如何用stata画图

/* 图形类型和相关绘图命令

二维图： graph twoway

散点矩阵图：graph matrix

箱式图：graph box

饼图：graph pie

条图：graph bar

圆点图：graph dot

*/

//二维图，以绘制散点图为例

help scatter

help marker_label_options

sysuse uslifeexp2,clear

describe

scatter le year //第一变量是y轴变量，第二个是x轴变量

scatter le year,connect(l) //connect(l) 表示以直线的方式连接相邻的两个点

scatter le year,connect(l) msymbol(i) //msymbol 表示散点的显示方式为“看不见”

scatter le year,connect(l) msymbol(x) mcolor(magenta) //x表示散点形状为x，颜色为magenta

//散点显示选项(marker_options)的设定

help marker_options

graph query symbolstyle

graph query colorstyle

graph query markersizestyle

//散点标签显示（marker_label_options)的设定

help marker_label_options

sysuse lifeexp.dta, clear

describe

list country lexp gnppc if region==2

scatter lexp gnppc if region==2, mlabel(country)

//尝试用mlabpos()选项调整标签的位置

scatter lexp gnppc if region==2, mlabel(country) mlabpos(9)

/*尝试利用mlabvposition(varname) 选项为某些特殊的观测值设定标签位置

为了

*/

generate pos=3

replace pos=12 if country == "Honduras"

replace pos=9 if country =="United States"

scatter lexp gnppc if region==2, mlabel(country) mlabv(pos)

/* 尝试利用改变坐标轴的覆盖范围来设定标签 */

//方法1 利用xscale(range())指定作图的区域

scatter lexp gnppc if region==2,

mlabel(country) mlabv(pos) xscale(range(-500,3500))

//方法2 利用plotregion(margin())来解决作图区域微小的变动

scatter lexp gnppc if region==2,

mlabel(country) mlabv(pos) plotregion(margin(l+9))

//连线选项（connect_options)的设定

//振荡选项（jitter_options)的设定

//由于数据点太密集，甚至产生重叠，需要将数据点轻微地挪动位置，jitter(#)

sysuse autornd,clear

describe

scatter mpg weight

scatter mpg weight,jitter(7)

//坐标轴尺度选项组(axis_scale_options)的设定

help axis_scale_options

//绘制变量lexp与取对数后的变量gnppc的散点图

sysuse lifeexp.dta,clear

scatter lexp gnppc

gen log_gnppc=log(gnppc)

scatter lexp log_gnppc

//another way

scatter lexp gnppc,xscale(log) //图形上与上面方法一样，但x轴刻度不同

//做散点图，并对比y轴刻度使用正常尺度与逆向尺度的异同

sysuse auto.dta,clear

scatter mpg weight

scatter mpg weight,yscale(rev)

//绘制完全没有任何坐标的散点图和有坐标刻度但没有坐标线的散点图

//首先，关掉坐标

sysuse auto.dta, clear

scatter mpg weight, yscale(off)

//去掉坐标线 保留刻度

scatter mpg weight, yscale(noline) xscale(off)

//分别绘制mpg和weight的标有大约5个和10个刻度标识的mpg和weight散点图

scatter mpg weight

scatter mpg weight, ylabel(#5) xlabel(#5)

scatter mpg weight, ylabel(#10) xlabel(#10)

//绘制mpg和weight散点图，要求y轴的刻度标识为10、15、20......45，x轴的刻度

scatter mpg weight,

ylabel(10(5)45) xlabel(1500 1970 2500(500)4500)

//绘制x轴大约有15个刻度，y轴大约有10个刻度的散点图

scatter mpg weight,ytick(#10) xtick(#15)

//绘制mpg和weight散点图中，x轴每两个主刻度之间有10个小刻度，y轴每两个主刻度之间有5个小刻度标识

scatter mpg weight, ymlabel(##5) xmtick(##10) //mtick刻度上有数字 xlabel没有

scatter mpg weight, ymlabel(##5) xmlabel(##5)

//绘制散点图中，x轴每两个主刻度之间大约有20个小刻度，y轴每两个主刻度之间有20个小刻度

scatter mpg weight, ymtick(#20,grid) xmtick(#20, grid gmax)

//根据是否为国产车分别绘制散点图，并要求y轴方向不出现网格线

scatter mpg weight, by(foreign) ylabel(, nogrid)

/* 时间序列散点图时的轴线刻度标识问题 */

sysuse uslifeexp, clear

scatter le year

scatter le year, c(l) xlabel(#10,grid)

scatter le year, c(l) xlabel(1900(10)2000,grid)

scatter le year, c(l) xlabel(1900 1918 1936 1950(20)2000, nogrid)

scatter le year, msymbol(x) lcolor (red) c(l) xlabel(1900 1918 1940(20)2000,grid)

line le year, lcolor(navy) lpattern(dot)

//example

sysuse "uslifeexp.dta", clear

//绘制散点图并添加图例

scatter le year, c(l) xlabel(1990 1918 1940(20)2000, grid) ///

lengend(on)

//绘制le_m le_f 散点图并添加图例，将图例分别改成"male"和"female"

//第一种改图例的方式是，改变变量的标签

//第二种方式是用legend修改标签，具体方法如下

scatter le_male le_female year, c(l) ///

legend(label(1 "Male") label(2 "Female"))

scatter le_male le_female year, c(l) legend(on)

scatter le_male le_female year, c(l) ///

lengend(on order(1 "male" 2 "female")) //另一种方式

//twoway可以绘制多张图形

help line

twoway (line le_male year) (line le_female year, lcolor(red) lpattern(dot)) ///

（line le_w year,lcolor(green) lpattern(-)), ///

legend(on order(1"Male"2"Female"3"White")) ///

col(1) ring(0) pos(4) title("标题") subtitle("我是图例"))

//ring(0)是把图例放在图里面，pos(4)表示4点钟方向

/*by选项的设定*/

// exmaple

help by_option

sysuse auto,clear

scatter mpg weight

//按照foreign绘制 散点图

scatter mpg weight, by(foreign)

//按照foreign分组绘制散点图，并添加一张包含所有观测值

scatter mpg weight, by(foreign,total)

//将绘制的图形改为一行排列

scatter mpg weight, by(foreign,total col(1))

//将绘制的图形的留白放在左下方

scatter mpg weight, by(foreign,total holes(3))

//将绘制的图形添加一个全国标题"My title"

scatter mpg weight, by(foreign,total title("My Title"))

//将绘制的图形中每个小图的标题去掉

scatter mpg weight, subtitle(" ") by(foreign, total title("my title"))

//将绘制图形的每个小图的标题位置更改

scatter mpg weight, subtitle(,ring(0) pos(10) nobexpand) by (foreign, title ("my title"))

//如果foreign变量没有标签，怎么办？

label drop origin

scatter mpg weight, by(foreign,total title("My Title"))

label define origin_v 0 "国产" 1 "进口"

label values foreign origin_v

scatter mpg weight, by(foreign,title ("My Title"))

twoway (scatter mpg weight if foreign==0) /*

*/(scatter mpg weight if foreign==1, msymbol(x)), /*

*/legend(order(1 "国产" 2 "进口"))

/* 如何将by和legend共同使用 */

sysuse auto,clear

//绘制散点和线性拟合复合图形，根据foreign分组，添加一个总体图

scatter mpg weight || lfit mpg weight ///

, by(foreign, row(1))

//将图例变为1列显示，放置4点钟方向

scatter mpg weight || lfit mpg weight ||, /*

*/legend(cols(1)) by (foreign, total legend(pos(4)))

//将图例放在2x2 的留白处

scatter mpg weight || lfit mpg weight ||,

*/ legend(rows(1)) by (foreign, total legend(at(4) pos(0)))

/* 轴线选择选项 axis_choice_options */

help axis_choice_options

//example

sysuse auto,clear

//绘制mpg, price and weight 散点图，要求两个y轴变量公用一个y轴

scatter mpg price weight

twoway(scatter mpg weight)(scatter price weight)

//绘制散点图，并使用两个y轴

twoway(scatter mpg weight)(scatter price weight, yaxis(2))

//每一个坐标轴添加刻度和标识，x轴大约10个刻度，左边的y轴大约8个刻度，右边的y轴

twoway (scatter mpg weight)(scatter price weight,yaxis(2)), /*

*/xlabel(1000(500)5000) ytick(#10,axis(2)) ylabel(#8,axis(1))

twoway (scatter mpg weight)(scatter price weight, yaxis(2)), /*

*/xlabel(1000(500)5000) ytick(#10,axis(2)) ///

ylabel(10 18 20(5)50, axis(1))

twoway (scatter mpg weight)(scatter price weight, yaxis(2)), /*

*/xlabel(1500(500)5000) ylabel(#10,axis(2)) ///

ylabel(10(5)50, angle(0) axis(1)) //angle用于调刻度的倾斜角度

//面积图

help graph twoway

help area

sysuse gnp96, clear

graph twoway area d.gnp96 date //d.gnp96代表对gnp96进行一阶差分后的值

gen dev_gnp=gnp96-l.gnp96

twoway(line gnp96 date)(area d.gnp96 date, yaxis(2))

twoway(line gnp96 date)(area dev_gnp date, yaxis(2))

twoway(line gnp96 date)(line dev_gnp date, lpattern(dot))

//

sysuse gnp96, clear

#delimit;

twoway area d.gnp96 date, xlabel(#20,angle(90))

ylabel(-100(50)200,angle(0))

ytitle("Billions of 1996 Dollars")

xtitle("")

subtitle("Change in US CNP",pos(11))

note("Source:US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economocis")

;

#delimit cr

//分布图，直方图 graph histogram 和k密度图 graph twoway

help graph twoway

sysuse lifeexp, clear

twoway histogram le

twoway hist le, bin(10) //直方图"柱子"的个数

twoway hist le, width(5) //柱子的宽度

twoway hist le, gap(10) //柱子与柱子之间的间隙宽度

twoway hist le, horizontal //水平直方图

//条状图

help graph bar

help graph hbar //bar是垂直条状图,hbar是水平条状图

sysuse citytemp, clear

graph bar (mean) tempjuly tempjan //tempjuly tempjan均值

graph bar tempjuly tempjan, over(region) //根据地区的不同画tempjuly tempjan的均值（其默认值就是均值，所以不用加mean）

graph bar tempjuly tempjan, over(region) bargap(-30) //同一个region条与条之间距离为-30，即有所重叠

graph bar tempjuly tempjan, over(region) stack //将条堆叠起来

graph bar tempjuly tempjan, over(division) over(region) //先根据region分成四类，再根据division变量进一步划分

graph bar tempjuly tempjan, over(region,gap(10)) //region与region的条之间的距离

graph bar tempjuly tempjan, over(region,descending) //region的排列顺序是从大到小(数据中west对应4,south对应3,以此类推)

graph bar tempjuly tempjan, by(region) //分不同的region画四个图

//箱图

/* 图形保存选项 */

sysuse auto, clear

scatter mpg price weight

graph save fig1, replace //保存的图片可以继续进行编辑

//读取已存储图形

graph use fig1

//导出并存储为其他格式

graph export fig1.png, replace //导出图片时要保证该图片的窗口是打开的

//电子地图

findit spmap

help spmap

//

clear //首先要先清零数据再进行转码

unicode encoding set gb18030

unicode translate "china_label.dta"

use china_label, clear //translate乱码

//default example

use china_label,clear

gen x = uniform() //产生随机数,以此产生随机深浅

format x %9.3g

spmap x using "china_map.dta", ///

id(id) label(label(ename) xcoord(x_coord) ycoord(y_coord) size(*.66))

//example

use china_label.dta, clear

gen x = uniform()

spmap x using "china_map.dta",id(id) title("中国地图", size(*0.8)) ///

label(label(ename) xcoord(x_coord) ycoord(y_coord) size(*.8)) ///

plotregion(icolor(stone)) ///

graphregion(icolor(stone)) fc(Greens) clnumber(8) //clnumber表示8种不同深浅的绿色

oc(white ..) osize(medthin ..)

//example1

use china_label.dta, clear

tab name

replace name=subinstr(name,"省","", .)

replace name=subinstr(name,"市","", .)

replace name=subinstr(name,"回族自治区","", .)

replace name=subinstr(name,"壮族自治区","", .)

replace name=subinstr(name,"特别行政区","", .)

replace name=subinstr(name,"自治区","", .)

replace name=subinstr(name,"维吾尔","", .)

tab name

foreach x of numlist 1/5{

gen num`x"=uniform()

}

format x %9.3g

//ssc install spmap

foreach x of numlist 1/5{

spmap `x" using "china_map.dta",id(id) title("中国地图", size(*0.8)) ///

label(label(ename) xcoord(x_coord) ycoord(y_coord) size(*.8)) ///

plotregion(icolor(stone)) ///

graphregion(icolor(stone)) ///

fc(Greens) clnumber(8) oc(white ..) osize(medthin ..)

graph export "china0`x".png", replace

}