Spring 和Nature是不是两个不同的出版公司？Spring和Nature是不是合并了？现在是不是Spring nature公司？

业务性质

思路正确，应对应private

In terms of ownership and control,five kinds of business enterprises are recongnised and legalised by law.-Sole traders(1 person)-Partnerships(2-20 partner）-Close Copration (cc) （1-10 member)-Privat...

是工作经历

nature of business业务性质双语对照词典结果：nature of business[英][u02c8neitu0283u0259 u0254v u02c8biznis][美][u02c8netu0283u025a u028cv u02c8bu026aznu026as]商业性质; 以上结果来自金山词霸例句:1.If the first half of the 20th century was a time of fundamental change in the nature of business organisation, the second half was a time of fundamental change in the nature of business success. 如果说20世纪上半叶是企业组织性质发生根本变化的时期，那么下半叶就是企业成功要素发生根本变化的时期。-----------------------------------如有疑问欢迎追问！满意请点击右上方【选为满意回答】按钮

业务性质

nature of business英 [u02c8neitu0283u0259 u0254v u02c8biznis] 美 [u02c8netu0283u025a u028cv u02c8bu026aznu026as] 商业性质;

Corporate Introduction Corporate Culture Corporate Goodwill Item Synopsis

在nature的官网上有专门订阅的地方的（找到subscribe点进去就好了）。最近我们后台经常有朋友想订购《Science》、《Nature》等杂志，为了满足各位的需求，我们平台推出了《Science》、《Nature》、《TIME》、《Discover》、《BusinessReview》等杂志供各位选购。定价如下：套餐一：单一杂志订购《Science》、《Nature》、《TIME》、《Discover》、《BusinessReview》：选择任意一本杂志2017年订购原价格：119RMB。现圣诞价格：85RMB。送2016、2015全年杂志内容。发货方式：PDF文件发货，购买请留下您的邮箱，邮箱一定要确认无误。套餐二：任意两种杂志订购《Science》、《Nature》、《TIME》、《Discover》。《BusinessReview》：选择任意两本杂志2017年订购价格：169RMB。送2016、2015全年杂志内容（内容可任选两种）。发货方式：PDF文件发货，购买请留言告诉我们您需要的杂志种类，购买请留下您的邮箱，邮箱一定要确认无误。套餐三：全部五种杂志订购《Science》。《Nature》、《TIME》、《Discover》、《BusinessReview》：全部五本杂志2017年订购价格：299RMB。送2016、2015全年杂志内容（内容可任选三种）。发货方式：PDF文件发货，购买请留言告诉我们您需要的杂志种类，购买请留下您的邮箱，邮箱一定要确认无误。套餐四：《2016年度生命科学互联网产业现状与未来发展趋势报告白皮书》+任意本杂志订购套餐原价格1280RMB，圣诞价格860RMB。发货方式：《2016年度生命科学互联网产业现状与未来发展趋势报告白皮书》为纸质杂志，统一顺丰发货，拍下请留地址，其他人一两种杂志发货形式：PDF文件发货。购买请留言告诉我们您需要的杂志种类，购买请留下您的邮箱，邮箱一定要确认无误。

　　 英文 简历 是 留学 生介绍自己,推销自己,最终达到有效沟通的重要手段。那你知道留学生的英文简历该怎么写吗?下面是我为大家带来的留学生英文版简历模板，相信对你会有帮助的。 　　留学生英文版简历模板(一) 　　Personality 　　Name:xuexila 　　Nationality:China (Mainland) 　　Current Place:Guangzhou 　　Height/Weight:156 cm　48 kg 　　Marital Status:Single 　　Age:24 years 　　Career Objective 　　Application type:Jobseeker 　　Preferred job title:Foreign language: foreign trade 、 Sales assistant : 、 Export merchandizer: 　　Working life:3Title:No title 　　Job type:Full timeExpected Start date:In a week 　　Expected salary:￥2,000--￥3,500Preferred working place:Guangzhou 　　Work experience 　　Company"s name:shinning industries ltd,Begin and end date: 2006-09-2009-11 　　Enterprise nature:State-owned enterprisesIndustry: Business service 　　Job Title: sales 　　Job description: Sourcing ,getting quotation from the manufacturer,price negotiation ,quote preparation,order follow up 　　Reasons for leaving: 　　Company"s name:Telire company limitedBegin and end date: 2005-11-2006-08 　　Enterprise nature:State-owned enterprisesIndustry: Business service 　　Job Title: secretary&sales 　　Job description: Sourcing ,getting quotation from the manufacturer,price negotiation ,quote preparation,order follow up,take tha customer to the market place orders 　　Reasons for leaving: 　　Educational Background 　　Name of School:Hubei Industries University(Guangzhou Branch) 　　Highest Degree:AssociateDate of Graduation:2006-07-01 　　Name of Major 1:business englishName of Major 2:computer science 　　Education experience:Start dateEnd dateEducation organizationMajorsCertificateCertificate No 　　2003-092006-07Hubei Industries University(Guangzhou Branch)foreign trade englishGraduate cerification105005200606700808 　　2005-102005-12Hubei Industries University(Guangzhou Branch)foreign trade englishcertificate of secretarial competency in150420051220128 　　Language Ability 　　Foreign Language:EnglishLevel:excellent 　　Chinese level:perfectCantonese Level:perfect 　　Relevant skills and abilities 　　Familiar use outlook ,excel,work,internet,and the export documents such as pakcing list ,invoice,etc. 　　Sourcing ,getting quotation from the manufacturer,price negotiation ,quote preparation,order follow up,good communication skill in English both oral&written,good computer skills in word/excel/outlook/internet,etc.energetic,self-motivated,result-oriented,independent,a problem solver and team player 　　Self-recommendation letter 　　hi,how are you?im yjbys.I really interested in the trade business.and during these 3 years,i have more experience in this field. Familiar use outlook ,excel,work,internet,and the export documents such as pakcing list ,invoice,etc. 　　Sourcing ,getting quotation from the manufacturer,price negotiation ,quote preparation,order follow up,good communication skill in English both oral&written,good computer skills in Word/excel/outlook/internet,etc.im an energetic,self-motivated,result-oriented,independent,a problem solver and team player.thank you for your time.looking forward to hearing from you soon. 　　留学生英文版简历模板(二) 　　Name:xuexila 　　Nationality:China (Mainland) 　　Current Place:GuangzhouHeight/Weight:162 cm　47 kg 　　Marital Status:marriedAge:33 years 　　Career Objective 　　Application type:Jobseeker 　　Preferred job title:Purchasing: Sourcing or purhasing 　　Working life:7Title:No title 　　Job type:Full timeExpected Start date:In a day 　　Expected salary:￥2500～￥3499Preferred working place:Guangzhou Zhongshan Foshan 　　Work experience 　　Company"s name:****CO., Limited Begin and end date: 2012-06-2012-12 　　Enterprise nature:Soly foreign funded enterprisesIndustry: Electronic Technology/Semiconductor/IC 　　Job Title:Sourcing Engineer 　　Job description:To make undertakings in order and save working time(approx. 8%) by using accumulated personal special Microsoft excel & outlook & other computer(e.g. ERP) & working skills, and make good communication & coordination to help the teammates to complete the tasks of early project stage, like the drawing, suppliers, RFQ, sample quantity/quality/ETD follow up etc. Assisted my boss & colleagues to work more easier. 　　To communicate and negotiate with suppliers for price, terms, leadtime, forecast, VMI agreement, even some technical & quality issues, etc., shorten the L/T, saved cost by average 3.2%, reduced the inventory(some have zero stocks), and improved the payment conditions. The order quantity of one series increase about 50% against last year by the together effert of all teammates including PM & Sales & QA & Engineering & Supply Chain buyer. 　　Job range: Commen Mode Chokes/CAN-BUS chokes/EMI beads, cable core/EMC filter/SMD power inductor/OEM subcon/supplier development etc. 　　Reasons for leaving: 　　Company"s name:****CO., Limited Begin and end date: 2007-02-2011-09 　　Enterprise nature:Sino-foreign joint venturesIndustry: Communication/Telecom/Network Equipment 　　Job Title:Central Procurement, Purchasing specialist 　　Job description:Except following up the 3 months purchasing plan and sample shipment for on time delivery, we reduced the material cost(approx. 3%/year), stocks amount(approx. 8%/month) and some logistic spending, so as to obtain a low total strategic procurement cost level in the supply chain. In addition to purchasing, sourcing is a part of my job as well. Have two years Germany & Japan background factory experience and more than two years Central Procurement department working experience in global environment during this employment. 　　Purchasing range: ferrite core, plastic bobbin, enameled copper wire, adhesive, soldering tin, metal parts, packing materials etc. 　　Reasons for leaving: 　　Company"s name:****CO., Limited Begin and end date: 2004-11-2006-11 　　Enterprise nature:Soly foreign funded enterprisesIndustry: Furniture/Home Appliances/Crafts/Toy/Jewelry 　　Job Title:Purchasing staff 　　Job description:Work as a buyer. Purchasing range: timber, MDF, veneer, hardware, glue & adhesive, painting oil, grinding tape, cutting blades, tools, packing, semi parts, etc. 　　Reasons for leaving: 　　Educational Background 　　Name of School:Guangdong University of Business Study 　　Highest Degree:BachelorDate of Graduation:2004-06-01 　　Name of Major 1:MarketingName of Major 2: 　　Education experience:Start dateEnd dateEducation organizationMajorsCertificateCertificate No 　　1999-092004-07Guangdong University of Business StudyMarketingBachelor1059 2120 0405 0027 19 　　Language Ability 　　Foreign Language:EnglishLevel:good 　　Chinese level: Cantonese Level:excellent 　　Relevant skills and abilities 　　-Good problem-solving skills; 　　- Excel lent excel & outlook skills for good muti-tasks management; 　　-Be efficient to support good teamworking performance; 　　-Can save working time and cost for company;

英国公司查询，直接政府网站就可以查到的

what is the nature of your company"s business ?

Electronic Commerce

Beyond Language: Cultural Predispositions in international Business Correspondence Translation covers only part of the problem of working with people of other nations and cultures. Differences in cultural background may affect business correspondence between Americans and others, and International English may be evolving a cultural style of its own. In correspondence, business people from the low-context cultures of Northern Europe and North America sometimes inadvertently offend their counterparts in high-context cultures by assuming that their correspondents share their values. Such correspondence might be more effective if writers used a rhetorical framework to conceptualize in their letters a sense of their addressees" conditions and of their own roles in relation to their addressees. This dimension of relationship may be difficult for people from low-context cultures. However, because of the increasing use of English as a lingua franca of business, correspondence standards may be changing. Using the example of rhetorical patterns in English and Chinese business letters, I suggest a way to use Western rhetorical principles to accommodate other cultural patterns. Business Correspondence includs： Requesting Information How to ask somebody to send you information. Sending Information What to say when you send information. Resume or CV A resume (AmE) or CV (BrE) is usually requested by a prospective employer as a record of your qualifications and professional experience. CV stands for the Latin words "curriculum vitae", meaning "the course of one"s life". Covering Letter for Resume/CV It is usual to send a covering letter (BrE) or cover letter (AmE) with your resume/CV when applying for a job. Letter of Reference Companies and other organizations often ask for a letter of reference. This is a character reference written by someone such as an ex-employer who knows the subject personally. Let"s take the ever-more-common case of the American who wants to strike up business dealings with people of another language and culture. Box 3 reproduces a letter to a delegation of Chinese who had visited the United States. They had expressed some interest in the products of Mr. Jones"s company, so he wrote them a letter, presumably hoping to sell some. However, as Boiarsky (1995) informs us, his letter drew no response. Dear Sir: Your name and address were referred to me by the Illinois Department of Agriculture--Far East Office. They stated that you had expressed an interest in our products and requested further information. I am therefore enclosing a brocuhre which itemizes our products and services. Pleas let me know your exact requirements. I will be happy to provide you with further details. Thank you for your participation at the Illinois Slide and Catalog Show. I look forward to your reply. Sincerely, Peter Jones Director of Sales Agri-Equipment Division

内容摘要：为了帮助考生们更好地复习雅思考试，本文为各位考生整理了雅思口语回答经典示范例子，供考生们参考使用。 　　雅思口语回答经典示范例子，以下是详细内容。 　　第一部分的个人熟悉话题问答题　　当考官问道：“Do you like Music?” 　　考生回答：“观点：yes, I do. 　　理由：Cuz music makes me feel relaxed.　　例子：for example, sweet and light music are the best choice. 　　下面我们来根据口语的四大评分标准来提高我们的答案： 　　Fluency流利，Grammar语法，Vocabulary词汇，pronunciation发音　　观点 (旧)：yes, I do 　　观点(新)：yes, I"m pretty keen on music, I"m just so passionate about it, really a big fan of it. 天堂口语补充：回答要流利，并且态度上要表达出愿意沟通的意愿，还有词汇，和表达上也要有一定的词汇基础。 　　理由(旧)：Cuz music makes me feel relaxed. 　　理由(新)：Cuz music can purify your mind. When listening to the music, all the pressure, panic and anxiety due to the fierce competition of the quick-paced society just disappear.天堂口语解释：回答后需要增加原因，并在原因上面扩展一下细节。也就是原因的理由。　　例子(旧)：for example, sweet and light music are the best choice. 　　例子(新)：especially, for instance, my favorite is some American country music, such as the famous one “ take me home, country roads”, it makes you feel a world where there are nice people, clear streams, fresh air, vast farmland and country roads with daisies and beautiful sunshine. 　　新的答案在语法是7分，词汇也是7分;如果学生在表达的时候能做到完美，即流利获得9分和发音也获得9分，那么，四项平均以后的得分就是8分的口语。在现实的考试当中，如果学生的Fluency 6分，Pronunciation也6分，那得分就是6.5分。 　　这种评分方法将会继续贯穿于口语的第二部分和第三部分，考官会根据考生在三部分的综合表现打出分数，下面让我们来研究一下第二部分：　　第二部分(根据要求)两分钟即兴演讲　　例如：考官要求你描述一个城市，可以写一分钟笔记，要求讲话一到二分钟。　　Describe a city that you like best ① 　　Where it is ② 　　What are the general features ③ 　　What you can do there ④ 　　Explain why it is your favorite city ⑤　　根据雅思口语考试的四大评分标准，我们来设计答案：　　Fluency流利，Grammar语法，Vocabulary词汇，pronunciation发音 　　Describe a city that you like:描述一个你喜欢的城市： 　　观点：杭州是我去过的最印象深刻的城市之一 　　Hangzhou is one of the most impressive cities where I have even been 　　理由：因为我感到印象很深刻对于交通、风景如画的景点，和地方特色美食。 　　because I was deeply impressed by the transport, the picturesque scenery spot, and the food specialty there.　　例子：具体来说，我想谈谈城际特快列车，西湖和东坡肉。天堂口语解释：(细节能够让交谈内容并不空洞，内容会让回答比较个性化，生动且有趣) 　　To be more precise, I"m gonna talk about the intercity express train, the west lake and the soysauced Dongpo Pork.　　② Whre it is, 他在哪里 　　观点：我很喜欢她的地理位置，杭州位于中国的南部，在长江三角洲上。 　　I particularly like its situation. Hangzhou is located on the southern part of china, on the Yangtze river delta. 　　理由：你知道，坐和谐号城际特快列车，从上海去那里很方便。 　　You know, from shanghai to Hangzhou, it is really convenient to go by CRH (china railway highspeed), namely, the inter-city express.　　例子：上周我刚去过杭州，我花了54元，两个小时就到了杭州，而且和谐号是非常舒适和惬意的，平稳的滑行，咆哮行驶在时速198公里/小时,跟英吉利海峡峡面的欧洲之星特快列车是差不多的。 　　Actually, I just went there last week, I paid 54 kaui, it took me 2 hours on the train, by the way, the CRH was really comfy and cozy, smooth and stable, roaring down the rail at 198 kilometers per hour，quite similar to the EuroStar express train under the English Channel.　　③What are the general features 什么是主要的总体特色? 　　观点：是西湖让我如此喜欢杭州 　　it is the west lake that greatly contributes to my fondness for the city. 　　理由：湖滨自然的成为人们休闲散步，同时呼吸新鲜空气的地方 　　The Lakeside naturally serves as a place for people to have a bit of walk，enjoying the fresh air at the same time.　　例子：由于西湖在杭州的市中心，周围有诸多的高楼大厦，所以几乎每一个来杭州的人都会来感受自然和城市和谐结合得这样一个美景。 　　Since the west lake is in the downtown area of Hangzhou, right among the concrete jungle of the city, nearly everyone who visits Hangzhou likes to come and enjoy the harmonious integration between the Nature of the lake and the modernization of buildings nearby.　　④What you can do there 你能在那里做什么? 　　观点：东坡肉是很受欢迎的一种特色菜，即对旅游者来说，也对当地人来说。 　　Soysauced Dongpo Pork is a very popular specialty dish among tourists and locals as well. 　　理由：因为他味道很重很咸，很肥很好吃但不油腻。 　　Because it has strong flavour, very savoury, fatty, yummy but not greasy.　　例子：杭州最正宗的东坡肉在西湖边上的楼外楼餐厅，每天都挤满了人。边享美食边赏湖景。这就是我们所谓的生活啊! 　　The most authentic Dongpo Pork can be served in the restaurant, Building Beyond Building, beside the west lake, it is always packed with customers. They usually chose a window seat to enjoy the delicate cuisine while appreciating the placidness of the lake. That is what we call LIFE!　　⑤Explain why it is your favorite city解释为什么这是你最喜欢的城市 　　观点：这是一次难忘的旅行 　　this trip is the one which I shall never forget. 　　理由：他让我大开眼界。 　　It made my mind open.　　例子：我高度推荐您有空也去看一看 　　I highly recommend you to go and have a look. 　　接下来，让我们继续分析第三部分　　第三部分社会客观分析问答题　　考官问道：what kind of qualities a good leader should have?　　考生回答： 　　观点1：A good leader should be passionate， 　　理由1：Because his passion will help him do well.　　例子1：In business, a passionate boss can do his business better when he likes it. 　　观点2：A good leader also should be like a model. 　　理由2：Because followers will all learn from their leader.　　例子2：In Business, successful leadership is mainly about whether his employees work as hard as their boss does. 　　根据雅思口语考试的四大评分标准，我们来提高答案： 　　Fluency流利，Grammar语法，Vocabulary词汇，pronunciation发音 　　观点1(旧)：A good leader should be passionate. 　　观点1(新)：successful leaders would probably be quite passionate and enthusiastic about what they do. 　　成功的领导人应该很可能是非常激情和热情地对待他们所作的事情。 　　理由1(旧)：Because his passion will help him do well. 　　理由1(新)：Success comes easily when someone is obsessed with his career. He will be more relentless in the pursuit of his goals if he"s keen on his business. He will achieve his peak performance only when he"s doing the thing which interests him or something he cares about. 　　成功来得容易当一个人沉溺于他的职业，他会更加不停歇地追求他的目标如果他很喜欢他的生意，他将会到达顶峰表现只有当他做自己感兴趣的事情和他在意的事情。　　例子1(旧)：In business, a passionate boss can do his business better when he likes it. 　　例子1(新)：Entrepreneurs who succeed do not mind the fact that they are putting in 15 or 18 hours a day to their business because they absolutely love what they do.Success in business is all about patience and hard work, which can only be attained if someone is passionate and crazy with his tasks and activities. So, most of the time, the more passionate a man is, the more successful he can be. 　　成功的企业家不介意一个事实，他们每天工作15到18个小时仅仅因为他们绝对的喜欢他们所做的，只有当你对疯狂的热爱你的任务和活动的时候，你才会耐心和努力工作，这使你商业上成功。所以，大多数情况下，你越是激情，你就会越成功。　　观点2(旧)：A good leader also should be reliable. 　　观点2(新)： True leaders should have trustworthiness built on good relationship with his followers. 　　真正的领导人应该由别人的信任，建立在他很好的人际关系。 　　理由2(旧)：because no one will work for the person who can not be trusted. 　　理由2(新)：the way they deal with people will lay the foundation for the strength of their groups. The stronger the relationship is, the stronger the subordinates" trust and confidence is in their capabilities. 　　他们处理和人们的关系为他们队的优点建立了基础，这种关系越强，他的下属的对他的信任和信心就越加成为他们的综合能力。　　例子2(旧)：In Business, successful leadership is mainly about whether his employees believe in their boss or not. 　　例子2(新)：Studies have shown that one fundamental basis of business leadership is the trust and confidence that employees have on their manager. Only when they have faith in their leader will they go through hell and high water for him and for the organization。 　　研究表明一个商业成功领导的基础是他员工对经理的信任和信心，只有他们信任领导人时，他们才会跋山涉水为组织效力。

　　我们认为看电视的时候，人的大脑基本停止工作，打开电脑的时候，大脑才开始运转。下面是我整理了史蒂夫乔布斯经典名言，希望对大家有所帮助! 　　1、We"re here to put a dent in the universe。Otherwise why else even be here？活着就是为了改变世界，难道还有其他原因吗？ 　　2、I want to put a ding in the universe。我要在宇宙中留下痕迹。 　　3、There"s a phrase in Buddhism，"Beginner"s mind。"It"s wonderful to have a beginner"s mind。佛教中有一句话：初学者的心态；拥有初学者的心态是件了不起的事情。 　　4、If you want to live your life in a creative way，as an artist，you have to not look back too much。You have to be willing to take whatever you"ve done and whoever you were and throw them away。如果你想要以一种创造性的方式来生活，作为一个艺术家，你不能太多地往回看。你必须能够承受你所做的一切，以及你过去是什么样的人，然后把它们统统扔掉。 　　5、Innovation distinguishes between a leader and a follower。一个领导者和一个跟随者之间的区别就在于创新。 　　6、I would trade all my technology for an afternoon with Socrates。我会用我所有的技术来交换与苏格拉底相处的一个下午。 　　7、If you do something and it turns out pretty good，then you should go do something else wonderful，not dwell on it for too long。Just figure out what"s next。你如果出色地完成了某件事，那你应该再做一些其他的精彩事儿。不要在前一件事上徘徊太久，想想接下来该做什么。 　　8、The only way to do great work is to love what you do。If you haven"t found it yet，keep looking。Don"t settle。成就的唯一途径是热爱自己的事业，如果你还没找到的话，继续寻找，不要屈就。 　　9、There is no shortcut to excellence。You will have to make the commitment to make excellence your priority。Use your talents，abilities，and skills in the best way possible and get ahead of others by giving that little extra。Live by a higher standard and pay attention to the details that really do make the difference。Excellence is not difficult - simply decide right now to give it your best shot - and you will be amazed with what life gives you back。成功没有捷径。你必须把卓越转变成你身上的一个特质。最大限度地发挥你的天赋、才能、技巧，把其他所有人甩在你后面。高标准严格自己，把注意力集中在那些将会改变一切的细节上。变得卓越并不艰难——从现在开始尽自己最大能力去做——你会发现生活将给你惊人的回报。 　　10、We think basically you watch television to turn your brain off，and you work on your computer when you want to turn your brain on。我们认为看电视的时候，人的大脑基本停止工作，打开电脑的时候，大脑才开始运转。 　　11、What a computer is to me is the most remarkable tool that we have ever come up with。It"s the equivalent of a bicycle for our minds。对我而言，电脑是人类想出来的最卓越的工具。它相当于是我们大脑的自行车。 　　12、I"m the only person I know that"s lost a quarter of a billion dollars in one year…It"s very character-building。我是我所知道的唯一一个在一年中失去2。5亿美元的人……这对我的成长很有帮助。 　　13、Innovation distinguishes between a leader and a follower。领袖和跟风者的区别就在于创新。 　　14、The only way to do great work is to love what you do。If you haven"t found it yet，keep looking。Don"t settle。As with all matters of the heart，you"ll know when you find it。成就一番伟业的唯一途径就是热爱自己的事业。如果你还没能找到让自己热爱的事业，继续寻找，不要放弃。跟随自己的心，总有一天你会找到的。 　　15、Stay hungry，stay foolish。求知若饥，虚心若愚。 　　16、Be a yardstick of quality。Some people aren"t used to an environment where excellence is expected。成为卓越的代名词，很多人并不能适合需要杰出素质的环境。 　　17、Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose。谨记自己总会死去，是让自己避免陷入“人生有所失”思考的最佳方法。 　　18、You can"t just ask customers what they want and then try to give that to them。By the time you get it built，they"ll want something new。你不能只问顾客要什么，然后想法子给他们做什么。等你做出来，他们已经另有新欢了。 　　19、Life is brief，and then you die，you know？人生短暂，过着过着你就没了，明白吗？ 　　20、My job is not to be easy on people。My job is to make them better。我的工作不是对别人好。我的工作是让他们变得更好。 　　21、Do you want to spend the rest of your life selling sugared water or do you want a chance to change the world？你想用卖糖水来度过余生，还是想要一个机会来改变世界？ 　　22、Are you tired of living someone else"s dream？ No doubt，it"s your life and you have every right to spend it in your own individual way without any hurdles or barriers from others。Give yourself a chance to nurture your creative qualities in a fear-free and pressure-free climate。Live a life that YOU choose and be your own boss。你是否已经厌倦了为别人而活？不要犹豫，这是你的生活，你拥有绝对的自主权来决定如何生活，不要被其他人的所作所为所束缚。给自己一个培养自己创造力的机会，不要害怕，不要担心。过自己选择的生活，做自己的老板！ 　　23、Reams of academic studies over the decades have amply confirmed television"s pernicious mental and moral influences。And most TV watchers know that their habit is mind-numbing and wasteful，but still spend most of their time in front of that box。So turn your TV off and save some brain cells。But be cautious，you can turn your brain off by using a computer also。Try and have an intelligent conversation with someone who plays first person shooters for eight hours a day。Or auto race games，or role-playing games。过去十年中，大量的理论研究表明，电视对人的精神和心智是有害的。大多数电视观众都知道这个坏习惯会浪费时间并且使大脑变得迟钝，但是他们还是选择呆在电视机前面。关掉电视吧，给自己省点脑细胞。还有，电脑也会让你的大脑秀逗，不信的话你去跟那些一天花8小时玩第一视角设计游戏、汽车拉力游戏、角色扮演游戏的人聊聊看，你也会得出这个结论的。 　　24、Have the courage to follow your heart and intuition。They somehow already know what you truly want to become。Everything else is secondary。要有勇气追随心声，听从直觉，它们在某种程度上知道你想成为的样子。其他事情都是其次的`。 　　25、My model for business is the Beatles。They were four guys who kept each other"s kind of negative tendencies in check。They balanced each other，and the total was greater than the sum of the parts。That"s how I see business：Great things in business are never done by one person。They"re done by a team of people。我的商业模式是披头士那种模式。这四个家伙互相之间检查是否有消极的趋势。他们能够平衡彼此，让总体大于部分之和。这就是我对经营的看法：伟大的业务绝不会是由某一个人完成的。它们是由一组人来完成。 　　26、Each lesson might be difficult to integrate into your life at first，but if you ease your way into each lesson，one at a time，you"ll notice an immediate improvement in your overall performance。So go ahead，give them a try。以上每句话，刚开始也许很难真正渗透入你的生活，以上每句话，刚开始也许很难真正渗透入你的生活，但是如果你慢慢吸收这些教训，每次领悟一句话，是如果你慢慢吸收这些教训，每次领悟一句话，慢慢的你将会发现一个全新的自我。不要踌躇不前，试试看。你将会发现一个全新的自我。不要踌躇不前，试试看。 　　27、Being the richest man in the cemetery doesn"t matter to me…Going to bed at night saying we"ve done something wonderful…that"s what matters to me。是否能成为墓地里最富有的人，对我而言无足轻重。重要的是，当我晚上睡觉时，我可以说：我们今天完成了一些美妙的事。 　　28、I think death is the most wonderful invention of life。It purges the system of these old models that are obsolete。我认为死亡是生命最美妙的发明，因为它清除了这些老款的已经过时了的系统。 　　29、Innovation has no limits。The only limit is your imagination。It"s time for you to begin thinking out of the box。If you are involved in a growing industry，think of ways to become more efficient；more customer friendly； and easier to do business with。If you are involved in a shrinking industry – get out of it quick and change before you become obsolete； out of work； or out of business。And remember that procrastination is not an option here。Start innovating now！创新无极限！只要敢想，没有什么不可能，立即跳出思维的框框吧。如果你正处于一个上升的朝阳行业，那么尝试去寻找更有效的解决方案：更招消费者喜爱、更简洁的商业模式。如果你处于一个日渐萎缩的行业，那么赶紧在自己变得跟不上时代之前抽身而出，去换个工作或者转换行业。不要拖延，立刻开始创新！ 　　30、Your time is limited，so don"t waste it living someone else"s life。Don"t be trapped by dogma - which is living with the results of other people"s thinking。Don"t let the noise of other"s opinions drown out your own inner voice。And most important，have the courage to follow your heart and intuition。They somehow already know what you truly want to become。Everything else is secondary。你的时间有限，所以不要为别人而活。不要被教条所限，不要活在别人的观念里。不要让别人的意见左右自己内心的声音。最重要的是，勇敢的去追随自己的心灵和直觉，只有自己的心灵和直觉才知道你自己的真实想法，其他一切都是次要。 　　31、Death is very likely the single best invention of Life。It is Life"s change agent。It clears out the old to make way for the new。死亡很可能是唯一的、最好的生命创造。它是生命的促变者。它送走老一代，给新一代开出道路。 　　32、Don"t equate making mistakes with being a mistake。There is no such thing as a successful person who has not failed or made mistakes，there are successful people who made mistakes and changed their lives or performance in response to them，and so got it right the next time。They viewed mistakes as warnings rather than signs of hopeless inadequacy。Never making a mistake means never living life to the full。犯错误不等于错误。从来没有哪个成功的人没有失败过或者犯过错误，相反，成功的人都是犯了错误之后，做出改正，然后下次就不会再错了，他们把错误当成一个警告而不是万劫不复的失败。从不犯错意味着从来没有真正活过。 　　33、Over the last decade，numerous books featuring lessons from historical figures have appeared on the shelves of bookstores around the world。And Socrates stands with Leonardo da Vinci，Nicholas Copernicus，Charles Darwin and Albert Einstein as a beacon of inspiration for independent thinkers。But he came first。Cicero said of Socrates that，"He called philosophy down from the skies and into the lives of men。" So use Socrates"principles in your life，your work，your learning，and your relationships。It"s not about Socrates，it"s really about you，and how you can bring more truth，beauty and goodness into your life everyday。十几年来，世界各地的书店里涌现出海量的关于历史人物的书籍。这些人物包括苏格拉底、达芬奇、哥白尼、达尔文以及爱因斯坦，他们被称为人们灵感的灯塔，而苏格拉底排在第一位。西塞罗评价苏格拉底说：“他把哲学从高高在上的学科变得与人休戚相关。”把苏格拉底的原则运用到你的生活、工作、学习以及人及关系上吧，这不是关于苏格拉底，这是关于你自己，以及关于你如何给你每天的生活带来更多的真善美。 　　34、Did you know that you have big things to accomplish in life？ And did you know that those big things are getting rather dusty while you pour yourself another cup of coffee，and decide to mull things over rather than do them？ We were all born with a gift to give in life，one which informs all of our desires，interests，passions and curiosities。This gift is，in fact，our purpose。And you don"t need permission to decide your own purpose。No boss，teacher，parent，priest or other authority can decide this for you。Just find that unique purpose。你是否知道在你的生命中，有什么使命是一定要达成的？你知不知道在你喝一杯咖啡或者做些无意义事情的时候，这些使命又蒙上了一层灰尘？我们生来就随身带着一件东西，这件东西指示着我们的渴望、兴趣、热情以及好奇心，这就是使命。你不需要任何权威来评断你的使命，没有任何老板、老师、父母、牧师以及任何权威可以帮你来决定。你需要靠你自己来寻找这个独特的使命。 　　35、I end up not buying a lot of things，because I find them ridiculous。我最终并没有买很多东西，因为我觉得它们很可笑。 　　36、It is the kind of mind that can see things as they are，which step by step and in a flash can realize the original nature of everything。Beginner"s mind is Zen practice in action。It is the mind that is innocent of preconceptions and expectations，judgements and prejudices。Think of beginner"s mind as the mind that faces life like a small child，full of curiosity and wonder and amazement。不要迷惑于表象而要洞察事务的本质，初学者的心态是行动派的禅宗。所谓初学者的心态是指，不要无端猜测、不要期望、不要武断也不要偏见。初学者的心态正如一个新生儿面对这个世界一样，永远充满好奇、求知欲、赞叹。 　　37、Design is not just what it looks like and feels like。Design is how it works。设计不只是外表和感觉，设计是产品如何运作。

《暴风雨》经典台词 　　《暴风雨》是莎士比亚的最后一部完整的杰作。剧情大意是：普洛斯彼洛是意大利北部米兰城邦的公爵，他的弟弟安东尼奥野心勃勃，利用那不勒斯国王阿隆佐的帮助，篡夺了公爵的宝座。普洛斯彼洛和他那三岁的小公主历尽艰险漂流到个岛上，他用魔法把岛上的精灵和妖怪治得服服贴贴。几年后，普洛斯彼洛用魔术唤起一阵风暴，使其弟弟和那不勒国王的船碰碎在这个岛的礁石上，船上的人安然无恙，登岸后依然勾心斗角。普洛斯彼洛用魔法降服了他的弟弟和阿隆佐，使他们答应恢复他的爵位。最后大家一起回到意大利。本剧还歌颂了纯真的爱情、友谊和人与人之间的亲善关系。 　　别在树下徘徊，别在雨中沉思，别在黑暗中落泪。向前看，不要回头，只要你勇于面对抬起头来，就会发现，分数的阴霾不过是短暂的雨季。向前看，还有一片明亮的天，不会使人感到彷徨。 　　经典语录 　　——莎士比亚《暴风雨》 　　我是一个傻子，听见了衷心喜欢的话就流起泪来。 　　——莎士比亚《暴风雨》 　　『让我们不要把过去的不幸重压在我们的"记忆上。』 　　(Let us not burden our remembrances with a heaviness that"s gone.) 　　——莎士比亚《暴风雨》 　　啊 暴风雨 　　不可思议 　　把美好的事 　　破坏无疑 　　——莎士比亚《暴风雨》 　　『不久我们有了空暇，我便可以向您解答这种种奇迹，是你理解这一切的发生未尝不是可能的事。现在请高兴起来，把什么事都往好的方面想吧。』 　　(At pick"d leisure, Which shall be shortly, single I"ll resolve you, Which to you shall seem probable, of every These happen"d accidents; till when, be cheerful And think of each thing well.) 　　——莎士比亚《暴风雨》 　　『这真让人像堕入五里雾中一样!这种事情一定有一个超自然的势力在那指挥着。』 　　(This is as strange a maze as e"er men trod; and there is in this business more than nature Was ever conduct of.) 　　——莎士比亚《暴风雨》 　　暴风雨不可理喻 　　——陈奕迅《暴风雨》 　　还以为人生全由人控制 　　一觉醒来才发现一切随阳光消失 　　——陈奕迅《暴风雨》 　　再委屈，不过是一段插曲。 　　——莎士比亚《暴风雨》 　　爱与其他不可能的追求，不必害怕，这岛上众声喧哗。 　　——莎士比亚《暴风雨》 ;

Definitions of marketingMarketing is the management of exchange relationships. This emphasizes the role of marketing in relating to the world outside the organization. All relationships between the organization and the out side world, especially when they relate to customers, need to be managed. The organization will be judged by customers, suppliers, competitors and other according to their personal experience. Marketing is the management process which identifies, anticipates and supplies customer requirement efficiently and profitably. Marketing is concerned with meeting business objectives by providing customer satisfactions. When people buy products or services they do not simply want the products, they also want the benefits from using the products or services. Products and services help to solve a customer"s problem. It is the solution to these problems that customers are buying. Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution or ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organization goals. Marketing is the performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from organizations" to their customers. Marketing is the process of determining customer demand for a product, motivating its sale and distributing it into ultimate consumption at a profit. Marketing is the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements efficiently and profitably. Characteristics of marketing-oriented companyMarket orientation (market-oriented)Refers to the enterprise in accordance with its own power to match the target market and target user groups requested to design, produce, and deliver products and services. Advantages Disadvantages uf06c Product tailored to the needs of the customeruf06c Research and development enables the market-led company to keep ahead of the competitionuf06c Opportunities arise out of a continuous research thrustuf06c Knowing you customer enables you to communicate more efficiently, with cost-effective marketing communicationsuf06c Produce what you can sell rather than sell what you produceuf06c Leads to long-term relationships with high customer satisfaction uf06c Extensive market research needed into customer needs/wantsuf06c Expensive and time consuming – time delay for product to marketuf06c ‘Me-too" products that can undercut because there are no costs of research and developmentuf06c Irrational customer behavior – no amount of research will alter the fickle nature of the average customeruf06c Dynamic nature of market place – today"s products become tomorrow"s throwawaysuf06c Too narrow a focusDue to economic development, people"s incomes increase, accelerating the pace of life, increasing social interaction, has quietly changed the concept of life, the rapid development of tertiary industry, the food service industry has been seen a lot of favorable market opportunities.1. The increased population eating out of China"s population and family structure has undergone great changes with more and more single people. This family structure and lifestyles change may lead to changes in consumer behaviors, more and more people are reluctant to spend too much time on cooking, thus increasing the population eating out.2. The rise a healthy trend of People"s living standards improve the living began to focus on the health effects of diet, emphasizing nutrition and food hygiene, respect for dining. People who pursue their own health to the restaurant industry will be tremendous opportunities for a broad market.3. The development of tourism. At present tourism is one of the fastest-growing sectors in China, rising per capita tourist spending, tourism region expanded. For tourists, the food culture is also one of the attractive elements.Meiwei restaurant should to meet market and consumer changes, provide customers with convenient, healthy Chinese fast food. Elements of marketing conceptThe marketing concept is the attitude that business decisions should be based on what the customer wants. Marketing concept is the enterprise business decision-making, organization and management of marketing activities, the basic guiding ideology that is business philosophy. It is a concept, an attitude, or a corporate way of thinking. Marketing concept is a "consumer demand as the center, market as the starting point" business guideline.Marketing conceptThe key to achieving business goals to determine the correct target market needs, all to the consumer as the center, and than the competition more effective and better transmission of the target market to meet the expectations of things. Consumer research has been called the study of the relationship between the personality of the consumer and the personality of the product. It looks at the consumer"s motives, which may be unconscious but which still affect his or her choice of products. Techniques such as in-depth interviews and word association tests can be used to find out how consumers are really thinking.

Differences in the formulation of appropriate business strategies. Manifested mainly in response to strong branded products weaknesses improvements or new product to squeeze into the market, open up a new situation. These products must be in terms of performance, specifications, structure and other technical indicators with strong brands are significant differences, but also time in marketing, marketing, geography, marketing and other operations on the price difference to start operation. Even in the packaging of such a non-main business segments, but also create a unique differentiation operating effects, such as color, style, use"s prowess, can give a fresh feel.REALFLEET core marketing strategy must proceed from the customer needs to find differences, explore the differences and use the difference for themselves has yet to set foot in the creation of a competitor or do not set foot in the market space, through efforts to become the market leader in the only brand or brands , with the sole or lead their own rapid solid market position, to win the first pot of gold market until becoming the authority to establish a stable of consumer brand loyalty and become cash cows, and ultimately achieve the exclusion of dissidents, the collapse of the opponent"s The purpose of this unique and exclusive in nature and is caused by the difference of the core of enterprise marketing strategy connotation. REALFLEET company marketing mix strategy:1, product Outstanding personalized design customized products to the popular designs, brought to people"s not just a visual appliances fashion company will design the concept of cultural penetration in the life, the design of the extension, the product of human nature give it more functional. 2, price The price difference should not be too high. The price is too high enough to discourage the vast majority of customers, turned to a relatively low-cost products. For Rational customers, the price is not a determining factor in measuring the product, but it is definitely not care. Prices in the customer"s mind, will always be the impact of the purchase of one of the important factors in decision-making, so the price should be differentiated customer expectations in the framework of the ceiling. 3, channels Insist on direct way to increase the number of concept stores, improve the market network 4, the promotion of Adhere to the image of the unique positioning, with the professionalization of the creative and design to create corporate brand, using the image of the strategy for market differentiation.

时代整个儿脱节了；啊，真糟，天生偏要我把它重新整好！These are strange times. But the unhappiest time of all was the day that I was born.——哈姆雷特《哈姆雷特》一幕五场我爱欧菲莉亚，四万个兄弟之爱加起来也不足我所给予她之爱。I loved Ophelia too! Forty thousand brothers could not love her as much as I did!——哈姆雷特《哈姆雷特》五幕一场天地之大，赫瑞修，比你所能梦想到的多出更多。There are more things in heaven and earth than you"ve ever dream of, Horatio.——哈姆雷特《哈姆雷特》一幕五场我不惧毁灭，更不在乎今生或来世；我可任其来之，只要我能彻底的为我父亲复仇！It doesn"t matter what happens to me in this world or the next. But I will have revenge for my father!——雷尔提《哈姆雷特》四幕五场你们这辈愚人！我和我的同伴们都是运命的使者。You fools! I and my fellows are ministers of fate.——爱丽儿《暴风雨》三幕三场这真叫人像堕入五里雾中一样！这种事情一定有一个超自然的势力在那儿指挥着。This is as strange a maze as e"er men trod; And there is in this business more than nature Was ever conduct of.——阿隆佐《暴风雨》五幕一场让我们不要把过去的不幸重压在我们的记忆上。Let us not burden our remembrances with a heaviness that"s gone.——普洛斯彼罗《暴风雨》五幕一场我们都是坏蛋，千万别相信我们。Men lie. Believe none of us.——哈姆雷特《哈姆雷特》三幕一场现在我已把我的魔法尽行抛弃，剩余微弱的力量都属于我自己。Now my charms are all o"erthrown, And what strength I have"s mine own, Which is most faint.——普洛斯彼罗《暴风雨》收场诗至少也要献出一个奇迹来，使它给与您安慰，正像我的公国安慰了我一样。At least bring forth a wonder, to content ye As much as me my dukedom. ——普洛斯彼罗《暴风雨》五幕一场不久我们有了空暇，我便可以简简单单地向您解答这种种奇迹，使您觉得这一切的发生，未尝不是可能的事。现在请高兴起来，把什么事都往好的方面着想吧。At pick"d leisure, Which shall be shortly, single I"ll resolve you, Which to you shall seem probable, of every These happen"d accidents; till when, be cheerful and think of each thing well.——普洛斯彼罗《暴风雨》五幕一场《绝园的暴风雨》改编自日本的城平京负责原作，左有秀担当构成、彩崎廉负责作画的同名漫画。电视动画于2012年10月4日开始播放，全24集。故事开始讲述了某一天，最强的魔法使公主锁部叶风被部下左门暗算，困在了无人荒岛；紧接着爱花被杀害，后面大家得知叶风早已在两年前就已经在荒岛遇难，故事就围绕着复仇与魔法，超越时间与空间战斗讲述了下去。最后结局中吉野最终决定放下爱花及过去的一切，与叶风重新开始新的生活。总的来说，本作的画面和剧情都是不错的，只是有一点不足就是感觉后面的剧情不如前半部分的，节奏有些快，有些突兀。但尽管如此仍旧值得大家观看。

1、当雕刻像开始令人费解时，它就达到了美的程度。 When the carving is hard to understand, it is to the extent that it is beautiful. 2、铭刻在心：每一天都是一年中最好的日子。 Write it on your heart that every day is the best day of the year. 3、生命是如此的短暂，只有抛弃身外的浮华，才能够达到高雅的境界。 Life is so short, only to abandon all vanity, to achieve the lofty realm. 4、婴儿期是永生救世主，为了诱使堕落的人类重返天国，它不断地来到人类的怀抱。 Infancy is the eternal Savior, in order to induce the fall of mankind to return to the kingdom of heaven, it is constantly in the embrace of mankind. 5、美丽的女性实际上是诗人，她能驯服野蛮的同伴在她的周围的人们心里播上温情，希望和雄辩的种子。 The beautiful woman is actually a poet, she can tame the savage companion in the hearts of the people around her in the heart of warmth, hope and eloquence of the seeds. 6、品格是一种内在的力量，它的存在能直接发挥作用，而无需借助任何手段。 Character is a kind of inner strength, its existence can play a direct role, without the aid of any means. 7、不要在意别人的嘲弄，也不要在意会被别人打败。站起来，久经磨练的男子汉！ Don"t care about other people"s ridicule, don"t care about being beaten by others. Stand up, chastened man! 8、友谊如同爱情一样是需要珍惜的。 Friendship is like love, it needs to be cherished. 9、不害怕痛苦的人是坚强的，不害怕。 People who are not afraid of suffering are strong, not afraid. 10、婚姻的爱，使人类延续不绝；朋友的爱，使人类达到更完美的境界；淫邪的爱，则使人类败坏堕落。 Marriage and love, the continuation of human never; the love of friends, to achieve a more perfect human realm; false love, makes the human to corrupt. 11、为门庭增添光彩的是来做客的朋友。 Add luster to the doors is to visit friends. 12、朋友们，凭着意志来行事，只有这样才能够意志坚定，也只有这样你才能够真正地自立于世界。 Friends, with the will to act, only in this way can the strong willed, and only then you can truly independent in the world. 13、在读书这个问题上，服从我们的天性，凭着兴趣去阅读是最佳的态度。 In reading this issue, subject to our nature, with interest to read is the best attitude. 14、保守主义者学不会新东西，也忘不掉旧东西。 Conservatives can"t learn new things and forget about old things. 15、每一滴水都具有水的全部特性，但是决不会有风暴。 Every drop of water has a total characteristic of water, but there is no storm. 16、我们爱力量，但却很少考虑如何去显示它。 We love the power, but we seldom consider how to show it. 17、修养的本质如同人的性格，最终还是归结到道德情操这个问题上。 The essence of self-cultivation, such as the character of people, ultimately comes down to the moral character of the problem. 18、知识是治疗恐惧的药。 Knowledge is the medicine for the treatment of fear. 19、成功的人们告诫还在努力的人们：要坚持自己的风格，永远不要模仿其他人。 Successful people warn people who are still trying hard to stick to their own style, never to imitate others. 20、浅薄的人相信运气或境遇，坚强的人相信起因和结果。 Shallow men believe in luck or fortune, and strong people believe in causes and results. 21、一切都是谜，一个谜的答案是另一个谜。 Everything is a mystery, and the answer to a riddle is another riddle. 22、在薄冰上滑行，速度就是安全。 Slide on the ice, speed is safety. 23、在幻想中生活的人就像醉汉，双手颤抖，软弱无力，无所事事。 Living in a fantasy like drunk, his hands trembling, weak and feeble, doing nothing. 24、当一个人能够直接阅读上帝的时候，那时间太宝贵了，不能够浪费在别人阅读后的抄本上。 When a person is able to directly read God"s time, that time is too Pcious, can not be wasted on other people to read the transcript. 25、熊熊的热忱，凭着切实有用的知识。 Raging enthusiasm, with practical and useful knowledge. 26、爱美之心，人皆有之。 The desire to look attractive is universal. 27、人们只看到他们想看到的东西。 People only see what they want to see. 28、为美而献身，比为面包而活着要幸福得多。 Dedication to the United States, more than to live for bread and happiness. 29、一个人的品格不应由他的特殊行动来衡量，而应由他的日常行为来衡量。 A person"s character should not be measured by his special actions, but by his everyday actions. 30、当我们无无所事事时，却坚信自己正在干着某种事情，这就是烟草使我们产生的第一个幻觉。 When we have nothing to do, we are convinced that we are doing something. This is the first illusion that tobacco has made us. 31、美而缺乏魅力是无饵的鱼钩。 The United States and the lack of charm is no bait hook. 32、一个人完全系于他终日所思。 A person completely tied to him all day long thoughts. 33、凡是有良好教养的人有一禁诫：勿发脾气。 All educated people have a no commandment: do not lose his temper. 34、不满就是缺乏自助，是意志薄弱的表现。 Discontent is the lack of self help, is the weak performance of the will. 35、不花钱是造不成宫殿的。 Not to spend money to build a palace. 36、爱情是美好的，爱情是可以战胜距离的。 Love is beautiful, love can overcome the distance. 37、智力取消了命运，只要能思考，他就是自主的。 Intelligence has canceled the fate, as long as you can think, he is independent. 38、最细的蜡烛可以用它的光芒照彻一英里，而人的触觉可以伸向每一颗星星。 The smallest candle can shine a mile in its light, and the touch of man can reach out to every star. 39、不要在你自身之外寻找你自己。 Don"t look for yourself outside of yourself. 40、机智的主要用处是教我们与没有它的人相处得很好。 The main use of tact is to teach us to get along well with people who don"t have it. 41、每一种好的品质如果不是和其他的东西结合在一起，那么它就是最坏的。它就可能会带来接近毁灭边缘的危险。 Every good quality if it is not combined with other things, then it is the worst. It may bring danger near the edge of destruction. 42、伟人的力量大於物质力量；这精神能战胜物质的思想，可统治世界。 A great man"s power is greater than the physical force; the spirit can overcome the thought of matter, but it is the rule of the world. 43、同一流的人物相处，就会对友谊有更加深刻的理解力。 Get along with the first-class people, will have a more profound understanding of friendship. 44、要想获得成功，应当以恒心为友，以经验为顾问，以耐心为兄弟，以希望为守护者。 If you want to succeed, you should use persistence as your friend, experience as your advisor, patience as your brother and hope as your guardian. 45、真正有资格当富翁的，是那些为更多的人创造就业的机会，为广大的民众开辟道路的经营者们。 Truly qualified to be rich, those who create jobs for more people, to open up the road for the majority of the people of the operators. 46、节俭是你一生中食之不完的美筵。 Thrift is the food of your life in endless beauty feast. 47、一个伟大的灵魂，会强化思想和生命。 A great soul, will strengthen the thought and life. 48、要想得到别人的友谊，自己就得先向别人表示友好。 To get other people"s friendship, you have to be friendly to others. 49、社会并不是公正的，对于我们有恩的是灵魂高尚的，社会是华而不实的，既没有思想也没有目标。它是一片排斥异己的领地，它不讲原则，注重的只是一些琐屑无聊的风雅。 The society is not fair, for we have grace is a noble soul, the society is flashy without substance has no thoughts, no goal. It is a piece of exclusion territory, it does not speak, only pay attention to some trivial boring elegance. 50、人们嘴上挂着的法律，其真实含义是财富。 The law that people put on their mouths, their true meaning is wealth. 51、对于有修养的人来说，财富具有巨大的感化力量，它能够让人变得更加优雅。 For those who have accomplishment, wealth has a great influence, it can make people more elegant. 52、喂，你可曾听说才思也许能在青春年少时获得，智慧也许会在腐朽前成熟？ Hey, have you ever heard a may get in my youth, wisdom may be mature in decay? 53、世上没有一样东西能合所有人的口。 There is nothing in the world that can close the mouths of all. 54、将要直面的，与已成过往的，较之深埋于我们内心的皆为微沫。 Will face, and has become the past, compared to the deep buried in our hearts are micro foam. 55、对真理的最大尊敬就是遵循真理。 The greatest respect for truth is to follow the truth. 56、语言是一座城市，每个人都为这座城市的建设增添了砖瓦。 Language is a city, everyone adds a brick for the construction of the city. 57、是奶油总要浮到面上来。 Cream always comes up to the surface. 58、人们常说，常识是两点之间最短的直线。 It is often said that common sense is the shortest straight line between two points. 59、人是时间的纲领。 Man is the creed of time. 60、文字，应该像蒲公英的根一样实在，不矫饰，不虚伪。 The text should be, like the dandelion root is really like, no Ptense, not hypocritical. 61、选择一条正确的、适合自己的道路，不懈地努力追求，最终会让一个人变得伟大。 Choose a right, suitable for their own road, unremitting efforts to pursue, will eventually make a person become great. 62、我们应该知道，交际是一门艺术，一个人生活在这个世界上，其实每天要做的事情就是交际。 We should know that communication is an art, a person living in the world, in fact, every day to do is communication. 63、文艺的爱好是一种无法毁灭的本能。 The love of literature and art is a kind of instinct which can not be destroyed. 64、人生不过是一瞬间的事，不要在怀疑与恐惧中浪费生命。 Life is but a moment, don"t waste life in doubts and fears. 65、一个明智的人会明白取悦他人的想法是多么愚蠢和邪恶，一个明智的人也不会自我吹嘘或吹捧其他人。 A wise man will understand others thinking how stupid and evil, a wise man will not boast or flatter others. 66、人之所以让别人感到可畏，不是因为功绩，而是因为力量；不是在特定的时间和公共场合里所采取的态度，而是在任何时候都会采取的态度。 The reason why people make people feel terrible, not because of merit, but because of power; not at a specific time and public attitude, but at any time will take the attitude. 67、在一切伟大的诗人身上，都有一种人性的智慧，这种智慧要比他们所运用的任何才能都更为优越。 In all the great poets, there is a kind of wisdom of human nature, which is better than any of them. 68、仅是天才不能成为作家，因为书的背后极需要作家失格。 Is not only a genius as a writer, because the book behind the very need for his disqualification. 69、人但有追求，世界亦会让路。 People but have to pursue, the world will give way. 70、如果你要获得成功，就应当以恒心为良友，以经验为顾问，以小心为兄弟，以希望为守护者。 If you want to succeed, you should use persistence as your good friend, experience as a consultant, to care for the brothers, with hope for the guardian. 71、要知道，当上帝的替身走了的时候，真正的上帝就来了。 You know, the real God is coming when God"s double is gone. 72、学院憎恨天才，正像修道院憎恨圣徒。 The Academy hates genius, just as the monastery hates the saints. 73、一个人的个性和脾气永远都是显而易见的，不管他如何地打扮和伪装。 A person"s personality and temperament will always be obvious, no matter how he dress up and Ptend. 74、日光是首屈一指的画师，在他的色彩浓艳的笔下，再丑陋的东西也会变得媚态百生。 The sun is the leading painter, in his rich color of the pen, then the ugly things will become Tai 100 students. 75、人类一切赚钱的职业与生意中都有罪恶的踪迹。 There are traces of evil in the profession and the business of all mankind. 76、有一点缺陷有一点遗憾的人生，是有味道的人生；有一点怪异有一点风险的命运，是有意思的命运。 There is a little bit of a regret of the life, is a taste of life; a little bit of a little bit of a risk of the fate of the risk is the fate of. 77、伟大的人物都明白，真正的爱是不可能没有回报的，真正的爱永远都是超越了物质以及庸俗的思想的。 Great people know that true love is impossible without a return, the true love is always beyond the material and vulgar ideas. 78、如果天才产生了过分的影响,那么天才本身就足以成为天才的敌人。 If the genius had an excessive effect, then the genius itself would be the enemy of genius. 79、如果你高尚，我会爱你；如果你不是这样，我不愿意献假殷勤去伤害你，也伤害我自己。 If you are noble, I will love you; if you are not, I will not be willing to give you a false offer to hurt you. ;

大哥 我们自己翻译和介绍 美国学校是不承认的吧？ 你得找你母校（中国的学校）开这个课程说明 一般开这些课的院系网站上都有这些课的课程描述 然后打印出来叫教务处的盖章

　　一共两篇 ，希望对楼主有用　　什么是财务风险　　财务风险是企业在财务管理过程中必须面对的一个现实问题，财务风险是客观存在的，企业管理者对财务风险只有采取有效措施来降低风险，而不可能完全消除风险。文章通过对企业财务风险类型分析，从中找出不同财务风险产生的具体原因，并试图探索出解决各类财务风险的有效方法。　　当今世界上因财务风险而倒闭破产的公司，甚至是特大公司也不为少见，如2002年世界500强的安然就是一例。因此，忽视财务风险将给我们带来的后果是严重的。　　财务风险的定义和基本类型　　财务风险是指企业在各项财务活动中由于各种难以预料和无法控制的因素，使企业在一定时期、一定范围内所获取的最终财务成果与预期的经营目标发生偏差，从而形成的使企业蒙受经济损失或更大收益的可能性。企业的财务活动贯穿于生产经营的整个过程中，筹措资金、长短期投资、分配利润等都可能产生风险。　　根据风险的来源可以将财务风险划分为：　　1.筹资风险　　筹资风险指的是由于资金供需市场、宏观经济环境的变化，企业筹集资金给财务成果带来的不确定性。筹资风险主要包括利率风险、再融资风险、财务杠杆效应、汇率风险、购买力风险等。利率风险是指由于金融市场金融资产的波动而导致筹资成本的变动；再融资风险是指由于金融市场上金融工具品种、融资方式的变动，导致企业再次融资产生不确定性，或企业本身筹资结构的不合理导致再融资产生困难；财务杠杆效应是指由于企业使用杠杆融资给利益相关者的利益带来不确定性；汇率风险是指由于汇率变动引起的企业外汇业务成果的不确定性；购买力风险是指由于币值的变动给筹资带来的影响。　　2.投资风险　　投资风险指企业投入一定资金后，因市场需求变化而影响最终收益与预期收益偏离的风险。企业对外投资主要有直接投资和证券投资两种形式。在我国，根据公司法的规定，股东拥有企业股权的25%以上应该视为直接投资。证券投资主要有股票投资和债券投资两种形式。股票投资是风险共担，利益共享的投资形式；债券投资与被投资企业的财务活动没有直接关系，只是定期收取固定的利息，所面临的是被投资者无力偿还债务的风险。投资风险主要包括利率风险、再投资风险、汇率风险、通货膨胀风险、金融衍生工具风险、道德风险、违约风险等。　　3.经营风险　　经营风险又称营业风险，是指在企业的生产经营过程中，供、产、销各个环节不确定性因素的影响所导致企业资金运动的迟滞，产生企业价值的变动。经营风险主要包括采购风险、生产风险、存货变现风险、应收账款变现风险等。采购风险是指由于原材料市场供应商的变动而产生的供应不足的可能，以及由于信用条件与付款方式的变动而导致实际付款期限与平均付款期的偏离；生产风险是指由于信息、能源、技术及人员的变动而导致生产工艺流程的变化，以及由于库存不足所导致的停工待料或销售迟滞的可能；存货变现风险是指由于产品市场变动而导致产品销售受阻的可能；应收账款变现风险是指由于赊销业务过多导致应收账款管理成本增大的可能性，以及由于赊销政策的改变导致实际回收期与预期回收的偏离等。　　4.存货管理风险　　企业保持一定量的存货对于其进行正常生产来说是至关重要的，但如何确定最优库存量是一个比较棘手的问题，存货太多会导致产品积压，占用企业资金，风险较高；存货太少又可能导致原料供应不及时，影响企业的正常生产，严重时可能造成对客户的违约，影响企业的信誉。　　5.流动性风险　　流动性风险是指企业资产不能正常和确定性地转移现金或企业债务和付现责任不能正常履行的可能性。从这个意义上来说，可以把企业的流动性风险从企业的变现力和偿付能力两方面分析与评价。由于企业支付能力和偿债能力发生的问题，称为现金不足及现金不能清偿风险。由于企业资产不能确定性地转移为现金而发生的问题则称为变现力风险。　　企业财务风险的成因　　企业财务风险产生的原因很多，既有企业外部的原因，也有企业自身的原因，而且不同的财务风险形成的具体原因也不尽相同。企业产生财务风险的一般原因有以下几点：　　1.企业财务管理宏观环境的复杂性是企业产生财务风险的外部原因。企业财务管理的宏观环境复杂多变，而企业管理系统不能适应复杂多变的宏观环境。财务管理的宏观环境包括经济环境、法律环境、市场环境、社会文化环境、资源环境等因素，这些因素存在企业之外，但对企业财务管理产生重大的影响。　　2.企业财务管理人员对财务风险的客观性认识不足。财务风险是客观存在的，只要有财务活动，就必然存在着财务风险。然而在现实工作中，许多企业的财务管理人员缺乏风险意识。风险意识的淡薄是财务风险产生的重要原因之一。　　3.财务决策缺乏科学性导致决策失误。财务决策失误是产生财务风险的又一主要原因。避免财务决策失误的前提是财务决策的科学化。　　4.企业内部财务关系不明。这是企业产生财务风险的又一重要原因，企业与内部各部门之间及企业与上级企业之间，在资金管理及使用、利益分配等方面存在权责不明、管理不力的现象，造成资金使用效率低下，资金流失严重，资金的安全性、完整性无法得到保证。这主要存在于一些上市公司的财务关系中，很多集团公司母公司与子公司的财务关系十分混乱，资金使用没有有效的监督与控制。　　化解财务风险的主要措施　　企业财务风险是客观存在的，因此安全消除财务风险是不可能的，也是不现实的。对于企业财务风险，只能采取尽可能的措施，将其影响降低到最低的程度。　　1.化解筹资风险的主要措施：　　当企业的经营业务发生资金不足的困难时，可以采取发行股票、发行债券或银行借款等方式来筹集所需资本。　　2.化解投资风险的主要措施：　　从风险防范的角度来看，投资风险主要应该通过控制投资期限、投资品种来降低。一般来说，投资期越长，风险就大，因此企业应该尽量选择短期投资。而在进行证券投资的时候，应该采取分散投资的策略，选择若干种股票组成投资组合，通过组合中风险的相互抵消来降低风险。在对股票投资进行风险分析中，可以采用β系数的分析方法或资本资产定价模型来确定不同证券组合的风险。β系数小于1，说明它的风险小于整个市场的平均风险，因而是风险较小的投资对象。　　3.化解汇率风险的主要措施：　　（1）选择恰当合同货币。在有关对外贸易和借贷等经济交易中，选择何种货币作为计价货币直接关系到交易主体是否将承担汇率风险。为了避免汇率风险，企业应该争取使用本国货币作为合同货币，在出品、资本输出时使用硬通货，而在进口、资本输入时使用软通货。同时在合同中加列保值条款等措施。　　（2）通过在金融市场进行保值操作。主要方法有现汇交易、期货交易、期汇交易、期权交易、借款与投资、利率—货币互换、外币票据贴现等。　　（3）对于经济主体在资产负债表会计处理过程中产生的折算风险，一般是实行资产负债表保值来化解。这种方法要求在资产负债表上以各种功能货币表示的受险资产与受险负债的数额相等，从而使其折算风险头寸为零，只有这样，汇率变动才不致带来折算上的损失。　　（4）经营多样化。即在国际范围内分散其销售、生产地及原材料来源地，通过国际经营的多样化，当汇率出现变化时，管理部门可以通过比较不同地区生产、销售和成本的变化趋利避害，增加在汇率变化有利的分支机构的生产，而减少汇率变化不利的分支机构的生产。　　（5）财务多样化。即在多个金融市场以多种货币寻求资金的来源和资金去向，实行筹资多样化和投资多样化，这样在有的外币贬值，有的外币升值的情况下，公司就可以使绝大部分的外汇风险相互抵消，从而达到防范风险的目的。　　4.化解流动性风险的主要措施：　　企业的流动性较强的资产主要包括现金、存货、应收账款等项目。防范流动性风险的目的是在保持资产流动性的前提下，实现利益的最大化。因此应该确定最优的现金持有量、最佳的库存量以及加快应收账款的回收等。我们都很清楚持有现金有一个时间成本的问题，手中持有现金过多，显然会由于较高的资金占用而失去其他的获利机会，而持有现金太少，又会面临资金不能满足流动性需要的风险。因此企业应该确定一个最优的现金持有量，从而在防范流动性风险的前提下实现利益的最大化。　　5.化解经营风险的主要措施：　　在其他因素不变的情况下，市场对企业产品的需求越稳定，企业未来的经营收益就越确定，经营风险也就越小。因此企业在确定生产何种产品时，应先对产品市场做好调研，要生产适销对路的产品，销售价格是产品销售收入的决定因素之一，销售价格越稳定，销售收入就越稳定，企业未来的经营收益就越稳定，经营风险也就越小。　　The Infrared Technology as the humanity knew that the nature, the exploration natural one kind of new modern tool, has been applied generally by various countries in the biology, the medicine, the geoscience and so on scientific field as well as the military reconnaissance aspect. But is very complex as a result of the goal infrared radiation, the factor are many, the infrared hot image"s clarity is inferior to the visible image far, but people in use infrared hot chart analysis question time, hoped frequently simultaneously sees the visible light information and the infrared information. As the computer vision domain and an image understanding"s important technology, the image fusion simultaneously observed the infrared hot information and the visible light information for the people have provided an effective method. This article research mainly take the infrared imagery and the visible light image as the information processing goal, through will carry on the contrastive analysis to each image fusion processing method, will summarize an effect good method, will then use with the matlab procedure to realize these methods and to carry on the comparison again to the fusion effect. this article first introduced the image fusion engineering research background and the domestic and foreign research tendency. Then introduced the image fusion"s basic concept, the level, have made the comparison to each level"s fusion. Then introduced the image fusion"s Pyramid algorithm, and has carried on the analysis, the comparison to these algorithms, finally the matlab procedure has realized these methods. as a result of the wavelet transformation in the information analysis and the information processing domain"s good performance, this article used the great length to introduce that the wavelet the knowledge, realized the image fusion with the fusion effect good small wave packet"s method, through used the objective indicator the appraisal to prove based on the small wave packet"s fusion was one very good fusion method. key word: Image fusion, wavelet transformation Pyramid algorithm, multi-resolution analysis, fusion rule, fusion appraisal　　从分析财务风险入手，阐述其含义、特征以及种类等内容；在此基础上对财务风险产生的原因进行深入细致的分析研究，分析总结出财务风险产生的内因和外因诸方面；从而提出树立风险意识，建立有效的风险防范机制；建立和完善财务管理系统，以适应财务管理环境变化；建立财务风险预警机制，加强财务危机管理；提高财务决策的科学化水平，防止因决策失误而产生的财务风险；通过防范内部制度，建立约束机制来控制和防范财务风险五个方面的财务风险防范措施以及自我保险、多元化风险控制、风险转移、风险回避、风险降低五种技术方法。只有控制防范和化解企业财务风险，才能确保企业在激烈的市场竞争中立于不败之地。　　财务风险的成因　　（一）外部原因　　1、国家政策的变化带来的融资风险。一般而言，由于中小企业生产经营不稳定。一国经济或金融政策的变化，都有可能对中小企业生产经营、市场环境和融资形式产生一定的影响。从2007 年开始，我国加大了对宏观经济的调控力度，央行第四次提高存款准备金率，尤其是实行差额准备金制度使直接面向中小企业服务的中小商业银行信贷收紧，中小企业的资金供给首先受阻，融资风险徒增不少，中小企业也因无法得到急需资金而被迫停产或收缩经营规模。2、银行融资渠道不流畅造成的融资风险。企业资金来源无非是自有资金和对外融资两种方式。在各种融资方式中，银行信贷又是重要的资金来源，但是银行在国家金融政策以及自身体制不健全等情况的影响下，普遍对中小企业贷款积极性不高，使其贷款难度加大，增加了企业的财务风险。　　（二）内部原因1、盲目扩张投资规模。有相当一部分的中小企业在条件不成熟的情况下，仅凭经验判断片面追求公司外延的扩大，忽略了公司内涵和核心竞争力，造成投资时资金的重大浪费。2、投资决策失误。对企业来说，正确的产业选择是生存发展的战略起点。但一些企业在选择产业过程中，往往忽视了“产业选择是一个动态过程”的观念，不能敏锐地把握产业演变的趋势和方向。3、投资合作伙伴选择不当。企业在做出投资决策时，一定要充分考虑合作伙伴的资质、信誉，并应具备承担相应风险能力。4、诚信不足。中小企业信用不足是一个普遍现象。因此，银行要向中小企业提供贷款或投资人要向中小企业进行投资就不得不加大人力资源的投入以提高信息的收集和质量分析。这一方面加大了银行或投资人的贷款和投资成本。另一方面也给中小企业的融资带来困难。能否融通到资金，能融通到多少资金，中小企业的融资存在很大的不确性。　　1 the meaning of financial risk　　Ye at "small and medium-sized financial risk assessment and control of research" that the financial risk is the possibility of corporate insolvency and shareholders, the proceeds of uncertainty, it is difficult because of enterprise funds, to adopt a different mode of financing brought about by risk.　　Starting from the analysis of financial risk on its meaning, characteristics and types of content; at this based on the causes of the financial risk to conduct in-depth analysis and detailed research, analysis concludes that the financial risks arising from internal factors and external aspects; in turn, establish a risk awareness, the establishment of an effective risk prevention mechanism; set up and improve the financial management system to meet the financial management of environmental change; set up the financial risk early warning mechanism, strengthen the financial crisis management; improve the scientific level of financial decision-making to prevent due to poor decisions arising from the financial risk; through internal systems to prevent the establishment of binding mechanisms to control and guard against financial risk in five areas of financial risk prevention measures as well as self-insurance, diversification of risk control, risk transfer, risk averse, risk reducing the five techniques. Only controlled enterprises to guard against and defuse financial risks, in order to ensure that enterprises in the fierce competition in the market in an invincible position.　　The causes of the financial risks　　(A) external causes　　1, the national policy changes brought about by the financing risk. Generally speaking, small and medium-sized production and operation because of instability. A country"s economy or monetary policy changes, there may be small and medium-sized production and management, market conditions and financing forms have a certain impact. Beginning in 2007, our country has increased the intensity of macroeconomic regulation and control, the central bank to raise the fourth time the deposit reserve ratio, in particular, are ready to implement the difference between a direct deposit system to make small and medium-sized service-oriented small and medium-sized commercial banks to tighten credit, SMEs First of all, the capital supply disruption, the risk of inviting a lot of financing, SMEs also in urgent need of funds can not be forced to stop production or the scale of downsizing. 2, bank financing channels for non-financial risks caused by fluid. Corporate sources of funds are nothing more than its own funds and external financing in two ways. In various modes of financing, the bank credit is also an important source of funds, but banks in the country"s financial policies as well as their own sound system is not under the influence of such circumstances, the general enthusiasm for SME lending is not high, their loans more difficult to increase the the enterprise"s financial risk.　　(B) internal factors one, blind expansion of investment scale. There is a considerable number of conditions are not ripe for the SMEs in the circumstances, only the experience of one-sided pursuit of companies to determine the expansion of the extension, ignore the company"s content and core competitiveness, resulting in a major capital investment wasted. 2, the investment decision-making errors. For business, the correct selection of industries are the starting point for the survival and development strategy. However, some industrial enterprises in the selection process, the often overlooked "industry is a dynamic selection process" concept, should not a keen grasp of industry trends and direction of evolution. 3, improper selection of investment partners. Enterprises to make investment decisions, we must give full consideration to qualified partners, reputation, and should have to bear the corresponding risks. 4, less than honest. Lack of SME credit is a common situation. Therefore, small and medium-sized banks to provide loans or investments to small and medium-sized people had to step up investment on human resources in order to improve the quality of information collection and analysis. This respect has increased the investment bank or person lending and investment costs. On the other hand also give small and medium enterprises financing difficult. Ability to finance capital, to finance the number of funds, the financing of SMEs exist great uncertainties.

我们（还）可以做些什么去改进人类和大自然之间的关系？

税制改革的理论与实践 第一节 工商税制改革 The reform in the tax system of industry and commerce 第二节 我国工商税制改革的基本思路和方向 The ideas and directions of tax administration and reform 第三节 农村税制改革 The reform in tax and charges in the country Business School of NENU 第一节 工商税制改革 一、工商税制改革的主要理论 (the leading theory of tax reform of industry and commerce) 二、世界各国税制改革的实践 (practice of tax reform in developed country) 三、我国工商税制的现状和进一步改革的方向 (actuality of the tax system of industry and commerce in China and reform in the future) 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第一节 工商税制改革 一、工商税制改革的主要理论 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU 工商税改 主要理论 公平课税论 (theory of equitable taxation) 最适课税论 (theory of optimal taxation) 财政交换论 (theory of fiscal exchange) Business School of NENU 第一节 工商税制改革 （一）公平课税论 1、代表人物。 亨利·西蒙斯(Simons，1938) 西蒙斯的哲学思想根植于古典自由主义，强调个人自由是基本价值观，然后才是公平。他的经济纲领需要的是使政治干预经济生活最小化的制度和政策，且必须提供的服务是私人部门不能有效提供的服务，并通过再分配产生更大的公平。政府在设计和改革税制时，必须建立这样一种课税方法，这种方法既能按照公平原则筹措资金，又能限制政治程序对市场经济的干预。实现这种双重目标的课税方法，关键在于选择适当的税基。 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第一节 工商税制改革 （一）公平课税论 2、基本思想。 1.主要强调横向公平目标，几乎不涉及纵向公平，主张将纵向公平留给政治程序去解决。 2.把税收问题与政府支出政策分开讨论。 3.以税基的综合性和税收待遇的统一性作为指导原则。 4.主张按纳税能力来纳税，但纳税能力的大小不用效用理论来衡量，其衡量方法，即所得（纳税能力）等于适当会计期间消费加上应计净财富的变化，使之直接对应于可计量的现金流量。 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第一节 工商税制改革 （一）公平课税论 3、公平课税论的理性税制——根据综合所得，对宽所得税税基课征累进的个人直接税。 其中综合所得（毛所得）包括：工资和薪金、经营所得，资本所得、租金、特许权使用证、附加福利、耐用消费品的估算租金、转让所得、养老金所得以及赠与和遗产所得等。 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第一节 工商税制改革 （一）公平课税论 4、使用宽税基的缺陷。 导致税法复杂化，税务成本增加 助长避税和扭曲行为。 5、公平课税论在实践中进一步完善的方向——间接消费税和为社会保障、保健和相关支出融资的工资税或工薪税等税种的合理搭配。 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第一节 工商税制改革 （二）最适课税论 1、代表人物。 古典经济学家穆勒“牺牲理论”——他主张按平等牺牲理论求得保税公平与最小牺牲。 庇古“福利经济学”——他断言高收入者的货币边际效用小于低收入者的货币边际效用。国家通过累进所得税政策把向富人征得的税款用来举办社会福利设施，让低收入者享用，通过这一途径实现“把富人的一部分钱转移给穷人”的“收入均等化”，就可以使社会经济福利极大化。 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第一节 工商税制改革 （二）最适课税论 1、代表人物。 詹姆斯·米尔利斯+威廉·维克里（1996年的诺比尔经济学奖）“最适课税论”——该理论研究如何以最经济合理的方法征集某些大宗税款的理论，以资源配置的效率性和收入分配的公平性为准则，对构建经济合理的税制结构进行分析，即以怎样的方式、方法对应税行为和结果进行合理的征税。 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第一节 工商税制改革 （二）最适课税论 2、主要内容。 ⑴ 直接税与间接税搭配理论 直接税与间接税各有优点，应当是相互补充，而非相互替代。 税制模式的选择取决于政府的政策目标在公平和效率之间的权衡。 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第一节 工商税制改革 （二）最适课税论 2、主要内容。 ⑵ 最适商品课税理论 逆弹性命题——在最适课税体系中，当各个商品的需求相互独立时，对各种商品适用的税率必须与该商品自身的价格弹性成反比例。 优点：可使税收超额负担最小化。 缺点：使贫困者的税收负担大于富裕者。 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第一节 工商税制改革 （二）最适课税论 2、主要内容。 ⑵ 最适商品课税理论 最适商品课税要求开征扭曲性税收——需要制定一套差别税率，使税收具有再分配功能。 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第一节 工商税制改革 ⑶ 最适所得课税理论 所得税的边际税率不能过高。 ——边际税率越高，替代效应越大，高收入有可能放弃工作，导致政府的税收收入反而低于低税率下的税收收入，导致经济效率损失。 ——边际效率过高无益于公平分配目标的实现。因其只限制了收入者的收入，无助于享受固定免税额和补助额的低收入者。 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第一节 工商税制改革 ⑶ 最适所得课税理论 最适所得税率应当呈“倒U型” ——中等收入者的边际税率可以适当高些。 ——低收入者和高收入者的边际税率应使用相对较低的税率。 ——拥有最高所得的个人适用的边际税率甚至可以为零。 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第一节 工商税制改革 ⑶ 最适所得课税理论 最适所得课税理论的贡献： ——信心不对称的存在，导致政府运用“扭曲型”税收工具在所难免。 ——提出了税制经济效率的衡量标准，并讨论论了如何据此对经济行为主体提供刺激信号。 ——公平与效率两个原则统一起来的可能性。 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第一节 工商税制改革 （三）财政交换论 1、代表人物。 魏克赛尔(Wicksell,1896) 自愿交换理论——税收通过政治程序对个人或利益集团进行分配，应当求得国家付给个人的边际效用等于个人因纳税而损失的财富的边际效用。换一个角度来说，纳税人根据自己对共用品数量的效用判断和承担相应的税收份额的意愿，在交换中选择最佳的共用品数量和税收份额匹配，达成一种每个参与者都能接受的协议。 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第一节 工商税制改革 （三）财政交换论 2、主要观点。 ⑴ 对政府征税的能力必须从宪法上予以限制 ⑵ 财政交换论研究的重点是选择税基和税率结构，将政府的总税收收入限制在理想的水平范围内 ⑶ 宪法对政府可利用的税基性质进行限制，有助于确保政府所提供的公共物品的水平和类型符合公民的意愿 ⑷ 要从宪法上制约政府制定税收差别待遇 ⑸ 政府应该取消对资本的课税 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第一节 工商税制改革 二、世界各国税制改革的实践和趋势 （一）所得税：降低税率、拓宽税基、减少税率档次 1、个人所得税。 ⑴ 个人所得税税率降低表现在最高边际效率的降低。 ⑵ 个人所得税基的拓宽：外延拓宽——扩大征税范围；内涵拓宽——减少税收优惠。 ⑶ 减少个人所得税税率的档次。 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第一节 工商税制改革 二、世界各国税制改革的实践和趋势 （一）所得税：降低税率、拓宽税基、减少税率档次 2、公司所得税。 ⑴ 税率普遍有所降低。 ⑵ 公司所得税基的拓宽主要靠内涵拓宽——限制或取消了特定的刺激计划、投资抵免、财产相关税收庇护等。 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第一节 工商税制改革 2、公司所得税和个人所得税一体化。 ⑴ 公司层面上 股息扣除法——允许公司从应税所得中扣除全部或部分已支付的股息。 分税率制——对作为股息分配的利润按低税率课征，而对保留收益或为分配利润课以高税率 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第一节 工商税制改革 ⑵ 个人（股东）层面上 归属法——个人（股东）可以从其股息所得（还原成纳税前的毛所得）缴纳的个人所得税款中扣除公司对该股息已缴纳的全部或部分税款。 股息免税法——在分配之前，公司来源按公司税率征税；分配时的股息全部或部分课征或全部（部分）免征个人所得税。 税收抵免制——允许从合乎奖励规定的支出中，以一定比例从其应纳税额中扣除。 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第一节 工商税制改革 二、世界各国税制改革的实践和趋势 （二）一般消费税：普遍开征增值税、提高标准税率、制定标准化的增值税 1、从选择性征收向普遍性征收转变。 2、采用合适的税率——理想“消费型，目的地征税，扣税法，三档税率”。 3、实行增值税的协调统一。 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第一节 工商税制改革 二、世界各国税制改革的实践和趋势 （三）开征“绿色税收”，重视税收对生态环境保护的作用 1、“绿色税收”即环境税收，是指对破坏环境和污染环境的行为征税。如：水污染税，二氧化硫税，二氧化碳税，噪音税等。 2、绿色税收是世界各国税制改革的重点。 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第二节 我国工商税制改革的基本思路和方向 一、税收管理的概念 (concept of tax administration) 二、税收管理理论 (the theories of tax administration from different angles) 三、我国工商税制改革的思路和方向 (the ideas and directions of tax administration and reform in China) 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第二节 我国工商税制改革的基本思路和方向 一、税收管理的概念 税收管理是指主管税收工作的职能部门，代表国家对税收分配的全过程所进行的计划、组织、协调和监督工作，旨在保证财政收入及时足额入库，充分发挥税收对经济的调节作用。 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第二节 我国工商税制改革的基本思路和方向 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU 税收征收管理 狭义的税收管理 广义的税收管理 税收法制管理、 税收计划管理 税务行政管理 Business School of NENU 第二节 我国工商税制改革的基本思路和方向 二、税收管理理论 税收管理与管理学——帕累托“二八定律”管理思维的运用 帕累托二八定律即80/20法则，是经济学的一个原理，它体现的是效率的概念——抓好20％的工作就可以赢得80％的业绩，由此达到事半功倍的效果。 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 二八定律 1897年，意大利经济学家帕累托（1848-1923）偶然注意到英国人的财富和收益模式，于是潜心研究这一模式，帕累托研究发现，社会上的大部分财富被少数人占有了，而且这一部分人口占总人口的比例，与这些人所拥有的财富数量，具有极不平衡的关系。同时，这种不平衡的模式会重复出现，而且也是可以提前预测的。 于是，帕累托从大量具体的事实中归纳出一个简单而让人不可思议的结论：“社会上20％的人占有社会80％的财富” 。 二八定律揭示了这样一个真理，即投入与产出、努力与收获、原因和结果之间，普遍存在着不平衡关系。小部分的努力，可以获得大的收获；起关键作用的小部分，通常就能主宰整个组织的产出、盈亏和成败。 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第二节 我国工商税制改革的基本思路和方向 三、我国税收制度改革的思路 “简税制、宽税基、低税率、严征管” ——统一税法，公平税负，规范政府分配方式，提高税收征管效率。 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第二节 我国工商税制改革的基本思路和方向 三、我国税收制度改革的思路 （一）商品税和所得税改革 1、商品税改革 生产型增值税向消费型增值税转变（2009年1月1日）； 在实践中让增值税兼具征收范围广和税率统一的特点（横向包括农林牧业，采矿业，制造业，建筑业，能源交通业，商业等行业；纵向涵盖原材料、加工、批发、零售等所有环节）。 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第二节 我国工商税制改革的基本思路和方向 2、所得税改革 现行：分项征收，分类计税，累进税率只适用部分项目。 理想模式：综合课征制。 现实选择：综合和分类相结合的课征模式（对一部分有连续性或经常性的收入项目实行综合征收，累进税率，如：工资薪金，承包承租经营所得，劳务报酬所得，财产租赁所得；对包括财产转让所得、特许权使用费所得、稿酬所得、股息、红利以及偶然所得等，按比例税率分项课征。 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第二节 我国工商税制改革的基本思路和方向 三、我国税收制度改革的思路 （二）资源税和财产税改革 1、资源税改革 提高税率：真实反映级差地租，利于资源的节约和合理开发） 改革计征方式： 目前：从量计征（吨或立方米） 未来：从价计征（税收与资源的市场价格直接挂钩） 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第二节 我国工商税制改革的基本思路和方向 三、我国税收制度改革的思路 （二）资源税和财产税改革 2、财产税改革 统一名称“财产税”，整合税种：如：整合现行的房产税、城市房地产税、城镇土地使用税和耕地占用税，设置“房地产”税目。 拓宽税基：如从不动产扩大到兼顾固定资产以及具有财产价值的权利等。 适度分权。 提高财产税比重。 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第二节 我国工商税制改革的基本思路和方向 三、我国税收制度改革的思路 （三）尽快建立绿色税收体系——环境税 1、环境税 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU 广义的环境税 污染排放税、自然资源税等以及实现特定环境目的而筹集资金的税种，以及政府影响与环境相关的经济活动的税收手段。 狭义的环境税 同污染控制相关的税收和税收手段，如排污税和针对原材料、中间产品等征收的消费税 Business School of NENU 第二节 我国工商税制改革的基本思路和方向 三、我国税收制度改革的思路 （三）尽快建立绿色税收体系——环境税 2、环境税改革的可行途径： 梳理、整合并进一步完善现行的有关环境保护税税种和环保措施； 增设必要的新税种(如排污税)； 保留必要的生态环境补偿收费。 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第三节 农村税费改革 一、农村税费改革的方针和内容 (the nature of reform in tax and charges in the country) 二、全面范围取消农业税 (cancel the agricultural tax in the range of the whole country) 三、推进农村综合改革，维护农村税费改革的成果 (propel the comprehensive reform in country, protect the achievement for countryside taxes reform) 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第三节 农村税费改革 一、农村税费改革的方针和内容 （一）农村税费改革的由来 1、农民收入增长缓慢（最根本、最突出） 解决之道：加快非农业化和城镇化进程，减少农村人口，提高农村的科技含量，调整农业产业结构等。 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第三节 农村税费改革 一、农村税费改革的方针和内容 （一）农村税费改革的由来 2、农民负担过重。 成因：一是行政机构冗余，支出庞大；二是现存税制导致的税负不公；三是乱收费、乱集资、乱摊派情况；四是公共设施和义务教育供给缺乏。 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第三节 农村税费改革 一、农村税费改革的方针和内容 （二）农村税费改革的方针、内容和效果 1、农村税费改革的方针 （1）原则：“减轻、规范、稳定”——切实减轻农民负担，从制度上规范国家、集体和农民之间的分配关系及分配方式，在此基础上，使农民的税负水平在一个较长的时期内保持稳定。 （2）目标：“三个确保”——确保农民负担得到明显减轻而不反弹，确保乡镇机构和村级组织正常运作，确保农村义务教育经费不受影响。 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第三节 农村税费改革 一、农村税费改革的方针和内容 （二）农村税费改革的方针、内容和效果 2、农村税费改革的主要内容 三个取消——取消乡统筹费、农村教育集资等专门向农民征收的行政事业性收费，政府性基金和集资； 两个调整——调整农（牧）业税和农业特产税 一项改革——改革村提留征收使用办法。 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第三节 农村税费改革 一、农村税费改革的方针和内容 （二）农村税费改革的方针、内容和效果 3、农村税费改革已经取得明显效果 农民税负大幅减轻； 促进了农民收入的增长； 改进了干群关系，有利于农村稳定； 推动了农村基层民主制度建设进程。 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第三节 农村税费改革 二、全国范围内取消农业税 （一）农业税推出历史舞台 我国原来的农（牧）业税收制度。 1、农业税——对一切从事农业生产、有农业收益的单位和个人征收的一种税。 2、牧业税——对牧区、半牧区从事畜牧业生产的单位和个人征收的一种税。 3、农业特产税——对农业特产收入征收的税。 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第三节 农村税费改革 二、全国范围内取消农业税 （二）取消农业税的重大历史意义 1、取消农业税是我国税收制度改革中的一个标志性事件。 2、体现城乡居民公平负担、统一纳税原则。 3、工业反哺农业，促进农业发展，增加农民收入，加快新农村建设，消除城乡差别。 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第三节 农村税费改革 三、推进农村综合改革，维护农村税费改革的成果 （一）以“黄宗羲定律”为戒，防止反弹 明末清初的思想家黄宗羲在研究历代赋税制度更迭演变的基础上发现：每次农村税费改革，农民负担在下降一段时间后，由于种种原因，反而会涨到一个比改革前更高的水平，走向了原先改革目的的反面。该种现象被称为“黄宗羲定律”。 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 第三节 农村税费改革 三、推进农村综合改革，维护农村税费改革的成果 （二）积极推进农村综合改革 1．进一步落实乡镇机构的“精兵简政” 2．改革农村义务教育的保障体制 3．调整和改革现行财政体制 4．逐步化解农村隐性债务 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 本章小结 【关键词】 税收管理 农村税费改革 黄宗熙定律 【复习与思考】 1、简述公平课税论、税收最适论和财政交换论 2、简述开征绿色税收的社会经济意义 3、简述我国工商税制改革的方向和内容 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU Business School of NENU 东北师范大学商学院 Business School of NENU 　 自尊不是轻人，自信不是自满，独立不是孤立。

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大前天，我爸爸出差 ，我哭着依依不舍地和爸爸告别。爸爸说没事儿，后天我就回来了。那天因为爸爸出差这件事，我好伤心啊。中午的时候，妈妈说：“儿子，你应该习惯爸爸的出差，因为分别是人之常情。” 妈妈同时又说：“也正是因为你和爸爸感情好，所以才对爸爸的.出差而恋恋不舍。”妈妈说得太对了，因为要是我和爸爸不好的话，爸爸走就走了，我就不会伤心了。 The day before yesterday, my father was on a business trip. I cried and said goodbye to my father. Dad said it"s OK. I"ll be back the day after tomorrow. I was so sad that my father was on a business trip that day. At noon, mom said, "son, you should get used to Dad"s business trip, because it"s human nature to be different." At the same time, the mother said, "it"s because of your good relationship with Dad that you are reluctant to part with dad"s business trip." Mom is right, because if Dad and I are not good, dad will leave, and I will not be sad. 前天，我已经把这个事渐渐地淡忘了。所以我昨天不太伤心。 The day before yesterday, I had forgotten it gradually. So I was not very sad yesterday. 昨天下午，爸爸回来了，我才想起爸爸出差这回事儿。我赶紧和爸爸拥抱了一下。 Yesterday afternoon, Dad came back, I just think of dad"s business trip. I gave Dad a hug. 爸爸回来了，真是一个美好的日子呀！ It"s a wonderful day for Dad to come back!

时代整个儿脱节了；啊，真糟，天生偏要我把它重新整好！These are strange times. But the unhappiest time of all was the day that I was born.——哈姆雷特《哈姆雷特》一幕五场我爱欧菲莉亚，四万个兄弟之爱加起来也不足我所给予她之爱。I loved Ophelia too! Forty thousand brothers could not love her as much as I did!——哈姆雷特《哈姆雷特》五幕一场天地之大，赫瑞修，比你所能梦想到的多出更多。There are more things in heaven and earth than you"ve ever dream of, Horatio.——哈姆雷特《哈姆雷特》一幕五场我不惧毁灭，更不在乎今生或来世；我可任其来之，只要我能彻底的为我父亲复仇！It doesn"t matter what happens to me in this world or the next. But I will have revenge for my father!——雷尔提《哈姆雷特》四幕五场你们这辈愚人！我和我的同伴们都是运命的使者。You fools! I and my fellows are ministers of fate.——爱丽儿《暴风雨》三幕三场这真叫人像堕入五里雾中一样！这种事情一定有一个超自然的势力在那儿指挥着。This is as strange a maze as e"er men trod; And there is in this business more than nature Was ever conduct of.——阿隆佐《暴风雨》五幕一场让我们不要把过去的不幸重压在我们的记忆上。Let us not burden our remembrances with a heaviness that"s gone.——普洛斯彼罗《暴风雨》五幕一场我们都是坏蛋，千万别相信我们。Men lie. Believe none of us.——哈姆雷特《哈姆雷特》三幕一场现在我已把我的魔法尽行抛弃，剩余微弱的力量都属于我自己。Now my charms are all o"erthrown, And what strength I have"s mine own, Which is most faint.——普洛斯彼罗《暴风雨》收场诗至少也要献出一个奇迹来，使它给与您安慰，正像我的公国安慰了我一样。At least bring forth a wonder, to content ye As much as me my dukedom. ——普洛斯彼罗《暴风雨》五幕一场不久我们有了空暇，我便可以简简单单地向您解答这种种奇迹，使您觉得这一切的发生，未尝不是可能的事。现在请高兴起来，把什么事都往好的方面着想吧。At pick"d leisure, Which shall be shortly, single I"ll resolve you, Which to you shall seem probable, of every These happen"d accidents; till when, be cheerful and think of each thing well.——普洛斯彼罗《暴风雨》五幕一场【世界脱节了，这是怎样一个被诅咒的因果啊，竟是因为纠正它而生！（The time is out of joint; O cursed spite, that ever I was born toset it right!）】——《哈姆雷特（第一幕第五场）》

　　《教父》英文剧情介绍：　　The story begins as "Don" Vito Corleone, the head of a New York Mafia "family", oversees his daughter"s wedding. His beloved son Michael has just come home from the war, but does not intend to become part of his father"s business. Through Michael"s life the nature of the family business becomes clear. The business of the family is just like the head of the family, kind and benevolent to those who give respect, but given to ruthless violence whenever anything stands against the good of the family. Don Vito lives his life in the way of the old country, but times are changing and some don"t want to follow the old ways and look out for community and "family". An up and coming rival of the Corleone family wants to start selling drugs in New York, and needs the Don"s influence to further his plan. The clash of the Don"s fading old world values and the new ways will demand a terrible price, especially from Michael, all for the sake of the family.　　Vito Corleone is the aging don (head) of the Corleone Mafia Family. His youngest son Michael has returned from WWII just in time to see the wedding of Connie Corleone (Michael"s sister) to Carlo Rizzi. All of Michael"s family is involved with the Mafia, but Michael just wants to live a normal life. Drug dealer Virgil Sollozzo is looking for Mafia Families to offer him protection in exchange for a profit of the drug money. He approaches Don Corleone about it, but, much against the advice of the Don"s lawyer Tom Hagen, the Don is morally against the use of drugs, and turns down the offer. This does not please Sollozzo, who has the Don shot down by some of his hit men. The Don barely survives, which leads his son Michael to begin a violent mob war against Sollozzo and tears the Corleone family apart.　　《肖申克的救赎》英文剧情介绍：　　Andy Dufresne is a young and successful banker whose life changes drastically when he is convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder of his wife and her lover. Set in the 1940"s, the film shows how Andy, with the help of his friend Red, the prison entrepreneur, turns out to be a most unconventional prisoner. Written by Martin Lewison　　After the murder of his wife, hotshot banker Andrew Dufresne is sent to Shawshank Prison, where the usual unpleasantness occurs. Over the years, he retains hope and eventually gains the respect of his fellow inmates, especially longtime convict "Red" Redding, a black marketeer, and becomes influential within the prison. Eventually, Andrew achieves his ends on his own terms.　　Andy Dufresne, is sent to Shawshank Prison for the murder of his wife and secret lover. He is very isolated and lonely at first, but realises there is something deep inside your body, that people can"t touch and get to...."HOPE". Andy becomes friends with prison "fixer" Red (Morgan Freeman), and Andy epitomises why it is crucial to have dreams. His spirit and determination, leads us into a world full of imagination, filled with courage and desire. Will Andy ever realise his dreams...?　　《辛德勒的名单》英文剧情介绍：　　Oskar Schindler is a vain, glorious and greedy German businessman who becomes unlikely humanitarian amid the barbaric Nazi reign when he feels compelled to turn his factory into a refuge for Jews. Based on the true story of Oskar Schindler who managed to save about 1100 Jews from being gassed at the Auschwitz concentration camp. A testament for the good in all of us.　　The true story of Czech born Oskar Schindler, a businessman who tried to make his fortune during the Second World War by exploiting cheap Jewish labour, but ended up penniless having saved over 1000 Polish Jews from almost certain death during the holocaust.　　The true story of Oscar Schindler, a German businessman who owns a factory. He witnesses the horrifying visions of the Holocaust and the toll it takes on the Jewish people. Eventually, he creates a list of over 1100 Jews whom he saves from death.　　"Schindler"s List" is the based-on-truth story of Nazi Czech business man Oskar Schindler, who uses Jewish labor to start a factory in occupied Poland. As World War II progresses, and the fate of the Jews becomes more and more clear, Schindler"s motivations switch from profit to human sympathy and he is able to save over 1100 Jews from death in the gas chambers.

国际商业4月2宏观调控的因素，似乎理解走向更大的全球化。首先是下降的障碍，货物的自由流通，服务和资本已发生自二战结束。第二个因素是技术变革，尤其是戏剧性的发展，近年来，在通讯，信息加工，运输技术。 7日在一个纯粹的市场经济，所有的生产活动是由私人拥有，作为反对被国家所拥有。货物和服务，一个国家的产生，和数量，在他们所制作的，是没有计划任何人。生产是由相互作用的供应和需求，并示意向生产者通过价格体系。如果需求的产品超过供应，价格就会下降，信号生产者生产较少。在这个系统中，消费者主权。采购模式的消费者，标志着向生产者通过该机制的价格体系，确定什么是制作和在什么数量。 12 ，波特认为， theorizes四个广泛的属性，一个民族的形成环境，使当地企业的竞争，以及这些属性，促进或阻碍创造竞争优势。这些属性○要素禀赋---一个民族的立场，在生产要素，如熟练劳动力或必要的基础设施竞争，在一个特定行业。 ○需求条件---的性质，首页的需求，为业界提供的产品或服务。 ○有关，并支持产业---存在或没有供应商行业及相关行业的有国际竞争力。 ○企业战略，结构和竞争---条件的公司如何创造，有组织，有管理的性质和国内竞争。 13日的关税是一个征税进口。关税可分为两类。具体的关税征收作为一个固定收费，每个单位一个良好的输入（例如， 3美元至每桶石油） 。从价关税征收作为一个比例的价值，进口的好。欧洲联盟施加的这样一个关税对进口香蕉来自拉丁美洲;电费数额，以15 ％到20 ％ ，以价值计算，就第一二百五点○○○万吨进口香蕉来自拉丁美洲。 14件重要的事是了解的关税是谁受害，谁收益。政府的收益，因为加价，政府的收入。国内生产者的增益，因为关税使它们一些保护，以免外国竞争者增加的成本，进口的外国商品。消费者失去了，因为他们必须支付更多的对某些进口。 17日的一个变种，对进口配额是自愿出口限制（查看） 。 1自愿出口限制是一个配额的贸易所施加的出口国，通常在要求进口国的政府。

呵呵 全英文的 要全看懂起码要一个星期！！

施普林格·自然是一家致力于为全球科研界提供最佳服务的出版机构。2015年5月6日，欧盟和美国司法部等商业竞争监管机构已批准施普林格科学与商业媒体（SpringerScience+BusinessMedia）和与麦克米伦科学与教育（MacmillanScienceandEducation）多数业务的合并。合并后的新公司将被命名为“施普林格?自然”（SpringerNature）。因此SpringerNature电子期刊包括了原Springer电子期刊和原Palgrave电子期刊。SpringerNature旗下有2190多种高品质期刊，是优秀的高影响力的自然科学研究论文。

在长江的入海口上海，这里有全中国最大的重工业区，同时，它的水资源也污染的也最为严重。 现在，这条大坝将会使更大的船只沿江从下游向上游的航行更为快捷，同时也更便于下游同上游开展业务往来。 中国已经采取了一些措施来限制人们将污染物向长江的岸边或者是水中倾倒，世界银行已经制订了一项长江水净化方案，中国政府也已经在长江主要的支流——外河的“优先净化领域”协议中签了字。中国也已经关闭了一些长江沿岸污染最为严重的工厂——他们生产的纸和果肉等加工产品大多不合格。 这些政府的努力面临重重困难，其中一个主要的问题就是由于地方经费的挪用和浪费，这使得中央拨发的资金往往不能够做到专款专用——而这个问题，大概只有当中国彻底解决了贫困问题、国家公务员素质的提高问题以及公务员薪金过低的问题之后，才能消失。 在一个于短时间内迅速繁荣起来的国家里，许多真正能够解决问题的方法往往都需要长期的、不断的补充和更新，同时，它也必然会面临很多棘手的问题。比如说，它提供的就业机会必须在木材业和污染严重的工业之间两者择一，或者是它必须用净化技术来代替旧的工厂，同时还必须增加水治理计划。 至少，这是向人口素质教育的一次挑战。当游客们乘坐着游轮泛渚江上，为眼前这美丽的景色而赞叹不已的时候，许多愉快的人们却将手中的香烟头 、塑料快餐盒、矿泉水瓶子和其他一些包装盒随手扔进了将水中。而游船在将他们船上的旅客送到武汉之前，则将三天之内船上所有旅客生活产生的污水统统排放到了长江里。 the mouth of the Yangtze River in Shanghai, there are all of China"s largest heavy industrial area, at the same time, it is also the pollution of water resources is also the most serious. Now, this dam will make a bigger boats along the river upstream from the downstream navigation is more efficient, but also easier to carry out upstream and downstream with the upstream business. China has taken some measures to restrict the pollutants from the Yangtze River on the shore or in the water dumping, the World Bank has developed a water purification program of the Yangtze River, the Chinese government has also been a major tributary of the Yangtze River - the river outside the "priority Purification field "agreement signed. China has also closed a number of the most serious along the Yangtze River pollution plant - they produce processed products such as paper and pulp are mostly unqualified. Government"s efforts to face these difficulties, one of the main problems is due to diversion and waste of local funds, which makes the central allocated funds often can not be used for other purposes - and this problem, probably only when China completely solved the problem of poverty , improving the quality of the national civil service issues and the problem of excessively low salaries of civil servants before they could disappear. In a short time flourished in the country, many of the real solution to the problem can often require long-term, continuous additions and updates at the same time, it is bound to face many difficult issues. For example, it provides employment opportunities to be in the timber industry and the polluting industries choose one between the two, or it must use clean technologies to replace the old plant, but also need to increase the water treatment plan. At least, this is a quality education to the population challenge. When the tourists take a cruise on the river pan-Nagisa for the front of the beautiful scenery and amazed at the time, and many happy people puts in the hands of cigarette butts, plastic fast-food containers, mineral water bottles and other readily thrown in the box will be in the water. The cruise ship passengers in their until sent to Wuhan, it will, within three days, the lives of all passengers on board were all discharged sewage into the Yangtze River.

“裸”字本来就是个常用词，其意思是“露出”、“没有遮盖”的意思，英文是naked。“ *** 裸”往往用于比喻，如“ *** 裸的骗子”，英语说a swindler thorough and thorough。汉语“赤膊”（俗称“光膀子”），英语是bare to the waist或stripped to the waist。 西方的嬉皮士喜欢“裸奔”（dash naked，英语里还有一个专门的词streak）、“裸泳”（有趣的是，英文一般说swim raw，raw本来的意思是“生的”、“没有煮熟的”）。一个比较新的词汇是“裸检”，此词译自英语的full-body scanning，起因是2009年12月一名尼日利亚男子搭乘美国西北航空公司一架班机企图炸机未遂。为此美国民航采用全身扫描系统进行安检，扫描使用的无线电波能够穿透衣服，批评者将此类安检称为virtual strip search（虚拟裸体搜查）。 “裸”字如今成了一个时髦词，取其“只有本身事物，没有装饰、没有附加物，也不讲条件”的引申意义。下面介绍几个近来流行的“裸”词。 裸婚： 裸婚决不是搞naked wedding之意，而是不办婚礼， *** 婚纱，不戴戒指，不请客，不买房，也不搞什么蜜月旅行，只是领个结婚证，即get married without any ceremony dinner party or honeymoon traveling。 裸博： 裸博指从小学念到博士没有任何工作或社会实践经验的博士（doctorate holders without any practical expriences)。 裸官： 这些年，中国出了许多“裸官”，当然不是说他们 *** 衣服，而是指一些贪官把存款、妻儿都安排到国外，准备逃亡他国。英语大概没有类似的说法，翻译时只能解释为：those officials who have put all their savings or rather illegally gained money in foreign banks and sent their families abroad。 裸退： 国务院原副总理 *** 2007年提出要“裸退”，即退休后不担任官方、半官方乃至企业、民间机构或羣众组织的任何职务，连顾问等名誉职务也不担任，英语只能说thoroughly retire and refuse to accept any post or title。

　May first is a Sunday. And it is the Labor"s Day. My mother said to me:"Open your eyes！And look out of the window. What a fine day! Let"s go to park,"So my mother, my classmate and I went to the park. We took some foods in my schoolbag. On the way to the park. I saw the blue sky with snow-white clouds. I saw pear trees and some apple trees and so on. Below the trees, there are several kinds of flowers. It"s colorful, blue, red, yellow, pink, purple, orange and white. I saw some balloons and butterflies in the sky. I ate popcorn, cornflakes, banana and lollipop. They were wonderful.　　In the afternoon, we went to the zoo. I visited the birds, mice, cats, dogs, budgies, hamsters, rabbits and so on.　　May Day is my favorite day！

视频音乐

pit-a-patn.噼啪声，噗噗声；怦；突突；扑通 各类物体的响声 1、金属磕碰声 当啷 clank,clang2、形容金属的响声 当当 rattle 3、金属、瓷器连续撞击声 丁零当啷 jingle,jangle,cling-clang 4、鼓声、敲门声 咚咚 rub-a-dub,rat-tat,rat-a-tat 5、脆响的（关门）声 吧嗒 clik 6、敲打木头声 梆梆 rat-tat 7、重物落下声 咕咚 thud,splash,plump8、东西倾倒声 哗啦 crash,clank 9、风吹动树枝叶声 飒飒 sough,rustle 10、树枝等折断声 嘎巴 crack,snap 11、不大的寒风声 瑟瑟 rustle 12、踩沙子、飞沙击物或风吹草木 沙沙、飒飒 rustle 13、飞机螺旋桨转动 呼呼 whirr 14、雨点敲击房顶 噼里啪啦 patter 15、水流动声 拔拉 splash,gurgle

heartbeat

这方面资料，乐风派之前做过一个不错的百度文库。帮你摘一小段： 来自加拿大的 Naked &Famous Denim只使用来自日本最独特且少有的单宁布料。布料全来自日本最有名的布料工厂mills, 坚持制作出最好的Denim布料.日本mills结合了Retro和Modern的方法在每一件Denim布料的制造过程（编织--洗染--完成）。每件裤子的制作都是在加拿大完成. 自家R & D的日本单宁高级布料在加上High level 的加拿大成衣制造, 每对Naked and Famous的牛仔裤是自豪地在加拿大生产。我们受惠于高品质的机械，以及训练有素的工作人员。 看来，日本与意大利的牛仔裤原料都是顶级的。。

Learn是学习，learn about是了解。

编织用机器制造完全在所有方面包括马达、长的轴、表、由于起飞的等等尼龙齿轮(不是金属齿轮)减少声音

问题一：百家姓一共有多少个姓多少个字，都是什么姓？ 共有504个姓氏，568个字。 赵钱孙李 周吴郑王 冯陈褚卫 蒋沈韩杨 朱秦尤许 何吕施张 孔曹严华 金魏陶姜 戚谢邹喻 柏水窦章 云苏潘葛 奚范彭郎 鲁韦昌马 苗凤花方 俞任袁柳 酆鲍史唐 费廉岑薛 雷贺倪汤 滕殷罗毕 郝邬安常 乐于时傅 皮卞齐康 伍余元卜 顾孟平黄 和穆萧尹 姚邵湛汪 祁毛禹狄 米贝明臧 计伏成戴 谈宋茅庞 熊纪舒屈 项祝董梁 杜阮蓝闵 席季麻强 贾路娄危 江童颜郭 梅盛林刁 钟徐邱骆 高夏蔡田 樊胡凌霍 虞万支柯 昝管卢莫 经房裘缪 干解应宗 丁宣贲邓 郁单杭洪 包诸左石 崔吉钮龚 程嵇邢滑 裴陆荣翁 荀羊於惠 甄麴家封 芮羿储靳 汲邴糜松 井段富巫 乌焦巴弓 牧隗山谷 车侯宓蓬 全郗班仰 秋仲伊宫 宁仇栾暴 甘钭厉戎 祖武符刘 景詹束龙 叶幸司韶 郜黎蓟薄 印宿白怀 蒲邰从鄂 索咸籍赖 卓蔺屠蒙 池乔阴郁 胥能苍双 闻莘党翟 谭贡劳逄 姬申扶堵 冉宰郦雍 郗璩桑桂 濮牛寿通 边扈燕冀 郏浦尚农 温别庄晏 柴瞿阎充 慕连茹习 宦艾鱼容 向古易慎 戈廖庾终 暨居衡步 都耿满弘 匡国文寇 广禄阙东 欧殳沃利 蔚越夔隆 师巩库聂 晁勾敖融 冷訾辛阚 那简饶空 曾母沙乜 养鞠须丰 巢关蒯相 查后荆红 游竺权逯 盖益桓公 万俟 司马 上官 欧阳 夏侯 诸葛 闻人 东方 赫连 皇甫 尉迟 公羊 澹台 公冶 宗政 濮阳 淳于 单于 太叔 申屠 公孙 仲孙 轩辕 令狐 以下便是复姓的种类： 安陵 安平 安期 安阳 白马 百里 柏侯 鲍俎 北宫 北郭 北门 北山 北唐 奔水 逼阳 宾牟 薄奚 薄野 曹牟 曹丘 常涛 长鱼 车非 成功 成阳 乘马 叱卢 丑门 樗里 穿封 淳子 答禄 达勃 达步 达奚 淡台 邓陵 第五 地连 地伦 东方 东里 东南 东宫 东门 东乡 东丹 东郭 东陵 东关 东闾 东阳 东野 东莱 豆卢 斗于 都尉 独孤 端木 段干 多子 尔朱 方雷 丰将 封人 封父 夫蒙 夫馀 浮丘 傅余 干已 高车 高陵 高堂 高阳 高辛 皋落 哥舒 盖楼 庚桑 梗阳 宫孙 公羊 公良 公孙 公罔 公西 公冶 公敛 公梁 公输 公上 公山 公户 公玉 公仪 公仲 公坚 公伯 公祖 公乘 公晰 公族 姑布 古口 古龙 古孙 谷梁 谷浑 瓜田 关龙 鲑阳 归海 函治 韩馀 罕井 浩生 浩星 纥骨 纥奚 纥于 贺拨 贺兰 贺楼 赫连 黑齿 黑肱 侯冈 呼延 壶丘 呼衍 斛律 胡非 胡母 胡毋 皇甫 皇父 兀官 吉白 即墨 季瓜 季连 季孙 茄众 蒋丘 金齿 晋楚 京城 泾阳 九百 九方 睢鸠 沮渠 巨母 勘阻 渴侯 渴单 可汗 空桐 空相 中国古代复姓大全 a安陵 安平 安期 安阳 b白马 百里 柏侯 鲍俎 北宫 北郭 北门 北山 北唐 奔水 逼阳 宾牟 薄奚 薄野 c曹牟 曹丘 常涛 长鱼 车非 成功 成阳 乘马 叱卢 丑门 樗里 穿封 淳子 d答禄 达勃 达步 达奚 淡台 邓陵 第五 地连 地伦 东方 东里 东南 东宫 东门 东乡 东丹 东郭 东陵 东关 东闾 东阳 东野 东莱 豆卢 斗于 都尉 独孤 端木 段干 多子 e尔朱 f方雷 丰将 封人 封父 夫蒙 夫馀 浮丘 傅余 g干已 高车 高陵 高堂 高阳 高辛 皋落 哥舒 盖楼 庚桑 梗阳 宫孙 公羊 公良 公孙 公罔 公西 公冶 公敛 公梁 公输 公上 公山 公户 公玉 公仪 公仲 公坚 公伯 公祖 公乘 公晰 公族 姑布 古口 古龙 古孙 谷梁 谷浑 瓜田 关龙 鲑阳 归海 h函治 韩馀 罕......>> 问题二：百家姓一共有多少个姓氏 分别是什么 504 赵钱孙李 周吴郑王(zhào)(qián)(sūn)(lǐ)(zhōu)(wú) (zhèng)(wáng) 冯陈褚卫 蒋沈韩杨(féng)(chén)(chǔ)(wèi) (jiǎng)(shěn)(hán)(yáng) 朱秦尤许 何吕施张(zhū)(qín)(yóu)(xǔ)(hé)(lǚ)(shī)(zhāng) 孔曹严华 金魏陶姜(kǒng)(cáo)(yán)(huà)(jīn)(wèi)(táo)(jiāng) 戚谢邹喻 柏水窦章(qī)(xiè)(zōu)(yù)(bǎi)(shuǐ)(dòu)(zhāng) 云苏潘葛 奚范彭郎(yún)(sū)(pān)(gě)(xī)(fàn)(péng)(láng) 鲁韦昌马 苗凤花方(lǔ)(wéi)(chāng)(mǎ)(miáo)(fèng)(huā)(fāng) 俞任袁柳 酆鲍史唐(yú)(rén)(yuán)(liǔ)(fēng)(bào)(shǐ)(táng) 费廉岑薛 雷贺倪汤(fèi)(lián)(cén)(xuē)(léi)(hè)(ní)(tāng) 滕殷罗毕 郝邬安常(téng)(yīn)(luó)(bì)(hǎo)(wū)(ān)(cháng) 乐于时傅 皮卞齐康(yuè)(yú)(shí)(fù) (pí)(biàn)(qí)(kāng) 伍余元卜 顾孟平黄(wǔ)(yú)(yuán)(bǔ)(gù)(mèng)(píng)(huáng) 和穆萧尹 姚邵湛汪(hé)(mù)(xiāo)(yǐn)(yáo)(shào)(zhàn)(wāng) 祁毛禹狄 米贝明臧(qí)(máo)(yǔ)(dí)(mǐ)罚bèi)(míng)(zāng) 计伏成戴 谈宋茅庞(jì)(fú)(chéng)(dài)(tán)(sòng)(máo)(páng) 熊纪舒屈 项祝董梁(xióng)(jǐ)(shū)(qū)(xiàng)(zhù)(dǒng)(liáng) 杜阮蓝闵 席季麻强(dù)(ruǎn)(lán)(mǐn)(xí)(jì)(má)(qiáng) 贾路娄危 江童颜郭(jiǎ)(lù)(lóu)(wēi)(jiāng)(tóng)(yán)(guō) 梅盛林刁 钟徐邱骆(méi)(shèng)(lín)(diāo)(zhōng)(xú)(qiū)(luò) 高夏蔡田 樊胡凌霍(gāo)(xià)(cài)(tián)(fán)(hú)(líng)(huò) 虞万支柯 昝管卢莫(yú)(wàn)(zhī)(kē)(zǎn)(guǎn)(lú)(mò) 经房裘缪 干解应宗(jīng)(fáng)(qiú)(miào)(gān)(xiè)(yīng)(zōng) 丁宣贲邓 郁单杭洪(dīng)(xuān)(bēn)(dèng)(yù)(shàn)(háng)(hóng) 包诸左石 崔吉钮龚(bāo)(zhū)(zuǒ)(shí)(cuī)(jí)(niǔ)(gōng) 程嵇邢滑 裴陆荣翁(chéng)(jī)(xíng)(huá)(péi)(lù)(róng)(wēng) 荀羊於惠 甄曲家封(xún)(yáng)(yū)(huì)(zhēn)(qū)(jiā)(fēng) 芮羿储靳 汲邴糜松(ruì)(yì)(chǔ)(jìn)(jí)(bǐng)(mí)(sōng) 井段富巫 乌焦巴弓(jǐng)(duàn)(fù)(wū)(wū)(ji......>> 问题三：百家姓共有几个姓氏 《百家姓》按文献记载，成文于北宋初。原收集姓氏411个，后增补到568个，其中单姓444个，复姓124个。 《百家姓》虽称为”百家姓“，但并非就是一百个姓。《百家姓》文中的姓氏次序也不是按姓氏人口实际排列。根据渊源出处的不同或其特征，《百家姓》中所列姓氏可以分为16种。 第一种，以祖先的图腾崇拜物为姓氏。 有些是由图腾演变而来的，如：熊、马、牛、羊、龙、凤、山、水、花、叶等。由于年代久远，史前无据可考，到底哪些姓氏源于图腾崇拜，已不得而知。。黄帝与蚩尤大战于涿鹿之野，曾率领“熊、黑、貅、貔、虎”等。这些“ 熊、罴、貅、貔、虎”等可能就是图腾氏族的名号。但这些氏族的名号究竟有哪些传递下来，成为其后裔的姓氏，也已难寻蛛丝。 第二种，以祖先名字中的字为姓氏。 如年，是在春秋时，周灵王有子叫“王子年夫”，年夫的后人便以其名中的“年”字为姓氏。 类似的还包括牧、终、常、孔、廉、乐、皮、高等姓氏。 第三种，以封地名和国名为姓氏。 如宋，是出自子姓，据《唐书-宰相世系表》所载， 公元前十世纪周公平定了武康叛乱之后，微子启受封於宋国， 其子孙以原国名“宋“为氏。类似姓氏还有赵、吴、郑、陈、卫、蒋、沈、韩、秦、许、吕、戚、谢、邹、柏、章、苏、潘、葛、范、彭、鲁、韦、苗、任、柳等。 第四种，以职业或官职为姓氏。 如司徒，是上古时代官名，传说尧、舜时设立，一直延续到秦汉，任此官职的后代便以官职名称为姓。另外还包括司空、司马等也属于这种情况。 第五种，以山名、河名为姓氏。 如乔姓，出于有熊氏。黄帝死后，葬于桥山。黄帝的子孙中守陵的人就以陵山之名“桥”为姓氏，后人去木为“乔”。还有姜姓，出于神农氏，炎帝神农氏居住在姜水，其后代有人以河名为姓。 第六种，以住地的方位为姓氏。 如东郭，郭是指古代时城的外围加筑的一道城墙，东郭，就是外城的东墙附近。齐桓公的后裔中有住在临淄城东外一带的，被称为东郭大夫，其后人便以东郭为姓；类似还有东门，鲁庄公有后代叫公子遂，字襄仲，家住曲阜城东门旁，人称东门襄仲，其后人便以东门为姓；另外还有西门，春秋时，齐国和郑国都有公族大夫住在都城的西门附近，人称西门氏，其后人便以西门为姓氏。 第七种，以部落的名称为姓氏。 如复姓呼延、慕容、宇文、尉迟、万俟等姓氏都属于这种情况。 第八种．以出生时的异象为姓氏。 如武姓，周乎王之子出生时掌纹呈篆文“武”，由此，周平王赐其姓为武。 第九种，以谥号为姓氏。 所谓“谥”为帝王、贵族、大臣等死后，依其生前事迹所给予的称号。如穆姓、文姓等，齐威王之孙田文，号孟尝君。孟尝君避乱到魏国，死后进号文于，其后人以其谥号“文”为姓氏。另外还有康姓也属于这种情况。 第十种，因避祸、避仇、避讳、避嫌所改的姓氏。 如桂姓、田姓等，黄子澄的后人因避祸而改姓田。 第十一种，帝王赐姓氏。 如金姓、刘姓、郑姓等。明代太监马三宝有功，被永乐帝赐姓为郑，马三宝因此改姓换名为“郑和”。 第十二种，以数量词、排行次序及天干地支为姓氏。 如万姓、丙姓等。 第十三种，少数民族汉改姓氏。 如元姓。少数民族用汉姓的人物中，还有著名的李克用、李存勖父子。李克用系沙陀族首领朱耶赤心之子，曾率沙陀闻助唐击败黄巢长安，任河东节度使，又进封为晋王。唐末，李存勖“李”姓起兵，建后唐王朝。 第十四种，汉族人改为少数民族姓氏。 辽、夏、金、元时代，汉族人改换为少数民族姓的也很多。 第十五种，部分少数民族的姓氏。 满族有穆昆组织，是构成满族社会的基层血缘组织。穆昆由一个或数个家庭组成。同一个穆昆中，只有一个姓氏；同宗的几个穆昆，则冠以几个汉姓。如乌雅氏的五......>> 问题四：中国一共有多少个姓氏？ 最新数据： 中国共有4100个姓 袁义达介绍，实际上，对中国姓氏的调查早在20年前就曾经进行过，但当时调查的抽样率很低，只统计了57万人，找到了3000多个姓氏。“当时的抽样率太低，因此结果并不可信。” 此次由袁义达主持的研究课题调查人群数量将近3亿，覆盖几十个县市，基本上涵盖全国。课题小组总共花了两年时间，找到了4100个姓，并对人数进行了统计。 首次发现“难”姓村 在这次调查中，很多生僻的怪姓也被发现，这些姓氏从来没有被记载过，过去看到时，还以为这些怪姓是因为笔误产生的，但经过这次调查后发现，这些怪姓有其深远的根源。 袁义达举例说，在河南，研究组发现四个姓“难”的小村，里面的男女老少全姓“难”，当时研究组曾认为这个姓是笔误造成，不具有统计意义，但韩国文化署听说了这个消息后，异常惊喜，马上组织了一个“寻根访问团”来到中国。 原来，“难”姓在韩国人看来，就是自己的根源，“他们告诉我，河南曾出土过一块南北朝时期的石碑，记载一个鲜卑族官员的事迹，他的名字就叫‘难楼"，‘难"姓随鲜卑北迁，松花江当时也改名成了‘难江"，随后，这些姓‘难"的鲜卑族才到了现在的朝鲜半岛，因此，河南这些姓‘难"的村民就被韩国人认为是自己的祖先。”(李宁源) 相关链接 千年“百家姓” “姓氏”在现代汉语中是一个词，但在秦汉以前，姓和氏有明显的区别。姓源于母系社会，同一个姓表示同一个母系的血缘关系。中国最早的姓，大都从“女”旁，如：姜，姚，姒，妫，嬴等，表示这是一些不同的老祖母传下的氏族人群。而氏的产生则在姓之后，是按父系来标识血缘关系的结果，这只能在父权家长制确立时才有可能。因此，当我们读到“黄帝轩辕氏，姬姓”以及“炎帝列山氏，姜姓”时，可以明白，中华民族共同始祖炎黄二帝原分属两个按母系血缘关系组织起来的部落或部落联盟，一姓姜，一姓姬，而他们又分别拥有表示自己父权家长制首领的氏称；列山，轩辕。姓和氏有严格区别又同时使用的局面表明，母权制已让位于父权制，但母系社会的影响还存在，这种影响一直到春秋战国以后才逐渐消亡。 我国姓氏已经有5000多年历史。比如伏羲氏姓风。远古时代，除黄帝赐给其儿子12个姓之外，还有许、邓、周、丁、常、董等姓氏，都有四五千年历史。 中华姓氏的形成源远流长，成因多种多样。但从100个大姓来看，绝大多数是以国为氏或以邑为氏。原来是某国某王，国亡以后，居民以国为氏。这种情形发生在春秋战国时期为多，一般都有两三千年历史。历史最短的要算邱姓，清雍正三年(公元1725)雍正皇帝为避孔丘之讳，下诏将丘姓加“阝”部变为邱姓，距今只200多年。 中华姓氏成因的多元性，决定了姓氏的多源性。成因原因之多，五花八门，令人眼花缭乱。有以国为氏、以邑为氏、以职业为氏、以官为氏、以居处为氏、以上祖名字为氏、还有皇帝赐姓、外族改姓等等。然而，较大多数是以国为氏或以邑为氏。 是谁创造了《百家姓》？它何时初具规模？又何时出版？这些问题直到今天还是个谜。根据明清朝代有文字记载的学者的研究，《百家姓》早在宋朝以前就存在。在宋朝初期由一位地处吴、越地区(现今浙江省杭州市)不知名的儒家学者将其编辑、装订成册。 另有一种说法是，《百家姓》本是北宋初年钱塘(杭州)的一个书生所编撰的蒙学读物，将常见的姓氏编成四字一句的韵文，像一首四言诗，便于诵读和记忆，因此，流传至今，影响极深。《百家姓》本来收集四百一十一个经赠补到五百零四个姓，其中单姓四百四十四个，复姓六十个。 目前发现的最早的印刷体《百家姓》是在元朝(公元14世纪初)出版的，它根据汉字和......>> 问题五：全国共有多少个姓氏,各是什么? 我国到底有多少姓氏，至今尚未有一个精确的统计。中国旧时流行的《百家姓》是北宋（公元960年）的时候写的，里面一共收集了单姓408个，复姓30个，共438个。发展到后来，据说有4000到6000个，但是实际应用的只有1000个左右。近年出版的《中国姓氏纪编》共搜集姓氏5730个。台湾省出版的《中华姓符》里面共收姓氏6363个。《中华姓氏大辞典》收入的姓氏多达11969个，其中单字姓5313个，双字姓4311个；三字姓1615个，四字姓571个，六字姓22个，七字姓7个，八字姓3个，九字姓1个。由于姓氏本身还在不断发展变化，据专家估计，我国姓氏大约有18000个。 中国一共有多少姓氏?不同时期的统计数字不一样： 汉代应劭《风俗通》收录近500个。 唐代林宝《元和姓纂》收录1232个。 宋代郑樵《通志u30fb氏族略》收录1745个。 元代马端临《文献通考》收录3736个。 明代王圻《续文献通考》收录4657个。 今人陈历甫最近编写出的《中华姓氏书法大辞典》收录10129个，其中汉族姓氏8000多个，少数民族姓氏2000多个。据《中国新闻出版报》2001年1月15日的最新报道，如今陈历甫掌握的古今中华姓氏数目已达到15142个，创下了姓氏收集数量之最。 最常用的姓氏有多少? 所谓“常用姓氏”也是一个在一定历史时段和区域范围内的相对性概念。如通行的《百家姓》版本共收438个姓氏，只能看作是北宋初年汉民族范围内的常用姓氏。明代初年翰林编修吴沈奉旨编纂《皇明千家姓》，共收1968个姓氏，则是当时的常用姓氏。现在搞姓氏学研究的人，多以中国科学院遗传研究所杜若甫和袁义达先生的研究成果为权威性的说法。杜、袁两人根据国家统计局提供的1987年大陆人口的随机抽样资料以及台湾的姓氏统计资料，经过计算机处理，确定中国人的姓氏为11969个，其中单姓5327个，复姓6642个(绝大多数为少数民族姓氏)；目前仍在通用的汉姓约3050个，按其所属人口多少为顺序，排在前100位的姓氏是： 表22：现代中国前百位“大姓” 1．李 2．王 3．张 4．刘 5．陈 6.杨 7．赵 8．黄 9.周 10．吴 11.徐 12.孙 13．胡 14．朱 15．高 16．林 17．何 18.郭 19．马 20．罗 21．梁 22．宋 23．郑 24.谢 25．韩 26．唐 27．冯 28．于 29.董 30.萧 31.程 32．曹 33．袁 34．邓 35．许 36.傅 37沈 38．曾 39．彭 40．吕 41．苏 42.卢 43．蒋 44．蔡 45.贾 46．丁 47．魏 48.薛 49．叶 50.阎 51．余 52．潘 53．杜 54.戴 55．夏 56．锺 57．汪 58．田 59．任 60.姜 61.范 62．方 63．石 64．蛔 65．谭 66.廖 67．邹 68．熊 69．金 70．陆 71．郝 72.孔 73．白 74．崔 75．康 76．毛 77．邱 78.秦 79．江 80．史 81．顾 82．侯 83．召 84.孟 85．龙 86．万 87.段 88．雷 89．钱 90.汤 91．尹 92．黎 93．易 94．常 95．武 96.乔 97．贺 98．赖 99．龚 100．文 这是就全国范围而言，如果分地区统计的话，情况又不一样了。如20世纪70年代的台湾地区的通用汉姓为1027个，排在前100位汉姓顺序是： 表23：台湾前百位“大姓” 1．陈 2．林 3．黄 4．张 5.李 6.王 7.吴 8．蔡 9．刘 10．杨 11.许 12......>> 问题六：百家姓有几个xiao姓 肖，萧 问题七：中国的姓氏共有多少个 有几层楼回答的都是中国汉民族的姓氏，而且是前两年刚刚统计的。这样回答并不全面。不知道楼主到底是不是问汉民族的姓氏，如果是的话，应该重新描述一下。 希望采纳 问题八：“百家姓”都有哪些姓氏？ 百家姓 赵 钱 孙 李 周 吴 郑 王 冯 陈 褚 卫 蒋 沈 韩 杨 朱 秦 尤 许 何 吕 施 张 孔 曹 严 华 金 魏 陶 姜 戚 谢 邹 喻 柏 水 窦 章 云 苏 潘 葛 奚 范 彭 郎 鲁 韦 昌 马 凤 花 方 俞 任 袁 柳 酆 鲍 史 唐 费 廉 岑 薛 雷 贺 倪 汤 滕 殷 罗 毕 郝 邬 安 常 乐 于 时 傅 皮 卞 齐 康 伍 余 元 卜 顾 孟 平 黄 和 穆 萧 尹 姚 邵 湛 汪 祁 毛 禹 狄 米 贝 明 臧 计 伏 成 戴 谈 宋 茅 庞 熊 纪 舒 屈 项 祝 董 梁 杜 阮 蓝 闵 席 季 麻 强 贾 路 娄 危 江 童 颜 郭 梅 盛 林 刁 钟 徐 邱 骆 高 夏 蔡 田 樊 胡 凌 霍 虞 万 支 柯 昝 管 卢 莫 经 房 裘 缪 干 解 应 宗 丁 宣 贲 邓 郁 单 杭 洪 包 诸 左 石 崔 吉 钮 龚 程 嵇 邢 滑 裴 陆 荣 翁 荀 羊 於 惠 甄 曲 家 封 芮 羿 储 靳 汲 邴 糜 松 井 段 富 巫 乌 焦 巴 弓 牧 隗 山 谷 车 侯 宓 蓬 全 郗 班 仰 秋 仲 伊 宫 宁 仇 栾 暴 甘 钭 厉 戎 祖 武 符 刘 景 詹 束 龙 叶 幸 司 韶 郜 黎 蓟 薄 印 宿 白 怀 蒲 台 丛 鄂 索 咸 籍 赖 卓 蔺 屠 蒙 池 乔 阴佟 胥 能 苍 双 闻 莘 党 翟 谭 贡 劳 逄 姬 申 扶 堵 冉 宰 郦 雍 却 璩 桑 桂 濮 牛 寿 通 边 扈 燕 冀 郏 浦 尚 农 温 别 庄 晏 柴 瞿 阎 充 慕 连 茹 习 宦 艾 鱼 容 向 古 易 慎 戈 廖 庚 终 暨 居 衡 步 都 耿 满 弘 匡 国 文 寇 广 禄 阙 东 殴 殳 沃 利 蔚 越 夔 隆 师 巩 厍 聂 晁 勾 敖 融 冷 訾 辛 阚 那 简 饶 空 曾 毋 沙 乜 养 鞠 须 丰 巢 关 蒯 相 查 后 荆 红 游 竺 权 逯 盖 益 桓 公 万俟 司马 上官 欧阳 夏侯 诸葛 闻人 东方 赫连 皇甫 尉迟 公羊 澹台 公冶 宗政 濮阳 淳于 单于 太叔 申屠 公孙 仲孙 轩辕 令狐 钟离 宇文 长孙 慕容 鲜于 闾丘 司徒 司空 亓官 司寇 仉 督 子车 颛孙 端木 巫马 公西 漆雕 乐正 壤驷 公良 拓跋 夹谷 宰父 谷梁 晋 楚 闫 法 汝鄢 涂 钦 段干 百里 东郭 南门 呼延 归海 羊舌 微生 岳 帅 缑 亢 况 C 有 琴 梁丘 左丘 东门 西门 商 牟 佘 佴 伯 赏 南宫 墨 哈 谯 笪 年 爱 阳 佟 第五 言福 百家姓终 问题九：百家姓里共收录了多少姓氏 《百家姓》本是北宋初年钱塘(杭州)的一个书生所编撰的蒙学读物，将常见的姓氏篇成四字一句的韵文，像一首四言诗，便与诵读和记忆，因此，流传至今，影响极深。《百家姓》本来收集四百一十一个经赠补到五百零四个姓，其中单因姓四百四十四个，复姓六十个。

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全国品牌防盗门有以下十个：王力安防WONLY、盼盼防盗门PANPAN、万嘉WANJIA、星月神SEEYES、步阳、美心Mexin、锐亿门业RAYI、永和安、金凯德KKD、富新FUSIM等。一、王力安防WONLY王力安防科技股份有限公司成立于2005年，有防盗安全门、智能锁、智能门、智能家居、智能门窗、全屋定制、静音木门等产品。二、盼盼防盗门PANPAN盼盼，隶属于亚萨合莱集团（AssaAbloy）旗下防盗安全门、家居智能安防品牌。三、万嘉WANJIA万嘉集团是一家位于浙江省永康的集制造、投资、贸易、进出口、地产于一体的现代企业集团。四、星月神SEEYES中国·星月集团，始创于1989年，公司横跨浙江、江苏、广东、上海“三省一市”，总部设立于浙江省中部、享有“中国五金之都”美称的永康市。五、步阳步阳集团创立于1992年，经过十多年不断发展，形成步阳门业、步阳车业、步阳置业、步阳汽车零部件、步阳物流为主的五大支柱产业。六、美心Mexin美心是重庆美心（集团）有限公司在国家商标总局申请注册的商标品牌。七、锐亿门业RAYI浙江锐亿智能科技股份有限公司坐落于“中国门都享”之称的永武缙工业带。八、永和安永和安集团是一家致力于提供绿色建筑和环保建材产品的大型企业集团，由永和安门业、永和安钢构、永和安木门、华云置业等6家子公司共同组成。九、金凯德KKD金凯德是一款家用门品牌，全名中国金凯德集团。十、富新FUSIM富新集团初始的名称是永康市富新门业有限公司，公司成立于1999年。以上内容参考：百度百科-王力安防科技股份有限公司以上内容参考：百度百科-盼盼

Today is May Day. My mother father and me went to park to have a picnic, and then visited my grandma and grandpa.We got up at 6:00 and had our breakfast at 6:30 in the morning. At 9:00, we went to park for picnic, we took juice, cornflakes, apples, oranges, lollipops, bananas, ice creams, mangoes, and so on. I also took toys, such as doll, ball, balloon, skateboard and a kite. In the afternoon at 14:00, we went to visit my grandma and grandpa. I helped grandpa to do some house work. My sister and me played skateboard and doll. At 20:00 we went home, and played computer games for two hours and then went to bed.Today Iu2019m very happy!

1.3 AC motor 15kw 1/set 交流电机 15KW 1/台1.4 Speed regulator (JAPAN FUJI) 15kw 1/set 调速器 15KW 1/台1.5 Detailed requirement: 详细要求--thermal treatment and quench for gear surface 齿轮表面热处理和淬火Feeding base 进料底部6) Auto feeder 自动进料器--mode vacuum suction model 模式 真空吸入型 7) Dry with hopper type 干燥 漏斗型--mode auto control temp.hot wind for heating 模式 自动控制加热风温度--mode AC motor 模式 交流电机2、Composite die head with changeable core and mouth mould ф11~ф32mm one unit moule 复合模头与可调核心和口模 ф11 u301c ф32毫米一个单位模 --mode spiral type,with changeable mouth moule and core moule 模式 螺旋形 可调口模和核心模--heating control zone stainless steel heating ring 加热控制区不锈钢加热环--power 电源Each set for changeable calibrator、mouth moule and core rod可调测量器，口模和核心杆都有一个

MV : 全名 music video 音乐录影带 Mtv : 全名 music television 美国一家专事播放可视歌曲的电视频道的名字，成立于1981年8月1日，其资金来自于华纳音乐集团（WarnerCommunications）和美国运通公司（American Express）。它之后由Viacom公司买下，成为一个完全为其拥有的子公司。MTV及其旗下的VH1电视台是一个专门播放音乐录像带，尤其是摇滚乐的有线电视网。MTV后来也播放观众对象锁定在青少年和青年上的许多不同型态的节目。在MTV中可以看到音乐录像带、年轻VJ、玩世不恭的台词、对特殊摇滚演唱会的推广、有关乐团的新闻与纪录片，这些都让MTV受到年轻观众的欢迎，并且成为推广新型摇滚乐以及摇滚乐手的领导者。 ktv :全名 karaok television 上个世纪1971年 一个叫井上大辅的鼓手录制了一盒伴奏音乐带，发明了卡拉OK伴唱机的意念，在日语里，Kara解作空，oke是乐队的缩写语，合起来即“无人伴奏的乐队”。卡拉OK传到台湾后,台湾商人将原有的包厢式小视听中心与卡拉OK结合起来，经改良后，出现了以包厢为主的卡拉OK，即现在很流行的KTV包厢

Naked 赤裸裸的 I wake up in the morning 我早上醒来 Put on my face 戴上我的面具 The one that"s gonna get me through another day 它就会陪伴我度过一整天 Doesn"t really matter how I feel inside 我心理的想法并不重要 "Cause life is like a game sometimes 因为人生有时就像一场游戏 But then you came around me 但当你来到我身边后 The walls just disappeared 我心中的高墙从此消失 Nothing to surround me 没有东西再困扰着我 And keep me from my fears 把我从恐惧中带了出来 I"m unprotected 我（对你）毫无防备 See how I"ve opened up 向你打开心扉 Oh, you"ve made me trust 你使我全心信赖 Because I"ve never felt like this before 因为我从来没有这种感觉 I"m naked 我赤裸裸的 Around you 在你身边 Does it show? 看出来了吗？ You see right through me 你能看穿我 And I can"t hide 我无处躲藏 I"m naked 我赤裸裸的 Around you 在你身边 And it feels so right 这种感觉真好 I"m trying to remember 我试着去回想 Why I was afraid to be myself and let the Covers fall away 为什么过去我怕活出自我还有不敢拿掉保护罩 I guess I never had someone like you 我猜我以前从没遇见像你一样的人 To help me, to help me fit in my skin 来帮助我、帮助我接纳我自己 I"ve never felt like this before 我从来没有这种感觉 I"m naked 我赤裸裸的 Around you 在你身边 Does it show? 看出来了吗？ You see right through me 你能看穿我 And I can"t hide 我无处躲藏 I"m naked 我赤裸裸的 Around you 在你身边 And it feels so right 这种感觉真好艾薇儿《Everybody Hurts》歌词 Everybody Hurts每个人都会受伤Don"t know不知道……Don"t know if I can do this on my own不知道……如果我做我自己Why do you have to leave me?为什么你还要离开我It seems I"m missing something deep inside me看来我失去了我内心深处的东西So hold on onto me所以，我始终坚持着自己Now I see, now I see现在我明白了，明白Everybody hurts some days每个人都会受伤……在某天It"s ok to be afraid恐惧没有什么可怕！Everybody hurts, everybody screams, everybody feels this way and it"s ok每个人都会受伤，每个人都会想尖叫，每个人都会有这样的感觉，没关系的没什么大不了的！Lalalalala it"s ok啦~~~ 没什么大不了的~It feels it doesn"t really matters anymore我真的觉得没什么了When you"re gone I can"t breathe当你离开的时候我几乎要窒息I know you"d never meant to make me feel this way我知道你绝对不会希望我有这样的感觉This can"t happen on me这不可能发生在我身上Now I see, now I see现在我明白了，明白……Everybody hurts some days每个人都会受伤……在某天It"s ok to be afraid恐惧没有什么可怕！Everybody hurts, everybody screams, everybody feels this way and it"s ok每个人都会受伤，每个人都会想尖叫，每个人都会有这样的感觉，没关系的没什么大不了的！Lalalalala it"s ok啦~~~ 没什么大不了的~LalalaSo many questions so much on my mind啦~那么多问题在我脑海中环绕So many answers I can"t find那么多答案是我无从寻找的Wish I can turn back the time真希望我能让时光倒流Everybody hurts some days每个人都会受伤……在某天Everybody hurts some days在某天，每个人都会受伤Everybody hurts some days每个人都会受伤It"s ok to be afraid这没什么可怕的Everybody hurts, everybody screams, everybody feels this way that"s ok每个人都会受伤，每个人都会想尖叫，每个人都会有这样的感觉，没关系的，没什么大不了的！Lalalalala it"s ok啦~~~ 没什么大不了的~Everybody hurts some days and it"s ok每个人都会受伤，这没什么大不了的！Everybody feels this way but it"ll be ok每个人都会有这样的感觉，但一切都会好起来的It"s about to take me away to a better place这就是我如何变得更加平静Everybody feels this way每个人都会受伤It"s ok, lalalala, it"s ok, lalalala, it"s ok没什么大不了的，啦~没什么大不了的~啦~一切都会好起来的！

　　响尾蛇的尾部末端具有一串角质环，为多次蜕皮后的残存物，当遇到敌人或急剧活动时，迅速摆动尾部的尾环，每秒钟可摆动40～60次，能长时间发出响亮的声音，致使敌人不敢近前，或被吓跑，故称为响尾蛇。你知道吗?下面来学习一下吧。 　 　响尾蛇的英语说法： 　　rattle snake 　　 响尾蛇的相关短语： 　　响尾蛇山地 Rattlesnake Hills 　　响尾蛇峡谷 Rattlesnake Canyon 　　双响尾蛇 Sidewinder 　　林响尾蛇 timber rattlesnake 　 　响尾蛇的英语例句： 　　1. He had been bitten by a rattlesnake. 　　他被响尾蛇咬过。 　　2. Rattlesnake skin is used for fancy bags and purses. 　　响尾蛇皮被用来制作精美的提包和钱包. 　　3. The guide told us to look sharp because there are rattlesnakes around. 　　向导要我们特别留神,因为附近有响尾蛇. 　　4. The renegade is the first cousin to a rattlesnake. 　　叛徒象响尾蛇一样地毒狠. 　　5. Rattlesnakes belong to the viper family. 　　响尾蛇属于蛇科. 　　6. We saw a real live rattlesnake! 　　我们看到一条真的响尾蛇! 　　7. A huge rattlesnake lay coiled on the blanket. 　　一条巨大的响尾蛇盘绕在毯子上。 　　8. The renal lision of crotalid envenomation is a glomerulonephritis. 　　响尾蛇科蛇毒中毒的肾脏损害为肾小球肾炎. 　　9. The Sidewinders were convinced as a morale booster. 　　响尾蛇导弹不过是用来充当鼓舞士气的工具罢了. 　　10. A rattlesnake is a really mean creature. 　　响尾蛇是很凶的动物. 　　11. Sidewinder, an air - to - air missile bearing the name of a rattlesnake, is launched from a fighter plane. 　　“响尾蛇式”导弹是一种取名为响尾蛇的空对空导弹, 它从战斗机上发射. 　　12. The father replies proudly, Yes son, we are rattler snakes! 　　父亲得意的答道:当然了, 孩子, 我们是响尾蛇啊! 　　13. When the man spotted the rattlesnake, he drew back and aimed his shotgun. 　　当这个人确认出那是只响尾蛇后, 他往后退并瞄准了它. 　　14. If a Rattle snake bit me, the snake would die. 　　如果响尾蛇咬了我, 那它就死定了. 　　15. There is nothing as eloquent as a rattlesnake"s tail. 　　没有比响尾蛇的尾巴更灵敏的东西了.

没有中文的 我在请人翻译呢 先给英文的Naked 歌手：Spice Girls 专辑：Spice Artist: Spice Girls Album: Spice Title: Naked Naiveté and childhood left behinddeprived of the goodness of mankindpast encounters have made her strongstrong enough to carry on and onUndress you with her eyesuncover the truth from the liesStrip you down don"t need to carelights are low exposed and bare Naked Nothing but a smile upon her face( Naked )She wants to play seek and hide, no-one to hide behind (Naked )This child has fallen from grace ( Naked )Don"t be afraid to stare she is only naked ( Naked )She knows exactly what to do with men like you Inside out in her mind there"s no doubt where you"re coming from mystery will turn you onUndress you with her eyesuncover the truth from the liesStrip you down don"t need to carelights are low exposed and bare Naked Nothing but a smile upon her face ( Naked )She wants to play seek and hide, no-one to hide behind ( Naked )This child has fallen from grace (Naked )Don"t be afraid to stare she is only naked (Naked )Hello, its me I thought you"d understand Well maybe I should have kept my mouth shut I keep seeing such a pretty picture I"d rather be hated than pitied Maybe I should have left it to your imagination I just want to be me This angel"s dirty face is soreholding on to what she had before Not sharing secrets with any old foolnow she"s gonna keep her coolShe wants to get naked She wants to get naked Naked Nothing but a smile upon her face (Naked )She wants to play seek and hide, no-one to hide behind (Naked )This child has fallen from grace (Naked )Don"t be afraid to stare she is only naked (Naked )Nothing but a smile upon her face (Naked )......