陶小凡-
1.作主语：通常被看作是单数不可数名词，所以谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
Driving fast is very dangerous.
Swimming is my favourite sport.
Painting is an art.
Hearing the bad news made him cry.
注意：现在分词作主语时，和动词不定式一样，当它是较长的短语时，常常用it作形式主语，而把现在分词放到句末。
如：It"s nice spending the holiday at the beach.
It"s tiring working late.
现在分词作主语时的常用句型：
a waste of time
no good/no use
uf081It +be+ little/hardly any use + V-ing分词
not/hardly worth
worth/worthwhile
如：It"s no use complaining.
It"s no good smoking a lot.
It"s a waste of time doing such a thing.
no
no sense in（没有道理）
uf082There +be+ no point in（毫无意义） +V-ing分词
no use in
Nothing worse than(没有比...更糟糕的)
如：There was no knowing what he was doing.
There is no point (in) doing so.这么做，毫无意义。
经常跟在it +be后面的形容词，然后接动名词作实际主语的形容词还有：
Odd古怪的 Crazy疯狂的 Hopeless无望的 Nice
Funny好笑的 Foolish愚蠢的 interesting Tiring累人的
better terrible Enjoyable愉快的 Pointless无意义的
2作表语：-ing分词作表语多和系动词be连用。注意：如果主语用了不定式，表语也要用不定式；同样地，如果主语用的是-ing分词，表语也应用-ing分词。即，作主语和表语的动词在形式上的一致。
如：Seeing is believing=To see is to believe.
My favourite sport is swimming.
Her only hobby(爱好) is collecting stamps.
☆注意：现在分词作表语和动词不定式作表语的区别在于：现在分词表示习惯性动作；而不定式表示一次性的具体动作。
如：My plan is to finish my homework before tomorrow.
My favourite sport is swimming.
3. 作宾语
英语中，有相当一部分动词后，只能接-ing分词作宾语。
这类动词主要有：
Admit承认 advise Anticipate期望做。。 Detest憎恨做。。。
Defer推迟 suggest Escape逃避做。。 Quit停止做。。
Deny否认 Miss错过 Avoid避免做。。。 Tolerate忍受。。
Keep保持做。。。 Appreciate感谢。。。 Practise练习。。 enjoy
Mind介意 Consider考虑做 Risk冒险做。。。 Excuse原谅
如：
Excuse me interrupting you.
I enjoy reading newspapers.
I suggest you should practise speaking English every morning.
注意：有一类动词后即可跟不定式作宾语，也可跟-ing分词作宾语。可以把这类动词分为三种类型：1）两种形式意义基本相同。2）两种形式略有差别。3）意义完全不同。
A）两种形式意义基本相同的动词有：attempt, begin, cease(停止), continue, intend, start, commence(开始).
如：She started to cry/crying.
What do you intend to do/doing next?你打算接下来做什么？
He continued to work/working.
B)两种形式意义略有差别的动词主要有：hate, like, dislike, love, prefer等。
如：I like playing basketball.
I hate to trouble you.
I prefer to go for a walk.
I prefer singing songs.
C)后跟不定式和-ing分词时，意义完全不同的动词有：remember, forget, regret., try, mean, chance(碰巧),cannot help...等。它们后面跟不定式表示动作还未发生，而跟现在分词表示动作已经发生。
如：I regret to do this thing.
I regret doing such a thing.
Mean to do 表示打算，意欲做某事：而mean doing表示“意味着，意思是”
如：I mean/plan to buy a house.
Fighting means killing.
Chance to do表示碰巧做某事；而chance doing表示冒险做某事、碰运气试着做某事
He chanced to meet his old friend in the street.
He chanced taking part in that race.
Cannot help to do表示不能帮忙做某事;Cannot help doing表示情不自禁，不由得做某事
如：I cannot help to do homework for you.
I cannot help laughing.
4. 作介词宾语
除了我们已经谈到的“疑问词+不定式”可以作介词宾语外。通常情况下，只能用-ing分词作介词的宾语。但个别表示“除了。。。之外”的介词如“except, but, than”通常接不定式。
如：I can do nothing except/but wait.
后面跟-ing分词作介词宾语的短语结构主要有：
A)“动词+介词+动名词”
I am used to sleeping on the floor.(习惯于。。。)
I am looking forward to meeting you.
The rain stopped us from working.
She objected to marrying him(反对)
B)“形容词+介词+-ing分词”
I am interested in playing basketball.
Tom is responsible for breaking the glass.
C)"名词+介词+动名词"
There are many ways to do it/of doing it.
He didn"t go out for fear of raining.
-ing分词的惯用搭配有：
A)主语+have+fun/pleasure/a good time/trouble/difficulty+(in) doing sth
如：We had a lot of fun (in) playing basketball.
I have trouble/difficulty(in) understanding him.
B)“There is+difficulty/trouble/pleasure+(in) doing sth”
如：There is difficulty in passing the exam.
There is trouble in learning a foreigh language.
C)“be busy+(in) doing sth”
I am busy in doing my homework.
D) “What about/How about +-ing分词”（征求意见句型。。。怎么样）
What/How about having a cup of tea?
How about playing basketball with me?
E)注意：有一类-ing分词和go搭配，表示“去（干。。。）”，这些分词大多与休闲娱乐的户外活动有关。
常用的有：
boating Camping野营 Climbing爬山
Driving驾车兜风 Dancing跳舞 Hiking徒步旅行
Hunting打猎 Fishing垂钓 running
Jogging慢跑 Ridding骑马 Sailing航行
Shopping购物 Sightseeing观光 Skating滑冰
swimming Walking散步 Window shopping逛街
如：We went boating yesterday.
5.作定语
单个分词作定语时放在所修饰名词前
a running boy
the girl standing there （分词短语作定语，故置于所修饰名词之后）
并且一般都可以转化为一个进行时的定语从句
如： a boy who is running
a girl who is standing there
注意：某些现在分词作定语时，已不再表示动作，已经从分词变为了形容词词性。如：an interesting story， an exciting match 。这些也可以属于现在分词作定语，但是不能转化为相应的定语从句。但是可以有三级变化（原级、比较级、 最高级）和被某些副词如very修饰。
6.作宾语补语
只有两类动词可以加现在分词作宾补
1）感官动词或心理状态的动词：see，hear，watch，feel，notice，observe，find，listen to，look at
2）表示致使意义的动词：make, have，get，catch，leave，keep, let
注意：但是并不代表这些动词后的宾补形式都要用现在分词（有些后面可以加不带to的不定式作宾补）
eg.I saw him singing now.
和 I saw him sing in the house.
注意 ：宾语与作宾补的现在分词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，即宾语是现在分词动作的发出者。
7.作状语
分词作状语时的逻辑主语（即分词动作的发出者）一般要与句中主语保持一致。若逻辑主语和分词动作之间为主动，用主动。反之，用被动。
A）作时间状语
如：.Walking in the street,I saw him.当我在街上走时，我看到他了
可以转化为一个时间状语从句：When/While I was walking in the street,I saw him.
注意：当我要强调正在进行的动作时 我们可以在分词前面加上when／while 那么上面的例句就可以改写为When/While walking in the street,I saw him.（其实这是省略了从句中的I was,因为从句的主语和主句一致）。
如果句子为：
When/While he was walking in the street,I saw him. 当他走在街上，我看到他了。
这里，由于从句主语和主句主语不一致，故不可省略。
B）作条件状语
如： Working hard,you will succeed. （只要）努力工作，你就会成功。
可以转换为if引导的状语从句。即：If you work hard, you will succeed.
C)作原因状语
如： Being ill,she stayed at home. （因为）生病，她留在家里
注意 being是常用来作原因状语的
这句可以转换为相应的原因状语从句：Because/As she was ill, she stayed at home.
D)作让步状语
如. Having failed many times,he didn"t lose heart. 有很多次失败，他没有灰心。
=Although he had failed many times, he didn"t lose heart.
E)作结果状语
如： His friend died,leaving Tom a lot of money, 他的朋友死了，（所以）给汤姆留了很多钱。
=His friend died, so he left Tom a lot of money.
F)作方式状语
如：Please answer the question using another way. 请用另一种方式回答这个问题
G)作伴随状语,表示现在分词的动作正在进行中。
如：
He sat on the chair, singing songs.
They left the shop, satisfied.
The worked for a whole day, exhausted.
They watching TV in the living room, I was cooking in the kitchen.
8. 现在分词的独立主格
（1）独立主格，又叫独立结构，在句中作状语。它没有主语和谓语，只有逻辑上的主语，因此，它在句法上不是句子，而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构形式。
（2）独立主格结构可置于句首、句尾，用逗号与主句隔开。 独立主格结构可分为两部分，一部分是名词或代词（主格），起着逻辑主语的作用；另一部分由形容词、副词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等构成，表示前面名词或代词的状态、状况或动作。
如：He entered the room, his nose red with cold.(名词/代词+形容词)
He lay on his back, his hands behind his head.(名词/代词+介词短语)
He entered the classroom, a book in his hand.
He lay on the bed, his eyes closed.
A good student, he always studies very hard.
Whatever the reason, Bob went aboard finally.
（3）这和我们学过的”with的复合结构”是差不多的，只不过它要比独立主格多个with．
（4）分词作状语时，其逻辑主语一般要与句中主语保持一致”不难发现我每次在叙述这句话时都加上”一般”二字 那也就是说也有特殊的时候 就是分词的逻辑主语不和句中主语保持一致 也就是拥有了自己的独自的逻辑主语 那么也就是该用独立主格的时候了．
如：Winter coming，it gets colder and colder．冬天来了 天变的越来越冷了
注意这句话，我们不难发现it在句中指代的是”天气” 。那么当我把winter去掉的时候，那在形式上就是纯粹的分词作状语。那么我们也就是默认了coming的动作是由it（天气）发出来的。但是我们不妨翻译一下”当天气来的时候，天气变的越来越冷了．”显然句意不通。那么就是说coming的逻辑主语不是it（天气），也就是coming拥有自己的逻辑主语。那么也就是winter，因为coming的动作是由winter发出的。
左迁-
making paying selling sitting smelling standing teaching thinking being blowing doing drinking eating flying giving growing lying ringing singing swimming throwing wearing writing becoming beating coming
祝你学习进步，更上一层楼！ (*^__^*)
不明白的再问哟，请及时采纳，多谢！