牛云-
上学期碰巧给人讲过一次。
例句来源是《张道真语法》
1）综述：
在表示一种假相的情况、主观愿望时，动词有时候要用虚拟语气。
涉及动词：原型、情态动词、过去时、完成时
现在的虚拟语气：用情态动词或动词原型，表达需要做或者发生的事情，可能性一般
It is important that he work hard.
They propose that Dr. wood be elected.
Our decision is that the school remain closed.
过去虚拟语气，were，用于各种人称，表示估计、期望，可能性比上一种低
If here were leaving, you would have heard about it.
If she were here, she would speak on my behalf.
I wish she were not married.
其他虚拟形式和过去式相同：
I wish the bus went to the university.
He acts as if he knew me.
If he found a patient listener, he would pour out his trouble.
过去完成式，表示已经完成，没有任何可能
If only I had listened to my parents!
If I had seen her, I would have told her.
I wish I hadn"t wasted so much money
有些情态动词也常用于虚拟语气
I wish I could speak your language.
If only she would go with me!
美国人使用现在虚拟语气的句子中，英国人常用should+动词原型
I demand that the committee reconsider/should reconsider its decision.
2）虚拟语气在条件句中的用法
虚拟条件句，表示假设的情况
It doesn"t matter if you can"t find her.
If you can do it, so can I.
Don"t come unless I telephone.
Suppose you disagree with anything he suggests, you can come to me.
这类句子大多数包含一个由if引起的条件从句，少数条件从句由unless, suppose引起。条件句有两种，一种表示可能成为现实的情况，成为真实条件句。
I must leave if that"s the case.
You will forgive me if I have given you pain.
If she said so, she"s a liar.
If Colin is in London, he is undoubtedly staying at the Hilton.
She"s taking a stick with her in case she has any trouble on the way.
在这些句子中假设的情况都是可能发生的。句中谓语都使用陈述语气。与此相反，如果假设的情况纯然是假想，是与现实不一样的或发生的可能性不大的，这种句子就叫做虚拟条件句
If I were you, I"d go to night school.
If he changed his opinions, he"d be a more likeable person.
If she were younger, she would study computer science.
If anything had happened, he would have let her know.
If they had invited her, she would have attended it. 此类句子中的谓语形式，就是所谓的虚拟语气。
表示现在或者将来情况的虚拟条件句：主句谓语，would + 原型；条件从句的谓语，相当于过去时的形式
If we had enough money, we would buy a computer.
If they invited me, I would certainly attend it.
If you didn"t stay up so late every evening, you wouldn"t feel so sleepy in the morning.
在条件从句中，如果谓语动词是be，一般用were
If there were anything to tell, I would tell it to you.
If she were trying harder, her parents wouldn"t be so anxious.
在口语中，一、三人称可以用was
If I was rich, I would buy you anything you wanted.
这类句子有一些特殊情况值得注意
在主句中有时用could或might构成谓语
If he knew the facts, he could tell us what to do.
If he were here, he could help us.
If we had more police, there might be less crime.
用were to / was to构成谓语，表示将来万一发生的情况
If you were to speak to him, it would carry more weight.
If I were to ask, would you help me?
从句中有时用would表示愿意
If Ann would admit this I shouldn"t quarrel with her.
I should be glad if you would give me an account of it.
If 可能被省略，这时候用倒装
Were she in charge (if she were in charge), she would do things differently.
Were she here, she would support the motion.
Were the government to cut VAT, prices would fall.
Were it to reveal its secret, that house would collapse in shame.
Should I be free tomorrow, I will come.
Should you change your mind, no one would blame you.
Should she be interested, I"ll phone her.
从句有时可用if it were not for表示若不是
If it weren"t for your help, I would still be homeless.
You wouldn"t be anywhere if it weren"t for Ruth.
Were it not for your help, I wouldn"t be doing so well.
极少数情况下，从句的谓语用动词原型
If any person be found guilty, he shall have the right of appeal.
If that be the official view, it cannot be accepted.
还有一些特殊的不完整的条件句也可能用虚拟语气
Suppose we told her the truth.
Imagine your child played truant.
Suppose he were lost.
Without me to supplement your income, you wouldn"t be able to mange.
Just suppose everyone were to give up smoking and drinking.
表示过去情况的虚拟条件句：条件从句的谓语，had+过去分词；主句谓语，would have+过去分词
这类从句表示一个与事实完全相反的过去情况
If anything had happened, he would have let her know.
If I had worked harder at school, I"d have got a better job.
If you hadn"t studied hard, you"d have failed the exam.
在从句中也可以用had been构成谓语
If I had been you, I"d have taken the job.
这类句子的特例：
主句可以用could或might should构成谓语
If he had known the facts, he could have told us what to do.
If she had been here, she could have met my sister.
If he had received the present, he should have thanked her.
从句中有时可用if it had not been for以及倒装式的had it not been for做谓语，表示：“要不是有”
If it hadn"t been for Margaret, I might not have understood.
If it hadn"t been for the rain, we would have had a good harvest.
If it hadn"t been for the doctor"s care, I wouldn"t have recovered so soon.
可把从句倒装，省略if
Had I known your address, I would have written before.
Had I not seen with my own eyes, I would not have believed it.
Had Mark been in charge, it wouldn"t have happened.
在主句第一人称后也有人用should
I should have talked to mother if I had thought of it.
I should never have done it if I hadn"t been so hard up.
一些特殊的虚拟条件句
主句谓语和从句谓语动作发生时间不同
If you"d listened to me, you wouldn"t be in such trouble now.
If it hadn"t been for her care, I should not be speaking to you now.
含蓄条件句：句子不包含条件从句，意思却和条件句差不多
To hear him talk, you"d think he was Prime Minister.
But for his pension, he would starve.
Without your help, I couldn"t have achieved all this.
In different circumstances, I might have agreed.
Any person who had behave in that way would have been dismissed.
Don"t bother to read all these papers. It would take too long.
I"d hate to lose this pen.
一些特殊的虚拟条件句
错综时间条件句：
If I had not got married, I would still have been living abroad.
If she were trying harder, her parents wouldn"t be so anxious
If it had been raining this morning, we would have stayed home
3）在从句中的使用
有时主句谓语和从句谓语表示的动作发生的时间不同
If you"d listened to me, you wouldn"t be in such trouble now.
If it hadn"t been for her care, I should not be speaking to you now.
宾语从句：wish 后的宾语从句，表示与事实相反，指现在的情况
I wish we had more money.
I wish I knew the answer to your question.
I wish I were a bird.
I wish the sun was shining at this moment.
另一类意思相当于过去完成时表示过去的状况，有懊悔的意思
I wish that I had never met him.
He wished he hadn"t done it.
有时候指将来，用would，表示可能实现（可能较低），接近一种客气的请求
I wish you wouldn"t smoke any more.
I wish you wouldn"t be so noisy.
有时可用could构成谓语，有时可用might
I wish he could come tomorrow
I wish I could be of some use.
She sincerely wished that she might do something to comfort him
Would rather后的宾语中，谓语用过去式表示现在或将来
I would rather they left on an early train.
I would much rather it was forgotten.
I"d rather she didn"t sit next to me.
也可用相当于过去完成时的形式表示过去
I"d rather you had been present.
Kate went by car and I"d rather she hadn"t.
I"ve told her about it. – I"d rather you hadn"t.
另外had rather和prefer后面的宾语从句也可以用虚拟语气
I had rather you did it
She preferred that he should do it in the kitchen.
I prefer that she drive.
此外在if only, suppose后也常用虚拟语气表示惋惜
If only I had listened to your advice!
If only I were not so nervous now.
Suppose I were to lend him five pounds
Demand, insist, ask等动词后的宾语从句
He urges that the restrictions be lifted.
They demanded that the right to vote be given to every adult man.
Rose insisted that he be present.
I ask that he leave.
The doctor advised that he change his job.
They recommend that this tax be abolished.
The committee proposed Mr. Big be elected.
We requested that the meeting be cancelled.
They intended that the news be suppressed.
英国过去常常会在动词原型前面加上should。至今仍有一些会加上should表示“竟然会”
I regret that she should worry about it.
I can"t think why he should have been so angry.
虚拟语气在主语、表语从句中的运用
不少主语从句中，动词用原型
It"s vital that we be present.
It was intended that you be the candidate.
It is important that this mission not fail.
It is appropriate that this tax be abolished.
有时用should＋原型，有“竟然”的意思
It"s a pity that he should be so obstinate.
It"s amazing that she should have said nothing about it.
That they should refuse to sign the petition required great courage.
表语从句：
Sophia"s idea was that they should lock up the house.
Her suggestion was that they carry on their conversation in French.
同位语从句
They were faced with the demand that this tax be abolished.
They expressed the wish that she accept the award.
The resolution that women be allowed to join the society was carried.
状语从句
I"m surprised that he should feel lonely.
I"m anxious that I shouldn"t be in the way.
They were insist that we be ready.
I"m afraid the journey would be expensive.
As if/though用虚拟语气较多
He acts as if he knew you.
The stuffed dog barked as if it were a real one.
She closed here eyes as though she too were tired.
有时虚拟语气不明显
She looked a bit queer, as if she knew something.
He paused as though he found a difficulty.
某些让步从句和目的从句
Come what may, we will go ahead with our plan.
Though he be the President himself, he shall hear us.
Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my support.
Be that as it may, we have nothing to lose.
Eloquent though she was, she could not persuade him.
Whatever be the reasons for their action, we cannot tolerate such disloyalty.
Poor though you might be, you cannot live all your life on charity.
目的从句用虚拟语气作谓语
They removed the prisoner in order that he would not disturb the proceedings any further.
They"ve arranged that I should absent myself for part of the meeting.
They left early for fear they sould meet him.
The president must reject the proposal, lest it cause strife and violence.
在这类从句中，美国有时用原型，但是英国多用一个情态动词。以so that 为例，肯定句多用can, may，否定句用 should, would, will.
A. I hired a boat so that I could go fishing.
B. Speaking clearly so that they may understand you.
A. He looked down so that he should not see your eyes.
B. He wore a mask so that on one should recognize him.
A. I wanted her to take this job so that she would be occupied.
B. You must explain the situation plainly so that they will understand.
虚拟语气的一些其他用法
表示祝愿：
God bless you!
God save the Queen!
Heaven forbid that I should let my own parents suffer.
God be praised.
(God) Damn it.
Long live the Republic!
Heaven help us!
So be it.
Please God, there hasn"t been an accident.
So help me God.
4）
一些固定说法：
Suffice it to say that we won.
Far be it from me to spoil the fun.
So be it then!
有些祝愿的话用may开头
May you always be happy!
May you have a long and happy life!
May all your dreams come true.
用在it"s time后的定语从句中的虚拟语气
It" time，如果用从句的话，必须用虚拟语气
I think it"s time you went to bed.
It"s time we ordered dinner.
I think it"s time they were taught a lesson.
It"s high time they began to take you seriously.
I think it"s high time that she made up her mind.
It"s high time you bought a new car.
在一些其他句型中使用的虚拟语气
由that引起的句子
That he should dare to speak in that tone of voice to me!
Oh, that you would be quite.
Oh, that I could fly.
Would
Would that the end might never come!
Would that we had seen her before she died.
Would that I were with her now.
To think
To think he would come to anything like that.
To think that she should have died such a tragic death.
用在某些成语中的虚拟语气
As it were
He is a grown-up baby, as it were.
He became, as it were a kind of hero from a strand land.
He was, as if were, intoxicated by the soft air and sunshine of spring
Would think
Anyone would think you were in love with the girl.
Anyone would think he owns the place, the way he talks!
He would never think of letting his daughter marry a fellow like you.
Would have thought
Who would have thought to see you here!
You would have thought the school would do more to help a child like Craig.
Should…but 原来是……
Who should come in but his first wife!
When I got off the boat whom should I see but you!
What should I find but an enormous spider.
Would rather + 不定式
I would rather be a miner than a bank clerk.
He"d rather not go by car.
If I"d lived in 1400, I"d rather have been a knight than a monk.
I"d much sooner be happy than rich.
If need be (如果有必要)
If need be, help him to do it.
I will come if need be.
I"ll work at night if need be.
再也不做稀饭了-
虚拟语气的用法
1) 虚拟语气用在简单句中，表示祝愿，命令。 May you be happy. 祝你幸福。 May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。 May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。 Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快！ You go out！ 你出去！
2) 虚拟语气用在宾语从句中。动词 wish, suggest,order,insist, propose,等词后面的宾语从句表示的是一种虚拟语气，宾语从句中的动词动作表示的只是一种愿望、要求。 I wish she would be on my side. 我希望她能站在我一边。 I wish I could help him. 我希望我能帮助他。 He insisted that all of us should be there on time by any means. 他坚持要我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿。 动词 demand, suggest, order, insist, propose 后面的从句中，"should" 可以省略。 The teacher suggested that we (should) clean the blackboard after class. 老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。 He ordered that the students wash the clothes every week by themselves. 他要求学生每周都要自己洗衣服。
3) 虚拟语气用在主语从句中。 在句型 "It is important (necessary, strange, natural) that .... " 中，that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用： should + 动词原形 It"s necessary that we should have a walk now. 我们有必要出去散散步。 It"s natural that she should do so. 她这样做是很自然的。 It"s important that we should take good care of the patient. 重要的是我们要照顾好病人。
4) 虚拟语气用在状语从句中。 虚拟语气最多地用在表示条件的状语从句和表示结果的从句中。在表示与事实相反的虚拟语气时，动词有三种时态形式，即现在、过去和将来。 A．与现在事实相反的： If I (we,you,he,they)+ 动词过去式.. if I (he,she) were... I (we) should + 动词原形。 He (you,they) would + 动词原形。 B．与过去事实相反的： If I(we,you,he,they)+ had + 过去分词 I(we)should + have+ 过去分词。He (you,they) would + have + 过去分词。 If I were you, I should buy it. 如果我是你，我就买了它。 If I had time, I would study French. 如果我有时间，我会学习法语的。 If she knew English,she would not ask me for help. 如果她懂英语的话，她不会找我帮忙的。 If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train. 如果你早一点起床，就会赶上火车的。 If it were fine tomorrow,I would go shopping. 如果明天天气好，我就去买东西。
我不懂运营-
有些条件句是可能实现的,称为真实条件句. 虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式,用来表达说话人的意愿.请求,设想,等未能或不可能实现的事实,或说话人看来实现可能性很小的情况.做这类题时首先要弄清楚虚拟语气的各种句型,即由if引导的虚拟条件句,省略if的倒装形式,可跟虚拟语气的宾语从句,同位语从句,表语从句的句型,以及表示祝愿或感叹的句子和由without, but for等介词引导的短语或句子.
四级对虚拟语气的测试主要涉及以下方面:
1). 主语从句,同位语从句中虚拟语气的用法.
2). 宾语从句中虚拟语气的用法,尤其是wish 虚拟语气结构的用法.
3). If条件句中虚拟语气的用法,应特别注意省略if的倒装结构是考试的重点.
4). would rather 等结构中虚拟语气的用法.
5). if only结构中虚拟语气的用法.
6). But, or, otherwise 等含蓄条件句的用法.
7). It"s time (that) 等结构中虚拟语气的用法.
1. 虚拟语气在虚拟条件句中的运用
(1)虚拟语气现在时. 用以表示与现在事实相反的假设或现在实现可能性不大的情况.
条件从句
主句
动词过去式(be多用were)
Would/should/could/might + 动词原形
Eg. If I were a bird, I would fly to you.
If it were not for their help, we should be in a very difficult position.
(2) 虚拟语气过去式. 表示与过去事实完全相反的假设.
条件从句
主句
had + 过去分词
would/should/could/might + have +过去分词
Eg. If we had started earlier, we should not have missed the train.
If she hadn"t been ill, she might have come.
(3)虚拟语气将来式. 表与将来情形相反的假设或极少有可能实现的情况.
条件从句
主句
动词过去式或should +动词原形或were to +动词原形
would/should/could/might +动词原形
Eg. If Professor Li should have time tomorrow, we could ask him some questions.
If there should be no air, there would be no living things.
◆ 书面语中,上述(1),(2),(3)三种时态的虚拟句中,如果从句里含有should, had, were或其他助动词,则可将从属连词if省去,将助动词.情态动词.be或have放在句首形成部分倒装.
Eg. Were he in your position, he"d have done the same.
Had I had time, I would have done that yesterday.
Should he come tomorrow, I should give him the dictionary.
(1) 错综时间虚拟句
通常情况下,在非真实条件句中主句和从句的谓语动词所指时间是一致的, 但有时也可能指不同的时间,这时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式. P 116, 2
Eg. If I were you, I would have taken his advice. (从句指现在, 主句指过去)
If I had taken my raincoat with me this morning, I would not be wet now. (从句指过去,主句指现在).
(2) 含蓄条件句
有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来,二是暗含在上下文中,比如通过介词短语来表示.
Eg. But for your advice, I could not have done it so successfully.
The change could not have taken place without the open-door policy.
I was so busy then, Otherwise, I would have told him the answer.
(3) 虚拟语气在某些从句中的应用.
A) 在wish, suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, recommend, require, decide, insist, desire, urge等动词的宾语从句以及would rather /sooner 后要用 “ (should) +动词原形” 来表示愿望,建议, 命令,要求等; 由上述动词派生或转化的名词suggestion, proposal, plan, motion, recommendation, demand, order, desire, request, requirement, insistence, advice, decision , obligatory 义不容辞的, 必须的 等的同位语从句或表语从句中也要用相应的虚拟形式.
Eg.
B) 在It is/was + 某些形容词 + that 从句的句型中,that从句中的谓语动词常用虚拟语气,即 “should + 动词原形”
这些形容词有:
important, necessary, essential, imperative, natural, strange, advisable, desirable, possible, probable, astonishing, surprising, desired, suggested, requested, recommended, ordered, proposed, decided, moved等.
“ should + 动词原形(或完成形式)” 可表示惊奇,遗憾,怀疑,不满等.
ⅰ. 用于expect, believe, think, suspect 等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中.
Eg. I never expected that the new apartment should be so small.
ⅱ. 用于 “It is a pity, it is a shame, it is no wonder 等 + that” 等结构后的主语从句中.
Eg. It is a pity that he should be so careless.
C) 在由for fear that, in case, lest 等引导的状语从句中,用 “ should + 动词原形” 表示 “惟恐”的意思.
Eg. He handled the instrument with care for fear that it should be damaged.
D) 在 “ It is (about/ high ) time + that (从句)” 中,谓语动词常用过去式表表示虚拟语气.
Eg. It is high time that people learnt English.
E) 在 “as if/ as though” 引导的状语从句中,谓语动词与wish的宾语从句的虚拟形式相同.
Eg. He works with such enthusiasm as if he never knew fatigue.
He speaks English as though he were an American.
F) 在 look, seem等动词后的 “as if / as though”从句中,当表示真实情况时,用陈述语气; 否则,用虚拟语气.
Eg. It seems as if they know each other. (真实情况)
It seems as though it were already spring. (虚拟语气)
G) 用在if only 引起的感叹句中.
Eg. If only the driver didn"t drive so fast!
ardim-
. 时间选择型
当虚拟语气用来表示一种不能成为现实、不真实的情况时，须选择与现在、将来和过去情况相反的三种不同时间，从而决定谓语动词。这类虚拟语气主要用于如下几方面:
（1）虚拟条件句（含蓄虚拟条件句）
If l were you, l would study much harder． （与现在情况相反）
If he did（were to do，should do）it，he would do it well． （与将来情况相反）
I wouldn"t have finished the work without your help． （与过去情况相反）
（2）由 even if (though) 引导的让步状语从句，其谓语动词变化同于虚拟条件句，在口语中也可用直陈语气。
Even if he were here, he wouldn"t be able to help you． （与现在情况相反）
Nothing could have saved your father，even if the doctor had arrived on time．
（与过去情况相反）
（3） wish后的宾语从句
I wish I were five years younger than you．（与现在情况相反）
He wishes you would go with him.（与将来情况相反）
I wished I had won the match．（与过去情况相反）
注意：wish的时态不影响从句三种时间的判定。
（4） as if (though)引导的表语从句和方式状语从句
He looks as if he were very sleepy．（与现在情况相反）
They are talking about something, as if they were quarrelling with each other．
2．should+动词原形型
这种类型的虚拟语气一般用于主语从句、宾语从句、表语和同位语从句。谓语由should+动词原形构成，无论什么人称都不能用 would, should在口语中可以略去。
（1）在主语从句中用以表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此，构成 It is natural （important, necessary, strange, a pity, a shame等）that… 句型。
It is natural that you should say apology to him．
It is a pity that you should be careless．
（2）用于表示命令、建议一类动词后的宾语从句，如：suggest，move，insist，demand，request，command等。
The young man insisted that he should be sent to do the work．
I suggested that we should set off earlier．
应注意：当insist表示对已发生过的事物的看法，或当suggest为“说明了”，
另外我再补弃几点就是it is time+从句(从句可用过去时,但也可用should+动词原形来表示虚似,但是这里的should不可以省略
如(it is high time that you got (should get)dress