law of constant composition是什么意思(在化学中)

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落叶不知深秋浅 共回答了13个问题 | 采纳率92.3%
【化】 定比定律
每一种化合物,不论它是天然存在的,还是人工合成的,也不论它是用什么方法制备的,它的组分元素的质量都有一定的比例关系,这一规律称为定比定律.换成另外一种说法,就是每一种化合物都有一定的组成,所以定比定律又称定组成定律.例如,不论用何种方法或从何时何地取来的二氧化碳,其中碳和氧的质量比总是3∶8,它的组成总是含碳27%,含氧73%,这是因为二氧化碳是由一个碳原子和两个氧原子组成的,碳和氧的原子量都是定值,所以在二氧化碳中,碳和氧的质量比总是确定的值,它的组成(即碳原子数和氧原子数之比)也总是确定的.
定比定律是18、19世纪之交由法国J.-L.普鲁斯特用实验证明的,他分析了从世界各地搜集来的矿物和他在实验室所制备的与矿物相同的化合物,证明了普天下只有一种氯化钠,一种硫酸钙,由此创立了定比定律.与普鲁斯特同时代的C.- L.贝托莱则认为化合物的组成会随着制备条件的不同而改变,或随着用于合成该化合物的原料的相对重量不同而在一定范围内改变,贝托莱也用实验证明了他的看法,但他的观点在当时并未被大多数化学家接受.20 世纪以后 ,发现定比定律也有例外 ,有一些化合物的组成在小范围内是可以改变的,例如γ黄铜按定比定律计算其组成应该是Cu5·Zn3,相当于含锌62% ,但实际上锌的含量可在59%~67%范围内连续变化,由此证明了确实存在组成可变的化合物,它们被称为非化学计量化合物,又称贝托莱体.
17世纪末开始,人们在制药和一系列的科学实验对各种类型的化学反应进行定量研究的过程中,定比定律的概念已逐步形成.因为人们在此之前已逐步意识到反应物与产物之间在确定的重量比例关系,每种化合物都有其确定的组成.
18世纪中叶,许多分析工作者已经自觉地利用这一基本概念,并将一些金属的沉淀化合物作为重量分析中的称量形式.克拉克用定量的方法以石灰水检验酸气时,事实上已经确认了碳酸钙固定的组成成分.因此,在19世纪末,定比定律的基本概念已经被许多人接受并加以利用.而普罗斯只是在此基础上进行了更广泛、更系统和更精密的研究,使定比定律具有更严谨的科学实验基础.
1799年,普罗斯明确地阐述了定比定律,使之系统地面对世人.普罗斯是法国的一位药剂师,具有长期的研究和实验经历.他根据实验的结果,指出天然的和人造的盐基性碳酸铜的组成是完全相同的.从这一事实引导出这样的结论:两种或两种以上元素相化合物成某一化合物,其重量的比例是一定的,不能或增或减.
然而,这一定律一经曾罗斯提出,即遭到了当时法国化学家贝托雷的激列抨击.贝托雷当时也正好发表了《化学亲合力之定律》一文,其中的主要观点正好与定比定律背道而驰.他认为,一种物质可以和有相互亲合力的另一种物质以一切比例相化合.他坚信,物质质量的相对多少,在反应时对化合物的组成有着重要的影响.其核心理论就是化合物的组成是变化无穷的,而非固定的.有这种见解的根源是贝托雷比较注意化学变化的过程,而并不注意变化的产物.他虽然有过正确的见解,甚至曾经预见过19世纪60年代物理化学家们所发现的质量作用定律,但这一次,贝托雷却错了.为了批驳普罗斯,他以溶液、合金、玻璃为例,甚至一些金属氧化物和盐基本上都是混合物,并非化合物.
1802年-1808年,普罗斯发表了许多论文来答复贝托雷的批评.他承认,几种相同的元素可以生成不同的化合物.但同时也指出,这些化合物的种类是不多的,常常不过两种,而且每种化合物都有自己固定的组成.而且在这几种化合物中,化合比例明显不同.他说,混合物的各成分可以用物理方法分离出来.因此,我们说,普罗斯是第一个正确区分混合物和化合物的人.按照贝托雷的说法,化合物的组成视生成时的物理条件而变化.
普罗斯对这种看法的批评是欠缺足够精确的定量分析技术和方法,与这一时期的大多数化学家一样,其实验偏差大,直到19世纪中叶贝采里乌斯时期相当精确的分析结果才证明定比定律只有很小的偏差.
后来,比利时分析化学家斯达为了确证普罗斯的假说,进行了极精密的实验,得到极为精确的数据,证实了普罗斯假说.至此,围绕定比定律持续70多年的辩论,终于结束了.
1年前
皮皮丁 共回答了46个问题 | 采纳率
law (定律)of constant(不变的,一定的,) composition(位置)
所以应该是位移公式吧
1年前

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再重复我就不干了1年前1
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上一位回答有可取之处

现补充回答一下:

Small fish(主语) living among coral reefs(现在分词短语修饰主语) face(谓语) constant danger(宾语) 【Swimming in open water(动名词短语作主语) makes (谓语)them (宾)prey to larger fish(宾补)】(整个句子作定语修饰danger). 句意:生活在珊瑚礁中的小鱼不断面临着 在开阔水域游来游去使他们成为了大鱼猎物 的危险.

如果对你有帮助,请采纳,谢谢~
ap宏观经济学题目with a constant money supply, if the demand for mon
ap宏观经济学题目
with a constant money supply, if the demand for money decreases, quantity of money will change in which of the following ways?
A.increase
B.not change
C.decrease
wgqcnsg1年前1
zhangyugr 共回答了15个问题 | 采纳率100%
B
看图可知,货币供给有中央银行决定,是垂直不变的;货币需求改变,只影响利率,不影响货币量。
Americans are in constant motion and on the way是什么意思?
Americans are in constant motion and on the way是什么意思?
这本来是一道完形填空,“on”原本是空格。就是这个样子的:
Americans are in constant motion and ( ) the way,you can make friends with them.
给了四个选项:A.on B.in C.by D.to
答案给的是“on”,但我翻译不出来了。。。
木君1年前3
大宅之道 共回答了18个问题 | 采纳率88.9%
美国人正在不断前进的道路上.
英语翻译The water levels were maintained constant by regulating
英语翻译
the water levels were maintained constant by regulating the water flow of the outlet
and inlet from the reservoir and fish ***s.the fish *** was always filled completely
with water so that no air was trapped inside the cover.thus the fish could only obtain
air from the tube open to the air where it was forced to disturb a table tennis ball
whose movements were registered by means of a lever and a kymograph drum.time
intervals between air breaths were measured from these recordings.opercular fre-
quencies were counted at £ h intervals and the depth of breathing was assessed by
visual observation alone.
the fish was introduced into the *** 1 or 2 days before the start of an experiment.
on the completion of an experiment the water was changed to normal tap water and
the fish was kept in the *** until the start of another experiment on the following day.
the fish was fed at intervals of 3 or 4 days.most observations were made at a tempera-
ture of 25 °c ± 1 °c.total period of observation in a given experiment ranged from
5 to 11 h.gas exchange
uanba1年前1
男人1没有眼泪 共回答了18个问题 | 采纳率72.2%
通过控制在水箱和鱼缸之间的水流进出,水平面得以保持稳定.由于鱼缸灌满了水,所以不会有空气,鱼也因此只能从通风管中获取空气.空气源可以打断一个受杠杆和鼓形描记器控制运动方向的乒乓球.空气的每一次流通时间都会从这些记录中计算得出.计算鱼鳃运动频率的时间单位为£h,而呼吸深度仅由肉眼观察得出.
实验开始前鱼被放在水箱中1天或2天的时间.在实验快结束的时候水被换成了自来水,同时鱼还是被安置在这个水箱里,直到第二天另一个实验开始.鱼每3天或4天喂食一次.大多数的实验观察是在24摄氏度到26摄氏度之间进行的.一次实验的总观察时间在5到11小时不等.
英语翻译A successful person feels constant pressure to succeed a
英语翻译
A successful person feels constant pressure to succeed again and again.For instance,in the entertainment industry,a person is only as successful as the profits from the last film,play,or record.That is one reason why show people keep using the same successful formula instead of trying a new direction.So success can cripple in the same way that failure does by stopping people from trying new things.Therefore,fear is an ingredient of both failure and success.
chuan_12351年前2
abcblog 共回答了20个问题 | 采纳率95%
一个成功的人会不断地感觉到成功的压力.举个例子,在娱乐圈里,一个人的成功体现在他最后一次拍电影,演剧或者是录音所收获的报酬.这就是为什么人们总是使用相同的成功手段而不喜欢试一试新的方向.所以说成功也可能像失败一样,变得残废,因为它会阻挡人们尝试新事物的步伐.因此,恐惧既是失败的一部分,同时也被成功包含其中.
滴水穿石用英语怎么说貌似是叫constant dropping wears away a stone?谁知道具体啊?我忘
滴水穿石用英语怎么说
貌似是叫constant dropping wears away a stone?谁知道具体啊?我忘了.…
heki7071年前1
梦回涛涛 共回答了15个问题 | 采纳率93.3%
Constant dripping wear away the stone!滴水穿石
Constant dropping wears the stone.
Constant dropping wears the stone.
翻译句子 (注:成语)
3139783741年前1
无量组合 共回答了19个问题 | 采纳率89.5%
Constant dropping wears the stone.:水滴石穿;滴水穿石.
A dog `s constant pleas for attention become.这里,for attentio
A dog `s constant pleas for attention become.这里,for attention become,什么意思?
lrj381年前2
stevenwei 共回答了21个问题 | 采纳率95.2%
pleas for 请求的意思
attention 注意,照顾的意思
become 只是动词
for attention become需要照顾/注意变得.
这是一个句子,可是没有宾语,不能表达完整的意思
全句翻译:狗经常性的请求照顾/注意 变得.
were tired and nervous --the constant tension.
were tired and nervous --the constant tension.
We were tired and nervous __________the constant tension.
A.from B.for
C.with D.off
选择什么?
be tired with=be tired from 因某事疲倦,但是be nervous with后面不是家sb么?这句话怎么解释?
kxnnjvtxsc98361年前1
Мīlk_貓尕 共回答了27个问题 | 采纳率96.3%
这里的with表示“伴随”.
也就是说,伴随着持续不断的压力,我们显得非常紧张疲惫.
Whereas a dog's constant pleas for attention become,句中become
Whereas a dog's constant pleas for attention become,句中become做什么成分?
完整句子:Whereas a dog's constant pleas for attention become,sometimes,a bit too much.
thisismy1年前4
爱潜水的鱼 共回答了20个问题 | 采纳率90%
pleas for 请求的意思 这里的主语是狗 可理解为摇尾乞怜
attention 注意,照顾的意思
become 应该是和后面的a bit too much 连在一起的 只不过用sometimes隔开了
become a bit too much
全句翻译:狗经常性的摇尾乞怜有时候显得多了一点点
请教constant 和 consistent 的区别
请教constant 和 consistent 的区别
最好详细点 容易理解 我英语不是很好 最好有几个好的例句区分
先谢谢了~
sabirna_3121年前1
紫色袈裟 共回答了25个问题 | 采纳率92%
constant 经常的
He is a constant user of the library.
consistent 持续的
He is consistent in reading books.
第一个偏重状态不变,constant相当于continual,有间歇停顿
第二个偏重两者间的关系.consistent相当于continuous,连续不断
请教constant 和 consistent 的区别
请教constant 和 consistent 的区别
容易理解 我英语不是很好 最好有几个好的例句区分
一蓝水果1年前1
奇幻海 共回答了15个问题 | 采纳率66.7%
Constant是指一直不变,比如at a constant speed就是我们通常说的匀速
Consistent强调的是内在的连续性、连贯性,比如a consistent article指通顺的文章.
constant,continuous and continual
constant,continuous and continual
知道里已有的答案不是很满意,不知道其他人还有什么见解.
Collins的解释也不是很清楚,大家在用的时候有什么心得?
千万别贴字典啊!千万别贴字典啊!千万别贴字典啊!
当然不行了,这些我也能查到的。有没有自己平时说平时用的心得啊?
八戒悟空1年前4
zjjinhua 共回答了19个问题 | 采纳率89.5%
continuous和continual这两个词,即使在牛津字典里查,意思也非常相近.都指连续不断的..他们有一点区别..continual带有贬义...更侧重于对一种令人恼火的无休止状态...比如
continual rain,talking,interruptions 不停的雨,谈话,打扰..
而continous 是中性词..
contant有两层意思,第一,指一种持续不便的状态,描写某物一直处于某个状态.比如a constant speed,value.恒定的速度,值.
第二,和continual 的意思相近..比如constant chattering,没完没了的饶舌.
英语翻译But owing to the constant presence of air currents,arran
英语翻译
But owing to the constant presence of air currents,arranging both the dust and vapor in strata of varying extent and density,and of high or low clouds which both absorb and reflect the light in varying degree,we see produced all those wondrous combinations of tints and those gorgeous ever-changing colors which are a constant source of admirations and delight to all who have the advantage of an uninterrupted view to the west and who are accustomed to watch for those not infrequent exhibitions of nature’s kaleidoscopic color painting.
scyber1年前2
cciissii103 共回答了13个问题 | 采纳率92.3%
但由于气流的存在,安排的灰尘和水汽在不同程度和密度的地层,与高或低的云都有不同程度的吸收和反射光,我们看到各种奇异的色彩和那些华丽多变的颜色是一个恒定的爱慕,喜爱凡有优势的一个不间断的观点对西方那些习惯于看那些不频繁的展览大自然的千变万化的色彩绘画源.
constant dropping wears the stone的中文意思
norilsk1年前1
方块02 共回答了19个问题 | 采纳率84.2%
滴水穿石
有没有物理帝帮忙算个得数!A spring with a force constant of 140 N/m is us
有没有物理帝帮忙算个得数!
A spring with a force constant of 140 N/m is used to push a 0.27 kg block of wood against a wall,as shown in the figure.
(a) Find the minimum compression of the spring needed to keep the block from falling,given that the coefficient of static friction between the block and the wall is 0.47.
xiaoxiaofandy1年前2
iimuzi 共回答了15个问题 | 采纳率93.3%
题目:弹簧劲度系数为140N/m的,木块0.27kg.墙面与木块摩擦系数为0.47
最小用多少压力,木块不会掉下了.
mg=uF,F=mg/u=0.27*10/0.47=5.7N
constant cost industry DVD rental industry是不是constant cost i
constant cost industry DVD rental industry是不是constant cost industry呢?
租碟这个行业,如果租的人多了,租碟的价钱会不会上升呢?租碟这个行业,是constant cost industry吗?
答案最好是英文的~
ps:我的分刚刚用完,等我又分了,一定追加上.
泪水娃娃1年前1
okhello 共回答了16个问题 | 采纳率93.8%
In a constant‑cost industry,expansion or contraction does not affect resource prices or production costs.Long‑run supply for a constant cost industry will be perfectly elastic; the curve will be horizontal.In other words,the level of output will not affect the price in the long run.
Spring summer autumn winter day constant
Spring summer autumn winter day constant
谁帮翻译下!
qiongqiong19831年前4
amadalnn 共回答了19个问题 | 采纳率84.2%
春夏秋冬循环往复
英语翻译不要太复杂.像这样就行,比如:Jessie runs at a constant rate of 7 meter
英语翻译
不要太复杂.像这样就行,比如:Jessie runs at a constant rate of 7 meters per second.At the begining of a race,she is 350 meters from the finish line.How long will it take Jessie to reach the finish line?(翻译:Jessie的速度是每分钟7米,他跑350米要多少分钟?) 如果好我再给分!
zhaojingkui9111年前3
把爱放错了地方 共回答了18个问题 | 采纳率100%
1、In 2004, 16 June falls on a Wednesday. On what day of the week will 16 June fall in 2010?
2004 年 6 月 16 日适逢星期三.那么 2010 年6月116日是周几呢?
2、If half of a number is 30, then three-quarters of that number is____.
如果某一数一半是 30,然后该数的四分之三是
3、The sum of the digits of the following product
求数位上上的数字之和
999×555
4、Three positive integers have a sum of 28. The greatest possible product that these integers can have is_____.
三个正整数和为28,则这三个数最大值可能是——
5.A photograph that measure 10cm by 24 cm is enlarged to a with of 14cm.
Find:
1. the enlargement is _ times larger in area than the original.
2.the enlargement is _ times larger in perimeter than the original.
一张10厘米宽24厘米长的照片被放大到宽度为14厘米.求:
1. 放大后的照片的面积比原来的大__倍.
2. 放大后的照片周长比原来的大__倍.
英语翻译The constant value of qm is obtained from the slope of l
英语翻译
The constant value of qm is obtained from the slope of linear plot of 1/qe versus 1/Ce as shown in Fig.2.
浊河之洲1年前2
longbao2005 共回答了19个问题 | 采纳率84.2%
如图2所示,qm的常数值可以从1/qe比1/Ce的线性斜率得到.
Constant-Pressure Grinding and UV-polishing怎么翻译
hghlaputa1年前1
leo_to 共回答了16个问题 | 采纳率87.5%
恒牙研磨加UV-上光,印刷业的吧?
Extended Kalman Filter 和 Constant Gain Filter 翻译?
有点qq1年前1
michel-j 共回答了19个问题 | 采纳率73.7%
扩展卡尔曼滤波器
定增益滤波器
感谢你们长久以来的支持,可以说 Thank you for constant and steady supports.怎
感谢你们长久以来的支持,可以说 Thank you for constant and steady supports.怎么说更好呢?
感谢你们长久以来的支持,可以说 Thank you for constant and steady supports.还是thank you for your constant and long term supports 有更好的么?
重型癞蛤蟆1年前2
9876576 共回答了16个问题 | 采纳率100%
Thank you for a long time support!
in constant demand as a speaker,Ms Cherneck has never been b
in constant demand as a speaker,Ms Cherneck has never been busier than she is now
in constant demand as a speaker,是什么成分?
都有哪些成分可以像这样被逗号隔开?
baby鱼6101年前1
今天开始结束 共回答了20个问题 | 采纳率95%
是状语
介词短语,名词短语...很多.
常看到的With.,就很典型.
希望能把每个答案都分析一下.1.---- The constant noise around here is___me
希望能把每个答案都分析一下.
1.---- The constant noise around here is___me crazy
---- Calm down.It's no use complaining
A.drove B.drives C.is driving
2.It puzzles him why people here are so interested in what his job is.He____that question frequenly
A.has asked B.get asked D.was asked
3.---Tom is very upset.I wish I ___him the disappointing news.
----I told you not to,but you wouldn't listen.
hadn't told 想问为什么不用 haven't told?
4.accoring to some studies ,EQ is __important,if not more important than IQ.
A.so B.very C.even D.as
疯子_纳1年前4
may1212 共回答了23个问题 | 采纳率100%
拜托,请别打错题!
1.–The constant noise around here ______ me crazy!
–Calm down.It's no use complaining.
A.drove B.drives C.is driving D.had driven
答:考时态.进行时表将来,快要把我给逼疯了!
2.It puzzles him why people here are so interested in what his job is.He_____ that question frequently.
A.has asked B.gets asked C.is asking D.was asked
3.–Tom is very upset.I wish I _______ him the disappointing news.
–I told you not to,but you wouldn't listen.
A.didn't tell B.hadn't told C.haven't told D.wouldn't tell
答:B.考虚拟语气与过去事实相反的愿望.事实是:I have told him the disappointing news.
wish后的宾语从句用相应的过去时态表示虚拟语气,一种愿望.
4.According to some studies,EQ is _____ important,if not more important than IQ.
A.so B.very C.even D.as
答:D.此题改编过,不是很好,一般在important之后加个as,than后加个逗号.
翻译:根据研究,EQ (情商),如果不说比IQ(智商)更重要的话,至少是一样重要的.
eg.
In that month,he earned as much as,if ____ than,$40 000.
A.no more B.not more C.no much D.not much
if not more than实际为if he didn't earn more than $40 000之省略.请看类似试题(答案均选B):
(1) Her pronunciation is as good as,if ____than,her teacher's.
A.no better B.not better C.no good D.not good
(2) This church is as old as,if _____ than,that one.
A.no older B.not older C.no old D.not old
(3) He has read the book as many as,if _____ than,five times.
A.no more B.not more C.no much D.not much