- 余辉
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印第安人,黄种人,美洲最古老的居民。据传在15000—25000年前由亚洲经白令海峡陆续迁入,分布南北美洲。在北美有阿塔巴斯干人、阿尔贡金人、易洛魁人、苏人和马斯科基人等;在中美有阿兹特克人、玛雅人、加勒比人、奇布查人等;南美有印加人、瓜拉尼人和阿拉乌干人等。语言属印第安语族。最先种植玉米、马铃薯、向日葵、棉花、金鸡纳树等作物,对人类作出贡献。16世纪前,多半尚处于母系氏族阶段,也有少数象玛雅人、阿兹特克人和印加人等已形成早期奴隶制国家和有相当高的文化。16世纪起遭欧洲殖民者的摧残和杀戮,发展中断,人口下降。现有3200余万人。主要从事农业。北美约剩80余万人,大都被赶入保留地,生活艰苦。在中美和南美一般都受所在国统治者的歧视和同化。
酋长印第安人的婚礼带有浓厚的民族色彩。婚礼地点多选择在印第安人聚居区公共建筑物里举行,一般是一幢较大的木头房屋。举行婚礼时,亲朋好友,左邻右舍,村中居民纷纷来到木房里,众人席地而坐,互致问候。男女老幼身穿民族服装,款式新颖,色泽艳丽。虽然印第安人性情开朗,但婚礼场合却显得非常安静,即使说话也是轻言细语。
由于历史原因,现在大多数印第安人都生活在偏僻的农村地区。和玛雅人一样,其他印第安民族也大都保留着自己传统的生活习俗。印第安人做饭时,仍喜欢使用质地粗糙的陶罐、石碗、木勺。有人生病时,他们采来草药,或将其点燃对病人进行烟熏,或煮汤为病人沐浴。他们至今喜穿富有本民族特色的传统服装。尤卡坦半岛的玛雅妇女不分老幼都身着宽松的白色绣花裙,头戴色彩艳丽的鲜花;男人则身穿宽松的白色衣裤,头戴草帽,脚穿草编凉鞋。中部高原上的印第安妇女爱穿绣花罩衫和竖条纹的宽大长裙,上身披一种叫“雷博索”的多用披巾。这种披巾既可遮阳,也可御寒,还可背小孩、包东西。极富民族特色的服饰成为印第安人一个明显标志。许多印第安人仍住在原始的房屋里。在尤卡坦半岛,玛雅人在树林中开出一块平地,就地取材,把粗树枝一根根固定在地上,围成一个大圆圈,把棕榈树的大叶子搭在上面,房子就盖好了。
- LocCloud
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language
Far from forming a single ethnic group, Native Americans were divided into several hundred ethno-linguistic groups, most of them grouped into the Na-Dené (Athabaskan), Algic (including Algonquian), Uto-Aztecan, Iroquoian, Siouan-Catawban, Yok-Utian, Salishan and Yuman-Cochimí phyla, besides many smaller groups and several language isolates. Demonstrating genetic relationships has proved difficult due to the great linguistic diversity present in North America.
The indigenous peoples of North America can be classified as belonging to a number of large cultural areas.
Of the surviving languages, Uto-Aztecan has the most speakers (1.95 million) if the languages in Mexico are considered (mostly due to 1.5 million speakers of Nahuatl); Nadene comes in second with approximately 180,200 speakers (148,500 of these are speakers of Navajo). Na-Dené and Algic have the widest geographic distributions: Algic currently spans from northeastern Canada across much of the continent down to northeastern Mexico (due to later migrations of the Kickapoo) with two outliers in California (Yurok and Wiyot); Na-Dené spans from Alaska and western Canada through Washington, Oregon, and California to the U.S. Southwest and northern Mexico (with one outlier in the Plains). Another area of considerable diversity appears to have been the Southeast; however, many of these languages became extinct from European contact and as a result they are, for the most part, absent from the historical record.
Cultural
Though cultural features, language, clothing, and customs vary enormously from one tribe to another, there are certain elements which are encountered frequently and shared by many tribes.
Early hunter-gatherer tribes made stone weapons from around 10,000 years ago; as the age of metallurgy dawned, newer technologies were used and more efficient weapons produced. Prior to contact with Europeans, most tribes used similar weaponry. The most common implements were the bow and arrow, the war club, and the spear. Quality, material, and design varied widely. Native American use of fire both helped provide insects for food and altered the landscape of the continent to help the human population flourish.
Large mammals like mammoths and mastodons were largely extinct by around 8,000 B.C. Native Americans switched to hunting other large game, such as bison. The Great Plains tribes were still hunting the bison when they first encountered the Europeans. The Spanish reintroduction of the horse to North America in the 17th century and Indians" learning to use them greatly altered the natives" culture, including changing the way in which they hunted large game. (Evidence of ore-historic horses prior to the arrival of the Spanish has been found in the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles, CA.)[citation needed] In addition, horses became such a valuable, central element of Native lives that they were counted as a measure of wealth.
Agriculture
Native American agriculture started about 7,000 years ago in the area of present-day Illinois.[citation needed] The first crop the Native Americans grew was squash. This was the first of several crops the Native Americans learned to domesticate. Others included cotton, sunflower, pumpkins, tobacco, goosefoot, and sump weed.
Agriculture in the southwest started around 4,000 years ago when traders brought cultigens from Mexico. Due to the varying climate, some ingenuity was needed for agriculture to be successful. The climate in the southwest ranged from cool, moist mountains regions, to dry, sandy soil in the desert. Some innovations of the time included irrigation to bring water into the dry regions and the selection of seed based on the traits of the growing plants that bore them. In the southwest, they grew beans that were self-supported, much like the way they are grown today.
In the east, however, they were planted right by corn in order for the vines to be able to "climb" the cornstalks. The most important crop the Native Americans raised was maize. It was first started in Mesoamerica and spread north. About 2,000 years ago it reached eastern America. This crop was important to the Native Americans because it was part of their everyday diet; it could be stored in underground pits during the winter, and no part of it was wasted. The husk was made into art crafts, and the cob was used as fuel for fires. By 800 A.D. the Native Americans had established three main crops — beans, squash, and corn — called the three sisters.
The agriculture gender roles of the Native Americans varied from region to region. In the southwest area, men prepared the soil with hoes. The women were in charge of planting, weeding, and harvesting the crops. In most other regions, the women were in charge of doing everything, including clearing the land. Clearing the land was an immense chore since the Native Americans rotated fields frequently. There is a tradition that Squanto showed the Pilgrims in New England how to put fish in fields to act like a fertilizer, but the truth of this story is debated. Native Americans did plant beans next to corn; the beans would replace the nitrogen which the corn took from the ground, as well as using corn stalks for support for climbing. Indians used controlled fires to burn weeds and clear fields; this would put nutrients back into the ground. If this did not work, they would simply abandon the field to let it be fallow, and find a new spot for cultivation.
Europeans in the eastern part of the continent observed that Natives cleared large areas for cropland. Their fields in New England sometimes covered hundreds of acres. Colonists in Virginia noted thousands of acres under cultivation by Native Americans.
Native Americans commonly used tools such as the hoe, maul, and dibber. The hoe was the main tool used to till the land and prepare it for planting; then it was used for weeding. The first versions were made out of wood and stone. When the settlers brought iron, Native Americans switched to iron hoes and hatchets. The dibber was a digging stick, used to plant the seed. Once the plants were harvested, women prepared the produce for eating. They used the maul to grind the corn into mash. It was cooked and eaten that way or baked as corn bread.
传统和农业部分应该对你有点帮助(里面有提到他们的生活情况),关于气候什么的,你只要查美洲那时候的气候不就行了吗。翻译自己解决