心力衰竭症状。肝脏大、胸膜腔积液和周围性凹陷性水肿多为营养不良所致，所以较长时间来，人们对蛋白质能量营养不良症引起的心脏改变认识不足。直至1958年Gomez报道kwashiorkor病人心脏扩大，心排血量下降，并引起难治性心力衰竭，方使人们对此病重新认识。1962年Smythe报道kwashiorkor病人心脏重量较正常人明显减轻。1971年Piza对93例蛋白质能量营养不良症病儿死后尸检，证实56例心脏损害严重，其损伤程度足以引起心力衰竭症状；肺淤血和肝小叶中央淤血证实病人生前有心力衰竭。说明蛋白质能量营养不良症可造成营养性心肌病，引起致命性心力衰竭。 9.1 蛋白质代谢 当蛋白质和能量供应不足时，血浆中蛋白质含量下降，蛋白质的合成和分解速率减慢。 白蛋白：体库的含量减少，主要是血管外部分，分解和合成速率下降，当血清白蛋白下降到30g/L时，体内其他物质如脂蛋白、丙氨酸、缬氨酸等都出现明显改变。 球蛋白：血浆中的浓度及在体内分布的改变并不明显，但血浆铁蛋白显著下降。 体内蛋白转换率：体内各组织器官蛋白质的缺乏程度虽有不同，但合成和分解速率都有改变；一般在蛋白质缺乏开始5～6周后，转换率下降30%。动物实验时供给高蛋白饲料，23%的氨基酸转变为尿素排出体外，但蛋白质不足时，仅有3.4%的氨基酸转变成尿素，氮的排出量减少。 9.2 氨基酸代谢 严重的蛋白质能量营养不良症时，血浆中氨基酸浓度可下降至正常的1/2，尤其是支链氨基酸和苏氨酸更为明显。水肿型者缬氨酸可降到30μmol/L（正常儿童为250μmol/L），丙氨酸在水肿前期血浆中的浓度升高，可能是由于糖原异生作用加强或尿素生成减少所致，到后期丙氨酸作为形成葡萄糖的物质而被利用，此时血浆中的浓度降低。苯丙氨酸与酪氨酸比值在晚期蛋白质能量营养不良症时也出现下降。 9.3 糖类代谢 蛋白质能量营养不良症时，血糖一般降低，消瘦型比水肿型更为明显，糖原异生作用加强。研究证明，营养不良的儿童，8%的葡萄糖来自蛋白质分解产物，恢复期可增至16%。 9.4 脂类代谢 蛋白质能量营养不良症者常并发脂肪肝。消瘦型血中三酰甘油、胆固醇、β脂蛋白的含量正常或略增高。水肿型血中三酰甘油、胆固醇、β脂蛋白的含量正常或略偏低。 9.5 体液和矿物质 蛋白质能量营养不良症不论是消瘦型还是水肿型，均有体液潴留，发生水肿。血管外体液间隙的扩大是体液增加的主要原因，水肿的程度与低白蛋白血症有关。水肿的发生机制可见图1。蛋白质能量营养不良症者总体钾含量和镁的含量降低，钠的含量增加。9.6 蛋白质能量营养不良症分型 蛋白质能量营养不良症分以下3型：①严重蛋白质缺乏（kwashiorkor），热量主要由碳水化合物供给；②严重能量摄入不足（marasmus），又称为消瘦衰弱症；③混合型（kwashiorkor marasmus）。“kwashiorkor”系非洲加纳语译音，译意为“红小孩”，源自该病病儿毛发和皮肤常发红之故，此因食物中蛋白质和必需氨基酸严重不足，导致毛发由黑色变灰色或红色，皮肤粗糙。Kwashiorkor又被称为恶性营养不良综合征（malignant malnutrition syndrome）。 10 病理 10.1 肉眼观 心脏有不同程度缩小或轻度扩大，心腔壁菲薄；心包脂肪消失，可见心包积液。 10.2 光镜检查 心肌细胞萎缩，心肌纤维纹理模糊，心肌细胞核变性、坏死；心肌间质水肿；传导系统发生退行性变。 10.3 电镜检查 心肌纤维排列紊乱，肌纤维间空隙增大；肌丝断裂或缺如。染色体呈块状结聚。线粒体形态多变，内含致密颗粒，线粒体嵴伸长，线粒体膜被破坏。 10.4 病理生理 心肌细胞萎缩、水肿、肌丝断裂和心肌细胞纤维化等病理改变导致心肌收缩舒张功能受损，心排血量下降。但因病人体重下降，代谢低下常与心功能下降相平行；除非大量输液、合并感染或过快补充营养引起严重电解质紊乱、水钠潴留外，临床常不出现心力衰竭症状。 11 蛋白质能量营养不良症的临床表现 蛋白质能量营养不良症的临床表现因个体差异、严重程度、发病时间等因素而不同。临床症状包括体重不增和减轻，皮下脂肪减少和消失，以及全身各器官系统不同程度的功能紊乱。临床上一般分消瘦型（marasmus）、水肿型（kwashiorkor）和混合型（marasmickwashiorkor）3型。根据营养缺乏的程度分轻、中、重3度；根据发病过程又可分急性、亚急性和慢性3种。 11.1 消瘦型 消瘦型是由于能量严重不足所致。其特点为消瘦，皮下脂肪消失，皮肤干燥松弛及失去弹性和光泽，消瘦严重者呈“皮包骨头”样（skin and bones）。头发枯黄稀疏、容易脱落，双颊凹陷呈猴腮状。患者体弱无力，萎靡不振，脉搏细缓，血压、体温偏低，内脏器官萎缩，淋巴结易触及。小儿明显瘦小，烦躁不安，对冷敏感，严重者伴有腹泻、呕吐，并可导致脱水、酸中毒及电解质紊乱，常是死亡的原因。 11.2 水肿型 水肿型是由于严重蛋白质缺乏所致，以全身水肿为其特点。水肿先见于下肢、足背，渐及全身。患者体软无力，表情淡漠，食欲减退，常伴腹泻，肝脾肿大，有腹水。水肿型严重者可并发支气管肺炎、肺水肿、败血症、胃肠道感染及电解质紊乱，常是致死的原因。 11.3 混合型 绝大多数患者因蛋白质和能量同时缺乏，故临床表现为上述二型之混合。 12 蛋白质能量营养不良症的并发症 12.1 水和电解质紊乱 本症患者常有低蛋白血症，全身总液体量增多，使细胞外液呈低渗性，当出现呕吐、腹泻，易引起低渗性脱水及电解质严重紊乱，产生低血钾、低血钠、低血钙和低血镁，引起相应症状。也有报告因低血磷导致病死率增高。 12.2 常伴有其他营养素缺乏症 尤多见维生素A缺乏缺乏症，可出现眼角膜干燥软化，甚至穿孔。也常伴有维生素B缺乏引起的口角炎。因生长发育滞缓，故少见佝偻症，常伴发营养性贫血。 12.3 全身免疫功能低下 极易并发各种急慢性感染和传染病，特别多见肠道和呼吸道感染，易传染麻疹、结核等传染病和寄生虫病，消化道或全身真菌感染也不少见。一旦发生感染常迁延不愈。得革兰阴性杆菌肠炎，败血症或泌尿道感染常不易治愈。 13 实验室检查 13.1 血浆白蛋白蛋白 正常值＞35g/L，营养状况偏低时为30～34g/L，营养低下时为25～25g/L；当血浆白蛋白蛋白＜25g/L时，机体已明显发生病理变化。 13.2 运铁蛋白 血清运铁蛋白在体内的半衰期为8～10天，比白蛋白（约20天）短，故评价营养状况比白蛋白灵敏。正常值为1.7～2.5g/L，中度营养不良为1.0～1.5g/L，重度营养不良＜1.0g/L。 13.3 前白蛋白 前白蛋白在体内的半衰期仅2天，故以之评价营养状况更灵敏，正常值为280～350mg/L，蛋白质能量营养不良症时明显下降。 13.4 血清氨基酸测定 血清中非必需氨基酸与必需氨基酸的比值改变，在营养缺乏的早期，比血浆蛋白和白蛋白的改变灵敏，正常值为2～3。 血清氨基酸比值甘氨酸 丝氨酸 谷氨酸 牛磺酸/亮氨酸 异亮氨酸 缬氨酸 蛋氨酸。 其比值＞3有诊断参考价值。 13.5 尿素与肌酐比值 摄入低蛋白饮食时，尿中尿素排出减少，故比值下降。 13.6 尿中羟脯氨酸排出量 羟脯氨酸的排出量与生长速率有关，营养不良儿童尿中的排出量减少。可以测定尿中羟脯氨酸和肌酐量，求出羟脯氨酸指数。 羟脯氨酸指数羟脯氨酸（μmol/ml）/肌酐[μmol/（ml·kg）]。 此指数在3岁以内比较恒定，学龄前儿童为2.0～5.0，＜2表示生长缓慢。 14 辅助检查 心电图检查示窦性心动过缓和QRS波低电压，STT异常，可见明显U波。 二维超声心动图示心脏缩小，少数可见心腔扩大，心排血量下降。 胸部X线检查：心脏缩小，少数病人心脏轻度扩大，胸壁和脊柱骨质疏松。 15 诊断 根据病人有严重蛋白质和（或）能量营养不良病史，有特异性皮肤毛发改变，消瘦无力，脉搏缓弱，血压降低，低体温、低体重、有或无水肿等临床表现，应高度疑及营养性心肌病。但该类病人常无颈静脉怒张、肝大等心力衰竭表现；心电图和二维超声心动图改变为非特异性，无助于诊断。心内膜心肌活检可协助证实心肌病理改变。 15.1 病史 根据膳食情况，了解食物摄入不足史及影响机体消化吸收的疾病史。 15.2 临床表现 （1）症状：早期无明显症状，仅表现为食欲不佳，儿童身高、体重略低于正常。病情继续发展，可出现消化功能减退，易患呼吸道感染。重度营养不良者外形消瘦、拒食、表情淡漠、反应迟钝，常伴有多种维生素缺乏及各种并发症如口角炎、角膜软化、紫癜等，最后进入到全身水肿及抑制状态。 （2）体征： ①体重：蛋白质能量营养不良症会影响小儿的生长发育、体重减轻。Gomez等曾提示：Ⅰ度营养不良的体重是标准体重的75%～90%，Ⅱ度营养不良为标准体重的60%～75%，Ⅲ度营养不良＜60%，具有诊断意义。 ②身高：儿童时期身高呈直线上升，蛋白质能量营养不良症者上升连续减慢，一般与本地区平均身高比较为中下或下，才有诊断价值。中下即身高X±2S～X±S，下指身高X±2S以下。但要注意综合分析，因为身高正常也可以发生蛋白质能量营养不良症；反之矮小者也非都是营养不良。 体重/身高比值： A.适用于学岭前儿童的评价标准： 肥胖＞22.0；优良22～19；正常19～15；清瘦15～13；营养不良13～10；消耗性疾病＜10。 B.适用学龄后各年龄的评价标准： 过度肥胖＞156；肥胖156～140；中等140～109；瘦弱109～92；过度瘦弱＜92。 ③三头肌皮脂厚度：标准值为男12.5mm，女16.5mm。评价时换算成相当于正常标准的百分率（表1）。④肢体周围长度：上臂中部肌围长度的测量。 上臂肌围长度（cm）上臂围（cm） 正常标准值为男25.3cm，女23.2cm。评价方法也是计算相当于正常标准值的百分率（%）：正常值＞90%，轻度营养不良80%～90%，中度营养不良60%～80%，重度营养不良＜60%。 16 鉴别诊断 因蛋白质明显缺乏出现水肿的患儿，应与心脏、肾脏病性水肿、结核性腹膜炎、肝硬化所致的腹水，以及过敏性水肿等鉴别。 17 蛋白质能量营养不良症的治疗 该病治疗原则为补充营养和纠正水、电解质平衡失调。营养治疗应缓慢进行，所进食蛋白质从每天0.8g/kg开始，逐步增加至每天1.5～2.0g/kg，其中1/3应为动物蛋白。若病人能摄食，鼓励口服，应少食多餐，进食易消化的半流质。应控制钠量。若病人不能口服，则经胃管或经静脉给予营养治疗。贫血者应予小量多次输血。同时，辅以蛋白同化剂，如苯丙酸诺龙（nandrolone phenpropionate）25mg，肌内注射，每周1～2次。该药有轻度潴钠作用，不宜过早使用。 蛋白质能量缺乏病人常常并非死于饥饿，而是死于水、电解质紊乱，故及时纠正水、电解质紊乱极为重要。用常规方法判断失水很困难，应仔细观察有无口唇及舌干燥、血压降低、肢体末端厥冷和尿量减少。液体补充应保证病人有足够尿量，儿童每24小时至少应排尿200ml，成人至少应排尿500ml。 蛋白质能量营养不良症的治疗分急救期和恢复期两个阶段。 17.1 急救期治疗 （1）营养治疗原则： ①蛋白质和能量供给应高于正常需要量。开始供给蛋白质1g/（kg·d），能量为336～420 kJ/（kg·d），以后逐渐增加，直到3～4g/（kg·d），能量504～672kJ/（kg·d）。 ②补充液体，特别在脱水和高热时，应补充液体以维持尿的正常排出。 ③无机盐的补充应以低钠、足量的钾[6～8mmol/（kg·d）]和镁（12～24h肌内注射1ml 50%硫酸镁,即可），调整电解质及酸堿平衡。 ④补充足够的多种维生素，尤其应注意维生素A和维生素C的供给。 ⑤饮食应从少量开始，待适应后逐步增加，以少量多餐为宜。 ⑥根据患者的具体情况可采用流质、半流质、软饭，最好经口供给，必要时采取胃肠道外营养治疗。 （2）控制感染：蛋白质能量营养不良症时，极易并发各种感染，应根据不同的感染选用抗菌药物。 （3）抗心衰治疗：水肿型营养不良常伴有心力衰竭，可用利尿药、氧气吸入、抗心衰治疗及其他支持疗法。 人体体表面积计算器 BMI指数计算及评价 女性安全期计算器 预产期计算器 孕期体重增长正常值 孕期用药安全性分级（FDA） 五行八字 成人血压评价 体温水平评价 糖尿病饮食建议 临床生化常用单位换算 基础代谢率计算 补钠计算器 补铁计算器 处方常用拉丁文缩写速查 药代动力学常用符号速查 有效血浆渗透压计算器 乙醇摄入量计算器 医学百科，马上计算！ 17.2 恢复期治疗 恢复期主要是营养治疗，给予合理而全面的膳食，以满足机体康复期的需要，辅以祖国医学中的食疗，同时宜适当锻炼，增强心肺功能及免疫能力。 18 预后 蛋白质能量营养不良症病人若能及时诊治，其营养性心肌病常可逆转。必须分析病因，标本兼治，可得良好效果。预后取决于营养不良发生的年龄、持续时间及其程度，其中尤以发病年龄最为重要，年龄越小其远期影响越大，抽象思维能力较易受损。 常死于严重并发症，或因突然自发性血糖过低而至呼吸麻痹死亡。 19 蛋白质能量营养不良症的预防 蛋白质能量营养不良症的预防甚为重要，由于本病大多发生在儿童，故加强儿童保健工作是关键。应大力推广新法育儿，宣传正确喂养方法，进行营养指导，具体措施如下。 19.1 加强儿童保健工作 婴幼儿生长发育特别快，需要的蛋白质和能量比任何年龄时的都要多，而消化系统的功能尚未发育完善，极易引起腹泻导致营养紊乱。故指导婴幼儿保健，包括育儿方法、营养指导、正确护理及疾病预防，极为重要。大力培训保育人员，提高业务水平，预防营养不良的发生。 19.2 喂养指导 大力提倡母乳喂养，母乳不足者采取合理的混合喂养，补充牛乳或豆浆。母亲不能授乳或缺乳者，应以适龄的配方乳喂之，不能单独用淀粉类、炼乳、麦乳精等喂养。随着月龄增加，应及时、正确地添加辅食。对较大儿童应注意食物搭配，避免偏食、挑食等不良饮食习惯，保证营养平衡，提供足够的蛋白质，每天供给量见表1。19.3 加强体格锻炼，提高身体素质。 19.4 防治其他疾病 预防各种传染病的发生，做好计划免疫接种。矫治先天性畸形，如先天性心脏病、唇裂、腭裂、肥厚性幽门狭窄等。 19.5 早期发现蛋白质能量营养不良症应及早纠正。 总之轻症则以膳食调整为主，给予易消化高营养的优质食物，动物蛋白质应为蛋白质总量1/2以上，同时治疗原发疾病及并发症，待病情好转，体重稳步上升时，可适当安排一定活动量，促肌力恢复。 为防止病人发生PEM，应对其进行危险因素评估，尤其对老年人，体弱者、患消化代谢性、消耗性疾病要重视营养和饮食安排，进行营养状况监测，以便早期发现PEM可能，及早采取营养干预，以免PEM进一步发展。 20 相关药品 磷脂、叶酸、维生素A、白灵、谷氨酸、牛磺酸、蛋氨酸、尿素、苯丙酸诺龙 21 相关检查

the source of poverty

派生名词就是由一个名词演变而来的词，例如：Balance→imbalance；pleasure→displeasure；management→ mismanagement；efficiency→inefficiency；concern→unconcern ；literacy→illiteracy；resolution→irresolution； interference→noninterference；nutrition→malnutrition. 就是一个名词加上前缀或后缀就行了

Spirulina endorsed by FAO, as a follow-up on a General Assembly draft resolution initiated by IIMSAM During the sixtieth session of the United Nations General Assembly (Second Committee, Agenda item 52), IIMSAM initiated a revised draft resolution on the "Use of Spirulina to combat hunger and malnutrition and help achieve sustainable development" which was submitted by: Burundi, Cameroon , Dominican Republic, Nicaragua and Paraguay. As a follow-up on this resolution, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) was requested to prepare a draft position on Spirulina. FAO"s report was presented in 2008 and includes the following recommendations: u2022 To improve technical and economic solutions to Spirulina production in environmentally impoverished conditions, as well as to prepare tested production packages for rapid deployment in emergency situations. u2022 To develop a practical guide to small-scale Spirulina production that could be used for development mythologies, oriented towards: i) Providing nutritional supplements for use in rural and urban communities where the diet is inadequate; ii) Allowing diversification from traditional crops in cases where land or water resources are limited; iii) An integrated system for waste water treatment, small-scale aquaculture production and other livestock feed supplication; iV) As a short-and medium-term solution to emergency situations where a sustainable supply of high protein / high vitamin foodstuff is required. This implies the ability to rapidly install systems in a variety of environments that can be sustained by local communities to cover both the short-term food needs and to supplement longer-term nutritional requirements especially once other forms of food relief cease to be delivered. u2022 To establish a better monitoring of global Spirulina production and product flows. u2022 To develop some form of web-based resource that allows the compilation of scientifically robust information and statistics for public access. u2022 To develop clear guidelines on food safety aspects of Spirulina so that human health risks can be managed. Source: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1034. A review on culture, production and use of Spirulina as food for humans and feeds for domestic animals and fish.

ition后缀的单词有： interposition n. 插入，干涉； intuition n. 直觉,直觉的知识； juxtaposition n. 并排； malnutrition n. 营养不良； monition n. 忠告,训诫,警告； munition n. 军需品 扩展资料 　　This juxtaposition of brutal reality and lyrical beauty runs through Park"s stories. 　　这种残忍的现实和浪漫美好事物的.并存始终贯穿于帕克的短篇小说中。 　　We use juxtaposition to denote conjunction, ab means both a and B. 　　我们利用并列表示合取，ab意味着a与b两者。 　　Infections are more likely in those suffering from malnutrition. 　　营养不良的人更有可能被传染。 　　It is a classic case of malnutrition. 　　这是营养不良的典型病例。 　　Their bodies had suffered contortion as a result of malnutrition. 　　由于营养不良他们的躯体都变了形。

kidkids

如 mistake，mistreat以mis－开头的词汇，基本是表示反义的和否定的意思

小题1:B 小题2:A 小题3:B 小题4:D 小题5:D ,4, Global warming is causing more than 300,000 deaths and about $125 billion in economic losses each year, according to a report by the Global Humanitarian Forum, an organization led by Annan, the former United Nations secretary general. The report, to be released Friday, *** yzed data and existing studies of health, disaster, population and economic trends. It found that human-influenced climate change was raising the global death rates from illnesses including malnutrition (营养不良) and heat-related health problems. But even before its release, the report drew critici *** from some experts on climate and risk, who questioned its methods and conclusions. Along with the deaths, the report said that the lives of 325 million people, primarily in poor countries, were being seriously affected by climate change. It projected that the number would double by 2030. Roger Pielke Jr., a political scientist at the University of Colorado, Boulder, who studies disaster trends, said the Forum"s report was “a methodological embarras *** ent” because there was no way to distinguish deaths or economic losses related to human-driven global warming amid the much larger losses resulting from the growth in populations and economic development in vulnerable (易受伤害的) regions. Dr. Pielke said that “climate change is an important problem requiring our utmost (极度的) attention.” But the report, he said, “will harm the cause for action on both climate change and disasters because it is so deeply flawed (有瑕疵的).” However, Soren Andreasen, a social scientist at Dalberg Global Development Partners who supervised the writing of the report, defended it, saying that it was clear that the numbers were rough estimates. He said the report was aimed at world leaders, who will meet in Copenhagen in December to negotiate a new international climate treaty. In a press release describing the report, Mr. Annan stressed the need for the negotiations to focus on increasing the flow of money from rich to poor regions to help reduce their vulnerability(弱点) to climate hazards(危害)while still curbing (限制) the emissions of the heat-trapping gases. More than 90% of the human and economic losses from climate change are occurring in poor countries, according to the report. 小题1:What is the finding of the Global Humanitarian Forum? A．Global temperatures affect the rate of economic development. B．Rates of death from illnesses have risen due to global warming. C．Malnutrition has caused serious health problems in poor countries. D．Economic trends have to do with population and natural disasters. 小题2:What do we learn about the Forum"s report from the passage? A．It was challenged by some climate and risk experts. B．It aroused a lot of interest in the scientific circles. C．It was warmly received by environmentalists. D．It caused a big stir in developing countries. 小题3: What does Dr. Pielke say about the Forum"s report? A．Its statistics look embarrassing. B．It is invalid in terms of methodology. C．It deserves our closest attention. D．Its conclusion is purposely exaggerated. 小题4:What is Soren Andreasen"s view of the report? A．Its conclusions are based on carefully collected data. B．It is vulnerable to critici *** if the statistics are closely examined. C．It will give rise to heated discussions at the Copenhagen conference. D．Its rough estimates are meant to draw the attention of world leaders. 小题5:What does Kofi Annan say should be the focus of the Copenhagen conference? A．How rich and poor regions can share responsibility in curbing global warming. B．How human and economic losses from climate change can be reduced. C．How emissions of heat-trapping gases can be reduced on a global scale. D．How rich countries can better help poor regions reduce climate hazards.

children英[_t__ldr_n]双语例句1.undernourishedchildren营养不良的孩子们2.thievingchildren偷窃成性的孩子3.pot-bellied,malnutritionedchildren肚子肿胀、营养不良的儿童4.educationallysubnormalchildren学习上落后的孩子5.domesticatingchildren使孩子习惯于家庭生活.

CBDDC

疳疳gān〈名〉俗称疳积[infantilemalnutrition]。泛指小儿因多种慢性疾患而致，形体干瘦,津液干枯的症候疳皆脾胃病，亡津液之所作也。――宋·钱乙《小儿药证直诀》。疳积gānjī[infantilemalnutrition]疳的俗称。中医病名。患者为小儿,表现为慢性营养不良及消化不良、面黄肌瘦、大便泄泻而酸臭。多与哺乳不当、饮食失节、病后失调及虫积等因素有关。疳gānㄍㄢˉ〔～积〕中医指小儿的肠胃病。郑码：teb，u：75b3，gbk：f0e1笔画数：10，部首：疒，部首笔画:5部外笔画:5笔顺编号：4134112211四角号码:0017疳病证名。又称疳证、疳疾、疳积。是一种慢性营养障碍性疾病。好发于幼弱小儿。临床上以面黄肌瘦，毛发焦枯，肚大青筋，精神萎靡为特征。《小儿药证直诀》：“疳皆脾胃病，亡津液之所作也。”或因乳食失调，甘肥无节所致。本证病变的关键在脾胃。多见于营养不良或慢性消化不良和小儿结核病、寄生虫病及其他慢性传染病的损害。病因复杂，名目繁多。较常见的，如以五脏分类及病因病理命名的有心疳、肝疳、脾疳、肺疳、肾疳、疳痨、蛔疳等。以症状命名的有疳热、疳渴、疳泻、疳痢、疳肿胀、疳黄等；以病变部位命名的有脑疳、眼疳、口疳、牙疳、脊疳、鼻疳等。“疳”有两种含义：⑴为“疳者甘也”，谓其病由于多食肥甘所致；⑵为“疳者干也”，是泛指全身消瘦，肌肤干瘪，气血津液不足的临床征象。前者言其病因，后者言其病证。

前缀就是放在单词前面的 改变这个词的词义 例如A．表示否定的前缀 1．dis－加在名词、形容词，动词之前 disadvantage dishonorable disagree 2．in-加在形容词，名词之前 incorrect inability inaccurate 3．im-加在字母m,b,p之前 impossible impolite 4．il-加在以1开头的词前 illegal illiterate illogical 5．ir-加在以r开头的词前 irregular irresistible irresolvable 6．un-加在名词，形容词，副词之前 unfinished undoubted unemployment 7．non-加在形容词，名词前 nonexistence nonessential non-electrical 8．mis－加在动词、名词之前 misunderstand misjudge misleading misfortune 9．dis-加地动词之前 disappear disarm disconnect 10.de-加在名词，形容词之前 demobilize decolor 11.anti-加在名词、形容词之前 anti-Japanese anti-social 12.counter-加在名词、动词前 counterattack counteract counterrevolution B.表示“前before”的前缀 1. pre- preconception preexisting preface 2．ante- anteroom antecessor 3．fore- forehead foreground foreman foresee foretell 4．pro- programme prologue 5．ex- ex-president ex-wife C.表示“后－post”的前缀 1.post- post-war post-position D．表示“低”、“下”的前缀 1． hypo- hypocrisy（伪善，虚伪），hypothesis（假设） 2．infra- Infra-red infrahuman infrasonic 3． Sub- sub-editor subway subconscious submarine subtropical subtitle E．表示“回”、“再次”、“向后”的前缀 1．re- refuel retranslate reinforce reconstruct return 2．retro- retrograde retrospect F．表示“共同”、“和”的前缀 1.co- co-exist cooperate co-education G．表示“相互”、“之间”的前缀 1．inter- interchangeable interdependent international H．其它的前缀 1．auto-自 automatic autobiography 2．mal-坏，恶 malnutrition maltreat 3．micro- microscope microtome 4．tele-远 telegram telephone telescope 5．demi-,semi- hemi- semicircle hemisphere demilune 6．Uni-, mono-（单一, 单独） monotone monologue uniform 7．bi-,di-二 biyearly biweekly 8．Tri-三 triangle tripod 9．multi-多 multicolored multinational 10.poly –多 polygon polyatomic(多原(续)子的) 11.arch－首领 archbishop architect 12.bene-善，好 benefit benevolence 13.homo-同 homosexual（同性恋的），homograph（同形异义字） 14．neo新 neo-colonialism 后缀亦然,但整体意思没变 例如加er就把动词变成了名词 加s就把单数变成了复数 词根是指单词的最核心部分 任何单词都是由词根扩展的 例如这个里面的http://iselong.com/7/527.htm 词尾和后缀差不多 例如ing ed er 等等

“营养风险”的定义为“现存的或潜在的与营养因素相关的导致患者出现不利临床结局的风险。应特别强调的是，所谓“营养风险(nutritional risk)”并不是指“发生营养不良的风险(the risk of malnutrition)”。营养风险概念的一个重要特征是“营养风险与临床结局(outcome)密切相关”。只有改善临床结局才能使患者真正受益，即改善临床结局是临床营养支持的终点(endpoint)。“营养风险筛查（nutrition risk screening，NRS）”是由临床医护人员、营养师等实施的快速、简便的筛查方法，用以决定是否需要制定和实施肠外或肠内营养支持计划。在临床工作中应用的营养评定工具有10余种之多，包括使用单一指标和复合指标两类。单一指标如体质指数(BMI)、血清清蛋白(ALB)、前清蛋白(PA)、血红蛋白(Hb)等，但都有一定的局限性。目前ESPEN（欧洲肠内肠外营养学会）和CSPEN（中华医学会肠外肠内营养学分会）均推荐采用NRS2002并结合临床，来判断是否有营养支持适应症。对营养风险与临床结局的关系可从两方面理解：即有营养风险的患者由于营养因素导致不良临床结局的可能性较无营养风险的患者大；同时，有营养风险患者有更多的机会从合理的营养支持中受益。已有随机对照研究表明有营养风险的患者可能通过营养支持改善临床结局。以蒋朱明为首的协作组于2006～2009年的队列研究的结果显示：有营养风险的患者，给予手术前或手术后的营养支持是改善结局的“保护”因素，体现在感染有关并发症减少的结局指标的改善，为下一步扩大到东、中、西部城市医院的大范围的队列研究提供了基础。

公共厕所：toilet，公共场所：in public或public place（s），小学：primary school，中学：senior high school或Middle school，高中：high school，大学：college或university，严禁吸烟：no smoking,小心地滑：wet floor，医院：hospital，旅馆：hotel，机场：airport，车站（大）：bus station，车站（小）：bus stop，高速公路：freeway，安全通道：exit，饭馆：restaurant，商城：mall，体育馆：gym，广场：square，博物馆：museum，水族馆：aquarium，动物园：zoo.... 客房：Guest room 厨房：kitchen 厕所：Toilet 地下室：Basement 办公室：Office 卧室：Bedroom 包厢：Box 商品房：Commercial residencial building 公寓：Apartment house 急救室：Give first aid treatment to a room 打印室：Print a room 教室：Classroom 身体body手hand手臂arm脚foot腿leg肩膀shoulder胃stomach胸brest/chest腰wrest脚趾toe头head眼睛eye耳朵ear鼻子nose脸face头发hair脖子neck脑子brain手指finger尾巴tailable 有才干的，能干的 active 主动的，活跃的 adaptable 适应性强的 adroit 灵巧的，机敏的 aggressive 有进取心的 alert 机灵的 ambitious 有雄心壮志的 amiable 和蔼可亲的 amicable 友好的 analytical 善于分析的 apprehensive 有理解力的 aspiring 有志气的，有抱负的 audacious 大胆的，有冒险精神的 capable 有能力的，有才能的 careful 办事仔细的 candid 正直的 charitable 宽厚的 competent 能胜任的 confident 有信心的 conscientious 认真的，自觉的 considerate 体贴的 constructive 建设性的 contemplative 好沉思的 cooperative 有合作精神的 creative 富创造力的 dashing 有一股子冲劲的，有拼搏精神的 dedicated 有奉献精神的 devoted 有献身精神的 dependable 可靠的 diplomatic 老练的，有策略的 disciplined 守纪律的 discreet （在行动，说话等方面）谨慎的 dutiful 尽职的 dynamic 精悍的 earnest 认真的 well-educated 受过良好教育的 efficient 有效率的 energetic 精力充沛的 enthusiastic 充满热情的 expressive 善于表达 faithful 守信的，忠诚的 forceful （性格）坚强的 frank 直率的，真诚的 friendly 友好的 frugal 俭朴的 generous 宽宏大量的 genteel 有教养的 gentle 有礼貌的 hard-working 勤劳的 hearty 精神饱满的 honest 诚实的 hospitable 殷勤的 humble 恭顺的 humorous 幽默的 impartial 公正的 independent 有主见的 industrious 勤奋的 ingenious 有独创性的 initiative 首创精神 have an inquiring mind 爱动脑筋 intellective 有智力的 intelligent 理解力强的 inventive 有发明才能的，有创造力的 just 正直的 kind-hearted 好心的 knowledgeable 有见识的 learned 精通某门学问的 liberal 心胸宽大的 logical 条理分明的 loyal 忠心耿耿的 comb 头梳 glass 玻璃杯 umbrella 雨伞 bag 袋子 handbag 手提包 handkerchief 手帕(纸)purse 钱包(女式) wallet 皮夹(男式) watch 手表 match 火柴 chair 椅子 armchair 扶手椅子 bench 长椅子 rug 小地毯 carpet 大地毯 desk 书桌 fan 风扇 furniture 家具 bed 床 bedclothes 铺盖 blanket 毛毯 pillow 枕头 quilt 棉被 sheet 床单 mat 席子 cushion 垫子 curtain 窗帘 suitcase 手提箱 cupboard 碗柜 drawer 抽屉 stool 凳子 clock 时钟 light 灯 lamp 灯 needle 针 thread 线 bathroom 浴室,厕所 mirror 镜子 soap 肥皂 towel 手巾 lavatory 洗脸盆,厕所 toothpaste / 牙膏 closet 壁橱 screen 屏风 shelf 架子，搁板 rack 架子,行李架 Disease 疾病 anemia, anaemia 贫血 angina pectoris 心绞痛 appendicitis 阑尾炎 arthritis 关节炎 bronchitis 支气管炎 cancer 癌 catarrh 卡他,粘膜炎 chicken pox, varicella 水痘 cholera 霍乱 cold 感冒,伤风,着凉 (head) cold 患感冒 diabetes 糖尿病 diphtheria 白喉 eczema 湿疹 epilepsy 癫痫 erysipelas 丹毒 gangrene 坏疽 German measles, rubella 风疹 gout 痛风 headache 头痛 hemiplegy, hemiplegia 偏瘫,半身不遂 interus, jaundice 黄疸 indigestion 消化不良 influenza, flu 流感 insanity 精神病 leukemia 白血病 malaria 疟疾 malnutrition 营养不良 Malta fever 马耳他热,波状热 measles 麻疹 migraine, splitting headache 偏头痛 miocardial infarction 心肌梗塞 mumps 流行性腮腺炎neuralgia 神经痛 圆形 Round 方形Square三角形 Triangular(Delta Type) 长方形(矩形) Rectangular菱形(斜方形) Rhombus(Diamond) 椭圆形 Oval 圆锥形 Conical 圆柱形 Cylindrical蛋形 Egg-Shaped 葫芦形 Pear-Shaped 五边形 Pentagon 六边形 Hexagon七边形 Heptagon 八边形 立菱形 Upright Diamond 菱形 Diamond Phombus双菱形 Double Diamond 内十字菱形 Gross in Diamond四等分菱形 Divided Diamond 突角菱形Diamond with Projecting Ends斜井形 Projecting Diamond 内直线菱形 Line in Diamond内三线突角菱形 Three Line in Projecting Diamond 三菱形 Three Diamond附耳菱形 Diamond with Looped Ends 正方形 Square Box长方形 Rectangle 梯形 Echelon Formation平行四边形 Parallelogram 井筒形 Intersecting Parallels五边形 Pentagon 六边形 Hexagon 长六边形 Long Hexagon 圆形 Circle/Round二等分圆 Bisected Circle 双环形 Crossed Circle双圆形 Double Circle 双带圆形 Zoned Circle 长圆形 Long Circle 椭圆形 Oval双缺圆形 Double Indented Circle 圆内三角形 Triangle in Circle三角形 Triangle 六角星形 Hexangular Star二重三角形 Double Triangle 对顶三角形 Hourgrass Touching Triangle内外三角形 Three Triangle 十字形 Cross 圆内十字形 Cross in Circle山角形 Angle 义架形 Crotch 直线 Line 月牙形 Crescent 心形 Heart 星形 Star

一个新的食品政策研究预测进展放缓对孩子的营养不良在未来20年,除非各国政府采取更激进的行动

pleasure→displeasure;management→ mismanagement;efficiency→inefficiency;concern→unconcern ;literacy→illiteracy;resolution→irresolution; interference→noninterference;nutrition→malnutrition

dis. un. im

1、刻意，想要忘记。 2、指间，环绕悲伤。 3、Midnight, a persons snack! 4、Crying, just hit your eyes. 5、My happiness, malnutrition. 6、Deliberately, want to forget. 7、If you dont mind, I will stop. 8、一季飘零，一季浅舞。 9、不能爱你，便成为你。 10、别睡太晚，梦会变短。 11、我的幸福，营养不良。 12、看，那只猴子在捞月。 13、酒凉可热，心凉何暖。 14、Happiness, for me, so far away. 15、Count our memories, heartbroken. 16、不爱我，才忘了心疼我。 17、内一刹那。心莫名的疼。 18、好友三千，空间无访问。 19、If I cant love you, I will be you. 20、We are more mature than our peers. 21、午夜时分，一个人的宵夜! 22、Is time rare, or am I not worth it. 23、Between the fingers, around sadness. 24、It takes courage and luck to forget. 25、有些原谅，只是不想失去。 26、花开终是落，花落终成空。 27、Heartache, can you keep away from me? 28、In a moment. Heart inexplicable pain. 29、Some forgive, just dont want to lose. 30、In fact, no longer need to shed tears. 31、Do not love me, just forget to love me. 32、We are all changing. Why feel the past. 33、不愿让你走，我还没有罢休。 34、你只适合想念，不适合见面。 35、如果没有你，哪里来的回忆。 36、忘记需要勇气，也需要运气。 37、我们都在变，何必感概从前。 38、是时间难得，还是我不值得。 39、连坚持都不会还谈什么未来。 40、Are you waiting? No wait. Why? For what? 41、I understand, let go, regret, heartache. 42、Every days story, every night, in memory. 43、I dont want you to go. I havent given up. 44、Kindness is a gift, kindness is a choice. 45、My love is a sand, only her in your eyes. 46、Look, that monkey is fishing for the moon. 47、Tears wet paper crane, love mottled color. 48、Three thousand friends, no space to visit. 49、Young frivolous good days, a sensible end! 50、从前深爱占有，现在还你自由。 51、我的爱是颗沙，你眼里只有她。 52、最好不相见，如此便可不相恋。 53、梦里和你疯狂，现实独自凄凉。 54、泪湿透了纸鹤，爱斑驳了颜色。 55、笛音魂绕奴颜，魅影闪现水涟。 56、细数我们的回忆，心碎了一地。 57、莫要轻言亘古，离散才看荒凉。 58、谁把我当备胎，我就让谁爆胎。 59、还等吗?不等了。为什么?凭什么? 60、Mature, is to face everything with a smile. 61、You are not the best, but what I want most. 62、心痛，你可不可以抑制远离我呢? 63、Dont go to bed too late. Dreams get shorter. 64、Theres no predestination between you and me. 65、Because of you, so I am happy, so I am happy. 66、Dream with you crazy, reality alone desolate. 67、Its the feeling of heartache again, repeated. 68、你不是最好的，却是我最想要的。 69、你我之间本无缘分，全靠我死撑。 70、你要记得，紫檀未灭，我亦未去。 71、哭的时候，恰好撞到了你的眼神。 72、希望下辈子能长成你喜欢的样子。 73、幸福，对我来说那么的遥不可及。 74、我们害怕失去却始终没学会珍惜。 75、我去不了远方，也不能陪你长大。 76、最悦耳的谎言最美丽，也最伤人。 77、没睡好，心情很烂，没事别找我。 78、眼泪没掉，面带微笑，心还在跳。 79、终究要亲自受伤。才能学着聪明。 80、Ill blow out whoever takes me as a spare tire. 81、Lets break up. Lets just say nothing happened. 82、年少轻狂的好日子，一懂事就结束! 83、跟他要幸福要笑著跟我说你狠幸福? 84、I cant go far away, nor can I grow up with you. 85、Even if I meet you in my dream, I feel so happy. 86、Flowers bloom and fall, and fall into emptiness. 87、Happiness is an action, you just give a concept. 88、Swearing, the nature of the change in your turn. 89、一入侯门深似海，从此萧郎是路人。 90、事以至此，情已成伤，无望，无助。 91、你明明很孤独，却总说一个人很好。 92、善良是一种天赋，善意是一种选择。 93、失而复得的东西，永远都是二手货。 94、奇葩同桌欢乐多，毕业之后无话说。 95、我们分手吧，就当什么都没发生过。 96、我们比同龄人，多出了另类的成熟。 97、我单身，我骄傲，我为祖国省套套。 98、我懂了，放手了，后悔了，心痛了。 99、最怕习惯成依赖，舍不得，离不开。 100、此情应是长相守，你若无心我便休。 101、没有你的天堂，不如有你陪的地狱。 102、苦酒折柳今相离，无风无月也无你。 103、A season of wandering, a season of shallow dance. 104、If there is no you, where the memories come from. 105、What is lost and recovered is always second-hand. 106、Wine is cool but hot, and heart is cold and warm. 107、Im going to get hurt myself. To learn to be smart. 108、Tears did not fall, smile, heart is still beating. 109、We are afraid to lose, but never learn to cherish. 110、You are only suitable for missing, not for meeting. 111、不属于自己的，又何必那么拼命在乎。 112、你走后，千百个人似你，但都不是你。 113、其实流浪的目的，是为了不必再流泪。 114、即使在梦里遇见你，我也觉得好开心。 115、听着别人的故事，向往那些纷纷扰扰。 116、因为有你，所以我快乐，所以我幸福。 117、宁愿笑着说分手，也不要哭着说再见。 118、幸福是一个动作，你给的只是个概念。 119、很久以前，原谅我曾把你想进了未来。 120、成熟了，就是用微笑来面对一切事情。 121、把世缘世法佛法统统放下，才是真信。 122、每天的故事，每天的夜晚，都在回忆。 123、永远不要跟我说对不起，毕竟我不配。 124、誓言失言，性质的转换在你转身之间。 125、这座城市有着各种冷，需要各种温存。 126、Do not belong to their own, why so desperately care. 127、Never tell me Im sorry. After all, I dont deserve it. 128、人在麻醉后不会痛，心在麻醉后不会动。 129、又是一次那么心痛的感觉，重复重复着。 130、哭要一个人躲着哭，笑呢全世界陪你笑。 131、安静的像只猫，蜷缩在没有阳光的角落。 132、Quiet like a cat, huddled in a corner without sunshine. 133、Would rather say goodbye with a smile than cry goodbye. 134、I will not talk about the future even if I insist on it. 135、Its better not to meet, so that we can not fall in love. 136、I hope I can grow up to be what you like in the next life. 137、You are very lonely, but always say a person is very good. 138、As soon as he entered the Marquis gate, he was a passer-by. 139、Its better to have a hell with you than heaven without you. 140、A long time ago, forgive me for thinking you into the future. 141、Cry to a person to hide cry, smile, the world with you smile. 142、Most afraid of habit into dependence, reluctant, inseparable. 143、So far, the situation has become hurt, hopeless and helpless. 144、To be happy with him, to smile and say to me, are you so happy? 145、Once upon a time, I loved possession, but now I give you freedom. 146、I am single, I am proud, I set a suit for the motherland province. 147、This city has all kinds of coldness and needs all kinds of warmth. 148、The most pleasant lies are the most beautiful and the most hurtful. 149、Listening to other peoples stories, yearning for those distractions. 150、Its true faith to put down the fate, Dharma and Buddhism of the world. 151、The bitter wine turns the willow to leave now, no wind, no moon and no you. 152、After you leave, thousands of people are like you, but none of them are you. 153、Dont talk about eternity, only when you are scattered can you see desolation. 154、You must remember, the red sandalwood is not extinguished, I also did not go. 155、If you dont sleep well, youre in a bad mood. Dont come to me if you have nothing. 156、The wonderful flowers are so happy that they have nothing to say after graduation. 157、People will not feel pain after anesthesia, and the heart will not move after anesthesia. 158、The soul of the flute rings around the female face, and the phantom appears in the water ripples. 159、命中最美的点缀，看天，看雪，看季节深深的暗影。Hit the most beautiful embellishment, look at the sky, look at the snow, look at the deep shadow of the season.2020年即将过去，2021就要到来，这一年你收获了什么，又失去了什么呢? Sorry, I wont fall in love with anyone again.

问题一：白蛋白偏低的原因，会有是什么影响吗 建议：白蛋白偏低，可能引起身体免疫低下，还有可能引起低蛋白血症，如果引起低蛋白血症，会有水肿，胸水等症状。白蛋白稍低不会有太大症状，但血浆蛋白降低的低蛋白血症会引起一系列症状，那样就建议您及时去医院检查治疗。 问题二：蛋白质低是怎么回事 随着年龄，蛋白质就会流失，所以人更要补充蛋白质，蛋白质流失的太快，人就会变老，那样老的也快，告诉天下所有的朋友 问题三：白蛋白的偏低原因 原因一：白蛋白偏低通常是营养状态不太好；球蛋白偏低一般是免疫功能低下或者服用了免疫抑制剂等，但光看这两个指标，很难确定问题，还要看总蛋白、白蛋白与球蛋白比值等。原因二：白蛋白低与肝功能异常有关还与肝脏合成蛋白质功能下降有关，饮食上以高热量，高蛋白质和维生素丰富而易消化的食物为宜，但不要过量，因为会加重肝脏负担。原因三：白蛋白合成不足，常见于急慢性肝病。蛋白质营养不良或吸收不良。原因四：营养不良性低蛋白血症或消化道疾患，不能很好地吸收消化，缺乏制造蛋白的原料，如胃癌，肠癌，肝癌。原因五：肾源性低蛋白血症：由于肾脏正常的排泄屏障受损引起的大量血清白蛋白从尿液中排出，且丢失的蛋白总量大大超过人正常饮食摄入的蛋白的量，即会导致白蛋白偏低的原因。原因六：肝脏是合成蛋白的主要场所，而白蛋白的合成几乎全由肝脏合成，各种肝脏、蛋白补偿机能受损，则造成制造的不足。会导致白蛋白偏低。引起肝功能白蛋白偏低的原因有很多，主要表现在以下几个方面：1、营养不良会引起白蛋白偏低；2、急慢性肝病、胃癌、肠癌、肝癌等都会引起蛋白质吸收不良，进而导致白蛋白偏低；3、肾脏排泄屏障受损也会导致白蛋白偏低；4、白蛋白的合成几乎全由肝脏合成，因而各种肝脏、蛋白补偿机能受损，就会造成白蛋白制造不足，导致肝功能白蛋白偏低 。 问题四：总蛋白低是什么原因？ 最主要的是肝细胞受损，肝功能出现障碍，肝脏合成蛋白质减少，白蛋白由肝脏合成，是正常人体血清总蛋白中的主要蛋白质成分。白蛋白在维持血液胶体渗透压、体内代谢物质运输。下降明显，造成总蛋白血清蛋白质是血清固体成分中含量最多的一类物质。低。一般是因为肝炎引起的；其次，蛋白质丢失，如严重大面积烧伤烧伤一般是指由热力（包括热液、蒸汽、高温气体、火焰、灼热金属液体或固体等）所引起的组织损害。主要是指皮肤和/或黏膜的损害，严重者也可伤及其下组织。此外由于电能、化学物质、放射线等所致的组织损害及临床过程类似于热力烧伤，临床上均将其归于烧伤一类。也有将热液、蒸汽所致之热力损伤称为烫伤，火焰、电流等引起者称为烧伤。、大量血浆渗出、大出血；肾病综合征肾病综合征（nephrotic syndrome，NS）它不是一独立性疾病，而是肾小球疾病中的一组临床症候群。时，尿液中蛋白质长期被丢失；溃疡性结肠炎溃疡性结肠炎是一种原因不明的慢性结肠炎，病变主要限于结肠的粘膜，表现为炎症或溃疡，多累及直肠和远端结肠，但可向近端扩展，以至遍及整个结肠。时，可随粪便排出一定量的蛋白质。最后，营养不良广义的营养不良(malnutrition)应包括营养不足或缺乏以及营养过剩两方面，现只对前者进行论述。营养不良常继发于一些医学和外科的原因，如慢性腹泻、短肠综合征和吸收不良性疾病。营养不良的非医学原因是贫穷食物短缺。缺乏营养知识，家长忽视科学喂养方法。在发达国家营养不良的病人通常可以通过治疗原发病、提供适当的膳食，对家长进行教育和仔细的随访而治疗。但在许多第三世界国家，营养不良是儿童死亡的主要原因。在营养不良、社会习惯、环境和急、慢性感染之间存在着复杂的交互影响，以至治疗是非常困难，并不是单单提供适当的食物即可解决。或消耗增加，如长期食物中蛋白质含量不足或慢性肠道疾患所致吸收不良，患有慢性消耗性疾病如结核病、恶性肿瘤、肝硬化肝硬化是一种常见的慢性肝病，是由一种或多种病因长期或反复作用，引起肝脏弥漫性损害。临床上早期由于肝脏功能代偿较强，可无明显症状;后期则有多系统受累，以肝功能损害和门脉高压为主要表现，并常出现消化道出血、肝性脑病、继发感染、癌变等严重并发症。等。对于肝炎和肝硬化肝硬化是一种常见的慢性肝病，是由一种或多种病因长期或反复作用，引起肝脏弥漫性损害。临床上早期由于肝脏功能代偿较强，可无明显症状;后期则有多系统受累，以肝功能损害和门脉高压为主要表现，并常出现消化道出血、肝性脑病、继发感染、癌变等严重并发症。引起的总蛋白血清蛋白质是血清固体成分中含量最多的一类物质。低，则应尽快治疗，才能将危害降低到最小。 问题五：白蛋白偏低是什么意思 临床上常发现一些病人前白蛋白偏低，那么你知道吗？白蛋白偏低的原因是什么呢?针对此问题，下面进行具体解答。？前白蛋白（PALB）是一种载体蛋白质，在肝内合成，前白蛋白的参考值范围：1岁 100mg/L、1-3岁168-281mg矗、成人280-360mg/L。如果低于以上参考值，说明白蛋白偏低，如果白蛋白偏低能反映肝细胞有损害，那么具体呢？主要有以下几种意思。1：急性炎症、恶性肿瘤、肝硬化或肾炎。前白蛋白除了作为一种灵敏的营养蛋白质指标，在这种情况下，往往也会发生前白蛋白血浓度下降，引起白蛋白偏低。2：肝脏疾病。据相关数据，白蛋白正常的肝病患者有30％会出现白蛋白偏低，坏死后肝硬化也可出现白蛋白偏低，甚至几乎是零。肝硬化肝细胞坏死较轻，前白蛋白变化不大，预后较好，当病情改善时，前白蛋白也可迅速升高；3：亚急性肝坏死。在这种情况下一直存在白蛋白偏低，故前白蛋白可用作判断肝病预后指标。4.肝癌以及阻塞性黄疸。此类患者均可出现白蛋白偏低，其降低程度与病情有密切关系；相关阅读：肝功能检查注意什么？甲胎蛋白偏高的原因有哪些？温馨提示：总之前白蛋白偏低的原因有哪些？前白蛋白偏低常见于晚期恶性肿瘤、慢性感染、肝硬化、慢性活动性肝炎、阻塞性黄疸患者。 问题六：人体蛋白质缺乏是什么原因引起的? 因蛋白类营养素缺乏导致的营养不良性疾病。病因为蛋白质摄入不足或消耗过度而导致机体组织的蛋白质被消耗。主要表现为消瘦、疲乏无力、腹泻、贫血、血浆蛋白质浓度低下、营养性水肿、皮肤干燥粗糙、毛发枯黄等。儿童还会出现生长发育迟缓、智力发育障碍等。引起蛋白质缺乏的病因一般可有以下几方面：（1）蛋白类营养素长期摄入不足或品种过于单一，缺乏必需的氨基酸；（2）消化道慢性疾病导致的蛋白质类食物消化、吸收不良；（3）严重的肝、肾等器官病变，造成蛋白质利用不佳；（4）长期高热、甲亢、肿瘤等造成蛋白质分解加速；（5）肾炎等病人由于蛋白尿等原因引起的蛋白质长期损失；（6）老年人等因机体各器官功能低下造成消化、吸收及代谢过程的“衰弱”状态。蛋白质缺乏症的预防和治疗，原则上除积极治疗有关疾病外，主要是加强蛋白类营养素的摄入，（参见“蛋白质营养素”）。必要时可使用复合氨基酸等药物。 问题七：球蛋白低是什么原因引起的 总蛋白高，白球低是由于球蛋白偏高，原因有慢性炎症，免疫性疾病，多发性骨髓瘤，红斑狼疮等 总蛋白低，白球低是由于白蛋白偏低，见于肾病，营养不良等 如果白球低并且白蛋白底，球蛋白高的话，提示是肝病，比如，肝炎 如果三个蛋白都高，是大量呕吐或烧伤导致体液丢失过多，血液浓缩 肝脏是身体内制造白蛋白的惟一场所。正常人每天由肝细胞制造的白蛋白为11-14 7克。肝损害时，白蛋白的合成、细胞内运输和释放发生障碍，引起血清白蛋白 减少。 急性肝坏死时，肝脏合成白蛋白能力明显降低，但因其半衰期较长，白蛋白的 降低常于1周后才能显示出来。轻型肝炎患者白蛋白降低较少或呈中度减少。但在 重型肝炎可明显降低，且减少程度与疾病严重程度常呈正比。因此在肝炎早期，白 蛋白浓度可作为肝炎严重程度判断的依据。 白蛋白减少是肝硬化的特征。但代偿良好的肝硬化患者，即使已出现显著的高 Y球蛋白血症，白蛋白的减少也往往属于轻度。当进入肝硬化失代偿期时，白蛋白 就会显著减少。也就是说，白蛋白无显著下降的肝硬化往往处于代偿期，有明显减 少的患者，则常为失代偿期，且近期预后不佳。 当肝硬化患者白蛋白减少到3克 以下时，大多数患者出现或将要出现腹水，此时若给予患者合理的内科治疗，白 蛋白回升，提示患者短期预后尚好；如不能回升，或进一步减至2克以下时，则 预后凶险。 临床上肝功能检查的主要项目包括：蛋白代谢检查、糖代谢检查、脂类检查、胆红素代谢检查、血清酶学检查等。 一、如何看血清酶学化验单 常见以下几种酶：谷丙转氨酶（英文简写为ALT或GPT)、谷草转氨酶(AST或GOT)、碱性磷酸酶(英文简写为ALP)、γ-氨酰转肽酶(英文简写为γ-GT)、胆碱酯酶(英文简写为CHE)。它们的正常值一般在化验单上标示出来，如果采取的化验方法不同，各种酶的值也就不同。通常的参考值是： ALT> 问题八：低蛋白血症的原因有哪些 低蛋白血症 血浆总蛋白质，特别是血浆白蛋白的减少。低蛋白血症不是一个独立的疾病，而是各种原因所致氮负平衡的结果。主要表现营养不良。血液中的蛋白质主要是血浆蛋白质及红细胞所含的血红蛋白。血浆蛋白质包括血浆白蛋白、各种球蛋白、纤维蛋白原及少量结合蛋白如糖蛋白、脂蛋白等,总量为6.5～7.8g％。若血浆总蛋白质低于6.0g％，则可诊断为低蛋白血症。对低蛋白血症一般经及时、合理的治疗，均可取得一定疗效。 病因 主要为下列几种：①蛋白摄入不足或吸收不良。各种原因引起的食欲不振及厌食，如严重的心、肺、肝、肾脏疾患，胃肠道淤血,脑部病变；消化道梗阻,摄食困难如食道癌、胃癌；慢性胰腺炎、胆道疾患、胃肠吻合术所致的吸收不良综合征。②蛋白质合成障碍。各种原因的肝损害使肝脏蛋白合成能力减低，血浆蛋白质合成减少。③长期大量蛋白质丢失。消化道溃疡、痔疮、钩虫病、月经过多、大面积创伤渗液等均可导致大量血浆蛋白质丢失。反复腹腔穿刺放液、终末期肾病腹膜透析治疗时可经腹膜丢失蛋白质。肾病综合征、狼疮性肾炎、恶性高血压、糖尿病肾病等可有大量蛋白尿，蛋白质从尿中丢失。消化道恶性肿瘤及巨肥厚性胃炎、蛋白漏出性胃肠病、溃疡性结肠炎、局限性肠炎等也可由消化道丢失大量蛋白质。④蛋白质分解加速。长期发热、恶性肿瘤、皮质醇增多症、甲状腺功能亢进等，使蛋白质分解超过合成，而导致低蛋白血症。 临床表现 除有原发疾病的表现外，其主要临床表现是营养不良。氮负平衡使皮下脂肪和骨骼肌显著消耗，病人日益消瘦，严重者呈恶液质状态。胃肠道粘膜萎缩，胃酸分泌减少，消化酶减少，因而食欲差。疲乏、无力也是常见症状，病人不爱活动，体力下降，反应渐趋迟钝，记忆力衰退。多有轻、中度贫血，经常头晕，可有 *** 性低血压和心动过缓。浮肿的发生与血浆有效渗透压减低有关。体液的渗透压与其所含溶质的分子量成反比，白蛋白分子量较小，是维持胶体渗透压的主要成分，血浆与组织液的总渗透压相差不大，但因血浆内所含不能渗透过毛细血管壁的白蛋白较多，故血浆的渗透压较高，从而使水分有从组织液进入血浆的趋势。血浆白蛋白减少时，有效渗透压减低，使组织间潴留过多的水分，而出现浮肿,浮肿严重时可出现胸水及腹水,此外，还可有性功能减退、闭经、骨质疏松、机体抵抗力差等。血浆纤维蛋白原减少者可有出血倾向。 诊断 血浆总蛋白质

这种翻译要出钱才有人做了。

Food safety is a foundation to the world in general, although is not a lack of food, but there are still 1000000000 people go hungry each day, it is not acceptable. In order to solve the food crisis, all around the world should make multilateral commitment, creativity and leadership, as a member of the world, our country Philippines is willing to contribute to the global food shortage.I think country influence grain production and quality are as follows:1frequent extreme weather, grain yield and quality of worrying, as well as international grain market of grain reduction in production is expected to cause a rise in food prices.The 2economic crisis spread, a direct threat to the impoverished population, international food security face enormous problems.The 3 food production so that more families to commissariat purchase demand, caused many people to malnutrition, labor plummet.The current urgent situation situation of countries in the world shouldRapid recovery of food supplyThe eradication of hunger, breaking the temporary povertyThe rapid recovery of the country labor forceOur proposed schemeFor1.The aid is essential, mobilize the food to the affected people, the introduction of new varieties of high yield, strong vitality.For theThe country"s own strict supervision, control prices;For theInvestment in the development of agricultural tools, set up innovative insurance for small farmers project, funding;On of the world"s farmers women to provide key support;Improvement of national, regional and global three level coordination;Use of multilateral institutions in financing;Ensure that the goal of long-term commitment and responsibility.The world food problem affects the whole world, each country should promote elimination of worldwide poverty, hunger and make positive contributions.以上资料来自百度在线翻译of food security is one able to make a living, although the world is not for the general lack of food, but there are still 1 billion people go hungry every day, this is unacceptable. To solve the food crisis, nations in the world to make the multilateral commitment, creativity and leadership as one of the world, our country the Philippines is willing to world food shortages contribute.My country believes that the impact on food production and quality are as follows:A. The frequency of extreme weather, worrying grain yield and quality, as well as the international grain market caused the prices of food grain production expectations.Two. The spread of the economic crisis, a direct threat to the poor, the international food security face enormous problems.3. Food production makes more families decreased the purchasing needs of food, causing malnutrition in many people, labor plummeted.Situation under the current urgent situation in the world should(1) rapid recovery of the food supply② to eradicate hunger, to break the temporary poverty③ rapid recovery of the national labor forceChina"s proposed solutionFor ①Assistance to States is essential, ready to mobilize food to the affected people, the introduction of high yield, strong vitality and new varieties.For ②Country"s own strict supervision and control of price increases;For ③Invest in the development of agricultural tools, the creation of innovative insurance programs, to provide funding for small farmers;On women accounted for the main body of the world"s farmers to provide key support;Improve the coordination of national, regional and global levels;Use of multilateral institutions in financing;Long-term commitment to ensure that the objectives and assign responsibilities.World Food affects the world, each country should be to promote the the Elimination of of worldwide poverty, hunger, population make positive contributions.以上资料来自谷歌翻译

　　派生词，是英语主要的构词法。这方法是借前缀或后缀之助，制造出派生词，主要有名词、形容词和动词三种。前缀以否定前缀-等为主，使延伸出来的派生词变成反义词。　　派生法(derivative)是英语主要的构词法。这方法是借前缀或后缀之助，制造出派生词(derivative words)，主要有名词、形容词和动词三种。　　前缀以否定前缀(negative prefixes)un-, in-, im-, il-, ir-, non-, dis-, mis-, mal-等为主，使延伸出来的派生词　　派生词　　变成反义词。例如：injustice(不公平的), unhappy(不高兴的), impossible(不可能的)等。　　amaze(动词/名词)惊奇/惊奇→amazement(名词)惊异;kind(形容词)友好的→kindness(名词)仁慈.　　同样的，名词或动词加上适当的后缀，便可以得到形容词派生词

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1. 英语作文 If There is No Water on Earth Nowadays, people waste a lot of water.Many people think that the water on earth will never be used up.Because the water is very cheap in the mordern world. So people don"t want to cherish it.Have you ever thought that if there is no water on earth? As we all known, water is the origin of all lives. All living things can"t live without water.If there is no water in the world, all living things will die out in a short time. What"s more, water is very important in industry. For example, the iron manufacture need water for cooling. The last but not least is that water can be used for transportation. We can go to everywhere by ship.If there is no water, the natural beautiful scenery will not be beautiful any more. Water is so important, it may be used up one day if you keep on wasting it. So, please stop wasting it. Just for our descendants" sake. 2. 英语作文如果没有水排比句 Everything can"t live without wather.So it"s important for us to protect and save the water.We shouldn"t throw litter into the lakes and rivers.We should plant more trees and grass because they can prevent the earth from running away.We should turn off the tap in time and reuse the water.We"d better wash our clothes by hand instead of using washing machine.If everyone makes a contrubition to protect the water,the world will be more beautiful.。 3. 大姐大哥帮忙写篇英语作文题目如下： 水是生命之源没有水 人不能生 With the growing of the populaiton and the polution of rivers and lakes, it is now being more and more difficult for us to have access to drinking water. The shortage of drinking water has being a serious problem in many parts of our country. As a student, we should save water in our everyday life so as to reduce the effect of the drinking water shortage. Saving water should be the responsibility of every student.As a student, what can we do in our daily life to save water?First, we should realize the problem of drinking water shortage. Most of the times we waste water because we do not realize the problem. Once we have realized the problem we will do all that we can to save water in our life. Second, we can buy things that are water saving such as washing machines which are water saving. In this way , we can use less water doing the same thing than before thus saving a lot of water.Third, we can make use of waste water. Often, waste water are not fully used before they are poured off. We can reuse the water in many ways. For example, the water left after washing vegetables can be used to drop plants or to clean the floor.In a word, saving water is very important and we should do as much as we can to save water in our everyday life. With the growing of the populaiton and the polution of rivers and lakes, it is now being more and more difficult for us to have access to drinking water. The shortage of drinking water has being a serious problem in many parts of our country. As a student, we should save water in our everyday life so as to reduce the effect of the drinking water shortage. Saving water should be the responsibility of every student.As a student, what can we do in our daily life to save water?First, we should realize the problem of drinking water shortage. Most of the times we waste water because we do not realize the problem. Once we have realized the problem we will do all that we can to save water in our life. Second, we can buy things that are water saving such as washing machines which are water saving. In this way , we can use less water doing the same thing than before thus saving a lot of water.Third, we can make use of waste water. Often, waste water are not fully used before they are poured off. We can reuse the water in many ways. For example, the water left after washing vegetables can be used to drop plants or to clean the floor.In a word, saving water is very important and we should do as much as we can to save water in our everyday life.。 4. 有没有英语作文 Water Water is recognized as the source of life. However, this source is in trouble and we are faced with the problem of water pollution. Polluted water carries poisonous chemicals to rivers and seas, poisoning animals and infecting our drinking water. Water is mainly polluted by industrial wastes. For example, water ing from the paper----making factories will pollute the clean water near the factories. The quality of water directly influences our health, and water resources are limited on earth. So, effective measures should be taken immediately to secure our life. 5. 用英语写一篇70字以上如何节约用水的作文1.刷牙时不要一直开著水龙 1 if mankind not from now,water conservation and environmental protection,humans will see the last drop of tear yourself.2 and protection of water resources,the life is forever.3,70% of the human body is water,the water pollution sooner or later you will pollute the pure water,you leave next generation!Four,please save water from every drop.1,save water is implementing the strategy of sustainable development is the important measure.2,to create the water-saving-type city,implementing sustainable development.3,vigorously popularize water.Water-saving4,water saving and protection of water resources,the whole society is the mon responsibilities.5,increase revenue and reduce expenditure,pared to the priority and throttling,scientific,prehensive utilization of the source.6 and the state shall carry out planning,economize water.7 and cherish water,water,water saving,love from me.8,insist to save water first,make great efforts to build the water-saving-type city.9,water saving,mankind,in the contemporary benefits and ever-lasting.10,according to law,science,water pipe water saving consciousness.11,strengthen urban saving water management,save and protect water resources cities.12 and efforts to establish water-saving economy and water-saving society.13 and protection of water resources,the promotion of western development,Save every drop of water-saving city,jointly established.14 and save water is every citizen"s responsibility and obligation.15 and water is the source of life and industrial blood,urban lifeline.16 and treasure the water is to cherish your life.17,please treasure every drop.18 and the shortage of water,urban water in China,please save water.19,waste water,water saving glorious.Shame20 and water is irreplaceable precious resource.21 and save water,water,water science reasonable.22 and establish all cherish,everyone to save water good habits.。 6. 怎么写节约用水的英语作文 Saving Water The world is not only hungry,but also thirsty for water. This may seem strange to you, since nearly 75 % of the earth"s surface is covered with water. But about 97% of this huge amount is sea water, or salt water. Man can only drink and use the other 3% -- the fresh water that es from rivers, lakes,underground, and other sources. And we cannot even use all of that, because some of it is in the form of icebergs and glaciers. Even worse, some of it has been polluted. However, as things stand today, this *** all amount of fresh water, which is constantly being replaced by rainfall, is still enough for us. But our need for water is increasing rapidly-- almost day by day. Only if we take steps to deal with this problem now can we avoid a severe worldwide water shortage later on. A limited water supply would have a bad effect on agriculture and industry. Let me give you just one *** all exampie of how necessary water is to industry. Did you know that to produce a single ton of steel, it takes about 91, 000 liters of water? We all have to learn how to stop wasting our precious water. One of the first steps we should take is to develop ways of reusing it. Experiments have already been done in this field, but only on a *** all scale. For us, the systems are as important as the spacecraft. 7. 关于水的英文作文 Maybe the last water is our tears As we know water is made up of our life,we could not leave without water.No water will no we. Water is needed more and more,because our industry and agriculture produce developed fast.Somewhere water are scare,and some rivers are no water in them.But just little water is polluted,more waste water did not handled and discharge into river. Around us there are a lot of students don"t pay attention to save water,for example: after they washing their face and rinsing the mouth,they don"t turn off the water tap .Let the water flowing day and night. What a pity! Expect the tings I just mention,there are more and more in our life.So now I hope our students take care of wate.And the same time we need do things to prevent water pollute as we can do .That"s what I want to say.Why not do it right now,e on . 8. 《水》的英语作文 Water is the source of human life, but in the US but there are some people who do not cherish nature gives us the water of life.I heard my mom and dad said: they were *** all, water should be far into the river water, so they save. But now, we use only one to open the tap water, " wow" running. We don"t care about every drop of water! Although the tap in the water, we also ignore!But have we ever thought, if this continues, after 50 days, we want a drink of water can be a difficult thing. "! We have not thought about, after hundreds of years, the human may be because of the lack of water for life, and disappear in our beautiful earth!Now our country Inner Mongolia, due to years of drought and the West Liaohe River, the Asia"s largest desert reservoir to force Temple Reservoir empty, library upside down. Mo force Temple Reservoir area of 40 square kilometers, storage capacity is 1. 9200000000 cubic meters, is China"s and Asia"s largest desert reservoir. A dead clam everywhere, some at the bottom of the reservoir began to desertification, former fish ship has been locked in a large yellow sand. Therefore, on behalf of my family to the society appeal: " save the humans, water saving! " We can use the rice washing washing dishes, watering, washing hands with water flushing toilet 。 。 Not like before, watching the water flow and ignore white. We should do our best to save water.As long as the whole society to save the water of life have I believed that the motherland "s tomorrow will be more beautiful. Park, although no water fountain, but it never recorded the history of China"s water saving. Toilet, people"s daily water stored in the water storage tank in a toilet. As long as people open the bathroom door, automatic flushing toilet 。 。As far as I know, in Hongkong, people"s consumption of water and toilet flushing water of o pipeline. This does not affect the daily life of people but also reduce the pollution of water, is really worthy of shoot o hawks with one arrow! People with their own wisdom and ability also created a lot of high-tech things to save the water of life!Water is the source of human life, no water, no human! We should start from the minor matter, starts from the side, from now on, saving every drop of the water of life！ 翻译：水是人类生命的源泉，但在我们身边却有一些人不珍惜着大自然赐给我们的生命之水。 我曾听爸爸妈妈说过：他们小的时候，用水要到很远的河边去打水，所以他们比较节约。但是现在，我们用水只要一开水龙头，水便“哗哗哗”的流个不停。 我们根本不在乎每一滴水！尽管水龙头在不停的滴水，我们也置之不理！ 但我们有没有想过，如果再这样下去，50年后的日子里，我们想喝一杯水可能是一件多么艰难的事呀！我们有没有想过，几百年后，人类可能会因为缺乏生命之水，而消失在我们美丽的地球家园里！ 现在我国内蒙古，由于连年干旱和西辽河，使亚洲最大的沙漠水库莫力庙水库干涸，库底朝天。莫力庙水库面积40平方公里，库容为1。 92亿立方米，是我国和亚洲目前最大的沙漠水库。枯死的河蚌随处可见，一些库底开始沙化，昔日的鱼船已锁在大片的黄沙之中。 因此，我代表我的家庭向社会呼吁：“救救人类，节约用水！”我们可以用洗米的水洗菜、浇花，用洗手的水冲洗厕所……绝对不能再像从前那样，看着水白白的流而置之不理。我们应该尽自己最大的努力去节约用水。 只要整个社会节约生命之水没我坚信祖国的明天会更美丽。公园里，虽然喷泉不再喷水了，但它却永远记载着我国节水的历史。 公共厕所里，人们的日用水储藏在厕所的储水箱里。只要人们打开厕所门，厕所便会自动冲洗…… 据我所知，在香港，人们的食用水和冲洗厕所的水分了两条管道。 这样就既不影响人们的日常生活又减少了水的污染，真不愧是一举两得！人们用自己智慧和才干还创造出不少高科技的东西节约生命之水呢！ 水是人类生命的源泉，没有水就没有人类！我们必须从小事做起，从身边做起，从现在做起，节约每一滴生命之水。

吉之岛在2013年3月1日更名为永旺。目的就是希望借更名来推动创新和变革。更名主要是为了提升规模经营效应和品牌认知度。其实吉之岛内部很早就开始使用用永旺一名，永旺日本创始人冈田元的父亲冈田卓也将沿用了30年的佳世客（吉之岛）改名为永旺，目的就是希望借更名来推动创新和变革。广东吉之岛天贸百货有限公司是由永旺（香港）百货有限公司和广东天贸（集团）股份有限公司属下的广东天河城百货发展有限公司成立的合资公司，使用日本永旺集团的零售商标JUSCO（吉之岛）商标。永旺购物中心的服务宗旨：本着“通过商业活动为社会服务”的宗旨，JUSCO在努力为市民提供生活便利的同时，还不遗余力地支持社会公益事业和环保事业。向当地政府捐赠垃圾箱，向社会福利院捐赠物品，慰问孤寡老人及向当地学校捐赠书籍等；每月11日，组织员工在店铺周边进行拾垃圾的清洁行动，每年在各地开展植树活动等一系列公益活动等等。未来几年，JUSCO将以广东省广州市为核心，在珠江三角洲乃至广东省继续发展GMS模式的百货超市，将JUSCO的优质商品和服务带给更多的消费者。以上内容参考：百度百科—吉之岛

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电子竞技与赛事中国玩家可直接参与的、定期的电子竞技赛事为：NEST全国电子竞技大赛：由国家体育总局体育信息中心主办，2014年比赛项目为DOTA2、FIFA online3、英雄联盟、SC2， [3] 表演赛项目为三国争霸2。 [4]Dota2：i联赛（imbatv）、G联赛 [5] 、超新星公开赛 [6] 、ISS中国网吧超级赛、DOTA2国际邀请赛英雄联盟 ：LPL（英雄联盟职业联赛）、LDL(英雄联盟发展联赛)、MSI（英雄联盟季中冠军赛）、RR（英雄联盟洲际系列赛）、WCS（英雄联盟全球总决赛）、All-Star（英雄联盟全明星赛）星际争霸2：WCS（暴雪星际世界锦标赛）、GSL（星际争霸2联赛）守望先锋：OWL（守望先锋联赛）、OWOC（守望先锋挑战者系列赛）、OWOD（守望先锋公开争霸赛）终极火力：EFCUP冠军杯 [7] ，EFM大师赛 [8] ，TGA大奖赛群雄逐鹿：群雄逐鹿冠军联赛 [9]地下城与勇士：F1天王赛地下城与勇士职业联赛WESG世界电子竞技运动会“WCG”“CPL”和“ESWC”被称为世界三大电竞赛事。 [10]世界休闲体育大会“铁幕杯”国际电子竞技 [11]

三者定义和区别：1、FOB（Free On Board），也称“船上交货价”，是国际贸易中常用的贸易术语之一。按离岸价进行的交易，买方负责派船接运货物，卖方应在合同规定的装运港和规定的期限内将货物装上买方指定的船只，并及时通知买方。货物在装运港被装上指定船时，风险即由卖方转移至买方。2、CIF术语的中译名为成本加保险费加运费，（指定目的港，其原文为Cost,Insurance and Freight(insert named port of destination)按此术语成交，货价的构成因素中包括从装运港至约定目的地港的通常运费和约定的保险费，故卖方除具有与CFR术语的相同的义务外，还要为买方办理货运保险，支付保险费，按一般国际贸易惯例，卖方投保的保险金额应按CIF价加成10%。如买卖双方未约定具体险别，则卖方只需取得最低限底的保险险别，如买方要求加保战争保险，在保险费由买方负担的前提下，卖方应予加保，卖方投保时，如能办到，必须以合同货币投保。3、CFR是Cost and Freight的简称，中文意思是成本加运费，指在装运港船上交货，卖方需支付将货物运至指定目的地港所需的费用。但货物的风险是在装运港船上交货时转移。扩展资料：FOB,CIF,CFR都术语贸易术语。贸易术语（Trade Terms）也被称为价格术语（Price Terms），是在长期的国际贸易实践中产生的，用来表示成交价格的构成和交货条件，确定买卖双方风险、责任、费用划分等问题的专门用语。涵义贸易术语又称贸易条件、价格术语（price terms），是在长期的国际贸易实践中产生的它是用来表示商品的价格构成，说明交货地点，确定风险、费用和责任划分等问题的专门用语。1.有利于买卖双方洽商交易和订立合同。由于每一种贸易术语对买卖双方的义务都有统一的解释，有利于买卖双方明确各自的权利和义务，早日成交。2.有利于买卖双方核算价格和成本。各种贸易术语对于成本、运费和保险费等各项费用由谁负担都有明确的界定，买卖双方比较容易核算价格和成本。3.有利于解决履约当中的争议。由于贸易术语由相关的国际惯例解释，对买卖双方在交易中的争议，可通过国际贸易惯例解释。参考资料来源：百度百科：贸易术语

大家评评理，这是—个好警察吗？

We choose to go to the MoonIn this 1962 speech given at Rice University in Houston, Texas, President John F. Kennedy reaffirmed America"s commitment to landing a man on the moon before the end of the 1960s. The President spoke in philosophical terms about the need to solve the mysteries of space and also defended the enormous expense of the space program.President Pitzer, Mr. Vice President, Governor, Congressman Thomas, Senator Wiley, and Congressman Miller, Mr. Webb, Mr. Bell, scientists, distinguished guests, and ladies and gentlemen: I appreciate your president having made me an honorary visiting professor, and I will assure you that my first lecture will be very brief.I am delighted to be here and I"m particularly delighted to be here on this occasion.We meet at a college noted for knowledge, in a city noted for progress, in a state noted for strength, and we stand in need of all three, for we meet in an hour of change and challenge, in a decade of hope and fear, in an age of both knowledge and ignorance. The greater our knowledge increases, the greater our ignorance unfolds.Despite the striking fact that most of the scientists that the world has ever known are alive and working today, despite the fact that this Nation"s own scientific manpower is doubling every 12 years in a rate of growth more than three times that of our population as a whole, despite that, the vast stretches of the unknown and the unanswered and the unfinished still far outstrip our collective comprehension. No man can fully grasp how far and how fast we have come, but condense, if you will, the 50,000 years of man"s recorded history in a time span of but a half-century. Stated in these terms, we know very little about the first 40 years, except at the end of them advanced man had learned to use the skins of animals to cover them. Then about 10 years ago, under this standard, man emerged from his caves to construct other kinds of shelter. Only five years ago man learned to write and use a cart with wheels. Christianity began less than two years ago. The printing press came this year, and then less than two months ago, during this whole 50-year span of human history, the steam engine provided a new source of power. Newton explored the meaning of gravity. Last month electric lights and telephones and automobiles and airplanes became available. Only last week did we develop penicillin and television and nuclear power, and now if America"s new spacecraft succeeds in reaching Venus, we will have literally reached the stars before midnight tonight.This is a breathtaking pace, and such a pace cannot help but create new ills as it dispels old, new ignorance, new problems, new dangers. Surely the opening vistas of space promise high costs and hardships, as well as high reward. So it is not surprising that some would have us stay where we are a little longer to rest, to wait. But this city of Houston, this state of Texas, this country of the United States was not built by those who waited and rested and wished to look behind them. This country was conquered by those who moved forward--and so will space. William Bradford, speaking in 1630 of the founding of the Plymouth Bay Colony, said that all great and honorable actions are accompanied with great difficulties, and both must be enterprised and overcome with answerable courage. If this capsule history of our progress teaches us anything, it is that man, in his quest for knowledge and progress, is determined and cannot be deterred. The exploration of space will go ahead, whether we join in it or not, and it is one of the great adventures of all time, and no nation which expects to be the leader of other nations can expect to stay behind in this race for space. Those who came before us made certain that this country rode the first waves of the industrial revolution, the first waves of modern invention, and the first wave of nuclear power, and this generation does not intend to founder in the backwash of the coming age of space. We mean to be a part of it--we mean to lead it. For the eyes of the world now look into space, to the moon and to the planets beyond, and we have vowed that we shall not see it governed by a hostile flag of conquest, but by a banner of freedom and peace. We have vowed that we shall not see space filled with weapons of mass destruction, but with instruments of knowledge and understanding.Yet the vows of this Nation can only be fulfilled if we in this Nation are first, and, therefore, we intend to be first. In short, our leadership in science and industry, our hopes for peace and security, our obligations to ourselves as well as others, all require us to make this effort, to solve these mysteries, to solve them for the good of all men, and to become the world"s leading space-faring nation.We set sail on this new sea because there is new knowledge to be gained, and new rights to be won, and they must be won and used for the progress of all people. For space science, like nuclear science and all technology, has no conscience of its own. Whether it will become a force for good or ill depends on man, and only if the United States occupies a position of pre-eminence can we help decide whether this new ocean will be a sea of peace or a new terrifying theater of war. I do not say that we should or will go unprotected against the hostile misuse of space any more than we go unprotected against the hostile use of land or sea, but I do say that space can be explored and mastered without feeding the fires of war, without repeating the mistakes that man has made in extending his writ around this globe of ours.There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet. Its hazards are hostile to us all. Its conquest deserves the best of all mankind, and its opportunity for peaceful cooperation many never come again. But why, some say, the moon? Why choose this as our goal? And they may well ask why climb the highest mountain? Why, 35 years ago, fly the Atlantic? Why does Rice play Texas? We choose to go to the moon. We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win, and the others, too. It is for these reasons that I regard the decision last year to shift our efforts in space from low to high gear as among the most important decisions that will be made during my incumbency in the office of the Presidency. In the last 24 hours we have seen facilities now being created for the greatest and most complex exploration in man"s history. We have felt the ground shake and the air shattered by the testing of a Saturn C-1 booster rocket, many times as powerful as the Atlas which launched John Glenn, generating power equivalent to 10,000 automobiles with their accelerators on the floor. We have seen the site where five F-1 rocket engines, each one as powerful as all eight engines of the Saturn combined, will be clustered together to make the advanced Saturn missile, assembled in a new building to be built at Cape Canaveral as tall as a 48 story structure, as wide as a city block, and as long as two lengths of this field.Within these last 19 months at least 45 satellites have circled the earth. Some 40 of them were made in the United States of America and they were far more sophisticated and supplied far more knowledge to the people of the world than those of the Soviet Union.The Mariner spacecraft now on its way to Venus is the most intricate instrument in the history of space science. The accuracy of that shot is comparable to firing a missile from Cape Canaveral and dropping it in this stadium between the 40-yard lines.Transit satellites are helping our ships at sea to steer a safer course. Tiros satellites have given us unprecedented warnings of hurricanes and storms, and will do the same for forest fires and icebergs.We have had our failures, but so have others, even if they do not admit them. And they may be less public.To be sure, we are behind, and will be behind for some time in manned flight. But we do not intend to stay behind, and in this decade, we shall make up and move ahead.The growth of our science and education will be enriched by new knowledge of our universe and environment, by new techniques of learning and mapping and observation, by new tools and computers for industry, medicine, the home as well as the school. Technical institutions, such as Rice, will reap the harvest of these gains.And finally, the space effort itself, while still in its infancy, has already created a great number of new companies, and tens of thousands of new jobs. Space and related industries are generating new demands in investment and skilled personnel, and this city and this state, and this region, will share greatly in this growth. What was once the furthest outpost on the old frontier of the West will be the furthest outpost on the new frontier of science and space. Houston, your city of Houston, with its Manned Spacecraft Center, will become the heart of a large scientific and engineering community. During the next 5 years the National Aeronautics and Space Administration expects to double the number of scientists and engineers in this area, to increase its outlays for salaries and expenses to $60 million a year; to invest some $200 million in plant and laboratory facilities; and to direct or contract for new space efforts over $1 billion from this center in this city.To be sure, all this costs us all a good deal of money. This year"s space budget is three times what it was in January 1961, and it is greater than the space budget of the previous eight years combined. That budget now stands at $5,400 million a year--a staggering sum, though somewhat less than we pay for cigarettes and cigars every year. Space expenditures will soon rise some more, from 40 cents per person per week to more than 50 cents a week for every man, woman and child in the United States, for we have given this program a high national priority--even though I realize that this is in some measure an act of faith and vision, for we do not now know what benefits await us. But if I were to say, my fellow citizens, that we shall send to the moon, 240,000 miles away from the control station in Houston, a giant rocket more than 300 feet tall, the length of this football field, made of new metal alloys, some of which have not yet been invented, capable of standing heat and stresses several times more than have ever been experienced, fitted together with a precision better than the finest watch, carrying all the equipment needed for propulsion, guidance, control, communications, food and survival, on an untried mission, to an unknown celestial body, and then return it safely to earth, re-entering the atmosphere at speeds of over 25,000 miles per hour, causing heat about half that of the temperature of the sun--almost as hot as it is here today--and do all this, and do it right, and do it first before this decade is out--then we must be bold. I"m the one who is doing all the work, so we just want you to stay cool for a minute. [laughter]However, I think we"re going to do it, and I think that we must pay what needs to be paid. I don"t think we ought to waste any money, but I think we ought to do the job. And this will be done in the decade of the Sixties. It may be done while some of you are still here at school at this college and university. It will be done during the terms of office of some of the people who sit here on this platform. But it will be done. And it will be done before the end of this decade.And I am delighted that this university is playing a part in putting a man on the moon as part of a great national effort of the United States of America.Many years ago the great British explorer George Mallory, who was to die on Mount Everest, was asked why did he want to climb it. He said, "Because it is there." Well, space is there, and we"re going to climb it, and the moon and the planets are there, and new hopes for knowledge and peace are there. And, therefore, as we set sail we ask God"s blessing on the most hazardous and dangerous and greatest adventure on which man has ever embarked. Thank you.

造成胃蛋白酶低原因主要是胃黏膜萎缩或受损引起的，常见原因有很多：饮食、药物、幽门螺杆菌感染等。不必担心。你要是觉得自己没有什么不适，可以调整一段时间，去医院做胃镜检查，平时的话，要养成良好的生活习惯，饮食要有规律，食物要多样化，营养要均衡，不吃辛辣冷凉刺激性食物，不饮酒，睡眠时间要充足，调养一段时间，就会好的。胃蛋白酶原(pepsinogen，PG)是一种具有消化功能的内切蛋白酶，是由375个氨基酸组成的单链多肽，属于天冬氨酸蛋白家族。人胃蛋白酶原可根据在琼脂凝胶电泳下的迁移率由快至慢分为pgl-pg7七种同工酶原，其中pgl-pg5有共同的免疫原性，也叫PG I；pg6到pg7迁移率较慢，也叫PG II。在组织体内，PG I和PG II的细胞来源和组织分布各不相同 。有研究表明PG I水平降低是胃病发生与发展的可靠标志。国外也有人把低水平血清PG看作是胃病发生与发展的标志，其通过流行病学研究发现，血清PG在胃粘膜萎缩范围较广，尤其是累及胃体时才有较明显的下降 。1、胃蛋白酶原与萎缩性胃炎的关系目前，临床对CAG（萎缩性胃炎）的诊断和监测主要依靠内镜活检病理检查。近年来国外学者使用血清胃蛋白酶原I(PGI)或胃蛋白酶原I与Ⅱ的比率(PG I／PGⅡ)作为监测手段 。胃蛋白酶原是胃蛋白酶的前体。PGI由胃体的主细胞分泌。由胃黏膜萎缩引起的主细胞减少和血清PG I水平之间存在相关关系。PGⅡ在胃窦和胃体黏膜均有分泌，当全胃黏膜萎缩时，PGⅡ水平下降。在CAG发展过程中，随着胃黏膜萎缩的加剧，PG I和PG I／PG lI比率降低。2、胃蛋白酶原与胃癌的关系胃癌在国内是发病率最高的癌症之一，早期诊断对胃癌的治疗、预后具有积极的临床意义。在胃癌高发国家中，我国的胃癌检出率比其他国家差，而且有超过8o 的胃癌患者是病情进展至中、晚期才就医。因此，早期诊断和治疗成为提高胃癌患者生活质量、降低病死率的惟一途径。目前，胃癌诊断仍然以胃镜检查为主，而普通胃镜检查诊断早期胃癌价值有限。由于早期胃癌缺乏一定的特异性表现，当发现明显的消化道症状时，病情经常已是中、晚期，使胃癌难于早期发现。所以，应采用血清学检测对胃癌进行筛选，以便能检出胃癌的高危人群，对胃癌做出早期诊断。血清PG水平是反映胃黏膜功能和状态的良好指标，而且血清PG检测方法具有无刨、简便、快速等优点．减轻了患者的心理和经济负担l6]。据有关文献报道，血清PG的变化是胃癌前兆的亚临床指标，胃黏膜癌变与PG的分泌多少密切相关，血清PGI／PGII比值越低，胃癌的发病率越高。联合测定血清PG I和PGII的水平及其比值可起到胃黏膜“血清学活组织检查的作用”3、关于胃蛋白酶原I/II的参考值：重点强调！重点强调！重点强调！胃蛋白酶原I/II的参考值是：PGI＜70ng/ml, 且同时满足PGI/PGII小于3，才判断为阳性，单独看一个指标意义不大。PGI＜70ng/ml, 且同时满足PGI/PGII小于3，才判断为阳性，单独看一个指标意义不大。PGI＜70ng/ml, 且同时满足PGI/PGII小于3，才判断为阳性，单独看一个指标意义不大。很多人的体检结果会出现PGI＜70ng/ml的情况，我们的研究数据显示，这个比例大约有50%，为什么会这样？一方面，这两个项目的参考值的建立是在国外人群的基础上建立的，不太适合中国人群。另一方面，很多人多少都有轻微的胃炎，只是没有症状，自己察觉不到。

佳世客亦称吉之岛（英：JUSCO，日：ジャスコ）是日本永旺集团旗下的连锁零售集团，在日本、香港、中国大陆、泰国开设综合购物百货公司及超级市场。

Geographical location: Tongliao City is located in the eastern part of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is located in between - 45 degrees north latitude 42 degrees 15 "" 41, longitude 119 degrees 15 "- 123 degrees 43", the total area of 59535 square kilometers, about 418 km long from north to south, thing width approximately 370 km. East by Jilin Province, West connected Chifeng City, South according to Liaoning Province, northwest and north respectively and Ximeng, adjacent to Xinganmeng, belonging to the confluence of the north and northeast of China.Topography: Tongliao city is located in the western end of the Songliao plain, Mongolia Plateau belongs to the descending to the low hills and sloping impact plains. The northern Greater Khingan Range mountains are mountains, an area of 19349 square kilometers, accounting for 32.5% of the total area, altitude 1000-1400 meters. Mid West Liaohe River, Xinkaihe taught on the alluvial plain of the river, area of 12502 square kilometers, accounted for 21.0% of the total area of the city, plain area from west to east gradually tilted, elevation by 320 meters down to 90 meters. Southern and Western belongs to the edge of the mountain in the west of Liaoning Province, is composed of a shallow hill, hilly and gully, sand Macrobrachium, area of 27684 square kilometers, accounted for 46.5%, 400-600 meters above sea level. Inside the city"s larger mountains, Han Shan Qi Ma mountain, Hill Road and Qinglong mountain.Climate characteristics: Tongliao is a temperate continental climate. Windy spring drought; summer precipitation concentration; short warm, cool autumn cold winter. Most areas of frost free period of 90 to 150 days. The annual rainfall 350450 mm. Wind energy rich, wind energy efficiency (20 - 3 M / s) for 5000 to 6000 hours. Annual effective wind power density of 100 to 150 watts per square meter.

Fishing

1、推荐几个英语rss源2、如何在IE浏览器中使用和管理RSS订阅源3、学英语可以订阅的RSS源4、怎样取消outlook中的RSS源的订阅5、教你如何寻找优质的RSS源？推荐几个英语rss源1、沪江英语沪江英语网站有英语类的podcast推荐订阅，可以收听很多的资源。2、摩西英语它是一个英语知识网站，最大的特点是每天讲解一个词根。简单地说，就是记住一个词根可以记住多个单词。甚至联想到更多。3、每日英语从google reader 上显示，这个博客的订阅量有4000多，介绍的内容也是五花八门，有趣味单词，商务英语，口语，谚语，美文欣赏等等。4、BBC英语教学著名的英国广播电台BBC的一个rss，这个rss只是输出摘要，手机也可以顺利访问。它的内容也是相当的丰富，有一些新闻介绍，单词词组教学，还有一些小测验。扩展资料：RSS源的历史渊源：最初的0.90版本RSS是由Netscape公司设计的，目的是用来建立一个整合了各主要新闻站点内容的门户，但是0.90版本的RSS规范过于复杂，而一个简化的RSS 0.91版本也随着Netscape公司对该项目的放弃而于2000年暂停。不久，一家专门从事博客写作软件开发的公司UserLand接手了RSS 0.91版本的发展，并把它作为其博客写作软件的基础功能之一继续开发，逐步推出了0.92、0.93和0.94版本。2001年一个联合小组在0.90版本RSS的开发原则下，以W3C新一代的语义网技术RDF为基础，对RSS进行了重新定义，发布RSS1.0，并将RSS定义为“RDF Site Summary”。但是这项工作没有与UserLand公司进行有效的沟通，UserLand公司也不承认RSS 1.0的有效性，并坚持按照自己的设想进一步开发出RSS的后续版本，到2002年9月发布了最新版本RSS 2.0。参考资料来源：百度百科—rss源如何在IE浏览器中使用和管理RSS订阅源核心提示： 什么是RSS?简单来说，RSS就像微博一样。在你的源有更新的时候把更新推送给你，或者说在网站有更新的时候告诉你更新的内容。而源就好比是那些微博账号。 什么是RSS?简单来说，RSS就像微博一样。在你的源有更新的时候把更新推送给你，或者说在网站有更新的时候告诉你更新的内容。而源就好比是那些微博账号。 现在绝大多数网站都会提供自动的RSS源。但是，这一切都需要有RSS阅读器的参与。 RSS阅读器就是专门负责订阅和查看源的东西。只不过它未必是一个独立的软件。目前大多数浏览器都嵌入了该功能，作为最流行的IE浏览器当然也内置的这个功能。不仅是电脑，很多知名的手机浏览器，甚至是手机用来看小说的应用，都有这个功能!所以，RSS，其实离我们并不遥远。 用RSS最大作用就是快速告诉你网站的更新。特别是像博客之类更新速度比较慢的网站，有了RSS，就再也不用整天去打开网站了。 怎么通过浏览器使用RSS呢?下面就跟大家分享IE浏览器中的使用方法，其他浏览器也比较类似。如何订阅RSS源? 首先在IE浏览器中直接访问网站的RSS源地址。提示： 每个网站的RSS源地址都不一样，但是都会有较明显的RSS图标，点击即可打开。 打开以后，点击“订阅该源”，在弹出窗口中勾选“添加到收藏夹栏”，然后点击“订阅”按钮即可订阅成功。 现在我们在收藏夹栏就可以看到RSS源的入口，点击即可查看源最新更新的文章。 当有新的网站时，RSS源也会自动更新，然后并会显示在收藏夹栏，如果RSS源里面有未读的文章，RSS源的标题名称就会显示为粗体。 提示：如果你的IE浏览器没有显示收藏夹栏，可以在浏览器窗口上方的空白区域单击右键，单击“收藏夹栏”即可显示出来。设置RSS源的更新频率 默认IE浏览器对每天对RSS源更新一次，如果你想更新的频率更快一些的话，可以对自动检查更新的间隔时间进行设置。 打开IE后，单击“工具”，在点击打开“Internet 选项”; 12全文阅读[db:内容1]学英语可以订阅的RSS源如下rss源，非全文输出rss源，不过这都不是事，好rss源的阅读器总会让他变成全文，比如readability。 China NewsBizchina NewsWorld NewsOpinion NewsSports NewsEntertainment NewsLife NewsPhoto NewsVideo NewsChina Daily NewsHK Edition NewsChina Daily USA NewsChina Daily European Weekly News BBC USA today怎样取消outlook中的RSS源的订阅1、找到outlook选项--账号设置，如图。2、接着找到RSS订阅菜单，选项卡。3、可以查看并修改RSS订阅源，也可以改成能连接的地址。4、取消RSS订阅点击RSS订阅旁边有个 ，删除按钮。5、确认删除RSS订阅即可解决。6、如果要删除之前订阅的RSS订阅，还有一个办法。可以右击账号设置里面右击RSS订阅。7、然后选择需要删除的订阅，确认即可。教你如何寻找优质的RSS源？必须要_嗦几句，我怎么和RSS这种东西干上了？—— 事情是这样的：我喜欢听故事，我们村儿有好几个长者特别擅长讲故事，人来人往的，村里人都扎堆去听呢。他们有讲人生百态的，有讲玄幻修仙的，又有讲房中秘事的、八卦村里事儿的小学生嘛，暑假木有事情做，天天跑去听，从村东头听到村西头，从村南头听到村北头。 可是问题来了——谁那有时间天天跑去听啊，俺马上就要开学了，怎么办，急！ 我灵光一闪，让他们都纷纷开了：微博、微信公众号、个人Blog、Facebook、Twitter、Instagram等等。这下好了，老家伙们可以守着电脑写故事了，因为不像讲故事那样需要实时直播，他们抽空写，我等抽空去Check。村里的闲汉们就不用天天固定时间去扎堆凑热闹，也好像都忙碌起来了呢~ 可是好景不长，问题就出来了。 这人一旦懒起来，就越来蹬鼻子上脸，有村儿里人抱怨：每天为了听故事，他先是去微信看张老汉的公众号，然后登录微博看刘婆婆的八卦，完事儿必须去瞧瞧老王头儿的 “房中秘事” 第3季 有一天，村儿里来了个洋鬼子，说有办法治。他码了一个订阅系统，还告诉我们说：这套系统，就像一个邮箱，每天收到四面八方的邮件，我们要看的东西就像邮件一样被投送进邮件。他说，以后我们只用去自己的邮箱查看所有的信息。 然后，我们都很开心！ 我们用得好爽，准备去谢他，但是他——END——！ 进入官网，注册登录，左上角那个搜索框，输入关键词，别急。比如你喜欢 “月光博客”，根据实时下拉提示，点击「关于 月光博客 的订阅源」。 这时页面会出现所有收 月光博客 的订阅源，和含有 月光博客 的 Feed bundles（官译为：订阅组合包），到组合包里面找其他的 相关订阅源 。 微信公众号里的文章，你可能收藏了一堆，但是在 “我” 的模块进入后，才能查阅。 它只充当了一个信息收集器，却没有后续的筛选机制，和归档机制—— ●琐碎的：微信不能（起码暂时不能）成为其他信息的入口（不是所有人都开公众号），而RSS可以兼容微信。所以我们需要一个本子，放下这些散落的纸片。 ●不便的：就目前而言，没有Folder，只有Tag，筛选方式单一。无法管理（重要），无法导出（重要）。 ●不安全的：遇到过收藏的文章被举报么？不提供网盘备份接口（重要）。 要打造自己的知识中心，就要完全掌控信息从get，到筛选，到归档的全过程——RSS：充当所有信息的统一入口 Pocket：筛选出喜欢的、暂时无法详细阅读的、临时备份的，作为缓冲 Evernote类：沉淀出自己的知识库