alternative names是什么意思

缺乏在收购前阶段对关键成功变量内部关系的研究，在M&A文献中是一个很大的缺口。对于上面所列出的每个关键成功变量，它可以说，洞察力可以从依次系统的比较和对比每个变量中得知。速度最快啊 求分 呵呵

Interpersonal is need integrity, mutual understanding, self-effacing, polite. But not always scold and nagging.

手机刷新了人与人的关系. The mobile phones have renewed interrelationship among people. The cell-phone has already renovate people"s interrelationship. 供参

问题一：联系用英语怎么说 单词 connect contact touch get reach connection correlation interconnection interdependence interrelationship link linkage relationship tie tie-in hookup 词组 catch up with get hold of get in touch with get through to get to 问题二：联系某人用英语怎么说？ Contact *** .!!!!!!!!!! 问题三：怎么联系你用英语怎么说? How can I 1)get hold of y叮u? 2)keep in touch with you? 3)contact you? how can I 问题四：你怎样和他联系？用英语怎么说 引子 如何有效备战四级听力?如何在短时间内大幅提高自身水平?随着6月份的四级考试的临近，越来越多的考生面临着这样的一个尴尬局面：有时间的时候，忽视了日积月累的复习;而意识到复习的重要性的时候，时间又非常紧迫了。古人云，“不战而屈人之兵”，意思就是在打仗之前，就已经通过各种各样的非战争因素赢得了战争，胜败已见分晓。同样的，我们四级的考生也一定要赢在起跑线上：建立起正确的迎考态度，按照正确的复习方法和节奏，有条不紊地进行系统的复习工作。 心理准备 首先我们必须明确：冰冻三尺，非一日之寒;英语学习是一个长期积累的过程，短期的突击无异于舍本逐末、杯水车薪。然而，这并不意味着我们不能够通过掌握考试规律来调整我们的临考状态、提高我们的应考能力。本文目的就是与广大考生共同分享如何利用应试规律、最大限度地发挥同学们的四级听力水平的。当然，我们还是需要反复强调：英语水平是不可能在短时间内有实质性飞跃的，尽管，考生的应试水平可以通过科学的方法有效地提高。 想要在四级考场中最大程度发挥潜能、取得完胜，考生首先要在心理上取得优势。不仅是对于初次考级的新考生，对于老考生来说，四级的成败很大程度上取决于心理因素。心理上，我们必须戒骄戒躁，排除任何杂念，越是临近考试，就越是要冷静执着，坚韧不拔。考生的心中只需要有一个信念：两个月，我只要两个月复习四级就绰绰有余了，我一定能够毕其功于一役! 同时，我们必须有这样的心理准备：随着四、六级考试改革的深入，会有更多，更新，更难的题目，包括听力题目和题型出现。有了这样的思想准备，一旦出现某种没有预料到的题型，或者是某些罕见的知识点，就反而迎合了我们打硬仗的心理准备。我们就能够真正地在战略上轻视四级考试，在战术上重视四级考试。表现出我不入地狱、谁入地狱的气概。 当然，我们花了大量的时间和精力来复习英语、准备考试肯定不是为收集准考证而来的。所以，一旦在考场中出现一些意想不到的意外情况，我们能够、也必须有处惊不变的能力，及时调整考试心态、从容不迫地应答。须知，四级考试是标准化考试，对于每个考生而言，都是公平的。事实上，历史经验证明：题目要求越是高，难度越是大，考生的发挥余地也就越大。挑战和机遇是正相关的。 实战准备 毫无疑问，一个考生的应试水平，其实，也是基于一定的英语基础之上的。所谓弱不受补，任何的技巧和方法都或多或少地需要对于英语有比较基本而扎实的掌握。所以，想要尽快提高自己的应试水平，首先就是要尽快提高自己的英语水平。当然，既然考生的目标非常明确、而且只有一个：四级，那么就应该把有限的时间和精力投入到无限的为四级而准备的工作中去。虽然，同样是测试一个考生的英语语言运用能力，但是国外有雅思考试、托福考试，国内有专业四、八级，大学四、六级等等，她们的考试目的，手段，和评价体系都不尽相同。由此可见，复习四级的最好方法，不过六个字：真题!真题!!真题!!!可以说，真题的重要性在任何考试中都到了无可复加的地步。只有真题才能够体现出考试的所有特点，四级考试当然也不例外。达成了这个共识，我们就需要解决另外一个问题：如何有效地利用有限的真题。 问题五：和...有关联 有联系 用英语怎么说? be connected with have associated with 采纳哦 问题六：在英语信件中“联系方式”用英语怎么说 10分 【汉语】联系方式 【英语】contact information 【音标】 英语读音【?k?nt?kt ??nf??mei??n】 美语读音【?kn?t?kt ??nf??me?鸡01;n】 【例句】 For further information contact the number below. 如需更多信息，请拨打下面的电话。 问题七：联系人，用英语怎么说 你好！ 联系人 linkman 英[?l??km?n] n. （电台电视台讨论节目等的）节目主持人，联系人，（足球）前卫; [例句]Download link exchange manager LinkMan and install it according to instructions provided. 下载链接交换经理联系人和安装它根据提供的指示。 问题八：“你和谁联系的？”用英语怎么说？ 这个哗问的关键在于时间点！ 当 A 向 B 问出这样的问题时，我们虽然无法确定 B 有没有和什么人联系过，可以确定的是，有没有联系，和谁联系时间上都绝对发生在A 问 B 这句话之前。 一旦能理解到这，剩下的就简单啦。说法可以有很多种，意思都一样： 1. Who have you contacted with? 2. Who did you contact? 3. Who was your contact? 4. Who did you get in touch with? 希望能给您的学习带来一些帮助。 问题九：对外联络英语怎么翻译 外联 OUTREACH 大学除了众所周知的教学和科研产品以外，大部分此类学校还生产公共服务和拓展外 联(Outreach)等领域的产品(Verry and ... engine.cqvip 外联处 exter耽or munication division 中心实验室central laboratory 外联处exterior munication division. 问题十：外事联络部用英语怎么说 Foreign Liaison Department

根本原因分析(Root Cause Analysis，RCA)是一种产品质量管理工具，但现在不仅仅用于对产品质量的管理，在很多领域对问题原因进行分析时都用到该工具。RCA 可以简单地定义为：使用结构化的过程和方法，识别问题产生的根本原因并制定相应的解决方案，使问题不再发生。根本原因(Root Cause)是指导致问题发生的最基本原因，与直接原因和表面原因不同的是，根本原因可防止问题的再次发生，一般一个根本原因与一组或一类问题相关，而不是仅仅局限于某个问题。RCA 在分析时采用一些特定的方法和工具：常用的方法有鱼骨图、关系图(InterrelationshipDiagram)、当前现实树(Current Reality Tree)等，本节在后面的内容中主要介绍鱼骨图法如何分析系统缺陷。1953 年，日本管理大师石川馨先生提出一种把握结果(特性)与原因(影响特性的要因)的极方便而有效的方法，故名“石川图”。因其形状很像鱼骨，是一种发现问题“根本原因”的方法，是一种透过现象看本质的分析方法，也称为“鱼骨图”(Cause & Effect/Fishbone Diagram)或者“鱼刺图”。

The Basic Concept of the Theory of Yin-Yang 　　阴阳学说是中国古代的一种宇宙观和方法论，具有对立统一的内涵。阴阳是对自然界相互关联的某些事物或现象对立双方的概括。阴阳既可以代表两种相互对立的事物或势力，也可以代表同一事物内部所存在的相互对立的两个方面。 　　The theory of yin-yang is a perspective and methodology originated in ancient China with the unity of opposites being its central premise. Yin-Yang is the generalization of the two opposite aspects of things or phenomena which are interrelated in the natural worlds. Yin and yang represent not only the two inter-opposite things or forces, but also the two inter-opposite aspects existing within one object. 　　用阴阳来概括某些事物或现象的对立统一关系必须具备两个条件：对立事物或现象具有相关性和阴阳属性的规定性。 　　Two requirements must be met when we describe the unity of opposites in terms of yin-yang: relativity, the interrelationship between the opposites, and property stipulation, the rules defining the properties of Yin-Yang. 　　相关性是指这些事物或现象必须是属于同一统一体中的相互关联的事物或现象，而不是毫不相干的。如水与火乃是自然界中物质存在的不同状态和现象，两者是相互关联而又相互对立的。水性寒而下走，火性热而上炎，故水属阴，火属阳。实际上，阴阳学说中的阴阳，仅是抽象的属性概念，而非指互不相关的具体事物。 　　Relativity refers to the fact that things or phenomena must belong to the same unity and be interrelated with each other. For example, water and fire are different states and phenomena of material existence in the nature. They are interrelated and inter-opposed. Water is cold in nature and flows downward while fire is hot and flames upward. So water pertains to yin and fire to yang. In fact, yin and yang in the theory are just an abstract conception of properties. They are not the actually uninterrelated objects themselves. 　　阴阳属性的规定性是指阴或阳不仅能概括事物或现象对立统一的两个方面，而且还代表着这两个方面的一定属性。也就是说，自然界相互关联的事物或现象对立的两个方面，本身就具有截然相反的两种属性。阳代表积极、进取、刚强等特性和具有这些特性的事物或现象；阴代表消极、退守、柔弱等特性和具有这些特性的事物和现象。而事物或现象相互对立的两个方面的阴阳属性是相对而言的，是由事物或现象的性质、位置、趋势等因素所决定的。 　　The property stipulation means that yin or yang are used to both describe the two opposite aspects in the same unity and represent the certain properties of the two opposing aspects. It means the two naturally interrelated opposite aspects of an object or phenomenon have different properties of their own: yang equal to that of activeness, progressiveness, and firmness and things or phenomena of these properties , and yin that of inactiveness, decline, and softness and things or phenomena of these properties. But the properties of yin and yang possessed by two opposing two aspects should not be defined arbitrarily or inverted randomly because of the properties" relativity. They are determined by such factors as their nature, position, or tendencies. 　　阴阳学说认为，自然界中的一切事物都存在着相互对立的阴阳两个方面，这两个方面的运动变化乃是一切事物构成和发展变化的根本原因。阴阳的对立统一乃是物质世界运动变化的总纲。中医学认为阴阳是自然界的根本规律，是事物生长、发展、变化、衰亡的根源。 　　According to the theory of yin-yang, everything in the natural world is made up of two opposing aspects - yin and yang, and the constant changes of their relations are the root cause of the formation and development of the world. Unity of opposites is the general principles of the development of the material world. TCM holds that yin-yang is both the fundamental law in the natural world and the origin of growth, development, change, and decline. 　　下表是对阴阳理论事物属性的一个简单概括。 　　The table below is a brief summary of the theory of yin-yang 　　事物/现象 things/phenomena 　　阴阳属性分类 Category of Properties of Yin and Yang 　　阴Yin 　　阳Yang 　　空间Space 　　上、外Up and outside 　　下、内Down and inside 　　时间Time 　　昼Day 　　夜Night 　　季节Season 　　春、夏Spring and summer 　　秋、冬Autumn and winter 　　温度Temperature 　　温、热Warm and hot 　　凉、寒Cool and cold 　　湿度Humidity 　　干燥Dry 　　湿润Moist 　　重量Weight 　　轻Light 　　重Heavy 　　亮度Brightness 　　明亮Bright 　　晦暗Dim 　　运动状态　　State of movement 　　上升、动、兴奋、亢进　　Ascending motion, excited or hyperactive 　　下降、静、抑制、衰退　　Descending motion, quiescence , inhibition, decline

As a college student in science ,it is necessary or even a instinct to have a strict attitude of study and working .At the same time ,the colourful social activiies and proper governing position give me the favorable relationship and the abilities of harnonizing and do things carefulness, patient and responsible.

流体力学：流体力学，是研究流体(液体和气体)的力学运动规律及其应用的学科。主要研究在各种力的作用下，流体本身的状态，以及流体和固体壁面、流体和流体间、流体与其他运动形态之间的相互作用的力学分支。流体力学是力学的一个重要分支，它主要研究流体本身的静止状态和运动状态，以及流体和固体界壁间有相对运动时的相互作用和流动的规律。在生活、环保、科学技术及工程中具有重要的应用价值 Fluid mechanics, is the study fluid (liquid and gas) mechanical motion and applications of discipline.The main research in all kinds of force, under the action of the state, and fluid itself fluid and solid wall, fluid and fluid, fluid and other movement between the forms of interaction between the mechanical branch. Fluid mechanics is an important branch of mechanics, it mainly studies fluid itself state of rest and exercise state, and fluid and solid boundary wall when there is relative motion between the interaction and flow rule. In the life, environmental protection, science and technology and engineering has important application value. 工程热力学：全书分为四个部分：热力学基本概念和基本定律、工质的热力性质、热力过程及热力循环、化学热力学基础和能量直接转换及可再生能源。本书注重基本理论的阐述，注重理论与工程实践的联系，注重结合课程内容对学生进行热力学分析方法和思维能力的训练。本书各章附有例题、思考题和习题。附录有较详细的热工图表。此外，各章附有知识结构框图，便于学生掌握各章知识要点 及其相互联系。Encyclopedia is divided into four parts: thermodynamic basic concept and basic principle, thermal properties of propellant and thermodynamic process and thermodynamic cycle, chemical thermodynamics basis and energy directly convert and renewable energy.The book describes the basic theory, pays attention to combine theory with engineering practice, pay attention to the contact combining curriculum content undertake to the student thermodynamic analysis method and thinking ability training.Book chapters and problem sets with examples, graded.A detailed appendices thermal charts.In addition, chapters, with the knowledge structure diagram for students to master the knowledge points engineering thermodynamics books project involued transmissionAnd interrelationship.传热学：传热学是研究热量传递规律的科学。是机械工程及自动化各专业方向的一门技术基础课。在机件的冷、热加工过程中包含有大量复杂的热传递过程，对于机械设计及理论学科的研究生所从事科研课题大多数都与传热学有关，因此将传热学作为研究生入学考试可是非常必要的。Heat transfer heat transfer law is the scientific research.Is the mechanical engineering and automation each professional direction of the course a skill.In the parts of cold, a hot-working process contains a lot of the complex heat transfer process, for mechanical design and theory subject in the graduate student research projects with heat transfer most relevant, so will heat transfer as a postgraduate entrance examination is very necessary.

1。他吹嘘他已经使2多少钱非常。孩子们应该encouragedto他追求自己的利益,以及做他们的学校工作3。我们需要提高publicawareness环境保护4。 演讲的目的就是吸引注意力的问题。环境保护5新规定显然specifiesthat员工不能得到现金本身6。我们不遗余力的抵抗,但是我们失败了7。奖一块玻璃被embeddedin左手8。 她收到了一个小legacyfrom她阿姨9。他们出价竞购家里10。学校已经进化了的ownstyle教学11。参考书可能不被迁出从图书馆12。警察正在调查一系列的攻击区13。政府应该做理会促进可持续农业14。化学几乎totallyineffective在杀死杂草15。 热带雨林arepartly损坏16。 他来到一间相互关系的deeperunderstanding失业、犯罪、andimprisonment.17。 双方都试图找到apeaceful溶液18。 警察的责任是维护和平19。警方相信sameman负责三个其他的谋杀案面积20。你可以做饼干youpromise不要如果乱糟糟的厨房21。有几个thousandspecies的树木在这里22。 未来的和平talksis在怀疑。

1,-age为抽象名词后缀,表示行为,状态和全体总称 percentage百分数,百分率,voltage电压,伏特数,lavage灌洗,洗,出法,gavage管词法,curettage刮除法,shortage不足,缺少. 2,-cy表示抽象名词 accuracy 准确,精确度,infancy婴儿期. 3,-ence、-ance表示性质和动作 difference不同,interference干扰,干预,influence影响,感化,occurrence发出,出现,violence激烈,暴力,existence存在,significance意义,意味. 4,-ency、-ancy抽象名词后缀 difficiency不足,不全,tendency趋势,趋向,frequency频率,pregnancy妊娠,emergency紧急,急救,fluency流利,流畅,sufficiency足够,充足,constancy坚定,经久不变. 5,-er表示…人、…者 diameter直径,receiver接收者,接受者,carrier 携带者,beginner初学者,创始人,reader读者,shutter 快门,goiter甲状腺肿. 6,-ics 表示…科学 psdiatrics儿科学,psychiatrics精神病学,obstetrics产科学,orthopdics矫形科学,auristrics耳科学,gnathostomatics口腔生理学,andriatrics男性医学,男性科. 7,-ian表示人称名词 physician医师,内科医师,technician技术员 8,-ication 由动词变化而来的抽象名词,常译为…化 simpliffcation 简化,calcification钙化,classification分类,分级,communication交流,交往. 9,-ing由动词变化而来的动名词 nursing护理,typing分型,分类,mapping绘制…图,bleeding出血,vomiting呕吐,softening变软,functioning使器官活动,使器官有功能,positioning 把…放在适当的位置,mathching和…相配,imaging成像. 10,-ion 由动词构成的名词 occasion偶然原因,近因,时机,division分割,分开,vision视力,视觉,distortion扭曲,变形. 11,-ism表示制度,主义及现象等的抽象名词 mehanism机理,机制,autism孤独性. 12,-ist表示人称名词 specialist专家,internist内科医生,padiatrist儿科学家,biololgist生物学家,economist经济学家,chemist化学家,obstetrist产科学家,产科医师. 13,-ization由动词构成的抽象名词 recanalization再管化,再通化,chatheterization插管,immunization免疫法,预防接种,organization组织,机构,机化,hospitalization住院,normalization正常化,ketonization酮化作用. 14,-logy表示学科 morphology形态学,histology组织学,neurology神经学,embryology胚胎学,radiology放射学,laryngorhinology喉鼻科学,proctology直肠学,hexiology个体,生态学. 15,-ment表示动作,行为或具体事物 measurement 测量,量度,experiment实验,instrument 仪器,器械,integument体被,皮肤,segment节段,fragment片段,断片,碎片,replacement替代,置换,increment增长,增殖,development发育,显影,movement动作,活动,ligment韧带,equipment器材,装置,设备,improvement改善. 16,-ness加在形容词后构成抽象名词 tenderness触痛,hardness坚硬,thickness厚度,effectiveness有效,usefulness有用的,coldness寒冷,dampness潮湿,darkness 黑暗,shallowness浅,permanentness永久,brightness明亮. 17,-or表示…人,…物 inhibitor抑制物,doctor医生,monitor监视器,donor给血者,供体,director主任,factor因素,operator操作者,手术者. 18,-ry表示集合名词 laboratory实验室,chemistry化学. 19,-ship表示状态 relationship关系,联系,interrelationship 相互关系,相互联系. 20,-th由形容词构成名词 length长度,width宽度,depth深度,truth真理. 21,-ty表示性质 rigidity强直,僵硬,speciality特征,专业,responsibility责任,责任心,capacity容量,智能,能力,mortality死亡率,morbidity发病率,nocturnality夜间,safty 安全性,conductivty传导性,permeability渗透性,property性质,plenty丰富,unity整体,统一性,obesity肥胖,similarity类似,相似. 22,-ure表示行为结果 failure衰竭,pressure 压力,curvature弯曲,fissure裂隙,裂,puncture穿刺,rupture破裂,structure结构,seizure发作,nomenclature名称,术语.

在目前浩浩荡荡的托福大军中，大家都在纠结着一个问题：做托福阅读 文章 时，要不要先把文章整体读一遍?就这个问题而言，我们的“托儿”们不得不被倚天剑劈成两大帮派：读与不读。下面将会为大家解释为什么要在做托福阅读题目之前要先将文章整体阅读一遍。 托福阅读做题要先整体的读一遍 一、托福阅读考试界面的设置 参加过考试的或是用模考软件做过练习的“托儿”们都清晰的记得：当一篇托福阅读文章问题出现的之前，一定是先以整篇文章的形式出现的，左边并没有显示题目，只有将文章右边的滚动轴拉至最低端，界面才会自动转换为我们做题的界面，即左边是问题，右边是对应的文章。 那么，我们就分析一下为什么ETS有这样的设置?ETS有什么样的意图?ETS想让考生怎么做?这样的设置显而易见ETS是希望考生们可以在做题前将文章大致整体看一遍。就ETS出题的严谨性和科学性而言，这样的设置毋庸置疑是帮助考生提高其做题的速度和正确率的。 我们已经分析完出题人的意图，那么接下来就是要解答界面设置导致的整体阅读有哪些好处，如何帮助考生们答题，如何提高做题速度和正确率的。 二、整体阅读托福阅读文章对summary questions的帮助 对于托福阅读速度不高，英语水平中等或中等以下的“托儿”们普遍反映的一个问题就是：没有时间做最后的summary questions，或是做summary questions的时候不知道到哪里找答案或是正确率低。 我们先来分析一下summary questions，大家都知道这个题型出现在阅读文章的最后一道题，而且是对全文观点的 总结 。那么，既然是对于全篇文章观点的总结，那么它考察的内容是文章的分论点，即一段或是几段的主要内容。 如果是时间不够，考生要直接选，很容易选错，为什么?因为前面的12道题考察的基本上是文章的细节内容。我们都知道细节信息是summary questions的禁忌;所以，凭做题印象直接解题，那么就受前面解题思路的影响，很容易被误导。但如果这时你在做题之前对整篇文章有了一个整体的阅读，并在演草纸上做了大致的笔记，那么summary questions就可以轻而易举的攻破，为什么?怎么做? 首先，整体阅读不是逐字逐句，是scan文章，了解文章框架。 其次，在演草纸上简单快速的写下文章的主论点，若干个分论点(一段或是几段的主要内容)，即大纲。(没必要是完整的 句子 ，可以参照听力记笔记的 方法 ，符合，中英文结合的方法。) 这样，整体阅读的步骤结束后，在演草纸上就能出来一片文章的框架，并且这个框架大纲可以在最短时间能基本解决summary questions中80%。而且可以帮助考生轻松排除summary questions中的错误选项。 综上所述，做题前整体阅读托福阅读文章是极其必要的，希望这篇文章对大家解决托福阅读考试的问题上有所帮助。 托福阅读答题的时候可以看文章吗? 一些没参加过托福考试的同学可能不了解阅读考试的实际流程，比如，托福阅读答题的时候可以看文章吗? 托福阅读考试，大约3-4篇文章，每篇文章长度大约为700词，每篇文章包含10个问题。托福阅读考试过程中你可以返回上一题查看并修改答案。考试的界面上，文章在左边，题目在右边，所以解答过程中都可以查看文章。 托福阅读真题1 It is estimated that over 99 percent of all species that ever existed have become extinct. What causes extinction? When a species is no longer adapted to a changed environment, it may perish. The exact causes of a species" death vary from situation to situation. Rapid ecological change may render an environment hostile to a species. For example, temperatures may change and a species may not be able to adapt. Food resources may be affected by environmental changes, which will then cause problems for a species requiring these resources. Other species may become better adapted to an environment, resulting in competition and, ultimately, in the death of a species. The fossil record reveals that extinction has occurred throughout the history of Earth. Recent analyses have also revealed that on some occasions many species became extinct at the same time — a mass extinction. One of the best-known examples of mass extinction occurred 65 million years ago with the demise of dinosaurs and many other forms of life. Perhaps the largest mass extinction was the one that occurred 225 million years ago, when approximately 95 percent of all species died, mass extinctions can be caused by a relatively rapid change in the environment and can be worsened by the close interrelationship of many species. If, for example, something were to happen to destroy much of the plankton in the oceans, then the oxygen content of Earth would drop, affection even organisms not living in the oceans. Such a change would probably lead to a mass extinction. One interesting, and controversial, finding is that extinctions during the past 250 million years have tended to be more intense every 26 million years. This periodic extinction might be due to intersection of the Earth"s orbit with a cloud of comets, but this theory is purely speculative. Some researchers have also speculated that extinction may often be random. That is, certain species may be eliminated and others may survive for no particular reason. A species" survival may have nothing to do with its ability or inability to adapt. If so, some of evolutionary history may reflect a sequence of essentially random events. 1. The word it in line 3 refers to (A) environment (B) species (C) extinction (D) 99 percent 2. The word ultimately in line 8 is closest in meaning to (A) exceptionally (B) dramatically (C) eventually (D) unfortunately 3. What does the author say in paragraph 1 regarding most species in Earth"s history (A) They have remained basically unchanged from their original forms. (B) They have been able to adapt to ecological changes. (C) They have caused rapid change in the environment. (D) They are no longer in existence. 4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as resulting from rapid ecological change? (A) Temperature changes (B) Availability of food resources (C) Introduction of new species (D) Competition among species 5. The word demise in line 12 is closest in meaning to (A) change (B) recovery (C) help (D) death 6. Why is plankton mentioned in line 17? (A) To demonstrate the interdependence of different species. (B) To emphasize the importance of food resources in preventing mass extinction. (C) To illustrate a comparison between organisms that live on the land and those that live in the ocean. (D) To point out that certain species could never become extinct. 7. According to paragraph 2, evidence from fossils suggests that (A) Extinction of species has occurred from time to time throughout Earth"s history. (B) Extinctions on Earth have generally been massive (C) There has been only one mass extinction in Earth"s history. (D) Dinosaurs became extinct much earlier than scientists originally believed. 8. The word finding in line 20 is closest in meaning to (A) published information (B) research method (C) ongoing experiment (D) scientific discovery 9. Which of the following can be inferred about the theory mentioned in Line 21-23? (A) Many scientists could be expected to disagree with it. (B) Evidence to support the theory has recently been found. (C) The theory is no longer seriously considered. (D) Most scientists believe the theory to be accurate. 10. In paragraph 3, the author makes which of the following statements about a species" survival? (A) It reflects the interrelationship of many species. (B) It may depend on chance events. (C) It does not vary greatly from species to species (D) It is associated with astronomical conditions. 11. According to the passage , it is believed that the largest extinction of a species occurred (A) 26 million years ago (B) 65 million years ago (C) 225 million years ago (D) 250 million years ago PASSAGE 77 BCDCD AADAB C 托福阅读真题2 Archaeological discoveries have led some scholars to believe that the first Mesopotamian inventors of writing may have been a people the later Babylonians called Subarians. According to tradition, they came from the north and moved into Uruk in the south. By about 3100 B.C., they were apparently subjugated in southern Mesopotamia by the Sumerians, whose name became synonymous with the region immediately north of the Persian Gulf, in the fertile lower valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates. Here the Sumerians were already well established by the year 3000 B.C. They had invented bronze, an alloy that could be cast in molds, out of which they made tools and weapons. They lived in cities, and they had begun to acquire and use capital. Perhaps most important, the Sumerians adapted writing (probably from the Subarians) into a flexible tool of communication. Archaeologists have known about the Sumerians for over 150 years. Archaeologists working at Nineveh in northern Mesopotamia in the mid-nineteenth century found many inscribed clay tablets. Some they could decipher because the language was a Semitic one (Akkadian), on which scholars had already been working for a generation. But other tablets were inscribed in another language that was not Semitic and previously unknown. Because these inscriptions made reference to the king of Sumer and Akkad, a scholar suggested that the new language be called Sumerian. But it was not until the 1890"s that archaeologists excavating in city-states well to the south of Nineveh found many thousands of tablets inscribed in Sumerian only. Because the Akkadians thought of Sumerian as a classical language (as ancient Greek and Latin are considered today), they taught it to educated persons and they inscribed vocabulary, translation exercises, and other study aids on tablets. Working from known Akkadian to previously unknown Sumerian, scholars since the 1890"s have learned how to read the Sumerian language moderately well. Vast quantities of tablets in Sumerian have been unearthed during the intervening years from numerous sites. 1. According to the passage , the inventors of written language in Mesopotamia were probably the (A) Babylonians (B) Subarians (C) Akkadians (D) Sumerians 2. The word subjugated in line 4 is closest in meaning to (A) distinguished (B) segregated (C) concentrated (D) conquered 3. The phrase synonymous with in line 5 is closest in meaning to (A) equivalent to (B) important for (C) respected in (D) familiar with 4. According to the passage , by the year 3000 B.C. the Sumerians had already done all of the following EXCEPT: (A) They had abandoned the area north of the Persian Gulf. (B) They had established themselves in cities. (C) They had started to communicate through (D) They had created bronze tools and weapons. 5. The word some in line 14 refers to (A) Archaeologists (B) Sumerians (C) years (D) clay tablets 6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage concerning the Sumerians? (A) They were descendants of the Persians. (B) They were the first people to cultivate the valley of the Tigris. (C) They were accomplished musicians. (D) They had the beginnings of an economy. 7. According to the passage , when did archaeologists begin to be able to understand tablets inscribed in Sumerian? (A) in the early nineteenth century (B) more than 150 years ago (C) after the 1890"s (D) in the mid-eighteenth century 8. According to the passage , in what way did the Sumerian language resemble ancient Greek and Latin? (A) It was invented in Mesopotamia. (B) It became well established around 3000 B.C. (C) It became a classical language. (D) It was used exclusively for business transactions. 9. The word excavating in line 19 is closest in meaning to (A) living (B) digging (C) assembling (D) building 10. According to the passage , how did archaeologists learn to read the Sumerian language? (A) by translating the work of the Subarians (B) by using their knowledge of spoken Semitic languages (C) by comparing Sumerian to other classical languages (D) by using their knowledge of Akkadian PASSAGE 78 BDAAD DCCBD

第一个句子，你可以看做两个层次。第一个层次，解释literary object，第二个层次，非限定性定于从句，修饰限定e-reader。这里我可以确定是修饰e-reader，是不是因为就近原则，不很确定。冒号之后的部分，when部分修饰present，冒号后的部分，是对整个趋势的总结，可以看成修饰前边所有。

英语一共有 289 个ip 结尾的单词：accountantshipacquaintanceshipairmanshipairshipairstripambassadorshipamidshipanticensorshipantishipantislipapostleshipapprenticeshiparhatshipartisanshipassistantshipassociateshipathwartshipatripattorneyshipauthorshipbailiffshipbattleshipbiochipbipartisanshipblipbrinkmanshipbrinksmanshipbullwhipcadetshipcantraipcantripcaptainshipcardinalshipcatnipcensorshipchairmanshipchampionshipchancellorshipchiefshipchieftainshipchipchumshipchurchmanshipcitizenshipclerkshipclipcoauthorshipcolleagueshipcollectorshipcommandershipcommissionershipcompanionshipcomptrollershipcomradeshipconnoisseurshipconservatorshipconsulshipconsultantshipconsumershipcontainershipcontrollershipcopartnershipcoproprietorshipcosponsorshipcouncillorshipcounselorshipcourtshipcousinshipcoverslipcowslipcraftsmanshipcuratorshipcustodianshipdealershipdeanshipdictatorshipdipdirectorshipdiscipleshipdistributorshipdoctorshipdogeshipdraftsmanshipdripduennashipearlshipeditorshipeldershipemperorshipentrepreneurshipequipexecutorshipexternshipfactorshipfellowshipfieldstripfillipfilmstripfingertipflagshipflipfollowershipforemanshipfriendshipgamesmanshipgeneralshipgenipgipgodshipgossipgovernorshipgrantsmanshipgripguardianshipguildshipgunshipgurushiphandcraftsmanshiphandgriphardshipharelipheadmastershipheadshipheirshiphelmsmanshiphiphorsemanshiphorsewhipinclipinspectorshipinstructorshipinternshipinterrelationshipjudgeshipkingshipkinshipkipladyshiplandownershiplandskiplandsliplaureateshipleadershiplectureshiplegateshiplegislatorshiplibrarianshiplifemanshiplightshipliplistenershiplongshiplordshipmanagershipmarksmanshipmarshalshipmastershipmateshipmediumshipmembershipmentorshipmessiahshipmicrochipmidshipmoderatorshipmonitorshipmusicianshipnipnonmembershipnonpartisanshipnonslipoarsmanshipombudsmanshipoutdoorsmanshipoutstripoverlordshipoverslipovertipownershipoxlippalshipparsnippartisanshippartnershippastorshippenmanshippippogonippostmastershippraetorshipprecentorshippreceptorshippremiershippresidentshipprimateshipprinceshipprincipalshippriorshipproconsulshipproctorshipprofessorshipproprietorshipprotectorshipqueenshipquipreadershipreceivershiprectorshipredipreequiprelationshipreshipridershipriprulershipsaintshipsalesmanshipscholarshipscripseamanshipsecretaryshipsenatorshipshipshowmanshipsideslipsipskipslipsnipsoldiershipsolicitorshipsonshipspaceshipspeakershipspectatorshipspokesmanshipsponsorshipsportsmanshipstadtholdershipstarshipstatesmanshipsteamshipstewardshipstoreshipstripstudentshipsuretyshipsurvivorshipswordsmanshiptankshipthaneshipthriptideriptiptownshiptraineeshiptranshiptransshiptreasurershiptribuneshiptriptroopshiptrusteeshiptulipturniptutorshiptwinshipultrahipunclipunderlipunhipunripunshipunzipupmanshipvicarshipviceroyshipviewershipviziershipwardenshipwardshipwarshipwatermanshipwhipwingtipworkmanshipworshipyipzip满意请及时采纳，谢我是加拿大人，前英语老师。

Insects of the mouthparts of different kinds of structure is different also, eating methods also change. Some insects with two long serrated teeth, teeth as higher animals. In front of a pair of minister of groove grinding, called grinding area, used to grind food; Front end with sharp teeth, called the hair area, to cut off their food; Behind a pair of can be divided into many sections, including the jaw part such as leaves and maxillary palp, used to assist. Teeth is above the upper lip, below is his lower lip. In between the lower lip and two pairs of teeth, there is a hairy but not very flexible, special tongue to taste. With the mouthparts of insects to eat, use lip to dig the food to the mouth is filled up, with his teeth, cut off, chew, foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses with her tongue to swallow into the belly. The mouth is chewed ?

With the rapidly development of society,modern people are supposed to be mindful of the inter-personal relation in order to boost productivity or come a long way in the future. However,there are no denying that the misunderstanding always exist among people,the barrier which people have no alternative but to remove.Initialy,we must learn the reason why the misunderstanding appear among people.Sometimes,the sense of hornor may cause the conflict because of the profit between the two people.Alao,the same words in different situations could create different meanings,which is one of the most significant sources in the interrelationship among persons. To keep away from the quarrel,one of the best ways is to be helpful and optimistic.Calming,to some extent,can be hard to overstate the importance of it.After all,the cornerstone of argument is the collision which may be avoided,if there one of the individual is kind or good at the inter-personal skills.

　随着生活水平提高，居住条件大大改善，许多人住进高楼新居，然而邻里之间的关系却不如以前，那种传统的“金邻居”的关系似乎不复存在。记得曾看到一幅漫画，说住在一幢大楼对门的两位邻居，有一天在家门口不期而遇。其中一位开金口问道；“我住在这里5年了，怎么以前没有见过你，你贵性？”另一位回答说：“我叫李华英，我三年前就搬来了，你怎么称呼？”这虽然是笑谈，但反映出现在的邻里关系确实有点冷漠。居住条件改善让人们安乐于自己的家，闭门不出，与邻居很少有接触，不闻门外事。这种现象确实令人不安。良好的邻里关系对于人际关系和谐和社会稳定甚为重要。人与人之间需要相互信任、相互理解、相互帮助。英文作文：邻里关系范文　 The picture is talking about a story about neighborhood relationship. Two ladies living in the oppositeliving here for five years, but I have never met you before. Could I ask your name please? The other replies,“I am Li Huaying. I moved here three years age. How should I call you?” It seems very ridiculous that the people living the opposite doors don"t know each other for such a long time. However, this kind of story is often heard in many places in the cities. With the raising of living standards, many people have moved into modern buildings. They tend to stay home enjoying the modern living within the closed-door houses. They seldom go out after they get home from work. They have little contact with their neighbors and don"t care for what is happening in the neighborhood. This phenomenon is really disturbing. The development of the society has enormously changed our lives in many aspects, but the relationship between people is not as close as before. Good relationship of neighbors is of great significance to the harmony between people and the steadiness of the society. People　need mutual trust, understanding and help all the time. Therefore, the relationship of “golden neighbors”　should be highly advocated. Something should be done to strengthen the interrelationship of the people. People living in the same neighborhood should be organized to have some social activities so that they can have a better understanding of each　other.　(262 words)

　　1月5日新一期的雅思考试已经顺利完成，相信大家对真题及其答案非常感兴趣，接下来就和的我一起看看2019年1月5日雅思阅读考试真题及答案。 　 　Passage 1 　　文章题材：说明文（自然科普） 　　文章题目：Reef Fish Study（关于岩礁鱼的研究） 　　文章难度：★★★ 　　文章内容： 　　介绍了reef fish的三个生命阶段，并且介绍了bigger means better的理论，以及该理论（体型越大越占优势）对于被捕食者和捕食者是否适用。 　　题型及数量：判断题4+填空题9 　　题目及答案： 　　1. FALSE 　　2. TRUE 　　3. NOT GIVEN 　　4. FALSE 　　5. mouth size 　　6. medium 　　7. artificial light 　　8. net 　　9. laboratory 　　10. new moon 　　11. fish body 　　12. open ocean 　　13. reef 　　14. mortality 　　可参考真题：C11T3P2：Great Migrations 　　 Passage 2 　　文章题材：说明文（商业科普） 　　文章题目：Corporate Social Responsibility（企业社会责任） 　　文章难度：★★★☆ 　　文章内容： 　　文章介绍了企业社会责任是如何帮助企业解决面临的各种问题，并且促进了企业和社会的相互依赖的关系。举例了三个公司（GE， Microsoft和Whole Food Market）如何在日常运营中提现中企业社会责任。 　　题型及数量：标题配对题7+段落填空题2+匹配题4 　　题目及答案： 　　14. v 　　15. viii 　　16. vi 　　17. vii 　　18. iii 　　19. i 　　20. ii 　　21. equal opportunity 　　22. internal costs 　　23. C 　　24. C 　　25. A 　　26. B 　　可参考真题：C13T2P3：MAKING THE MOST OF TRENDS 　　考试原文：（上下滑动查看） 　　Corporate Social Responsibility 　　The moral appeal---arguing that companies have a duty to be good citizens and to “do the right thing”---is prominent in the goal of Business for Social Responsibility， the leading nonprofit CSR business association in the United States. 　　A An excellent definition was developed in the 1980s ‘‘Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” The notion of license to operate derives from the fact that every company needs tacit or explicit permission from governments， communities， and numerous other stakeholders to do business. Finally， reputation is used by many companies to justify CSR initiatives on the grounds that they will improve a company"s image， strengthen its brand， enliven morale， and even raise the Value of its stock. 　　B To advance CSR， we must root it in a broad understanding of the interrelationship between a corporation and society. To say broadly that business and society need each other might seem like a cliché， but it is also the basic truth that will pull companies out of the muddle that their current corporate-responsibility thinking has created. Successful corporations need a healthy society. Education， health care， and equal opportunity are essential to a productive workforce. Safe products and working conditions not only attract customers but lower the internal costs of accidents. Efficient utilization of land， water， energy， and other natural resources makes business more productive. Good government， the rule of Jaw， and property rights are essential for efficiency and innovation. Any business that pursues its ends at the expense of the society in which it operates will find its success to be illusory and ultimately temporary. At the same time， a health society needs successful companies. No social program can rival the business sector when it comes to creating the jobs， wealth， and innovation that improve standards of living and social conditions over time. 　　C A company"s impact on society also changes over time， as social standards evolve and science progresses. Asbestos， now understood as a serious health risk， was thought to be safe in the early 1900s， given the scientific knowledge then available. Evidence of its risks gradually mounted for more than 50 years before any company was held liable for the harms it can cause. Many firms that failed to anticipate the consequences of this evolving body of research have been bankrupt by the results. No longer can companies be content to monitor only the obvious social impacts of today. Without a careful process for identifying evolving social effects of tomorrow， firms may risk their very survival. 　　D No business can solve all of society"s problems or bear the cost of doing so. Instead， each company must select issues that intersect with its particular business. Corporations are not responsible for all the world＇s problems， nor do they have the resources to solve them all. Each company can identify the particular set of societal problems that it is best equipped to help resolve and from which it can gain the greatest competitive benefit. Addressing social issues by creating shared value will lead to self-sustaining solutions that do not depend on private or government subsidies. When a well-run business applies its vast resources， expertise， and management talent to problems that it understands and in which it has a stake， it can have a greater impact on social good than any other institution or philanthropic organization. 　　E The best corporate citizenship initiatives involve far more than writing a check： they specify clear， measurable goals and track results over time. A good example is GE"s program to adopt underperforming public high schools near several of its major U.S. Facilities. The company contributes between $250， 000 and $1 million over a five-year period to each school and makes in-kind donations as well GE managers and employees take an active role by working with school administrators to assess needs and mentor or tutor students. The graduation rate of these schools almost doubled during this time period. Effective corporate citizenship initiatives such as this one create goodwill and improve relations with local governments and other important constituencies. What"s more， GE"s employees feel great pride in their participation. Their effect is inherently limited though. No matter how beneficial the program is， it remains incidental to the company＇s business， and the direct effect on GE"s recruiting and retention is modest. 　　F Microsoft is a good example of a shared-value opportunity arising from investments in context. The shortage of information technology workers is a significant constraint on Microsoft"s growth， currently， there are more than 450，000 unfilled IT positions in the United States alone. Community colleges， representing 45% of all U.S . Undergraduates， could be a major solution. Microsoft recognizes， however， that community colleges face special challenges： IT curricula are not standardized， technology used in classrooms is often outdated， and there are no systematic professional development programs to keep faculty up to date. In addition to contributing money and products， Microsoft sent employee volunteers to colleges to assess needs， contribute to curriculum development， and create faculty development institutes. Note that in this case， volunteers and assigned staff were able to use their core professional skills to address a social need， a far cry from typical volunteer programs. Microsoft has achieved results that have benefited many communities while having a direct-and potentially significant-impact on the company. 　　G At the heart of any strategy is a unique value proposition： a set of needs a company can meet for its chosen customers that others cannot. The most strategic CSR occurs when a company adds a social dimension to its value proposition， making social impact integral to the overall strategy Consider Whole Foods Market， whose value proposition is to sell organic， natural， and healthy food products to customers who are passionate about food and the environment. Whole Foods" commitment to natural and environmentally friendly operating practices extends well beyond sourcing. Stores are constructed using a minimum of virgin raw materials. Recently， the company purchased renewable wind energy credits equal to 100% of its electricity use in all of its stores and facilities， the only Fortune 500 Company to offset its electricity consumption entirely. Spoiled produce and biodegradable waste are trucked to regional centers for composting. Whole Foods" vehicles are being converted to run on biofuels. Even the cleaning products used in its stores are environmentally friendly. And through its philanthropy， the company has created the Animal Compassion Foundation to develop more natural and humane ways of raising farm animals. In short， nearly every aspect of the company"s value chain reinforces the social dimensions of its value proposition， distinguishing Whole Foods from its competitors. 　 　Passage 3 　　文章题材：人文社科 　　文章题目：政府对于network的应用和好处 　　文章难度：★★ 　　文章内容：待补充 　　题型及数量：待补充

口译笔译辅导：解密英语口译十大翻译绝招，当他可以大胆行动的时候，他发现自己除了一个情人所具有的那种普通的害怕之外，心里还充满怀疑、顾虑和踌躇。 改译：等到他不妨放胆去追求的时候，他却迟疑不定，顾虑重重。至于一般堕入情网的人那种常有的提心吊胆的心理，那就更是难免的了。 (一) 同义反译法 1. Only three customers remained in the bar. 酒吧间只有三个顾客还没有走。(不译：“还留着”或“还呆在那里”) 2. I"ll be here for good this time. 这一次我再也不走了。(不译：“永远在此呆下去”) 3. Please keep the fire burning when I"m out. 我不在家的时候，别让炉子灭了。(不译：“我外出时，请让炉子继续烧着”) 4. "Wait he is serious." 等等，他不是说着玩儿的。(不译：“等等，他是认真的。”) 5. "Now Clara be firm with the boy!" 听我说，克拉拉，对这孩子可不能心软。(不译：“......对这孩子要坚定”) (二) 删减解释词 The traveller in the south must often have remarked that peculiar air of refinement that softness of voice and manner which seems in many cases to be a particular gift to the quotation and mulatto women. 到南方去的人看见那些黑白混血的女郎，一定会注意到她们十之八九都有那种独特的优雅风度、那种温柔的声音和文静的举止。 (三) 短句拆译 " one sunshiny morning in June ..." 在六月里的一天早上，天气晴朗...... (四) 译词推陈出新 When he might well have acted with boldness he found himself filled with doubts scruples and equivocations in addition to the ordinary fears of a lower. 原译：当他可以大胆行动的时候，他发现自己除了一个情人所具有的那种普通的害怕之外，心里还充满怀疑、顾虑和踌躇。 改译：等到他不妨放胆去追求的时候，他却迟疑不定，顾虑重重。至于一般堕入情网的人那种常有的提心吊胆的心理，那就更是难免的了。 (五) 解释性添词 "Gee I"m ashamed of you! Gee I couldn"t have believed you would have done it! I always knew you to be a rolling stone that gathered no moss; but I never thought you would have taken away what little moss there was for Bag and the children to lie upon " said Mrs. Bag. “乔治，我真替你害臊﹗乔治，想不到你会干出这种事情来﹗俗话说得好：滚着的碌碡不长苔，流浪的汉子不攒财。我早知道你就是这么一个流浪汉﹗可真没有想到你连贝格纳特和孩子们靠它过活的那一点点财也骗走”，贝格纳特太太说道。 (六) 词无定译 It is quite useless to ask whether Vanderbilt was criminally prosecuted or civilly sued by the Government. Not only was he unmolested but o years later he carried on another huge swindle upon the Government under peculiary heinous conditions. 我们根本不必追问 *** 是否根据刑法或民法对范德比尔特提出起诉。范德比尔特不仅逍遥法外，而且在两年后又以极其凶狠的手段对 *** 进行过一次巨大的诈骗。 (七) 精炼译词 A new dignity crept into his walk. 原译：走路的姿态不知甚么时候开始给人一种庄重的印象。 改译：走起路来，不觉平添了几分尊严。 (八) 删削"When"字 1. When he saw me he was startled. 他看见我，吓了一大跳，(不译：当他看见我的时候......) 2. "When your gals takes on and cry what"s the use of cracking on them over the head and knocking on them round?" “你那些女黑奴哭得那么伤心，你还拿鞭子没头没脑的抽，把她们打得死去活来，那有什么用呢?”(不译：当你那些女黑奴哭得那么伤心的时候，你还拿鞭子......) (九) 感叹词的不同译法 1. "O don"t mother! I should like the flowers; do give them to me; I want them!" "Why Eva your room is full now." “妈妈，别这样﹗我喜欢这些花，把花给我吧，我要﹗” “得了吧，伊娃，你屋里的花都满了。” 2. "Well that"s odd!" said Marie. "What in the world do you want that for?" “哟，真是怪事﹗”玛利说，“你干嘛非要这个不可?” (十) 顺拆法 His delegation agreed with the Executive Director/ that the fund should continue working/ for a better understanding of the interrelationship beeen economic social and demographic factors. 原译：他的代表团同意执行主任关于该基金会应继续为更好地了解经济、社会和人口的相互关系而努力的意见。 改译：他的代表团同意执行主任的意见，认为该基金会应继续努力， 以求更好地了解经济、社会和人口这三方面的相互关系。

Communication between people is of utmost importance. The importance cannot be stressed too much.With the rapidly development of society, modern people are supposed to be mindful of the inter-personal relation in order to boost productivity or come a long way in the future. However, there are no denying that the misunderstanding always exist among people, the barrier which people have no alternative but to remove. Initialy, we must learn the reason why the misunderstanding appear among people. Sometimes, the sense of hornor may cause the conflict because of the profit between the two people. Alao, the same words in different situations could create different meanings, which is one of the most significant sources in the interrelationship among persons. To keep away from the quarrel, one of the best ways is to be helpful and optimistic. Calming, to some extent, can be hard to overstate the importance of it. After all, the cornerstone of argument is the collision which may be avoided, if there one of the individual is kind or good at the inter-personal skills.

With the rapidly development of society, modern people are supposed to be mindful of the inter-personal relation in order to boost productivity or come a long way in the future. However, there are no denying that the misunderstanding always exist among people, the barrier which people have no alternative but to remove. Initialy, we must learn the reason why the misunderstanding appear among people. Sometimes, the sense of hornor may cause the conflict because of the profit between the two people. Alao, the same words in different situations could create different meanings, which is one of the most significant sources in the interrelationship among persons.To keep away from the quarrel, one of the best ways is to be helpful and optimistic. Calming, to some extent, can be hard to overstate the importance of it. After all, the cornerstone of argument is the collision which may be avoided, if there one of the individual is kind or good at the inter-personal skills.

无法确定，必须由上下文决定，可能是想表达一致看法，因为collective是集体的或共同的，comprehension表示理解。

Java Architecture It is easy to develop Java as an application programming language - for the preparation of documents and their source compiler for the byte code. However, as the Java programming language is only one of many uses, and truly create numerous advantages of Java (including platform independence) is its underlying structure. Complete Java architecture actually is a combination of four components: ● Java programming language ● Java class file format ● Java API ● JVM Java architecture are illustrated below, the first Java source code from Java compile documents into binary Java byte code class, and then by the class documents in the Java Virtual Machine category loaded with a load while loading category will be loaded with the original Java API Class document, the main type loader to be responsible for loading, connectivity and initialize these documents after the class, to the virtual machine running in the implementation of the engine, the engine will be the implementation of the Java class instruction in the document explained the local operating system into concrete methods to implement, and safety management of the implementation process will be set up in accordance with the safety instructions on the control strategy external resources visit. Modalities for the implementation of the Java compiler implementation but not explained implementation of different platforms above the same source code compiled into line with norms of the same Java byte binary code, and then to support their platform to explain the virtual machine implementation, "first compiled, after explained that the re-implementation of the" three-step approach makes Java realized "a preparation, running everywhere." If Java applications in use are 100% standard Java API and not directly call the local methods, it can be used without modification in different platforms, such platform independence makes the heterogeneous network environment or embedded connection the application more convenient and practical. Java mobile network has brought a new software model, in the distributed processing model based on software and data can be transmitted through the network to the client, so the client has to ensure that the necessary software to browse and manipulate the data transmission through the network, Java support to a single architecture the implementation document cut into small binary byte code document Class document, and these files can be applied in accordance with the needs of dynamic linking, dynamic expansion. JVM and core categories collectively constitute the Java platform, also known as JRE (Java Runtime Environment, Java Runtime Environment), the platform can be established on arbitrary operating system. Figure 1-1 shows the different functional modules Java the interrelationship between, and their interface with applications, and the relationship between the operating system.Java体系结构 人们很容易把Java当作是开发各种应用程序的编程语言——用来编写源文件并将它们编译为字节码。不过，作为编程语言只是Java的众多用途之一，而真正形成Java众多优点(包括平台独立性)的是其底层架构。 完整的Java体系结构实际上是由4个组件组合而成： ● Java编程语言 ● Java类文件格式 ● Java API ● JVM Java的体系结构如下图所示，首先Java的源代码Java文件由编译器编译成Java的二进制字节码class文件，然后class文件由Java虚拟机中的类装载器进行加载，同时类装载器还会加载Java的原始 API Class文件，类加载器主要负责加载、连接和初始化这些class文件以后，就交给虚拟机中的执行引擎运行，执行引擎将class文件中的Java指令解释成具体的本地操作系统方法来执行,而安全管理器将在执行过程中根据设置的安全策略控制指令对外部资源的访问。 Java的执行方式不是编译执行而是解释执行，不同平台上面相同的源代码编译成符合Java规范的相同的二进制字节码，然后再交给支持各自平台的虚拟机去解释执行，"先编译，后解释，再执行"三步走的方式使得Java实现了"一次编写，到处运行"，如果Java应用使用的是100％标准Java API并且没有直接调用本地方法，那就可以不加修改地运用在多种平台上，这样的平台无关性使得在异构的网络环境或者嵌入式方面的应用更方便和现实。Java的网络移动性带来了一种全新的软件模式，在分布式处理模式的基础之上，可以将软件和数据通过网络传送到客户端去，这样确保了客户端有必备的软件来浏览和操纵通过网络传输的数据，Java体系结构支持把单一的执行文件切割成小的二进制字节码文件Class文件，而这些文件可以按照应用的需要动态连接、动态扩展。 JVM与核心类共同构成了Java平台，也称为JRE(Java Runtime Environment，Java运行时环境)，该平台可以建立在任意操作系统上。图1-1显示了Java不同功能模块之间的相互关系，以及它们与应用程序、与操作系统之间的关系。

A: Is the alive what actually happened living with the job , person for life? Or for the job? Modern city youth many person city because of the relation between this both perplexed. B: Not only my think of life being only a job, I there is friend being ergasiomania , almost, the city in every day works extra shifts for, but I think that not only life being only such. A: I also accept your idea , life , this image working only but being able to not go to are machine , but not person. Our youth can not be extravagant on the job. B: Although we need to live to come the pay working , needing , that we ought to what to know more be a really important life middle thing. We want to get delight from the middle working , being able to not give way to self becomes the slave who works, but needing to give way to self becomes the host who works. A: Yes, we can not lose life because of the job , attaching importance to every successin your future endeavours only is not consummate lifetime after all. This still has the relative , the friend in the world , how amusing , full of fun to still has the so thing , is worth it B going and finding that , going and probing , working being only among them very small part: Only when we are really in returning to life, real self. A: Yes, the family , health , friend and spirit are really the most important, we work hard making great efforts to study be also for these. B: Neither have friend if the family is not healthy, no significance working even if being to do out still big accomplishment. A: Return to speaking therefore I think that life does not exchange words not only being only a job Oh,the job is really for life. B: We want to make great efforts to live , work hard , want but the relation finishing grasping both rooms, unable make for is exceeding. Such , life only real happiness of meeting are happy.

With the rapidly development of society,modern people are supposed to be mindful of the inter-personal relation in order to boost productivity or come a long way in the future. However,there are no denying that the misunderstanding always exist among people,the barrier which people have no alternative but to remove.Initialy,we must learn the reason why the misunderstanding appear among people.Sometimes,the sense of hornor may cause the conflict because of the profit between the two people.Alao,the same words in different situations could create different meanings,which is one of the most significant sources in the interrelationship among persons. To keep away from the quarrel,one of the best ways is to be helpful and optimistic.Calming,to some extent,can be hard to overstate the importance of it.After all,the cornerstone of argument is the collision which may be avoided,if there one of the individual is kind or good at the inter-personal skills.

一、名词性后缀 1、-age为抽象名词后缀，表示行为，状态和全体总称，percentage百分数，百分率，voltage电压，伏特数，lavage灌洗，洗，出法，gavage管词法，curettage刮除法，shortage不足，缺少。 2、-cy表示抽象名词，accuracy准确，精确度，infancy婴儿期。 3、-ence、-ance表示性质和动作，difference不同，interference干扰，干预，influence影响，感化，occurrence发出，出现，violence激烈，暴力，existence存在，significance意义，意味。 4、-ency、-ancy抽象名词后缀，difficiency不足，不全，tendency趋势，趋向，frequency频率，pregnancy妊娠，emergency紧急，急救，fluency流利，流畅，sufficiency足够，充足，constancy坚定，经久不变。 5、-er表示……人、……者，diameter直径，receiver接收者，接受者，carrier携带者，beginner初学者，创始人，reader读者，shutter 快门，goiter甲状腺肿。 6、-ics 表示……科学，psdiatrics儿科学，psychiatrics精神病学，obstetrics产科学，orthopdics矫形科学，auristrics耳科学，gnathostomatics口腔生理学，andriatrics男性医学，男性科。 7、-ian表示人称名词，physician医师，内科医师，technician技术员。 8、-ication由动词变化而来的抽象名词，常译为……化，simpliffcation简化，calcification钙化，classification分类，分级，communication交流，交往。 9、-ing由动词变化而来的动名词，nursing护理，typing分型，分类，mapping绘制……图，bleeding出血，vomiting呕吐，softening变软，functioning使器官活动，使器官有功能，positioning把……放在适当的位置，mathching和……相配，imaging成像。 10、-ion由动词构成的名词，occasion偶然原因，近因，时机，division分割，分开，vision视力，视觉，distortion扭曲，变形。 11、-ism表示制度，主义及现象等的抽象名词，mehanism机理，机制，autism孤独性。 12、-ist表示人称名词，specialist专家，internist内科医生，padiatrist儿科学家，biololgist生物学家，economist经济学家，chemist化学家，obstetrist产科学家，产科医师。 13、-ization由动词构成的抽象名词，recanalization再管化，再通化，chatheterization插管，immunization免疫法，预防接种，organization组织，机构，机化，hospitalization住院，normalization正常化，ketonization酮化作用。 14、-logy表示学科，morphology形态学，histology组织学，neurology神经学，embryology胚胎学，radiology放射学，laryngorhinology喉鼻科学，proctology直肠学，hexiology个体，生态学。 15、-ment表示动作，行为或具体事物，measurement测量，量度，experiment实验，instrument仪器，器械，integument体被，皮肤，segment节段，fragment片段，断片，碎片，replacement替代，置换，increment增长，增殖，development发育，显影，movement动作，活动，ligment韧带，equipment器材，装置，设备，improvement改善。 16、-ness加在形容词后构成抽象名词，tenderness触痛，hardness坚硬，thickness厚度，effectiveness有效，usefulness有用的，coldness寒冷，dampness潮湿，darkness黑暗，shallowness浅，permanentness永久，brightness明亮。 17、-or表示……人，……物，inhibitor抑制物，doctor医生，monitor监视器，donor给血者，供体，director主任，factor因素，operatorx作者，手术者。 18、-ry表示集合名词，laboratory实验室，chemistry化学。 19、-ship表示状态，relationship关系，联系，interrelationship相互关系，相互联系。 20、-th由形容词构成名词，length长度，width宽度，depth深度，truth真理。 21、-ty表示性质，rigidity强直，僵硬，speciality特征，专业，responsibility责任，责任心，capacity容量，智能，能力，mortality死亡率，morbidity发病率，nocturnality夜间，safty安全性，conductivty传导性，permeability渗透性，property性质，plenty丰富，unity整体，统一性，obesity肥胖，similarity类似，相似。 22、-ure表示行为结果，failure衰竭，pressure压力，curvature弯曲，fissure裂隙，裂，puncture穿刺，rupture破裂，structure结构，seizure发作，nomenclature名称，术语。

1，-age为抽象名词后缀，表示行为，状态和全体总称percentage百分数，百分率，voltage电压，伏特数，lavage灌洗，洗，出法，gavage管词法，curettage刮除法，shortage不足，缺少。2，-cy表示抽象名词accuracy 准确，精确度，infancy婴儿期。3，-ence、-ance表示性质和动作 difference不同，interference干扰，干预，influence影响，感化，occurrence发出，出现，violence激烈，暴力，existence存在，significance意义，意味。4，-ency、-ancy抽象名词后缀difficiency不足，不全，tendency趋势，趋向，frequency频率，pregnancy妊娠，emergency紧急，急救，fluency流利，流畅，sufficiency足够，充足，constancy坚定，经久不变。5，-er表示…人、…者diameter直径，receiver接收者，接受者，carrier 携带者，beginner初学者，创始人，reader读者，shutter 快门，goiter甲状腺肿。6，-ics 表示…科学psdiatrics儿科学，psychiatrics精神病学，obstetrics产科学，orthopdics矫形科学，auristrics耳科学，gnathostomatics口腔生理学，andriatrics男性医学，男性科。7，-ian表示人称名词physician医师，内科医师，technician技术员8，-ication 由动词变化而来的抽象名词，常译为…化simpliffcation 简化，calcification钙化，classification分类，分级， communication交流，交往。9，-ing由动词变化而来的动名词nursing护理，typing分型，分类，mapping绘制…图，bleeding出血，vomiting呕吐，softening变软，functioning使器官活动，使器官有功能，positioning 把…放在适当的位置，mathching和…相配，imaging成像。10，-ion 由动词构成的名词occasion偶然原因，近因，时机，division分割，分开，vision视力，视觉，distortion扭曲，变形。11，-ism表示制度，主义及现象等的抽象名词mehanism机理，机制，autism孤独性。12，-ist表示人称名词specialist专家，internist内科医生，padiatrist儿科学家，biololgist生物学家，economist经济学家，chemist化学家，obstetrist产科学家，产科医师。13，-ization由动词构成的抽象名词recanalization再管化，再通化，chatheterization插管，immunization免疫法，预防接种，organization组织，机构，机化，hospitalization住院，normalization正常化，ketonization酮化作用。14，-logy表示学科morphology形态学，histology组织学，neurology神经学，embryology胚胎学，radiology放射学，laryngorhinology喉鼻科学，proctology直肠学，hexiology个体，生态学。15，-ment表示动作，行为或具体事物measurement 测量，量度，experiment实验，instrument 仪器，器械，integument体被，皮肤，segment节段，fragment片段，断片，碎片，replacement替代，置换，increment增长，增殖，development发育，显影，movement动作，活动，ligment韧带，equipment器材，装置，设备，improvement改善。16，-ness加在形容词后构成抽象名词tenderness触痛，hardness坚硬，thickness厚度，effectiveness有效，usefulness有用的，coldness寒冷，dampness潮湿，darkness 黑暗，shallowness浅，permanentness永久，brightness明亮。17，-or表示…人，…物inhibitor抑制物，doctor医生，monitor监视器，donor给血者,供体，director主任，factor因素， operator操作者，手术者。18，-ry表示集合名词laboratory实验室，chemistry化学。19，-ship表示状态relationship关系，联系，interrelationship 相互关系，相互联系。20，-th由形容词构成名词length长度，width宽度，depth深度，truth真理。21，-ty表示性质rigidity强直，僵硬，speciality特征，专业，responsibility责任，责任心，capacity容量，智能，能力，mortality死亡率，morbidity发病率，nocturnality夜间，safty 安全性，conductivty传导性，permeability渗透性，property性质，plenty丰富，unity整体，统一性，obesity肥胖，similarity类似，相似。22，-ure表示行为结果failure衰竭，pressure 压力，curvature弯曲，fissure裂隙，裂，puncture穿刺，rupture破裂，structure结构，seizure发作，nomenclature名称，术语。

-ion 由动词构成的名词 occasion偶然原因,近因,时机,division分割,分开,vision视力,视觉,distortion扭曲,变形. 扩展资料 告诉你全部后缀的好了~~ 1,-age为抽象名词后缀,表示行为,状态和全体总称 percentage百分数,百分率,voltage电压,伏特数,lavage灌洗,洗,出法,gavage管词法,curettage刮除法,shortage不足,缺少. 2,-cy表示抽象名词 accuracy 准确,精确度,infancy婴儿期. 3,-ence、-ance表示性质和动作 difference不同,interference干扰,干预,influence影响,感化,occurrence发出,出现,violence激烈,暴力,existence存在,significance意义,意味. 4,-ency、-ancy抽象名词后缀 difficiency不足,不全,tendency趋势,趋向,frequency频率,pregnancy妊娠,emergency紧急,急救,fluency流利,流畅,sufficiency足够,充足,constancy坚定,经久不变. 5,-er表示…人、…者 diameter直径,receiver接收者,接受者,carrier 携带者,beginner初学者,创始人,reader读者,tter 快门,goiter甲状腺肿. 6,-ics 表示…科学 psdiatrics儿科学,psychiatrics精神病学,obstetrics产科学,orthopdics矫形科学,auristrics耳科学,gnathostomatics口腔生理学,andriatrics男性医学,男性科. 7,-ian表示人称名词 physician医师,内科医师,technician技术员 8,-ication 由动词变化而来的抽象名词,常译为…化 simpliffcation 简化,calcification钙化,classification分类,分级,communication交流,交往. 9,-ing由动词变化而来的动名词 nursing护理,typing分型,分类,mapping绘制…图,bleeding出血,vomiting呕吐,softening变软,functioning使器官活动,使器官有功能,positioning 把…放在适当的位置,mathching和…相配,imaging成像. 10,-ion 由动词构成的名词 occasion偶然原因,近因,时机,division分割,分开,vision视力,视觉,distortion扭曲,变形. 11,-ism表示制度,主义及现象等的.抽象名词 mehanism机理,机制,autism孤独性. 12,-ist表示人称名词 specialist专家,internist内科医生,padiatrist儿科学家,biololgist生物学家,economist经济学家,chemist化学家,obstetrist产科学家,产科医师. 13,-ization由动词构成的抽象名词 recanalization再管化,再通化,chatheterization插管,immunization免疫法,预防接种,organization组织,机构,机化,hospitalization住院,normalization正常化,ketonization酮化作用. 14,-logy表示学科 morphology形态学,histology组织学,neurology神经学,embryology胚胎学,radiology放射学,laryngorhinology喉鼻科学,proctology直肠学,hexiology个体,生态学. 15,-ment表示动作,行为或具体事物 measurement 测量,量度,experiment实验,instrument 仪器,器械,integument体被,皮肤,segment节段,fragment片段,断片,碎片,replacement替代,置换,increment增长,增殖,development发育,显影,movement动作,活动,ligment韧带,equipment器材,装置,设备,improvement改善. 16,-ness加在形容词后构成抽象名词 tenderness触痛,hardness坚硬,thickness厚度,effectiveness有效,usefulness有用的,coldness寒冷,dampness潮湿,darkness 黑暗,shallowness浅,permanentness永久,brightness明亮. 17,-or表示…人,…物 inhibitor抑制物,doctor医生,monitor监视器,donor给血者,供体,directo*主任,**ctor因素,operator操作者,手术者. 18,-ry表示集合名词 laboratory实验室,chemistry化学. 19,-ship表示状态 relationship关系,联系,interrelationship 相互关系,相互联系. 20,-th由形容词构成名词 length长度,width宽度,depth深度,truth真理. 21,-ty表示性质 rigidity强直,僵硬,speciality特征,专业,responsibility责任,责任心,capacity容量,智能,能力,mortality死亡率,morbidity发病率,nocturnality夜间,safty 安全性,conctivty传导性,permeability渗透性,property性质,plenty丰富,unity整体,统一性,obesity肥胖,similarity类似,相似. 22,-ure表示行为结果 failure衰竭,pressure 压力,curvature弯曲,fissure裂隙,裂,puncture穿刺,rupture破裂,structure结构,seizure发作,nomenclature名称,术语.

不是. 1,-age为抽象名词后缀,表示行为,状态和全体总称 percentage百分数,百分率,voltage电压,伏特数,lavage灌洗,洗,出法,gavage管词法,curettage刮除法,shortage不足,缺少. 2,-cy表示抽象名词 accuracy 准确,精确度,infancy婴儿期. 3,-ence、-ance表示性质和动作 difference不同,interference干扰,干预,influence影响,感化,occurrence发出,出现,violence激烈,暴力,existence存在,significance意义,意味. 4,-ency、-ancy抽象名词后缀 difficiency不足,不全,tendency趋势,趋向,frequency频率,pregnancy妊娠,emergency紧急,急救,fluency流利,流畅,sufficiency足够,充足,constancy坚定,经久不变. 5,-er表示…人、…者 diameter直径,receiver接收者,接受者,carrier 携带者,beginner初学者,创始人,reader读者,shutter 快门,goiter甲状腺肿. 6,-ics 表示…科学 psdiatrics儿科学,psychiatrics精神病学,obstetrics产科学,orthopdics矫形科学,auristrics耳科学,gnathostomatics口腔生理学,andriatrics男性医学,男性科. 7,-ian表示人称名词 physician医师,内科医师,technician技术员 8,-ication 由动词变化而来的抽象名词,常译为…化 simpliffcation 简化,calcification钙化,classification分类,分级,communication交流,交往. 9,-ing由动词变化而来的动名词 nursing护理,typing分型,分类,mapping绘制…图,bleeding出血,vomiting呕吐,softening变软,functioning使器官活动,使器官有功能,positioning 把…放在适当的位置,mathching和…相配,imaging成像. 10,-ion 由动词构成的名词 occasion偶然原因,近因,时机,division分割,分开,vision视力,视觉,distortion扭曲,变形. 11,-ism表示制度,主义及现象等的抽象名词 mehanism机理,机制,autism孤独性. 12,-ist表示人称名词 specialist专家,internist内科医生,padiatrist儿科学家,biololgist生物学家,economist经济学家,chemist化学家,obstetrist产科学家,产科医师. 13,-ization由动词构成的抽象名词 recanalization再管化,再通化,chatheterization插管,immunization免疫法,预防接种,organization组织,机构,机化,hospitalization住院,normalization正常化,ketonization酮化作用. 14,-logy表示学科 morphology形态学,histology组织学,neurology神经学,embryology胚胎学,radiology放射学,laryngorhinology喉鼻科学,proctology直肠学,hexiology个体,生态学. 15,-ment表示动作,行为或具体事物 measurement 测量,量度,experiment实验,instrument 仪器,器械,integument体被,皮肤,segment节段,fragment片段,断片,碎片,replacement替代,置换,increment增长,增殖,development发育,显影,movement动作,活动,ligment韧带,equipment器材,装置,设备,improvement改善. 16,-ness加在形容词后构成抽象名词 tenderness触痛,hardness坚硬,thickness厚度,effectiveness有效,usefulness有用的,coldness寒冷,dampness潮湿,darkness 黑暗,shallowness浅,permanentness永久,brightness明亮. 17,-or表示…人,…物 inhibitor抑制物,doctor医生,monitor监视器,donor给血者,供体,directo*主任,**ctor因素,operator操作者,手术者. 18,-ry表示集合名词 laboratory实验室,chemistry化学. 19,-ship表示状态 relationship关系,联系,interrelationship 相互关系,相互联系. 20,-th由形容词构成名词 length长度,width宽度,depth深度,truth真理. 21,-ty表示性质 rigidity强直,僵硬,speciality特征,专业,responsibility责任,责任心,capacity容量,智能,能力,mortality死亡率,morbidity发病率,nocturnality夜间,safty 安全性,conductivty传导性,permeability渗透性,property性质,plenty丰富,unity整体,统一性,obesity肥胖,similarity类似,相似. 22,-ure表示行为结果 failure衰竭,pressure 压力,curvature弯曲,fissure裂隙,裂,puncture穿刺,rupture破裂,structure结构,seizure发作,nomenclature名称,术语.

英文作文：邻里关系　　　　随着生活水平提高，居住条件大大改善，许多人住进高楼新居，然而邻里之间的关系却不如以前，那种传统的“金邻居”的关系似乎不复存在。记得曾看到一幅漫画，说住在一幢大楼对门的两位邻居，有一天在家门口不期而遇。其中一位开金口问道；“我住在这里5年了，怎么以前没有见过你，你贵性？”另一位回答说：“我叫李华英，我三年前就搬来了，你怎么称呼？”这虽然是笑谈，但反映出现在的邻里关系确实有点冷漠。居住条件改善让人们安乐于自己的家，闭门不出，与邻居很少有接触，不闻门外事。这种现象确实令人不安。良好的邻里关系对于人际关系和谐和社会稳定甚为重要。人与人之间需要相互信任、相互理解、相互帮助。英文作文：邻里关系范文　 The picture is talking about a story about neighborhood relationship. Two ladies living in the oppositeliving here for five years, but I have never met you before. Could I ask your name please? The other replies,“I am Li Huaying. I moved here three years age. How should I call you?” It seems very ridiculous that the people living the opposite doors don"t know each other for such a long time. However, this kind of story is often heard in many places in the cities. With the raising of living standards, many people have moved into modern buildings. They tend to stay home enjoying the modern living within the closed-door houses. They seldom go out after they get home from work. They have little contact with their neighbors and don"t care for what is happening in the neighborhood. This phenomenon is really disturbing. The development of the society has enormously changed our lives in many aspects, but the relationship between people is not as close as before. Good relationship of neighbors is of great significance to the harmony between people and the steadiness of the society. People　need mutual trust, understanding and help all the time. Therefore, the relationship of “golden neighbors”　should be highly advocated. Something should be done to strengthen the interrelationship of the people. People living in the same neighborhood should be organized to have some social activities so that they can have a better understanding of each　other.　(262 words)

今天，大圈正北方向为方向的测量基准。方向表示为轴承角或方位角度，。 Fig.7.1显示大圈，并说明之间的方位角和轴承界的关系。 从Fig.7.1，可以看出，增加的方位圈以顺时针的方式，开始在正北为0 °，并围绕大圈进步到90正东°，正南180 °，270 °在正西，到360 °，由于北（或返回到0 °）。因此，如果某行，据说有一个方位160 ° 00 °（一六○度和零分钟），其方向 之间将东方和南方，但由于临近反渗透正南。 出于同样的道理，可以看出，该轴承由Fig.7.1圆分为四个部分：东北（NE）的象限，东南（SE）的象限，西南（西南）和西北象限（净重）象限。轴承在东北象限从零摄氏度上升到真北顺时针在正东90 °。在SE象限，轴承角增大逆时针度从零到90正南由于East.In °的西南象限，提高轴承的角度从0 °的顺时针在正南向正西90 °，并在西北象限，轴承角从0 °逆时针增加在正北向正西90 °。 因为大圈包括方位角和轴承圈，有可能表达一个方向，无论是在方位或轴承术语，并随时转换为方位角方位，反之亦然。要清楚地了解这种相互关系，因为在测量计算的方位角在确定一个从另一行线的方向角变化方面做了，但线的方向通常是在轴承上记录。

Politics (from Greek: πολιτικu03ccu03c2 politikos, meaning "of, for, or relating to citizens") is the practice and theory of influencing other people on a global, civic or individual level. More narrowly, it refers to achieving and exercising positions of governance — organized control over a human community, particularly a state. Furthermore, politics is the study or practice of the distribution of power and resources within a given community (a hierarchically organized population) as well as the interrelationship(s) between communities. A variety of methods are employed in politics, which include promoting one"s own political views among people, negotiation with other political subjects, making laws, and exercising force, including warfare against adversaries. Politics is exercised on a wide range of social levels, from clans and tribes of traditional societies, through modern local governments, companies and institutions up to sovereign states, to the international level.A political system is a framework which defines acceptable political methods within a given society. History of political thought can be traced back to early antiquity, with seminal works such as Plato"s Republic, Aristotle"s Politics and the works of Confucius.

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【摘要】 目的 探讨学习障碍儿童的智力结构、生活质量、家庭环境状况与正常儿童的差异，为心理咨询和制定干预措施提供依据。 方法 用瑞文标准推理测验和儿童少年主观生活质量问卷对90对LD儿童和正常儿童的智商、生活质量进行评定，并采用自拟家庭环境问卷调查他们的家庭环境状况。 结果 LD组儿童的知觉辨别能力、类同比较能力、比较推理能力、系列关系能力、抽象推理能力得分及智商均低于对照组儿童，差异有统计学意义（χ 2 =9.21，P<0.01）;LD儿童的主观生活质量总量表分和认知及情感成份得分均低于对照组儿童（P<0.01），在家庭和学校生活、生活环境、自我认识、抑郁和焦虑体验的得分亦低于对照组儿童;LD组儿童母亲的文化程度较低，且父母教育方式不一致、人际关系不良的发生率较高。 结论 LD儿童智力结构存在缺陷，主观生活质量较差。改善家庭环境、提高儿童生活质量有助于促进LD儿童的健康成长。 【关键词】 智力;生活质量;病例对照研究;学习障碍;儿童 A Case-control Study of the Intelligence Structure and Quality of Life of Children with Learning Disability/LI Juan，YUYi-zhen，HUANGYan，et al.Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Maternal Care，School of Public Health，Tongji Medical College，Huazhong University of Science and Technology，Wuhan（430030），China 【Abstract】 Objective To probe the differences in intelligence structure and quality of life between children with learning ability（LD）and the con-trol group，and to provide evidence for psychological counseling and intervention measures.Methods Intelligence quotient of children，quality of life and family environment of90LD children and90normal children were measured by using Combined Raven"s Test（CRT），the inventory of subjective quality of life of child and adolescent and family environment questionnaire.Results The ability of perceptive discernment，analogical comparison，comparative infer-ence，serial relationship，abstract inference and IQ among LD children were lower than those of the control group significantly（χ2 =9.21，P<0.01）.In ad-dition，the score of subjective quality of life，cognition and affection，life of family and school，living environment，self-cognition，experience of depression and anxiety among LD children was lower than that of the control group.The educational level of mother of LD children was lower than control group，and the prevalence rates of disagree of parental rearing styles and poor interrelationship of LD group were higher than those of control group.Conclusion Children with LD have defect in intelligence structure，and have poor quality of life.It will promote development of children with LD to improve quality of family envi-ronment and enhance quality of life of child. 【Key words】 Intelligence;Quality of life;Case-control studies;Learning disorders;Child 学习障碍（learning disability，LD）是指智力基本正常的学龄期儿童学业成绩明显落后的一类综合征。一般是指有适当学习机会的学龄期儿童，由于环境、心理和素质等方面的问题，致使学习技能的获得或发展出现障碍，表现为学习成绩不良 〔1〕 。本研究旨在了解我国当前社会和教育条件下学习障碍儿童与正常儿童在智力结构、家庭环境和生活质量上的差异，以便采取不同的教育措施，改善其学习状况，并为防治儿童学习障碍提供参考。 1 对象与方法 1.1 对象 选择武汉市某普通小学一至六年级学生共947名，剔除表格不完整（缺、漏项）者，共获有效样本886份，有效率为93.56%。根据以下标准确定学习障碍儿童:（1）中国精神疾病分类方案与诊断标准（CCMd-2-R） 〔2〕 中LD的诊断标准;（2）PRS量表评定为学习障碍;（3）主课（语文、数学）平均成绩在班级P 10 以下，独立完成作业困难;（4）IQ>70;（5）无视、听觉障碍，排除多动和器质性病变。共检出学习障碍儿童90名，LD发生率为10.16%，其中男60例，女30例。按1∶1配对选取与学习障碍儿童同班级、同年龄（±3个月）、同性别并且学习成绩位于班级中等以上的正常儿童作为对照组。 1.2 调查工具及方法 1.2.1 智商 采用中国联合型瑞文测验第2次修订本（CRT-2） 〔3〕 测定智商。测试人员经过培训，严格按指导语要求进行，并参照城市儿童（CRT-CC2）智商常模表将所得粗分换算成智商。评定标准为IQ<79为边缘及低下智商，80～89为中下智商，90～109为中等智商，110～119为中上智商，>120为优秀。 1.2.2 生活质量 采用程灶火等 〔4〕 设计的《儿少主观生活质量问卷手册》 〔4〕 ，该问卷共有52个条目，分为8个维度，即家庭生活、同伴交往、学校生活、生活环境、自我认识、抑郁体验、焦虑体验和躯体情感。其中低年级学生由专业人员朗读后填写，所有问卷均严格按规定程序进行评卷记分。 1.2.3 家庭背景问卷 采用自拟问卷，包括父母职业、文化程度、教育态度及管教方式、家庭类型、经济状况、居住面积、学校和社会风气、学校类型、人际关系等。在进行问卷调查前先向班主任讲明调查意义、填表注意事项，然后由班主任将问卷发给家长，指导家长填写并负责统一回收。 1.3 统计分析 在剔除漏填、错填的不合格问卷后，对合格资料进行编码量化。用Foxpro6.0录入数据，SPSS11.5统计软件进行分析。 2 结果 2.1 2组儿童不同智商的发生频数与比例 学习障碍组儿童边缘智商者占8.9%，智商中下的占25.6%，智商中等的占60.0%，智商中上的占4.4%，智商优秀的占1.1%;正常组儿童无边缘智商者，智商中下的占4.4%，智商中等的占57.8%，智商中上的占20.0%，优秀者占17.8%，两者差异有统计学意义（χ 2 =9.21，P<0.01）。 2.2 2组儿童瑞文推理测验结果比较 学习障碍儿童的平均智商与总量表原始得分均低于正常组儿童，学习障碍组儿童的知觉辨别能力、类同比较能力、比较推理能力、系列关系能力、抽象推理能力均低于正常组，经t检验，差异有统计学意义，见 表1。表1 学习障碍组与正常组儿童智商得分比较 2.3 2组儿童主观生活质量得分比较 学习障碍组儿童的总量表分和认知及情感成分均低于正常儿童;在8个维度水平上，学习障碍组儿童家庭和学校生活、生活环境、自我认识、抑郁和焦虑体验的得分均低于正常儿童，说明LD儿童生活质量明显较正常儿童差。见表2。 表2 学习障碍组与正常组儿童生活质量得分比较 2.4 2组儿童家庭环境因素分析 对父母职业、文化程度、教育态度及孩子的期望、家庭类型、经济状况、居住面积、学校和社会风气等16项因素进行χ 2 检验，结果显示，2组儿童的母亲文化程度（χ 2 =8.20，P<0.01）、父母对孩子的教育态度是否一致（χ 2 =6.82，P<0.01）、孩子与教师之间的关系（χ 2 =7.53，P<0.01）、孩子与同学的关系（χ 2 =6.13，P<0.01）差异均有统计学意义。说明学习障碍组儿童的母亲文化程度较低，父母关系不融洽明显居多;学习障碍组儿童父母教育方式不当、教育意见不一致以及孩子跟教师、同学的关系一般或较差的比例亦高于正常组儿童。 3 讨论 本研究结果显示，学习障碍组儿童的智力水平在正常范围内（IQ>70），但其平均水平（IQ=92.67）显著低于正常组儿童（IQ=108.28），与有关研究结果一致 〔5-6〕 。提示儿童学习障碍与其自身智力水平有一定关系。同时在知觉辨别能力、类同比较能力、比较推理能力、系列关系能力、抽象推理能力方面，学习障碍组儿童均低于正常组儿童，提示学习障碍组儿童的智力发展是不平衡的。因此，应根据智力结构的特点制定相应的干预措施。 本次研究中，学习障碍组儿童的智力多为中等水平，有的甚至高于平均水平。可见，不能将孩子学习成绩差单纯归究于智力水平发展不足。LD组儿童的主观生活质量较正常儿童差，对家庭和学校生活、生活环境、自我认识的满意度均比正常儿童组低;忧虑、抑郁、孤独、厌烦、难受等情感体验较正常儿童组多。这些因素都可能导致他们在学习态度、动机、意志以及自我意识等方面存在较多的障碍，从而使他们的学习能力更多地被动机不足所抑制。在教育上如何调动他们的积极性，帮助他们树立积极的自我概念，激发其学习动机，这对预防与减少儿童学习障碍有着重要的现实意义。 一些研究发现，家庭环境与儿童学习障碍有着多层次、多侧面的密切联系 〔7-8〕 。本研究结果表明，母亲的文化程度低、家庭关系不和睦，常常使儿童得不到父母的关心和温暖而造成学习困难;父母的教养方式不当，如过分的专制会使儿童对学习产生焦虑或反抗情绪，而过分的放任则会使儿童责任心不足，行为放纵，影响学业;与教师和同学的关系不佳可能使他们得不到赞赏和认同，容易产生自卑感和自暴自弃而厌学。不良的家庭环境因素也可能会进一步降低儿童的生活满意度，从而使这2种因素互为因果而导致或加重学习障碍。因此教育上除注意提高儿童智力外，还应多方面寻找儿童学习障碍发生的原因，积极改善各种非智力因素，针对具体情况采取适当措施来防治儿童学习障碍。 参考文献 〔1〕 李雪荣.现代儿童精神医学.长沙:湖南科技出版社，1994:155. 〔2〕 中华医学会精神科学，主编.中国精神疾病分类方案与诊断标准.2版.南京:东南大学出版社，1995. 〔3〕 王栋.瑞文测验联合型指导书.2版.天津:天津医科大学医学心理教研室，1997:8. 〔4〕 程灶火，高北陵.儿少主观生活质量问卷手册.长沙:湖南医科大学医学心理研究中心，1999:3. 〔5〕 MAYES SD，CALHOUN SL.Test of the definition of learning disabilitybased on the difference between IQ and achievement.Psycho Rep，2005，97（1）:109-16. 〔6〕 王宏，符勤怀.学习困难儿童智力结构分析.国外医学妇幼保健分册，2003，14（2）:124-125. 〔7〕 RASHID FL，MORRIS RD，SEVCIK RA.Relationship between home liter- acy environment and reading achievement in children with reading disabili-ties.J Learn Dis，2005，38（1）:2-11. 〔8〕 余红平，陈青山.学习困难儿童智力、行为问题与家庭环境因素研究.医学与社会，2002，15（1）:51-52. 【基金项目】 国家自然科学基金项目（编号:30271132）。 【作者单位】 华中科技大学同济医学院公共卫生学院儿少卫生与妇幼保健学系，湖北武汉 430030。

12。信息技术 资讯科技业(例如顾问)是对新技术的开拓者在工业和公共部门(Caplen张跃平等,2003年),在整个部门凭借最新的技术和技术合格的工人(例如程序员,系统解决方案,它建筑师,等等。)(顾问和马修·戴维斯,2005)。它的顾问的工作可以被划分为知识密集型的工作 (Alvesson,2000)。这是有趣的研究领域,不仅之间的相互关系,但它与组织的关系更具体的工作环境工程学(e.g.psychosocial)。先前的研究指出 一些不合适的工作条件的社会心理工作环境在这行业杂志,2003;20(e.g.Brown和Teo,1999)。这种类型的工作 增加的内在动力和激发它顾问来学习和发展所需的技能,以满足日益增长的工作要求,同时提高水平的工作 紧张和其他健康负面结果(如疾病)。 据我们所知,非常小的研究结果已经发表有关的工作条件下,工作动机和健康的涵义和Teo顾问, 1999年)。然而,一些以往的研究是有趣的。在一项研究中,一组IT-consultants在美国,布朗(2002)发现了一份工作,提供了自治、挑战、反馈和能力去使用技能是非常重要的推动工作满意及工作的动机。然而,这项研究有一定的局限性由于小样本量(21),特别是低应答率(49%)。而且,一种干预研究集中在瑞典IT-company策略,该组织和雇主可以用来增加卫生(那么成熟derstro”米等,2003年)。作者描述了社会心理工作环境中工作的工作,具有较高的利率高的工作要求和高水平的customeroriented 活动。大部分的工人的高水平应激报道由于短提前计划。工人们也经历了一个消极的平衡工作、工作 控制和社会支持在工作。所以”derstro认为工作需求”米似乎是最重要的风险指标与应变和烧毁。在定性 学习有关疾病的可能原因是它在工作场所(分开的银行)在瑞典,指出了“不可能”受损的雇员的截止日期 一个好的工作能力(《2004年)。

With the rapidly development of society,modern people are supposed to be mindful of the inter-personal relation in order to boost productivity or come a long way in the future.However,there are no denying that the misunderstanding always exist among people,the barrier which people have no alternative but to remove.Initialy,we must learn the reason why the misunderstanding appear among people.Sometimes,the sense of hornor may cause the conflict because of the profit between the two people.Alao,the same words in different situations could create different meanings,which is one of the most significant sources in the interrelationship among persons.To keep away from the quarrel,one of the best ways is to be helpful and optimistic.Calming,to some extent,can be hard to overstate the importance of it.After all,the cornerstone of argument is the collision which may be avoided,if there one of the individual is kind or good at the inter-personal skills.

请不要把你要干的文献翻译活拿上来，让别人帮你翻译！同时还不给相应合理的加分！

5。 Plannig ...是一个坚定的努力，通过集体决策的民主体制，使...未来趋势深入，全面和长期预报...，并制定和执行制度的合作协调的政策框架有弯曲的影响趋势预测为实现我们的理想，拼写作为definte目标前进了。 4。单独的景观建筑物理设计元素都有自己独特的性质和作用，以满足在室外environment.Landform是基或楼板的landscape.It机是一个因素，支持和团结所有其他组成部分在environment.Landform的配置时影响到作为室外环境，土地使用的位置，点击，排水结构等各种因素，除了空间的定义和特点的小气候。此外，土地的方式，是在自己的权利，而塑造创建在许多可能的方式与地平面的固体塑料培养基的空隙。 6这项研究的动力来自于景观设计（景观设计师协会）美国Socitey百年Confrence。这个社区援助（CAT）的项目重点是建立在奥姆斯特德和艾略特的传统的方式回应21，世纪的需要和机会。 7除了土地使用基于位置及其与地形陡峭的兼容性，一个土地用途或功能，彼此之间的关系也是由landform.On平坦地区土地，不同的功能布局的影响可能相当散漫而且spreading.Alternative功能概念是在平坦的地形很多。在陡峭的斜坡，河谷，以及浓缩和linear.Options和替代品越来越少地在陡峭的土地用途之间的相互关系方面。 8.Contout线是最常用的图形表达的计划一site.Because景观设计师处理tith鉴于网站设计主要是在地形图，等高线也可以被认为是表达轮廓内profession.A地貌最普遍的方法行被定义为一个在绘图，连接所有的点都是平等的垂直距离超过或低于参考plan.In理论水平，一等高线将是一个地貌轮廓，如果是由水平面减税计划路线对glass.It应该牢记，轮廓线只是一个代表地形人工手段，在现实中并不存在，除非是由一个单位，平静的水体在其海岸线的优势（其实追溯，这是一个对于什么是可视化等高线表示的有用办法）。

The design is based on HJ series of products based on against which HJ40A (B) of the specific type of home-made parts for the technical analysis more reasonable compile Machining Process order. Machining a reasonable choice of parameters, equipment, in considering the total HJ series products processing at the same time, Finally determine Machining equipment type, number and size. Increase the light aircraft plant construction characteristics and the design of auxiliary departments, thus recreates the machine shop plus two possible options and evaluate the best. Second, the plant operation unit of the logistics strength analysis, in considering the impact of non-logistics factors, identify the operating units of the mutual relations, mapping out a location map and related plans relevant area. Plant layout in Figure 2 above on the basis of specific materials handling plant, road choice natural conditions, and other factors drawing of three possible options and evaluate the best. Key words : mechanical slider; Process; Plant design; Logistics strength; Plant Graphic Design

The well combining of the reasonable exploitation and business enterprise management of business enterprise ERP system, become the key of[with] the business enterprise information-based success or failure.But, have ERP system is an integration of, the multiuser commonly shared system, so how manage customer legal power all of etc.s availably are the safe problems that can"t neglect.An excellent customer legal power management mold piece can manage the whole software system availably, moderating very whole roles, customers with all system, the relation of of[with] legal power.This text aims at the allotment problem of the customer legal power of ERP system, giving 1 kind according to role interview control of allotment strategy.This kind of allotment strategy can the correlation of of[with] the actual post circumstance of the business enterprise and the business section of the business enterprise, together the particular role in the system developed compare to knot to put together with one accord.End put forward a kind of improvement of according to the interview control of the role model, that model is easy to unify, the legal power of each post role and customer of the managing of quick in action.In physically the application the process, this kind of method raised a development an efficiency, simplifying authorization a management.

11C,12A,13B,14D,15A,16D,17A,18A,19C,20A

有必要维持至少最低余额和平均平衡相称的银行服务。财务规划与预测是合成的理论与实践。线性规划和联立方程系统的主要替代执行财务计划及分析。在规划模型，目标函数是最大和不同约束引入到模型。联立方程模型没有明确最大化目标函数；它，然而，指定明确相互之间的投资，融资，与股利政策。指定上述模式，所有材料中讨论第一部分通过九使用明示或暗示。在他的论文中，埃克斯坦教授（1981）讨论了一体化的定量分析，为企业策划，特别贡献的定量系统（数据库，软件，咨询支持）可以使特定领域的业务决策。作者概述了六种企业策划的功能，和方式的细节信息系统提供可有助于更准确和更清晰的预测。部分规划领域有：环境监测（计算机辅助预测关键经济和市场指标）确定增长市场（使用预测工业集团增长的敏感性和实际收入的增长），预测成本和生产力趋势（根据通货膨胀和能源和工资成本趋势）针对长期增长（通过比较内分析），收购和剥离的机会（监测现金生成和增长潜力的公司，并通过分析关键财务标准有关公司的特定生长需要），评估国际机会（等因素的基础上为国家出口和进口地位和发展趋势，以及生产成本和预期趋势），规划公司的融资（部分根据利率预测以及各组成系统的论证）。卡尔顿，等人。，（1973）讨论和审查的理论和实践的替代财政政策模型。作者指定的一些弱点，参与budget-compilation模型类型（那些组装决定各级

他在现实与艺术之间的困扰是理解他的诗歌和批判的关键所在。

The design of HJ series of products based targeting at the HJ40A (B) of the specific type of home-made parts structure, technical requirements analysis, reasonable mechanical machining parameters, equipment, produced a more reasonable point of order processing machinery. In considering the HJ series products processing volume at the same time identifying machining shop equipment types and dimensions. The demand and the total land area, and comprehensive analysis of machining plant construction features, materials handling, Operating units of the relationship between Auxiliary departments on the basis of the set recreates the machining workshop and two sets of options merit evaluation. Secondly, the operation of the plant, the logistics unit volume, logistics strength calculation to determine the logistics related table. Consider non-logistics factors, the operating units to determine the interrelationship between, mapping operation unit integrated logistics related table. Based on this mapping out a location map and related plans relevant area. Plant layout plans related to location map and map-related infrastructure area, with its specific location, Material handling, road conditions, natural conditions, map out three possible options for layout, and evaluation of merit. Key words : mechanical slider; Operating units; Logistics; Plant design; Plant Graphic Design 哥们你强啊!

水平的重要性

【答案】：Leader-member exchange theory states that fades establish “in- groups" and“out- groups." Those in the in- group will have higher performance, lower mover, and greater job satisfaction. This is due to the leader and folksinger investing in the interrelationship.

1963年 兼任中医研究院针灸经络研究所所长。1988年3月20日因心脏病在北主要论著1 Chang HC, Sloan JH. Influence of experimental hypothyroidism upon gastric secretion. Am J Physiol, 1927, 80 (3) : 732～734.2 Chang HC, Ma WC. Further observation on tryptophan and the thyroid gland. Chin J Physiol, 1928, 11 (3) : 329～336.3 Ma WC, Chang HC. The relation of the mitochondria-Golgi complex to secretion. Ⅱ . Intravital staining with neutral red and Sudan Ⅲ. Chin J Physiol, 1928, 2 (4) : 381～388.4 Ma WC, Chang HC, Liu AC. The relation of the mitochondriaGolgi complex to secretion. Ⅲ. Physiological identification of the vitally stained mitochondria-Golgi material. Chin J Physiol, 1929,3 (1) : 29～40.5 Chang HC, Gaddum JH. Choline esters in tissue extracts. J Physiol, 1933, 79 : 255～285.6 Chang HC, Wong A. Studies on tissue acetylcholine. Ⅰ. Origin,significance and fate of acetylcholine in human placenta. Chin J Physiol, 1933, 7 (2) : 151～170.7 Chang HC. Rate of formation of acetylcholine in placenta in Soc Exper Biol NY. 1935, 32 : 1001～1003.8 Chang HC, Chia KF, Hsu CH, et al. Humoral transmission of nerve impulses at central synapses. Ⅰ. Sinus and vagus afferent nerves. Chin J Physiol, 1937, 12 (1) : 1～36.9 Chang HC, Chia KF, Hsu CH, et al. A vagus-post-pituitary reflex. Ⅱ. Pressor component. Chin J Physiol, 1937, 12 (3) :309～326.10 Chang HC, Chia KF, Hsu CH, et al. Humoral transmission of nerve impulses at central synapses. Ⅱ. Central vagus transmission after hypophysectomy in the dog. Chin J Physiol, 1938, 13 (1) : 13～32.11 Chang HC, Hsieh WM, Li TH, et al. Studies on tissue acetylcholine. Ⅵ. The liberation of acetylcholine from nerve trunks during stimulation. Chin J Physiol, 1939, 14 (1) : 19～26.12 Chang HC, Chia KF, Huang JJ, et al. A vagus-post-pituitary relex. Ⅷ. Antidiuretic effect. Chin J Physiol, 1939, 14(2):161～174.13 Chang HC, Lim K, Yeh HF, et al. The role of acetylcholine in the mechanism of normal labor. Chin J Physiol, 1949, 17 (2) :1939～1944.14 Chang HC, Chen MC, Chang C. The reflex action of histamine on the blood pressure and gastric secretion. Scientia Sinica. 1959,8 (8) 829～842.15 Chang HC, Xie YK, Wen YY, et al. Further investigation on the hypothesis of meridian-cortex-viscera interrelationship. Am J Chin Med, 1983, 11 (1) : 5～13.16 张锡钧.从五十年来乙酰胆碱的系统研究谈科研工作的经验体会.生理科学进展，1983，14：193～195.

The interaction between teachers and students is harmonious.

During a recession, banks" rising bad loans will make them even more panic and reluctant to lend, which in turn will cause business and the whole economy slowdown further.

Should have more of their own ideasshould pay attention to unit of each partmore better is by take an instance

不是例如 honest 变名词是 honesty