- S笔记
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冠 词
冠词的用法十分繁杂。有人将其基本用法归纳为四句顺口溜,以便于学习、记忆:
普通名词要加冠,专有抽象不加冠,天地日月山水定,季节年月周日免。
不定冠词
Some special rules:
不定冠词:1. 用于某些专有名词前,表示“某一位”、“某一种”(some, certain)或属于某家族中的一员。例如:
A Mr. Smith is waiting for you.
He is a Kennedy.
2. 用于某些物质名词前,表示“一份”、“一杯”等。例如:
I want a beer. 我要一份啤酒。
Give me two coffees, please.
3. 凡是由动词转变而成的名词, 一般都加不定冠词,如: break, drive, kick, look, rest, sleep, smoke, think, wash, weep, wink等.
You"d better have a good rest.
Let"s have a drive in the city.
There has been a terrible smash on the railway.
4.疾病名称一般不用冠词,但一些常见病通常要加不定冠词:cold, cough, fever, temperature, headache, ache, pain等。但在词组catch cold(着凉、伤风)中则不需冠词。例如:
5.固定搭配
a bit of …有点儿 as a result 因此
bring to an end使结束 after (in) a fashion马虎
as a rule通常 keep a firm grip on紧握
all of a sudden突然 as a whole 总体上
build/make a fire 生火 in a hurry 匆忙
at a birth 一胎 come to an end 告终
in a mess 乱七八槽 at a distance 一定距离
lend a hand 帮忙 in a moment 立刻
at a loss 不知所措 have a bath 洗澡
in a walk 轻易地 at a time 一次,一度
make a study of 研究 take a walk 散步
in a word 简而言之 make a living 谋生
in a wink 瞬时 make a fortune 发财
not a bit 一点儿不 have a good time 过得愉快
keep an eye on 照看,密切 keep a tight hand on 控制
take an interest in 对…感兴趣 have a word with 和…交谈
come to a conclusion 得出结论
定冠词
1.用于表示计量单位的单数名词前,意为“按照……标准(单位)”,例如:
Workers are paid by the week.
Meat is sold by the pound.
2.在一些结构中表示人体部位的名词前要用定冠词,而不能用物主代词。例如:
The old man patted the boy on the back.
He was shot in the head.
3.表示独一无二或被认为是唯一的事物。例如:
the earth地球 the sun太阳
the world世界 the sky天空
the moon月亮 the universe 宇宙
4.用于表示海洋、河流、山脉、群岛、沙漠、海湾、运河等名词前④。例如:
the Pacific Ocean 太平洋 the Mississippi River 密西西比河
the Alps 阿尔卑斯山 the British Isles 大不列颠群岛
the Sahara Desert 撒哈拉大沙漠 the Gulf of Mexico 墨西哥海湾
the Suez Canal 苏伊士运河
注:
④ 表示湖泊的名词前一般不加定冠词,但中国湖泊名称前要用定冠词。例如:
Lake Baikal, the Tongting Lake(或Lake Tongting)
此外,一座山或一座岛屿名称前通常不加定冠词。
例如:Mount Everest Tai Mountain
5.用于表示酒店、旅馆、戏院、电影院名称等
the George and Dragon 乔治与龙酒店
the Hilton 希尔顿饭店
the Old Vic 老维克剧院
the Odeon 奥地安电影院
6.用于表示轮船、飞机、三军、学校、历史朝代等名称前⑤。例如:
the Queen Elizabeth 伊丽莎白女王号(船名)
the Mirage 幻影式战斗机
the Air Force
the Atlantis
the Tang Dynasty
the University of Beijing
注:
⑤ 一些以人名或地名命名的大学,如果人名或地名前置时,一般不加定冠词。试比较:
the University of Beijing
Beijing University
He had such a bad headache yesterday that he stayed at home.
I have a terrific pain in the back of my head.
7.用于复数姓氏前,表示“某某一家人”。例如:
The Smiths have just moved here.
The Harrisons are going to attend the party tonight
8.表示演奏乐器时,用于乐器的名称前。例如:
play the piano 演奏钢琴
9.用于一些固定搭配中
after the fashion of 模拟,照……样子去做
at the moment 目前,此刻 in the end 最终
on the rise (fall) 增长(下降) beat the air 徒步
in the long run 从长远观点 in the short run 从短期观点
beside the question 离题 in the presence of 在……面前
by the way 顺便提一句 on the alert 警惕
carry the day 获胜 on the average 一般说来
follow the fashion 赶时髦 on the contrary 相反
for the moment 暂时 for the time being 暂时
on the spot 当场,现场 in the distance 在远处
on the whole 总的,大体上 set the fashion 标新立异
play the fool 干傻事 take the field 出征
to the point 切题 to the purpose 中肯的
10.加不加定冠词,词义不一样。这种习惯用法包括以下两类。
1)有一些名词,加定冠词和不加定冠词意义不同。不加定冠词时强调名词的抽象概念,表示从事与名词有关的活动;加定冠词时强调地点,表示“去或到某个地点”。这些名词常用的有:bed,school,hospital,church,sea,market,class,society,prison,college,space, university,court,table,work,tea等。现以动词go+上述词汇为例,说明意义的不同:
go to bed 睡觉去 go to the bed走向床边
go to church 做礼拜 go to the church去教堂
go to prison 入狱 go to the prison去观监狱
go to market 上市买、卖 go to the market去市场
go to school 上课,上学 go to the school去学校
go to college 上课,上学 go to the college 去学院
go to university上课,上学 go to the university去大学
go to class上课 go to the class去课堂
go to hospital 入院,住院 go to the hospital去医院
go to sea 做(当)水手 go to the sea去海边
It"s very late; let"s go to bed.
He went to the bed to pick up a book.
They go to church every Sunday morning.
The children did want to stay in the church.
2)在一些固定搭配中,有时加不加定冠词会产生截然不同的含义,有时加不定冠词和加定冠词也会导致意义上的差异。例如:
be of age成年 be of an age同岁
in a way稍微 in the way挡道
in fashion流行 in the fashion随大流
in front of在…前面 in the front of在…内的前面
in future从今后 in the future将来某一时期
keep house当家,管家务 keep the house在家
next year明年 the next year第二年
out of question无疑地 out of the question不可能
take air(事情)传开 take the air到户外(呼吸空气)
take place发生 take the place取代
three of us我们中三个人 the three of us我们三个人
There is a big tree in front of my house.
There is a big vase in the front of our classroom.
Three of us have to leave here right now.
The three of us must stay together.
零冠词
1.复数名词和不可数名词表示“类”,这是“类”概念最常见的表示法。例如:
Tigers are a dangerous animal.
I don"t like literature.
2.复数和不可数名词表示不确指
There are cars in front of the gate.
I have money with me.
3.表示唯一职务的同位语或主语补语,表示身份、职位或头衔等时,一般要用零冠词⑥。例如:
Mr Smith, dean of the department, went to Australia.
我们的系主任史密斯先生到澳大利亚去了。
He was elected chairman of the committee.
他当选为委员会主席。
He is author of many novels.
注
⑥ 如果职务不是唯一的,而是有两个或两个以上,则必须用不定冠词。例如:
Mr. Smith, a member of our team, went to Suzhou.
名词作主语补语表示身份或职位时,该名词表示一个抽象概念,如在句子“ Mr. Johnson is professor of the university”中,professor相当于抽象名词professorship,不是指教授中的一个,而表示一种职位。如要指具体的一位教授,则用a professor of the university。
4.在一日三餐前一般用零冠词。例如:
I had lunch in that restaurant. 我在那家餐馆吃的午饭。
Shall we have dinner together? 我们一起吃饭好么?
5.国家(由普通名词构成的国家名称除外)、省份、城市、街道等名称前面一般用零冠词。例如:
China Nanjing Road Zhengzhou Road London Virginia
6.在表示季节、月份等名词前一般要用零冠词。例如:
He will leave for America in October.
Spring comes after winter.
7.在表示运动的名词前一般用零冠词形式。例如:
We usually play football when we are free.
I don"t like to play chess with her.
8.在表示语言的名词前一般用零冠词形式⑦。例如:
English is becoming a world language.
Chinese is very difficult for westerners.
注:⑦ 但是如果它们后面有language一词,那么它们前面通常要用定冠词。例如:
the English language the Chinese languagew
9.“by + 单数名词”结构表示交通工具,其名词前要用零冠词。例如:
by bus乘公共汽车 by car乘小汽车
by train乘火车 by air/plane乘飞机
by coach乘长途汽车 by ship/boat/sea乘船
by mail/post邮寄
10.并列词组一般要用零冠词。例如:
teacher and student师生 from door to door挨家挨户
hand in hand手拉手 step by step逐步
face to face面对面 day and night日日夜夜
11.在一些为了节省时间、空间等的场合中,如新闻报纸标题、电报、标语等,要用零冠词。例如:
POLICE QUESTION YOUTH AFTER BRITISH MUSEUM EXPLOSION
(试比较:The police are questioning a youth after the explosion in the British Museum.大不列颠博物馆爆炸后警察盘问一青年)
DO NOT LEAN OUT OF WINDOW
12.一些固定搭配中要求用零冠词。例如:
at best充其量 at home在家
at large逍遥自在地 at first最初,起初
at last终于,最后 at hand附近
at first sight第一眼 at least至少
at most至多 at once立刻
at random任意,随便 in particular特殊地
in person亲自 keep in mind牢(铭)记
at will随意,任意 on fire在燃烧
by accident偶然 on end连续地
on purpose故意 by any chance恰好on sale出售的,拍卖
by chance碰巧 on time准时
by bulk成批出售 learn by heart记牢
by choice出于自愿 by no means绝不
by luck幸亏 send word捎信
by turns轮流 take root in扎根于
by virtue of由于 under arrest被捕
by way of为了,通过 in common有共同之处
for sale待售的 under way在进行
in effect实际上 in general一般地
with child有孩子 in good time及时地
without issue没有孩子 in existence存在的,现存的
year in year out年复一年 on second thought又一想
make friends with与……交友 by all means想一切办法
under cover of在……掩护下
- wio
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首先 the是特指,a, an是泛指
an修饰order指好多人
the特指,实际指the Missionaries of Charity
语言表达不好,见谅!!!!!!
- ardim
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ding
- cloud123
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C