NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF CRASH TEST FOR THE VEHICLE 这句话怎么翻译

英语翻译
Numerical Study of Gas-particle Two-phase Flows Past a Group of Three Circular Cylinders Using Discrete Vortex Method
中的past如何翻译?

The following letters all have a numerical value.If the word TEA is worth 4,and TEAS is worth 8,
what would SEATS be worth

英语翻译下，谢谢
Because you have to give numerical values to them instead of defining them as symbolic variables. ODE45 can not handle symbolic variables.

英语翻译
In this study,we used our numerical calculation scheme in order to simulate the material behavior of NiTi wires with 50.9 at.% Ni near room temperature (experimental data are given in Sawaguchi et al.,2003; Yawny et al.,2005).The material parameters (we assume that there is no tension——compression asymmetry) are summarized in Table 1.Table 1 also includes the strains which characterize the start of the forward transformation ( ePE) and the end of the reverse transformation ( eel).ePE and eel can be calculated from the characteristic stresses and slopes in the stress–strain curve (see Fig.2b).

英语翻译
A numerical simulation of ground-heat transfer adjacent to an experimental earth–contact structure is presented.In particular,a twodimensional time-dependent simulation is compared directly to data measured from an experimental site over a one year period.
Determination of representative thermal properties for the materials involved is explored in some detail.Indirect methods of estimating thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity have been described and employed.The results show good correlation between the simulated and measured thermal response.The work is viewed as a useful contribution to the overall drive to validate earth–contact simulation.However,difficulties in determining realistic initial conditions when attempting to model field conditions still remain a challenge.Further exploration of material property variations throughout the full range of climatic conditions is also needed.The influence of varying ground-water-table depth on the thermal properties of soils and hence on the related earth–contact heat transfer has also received some attention.It is clear from this work that variation in soil
moisture content can play an important role in the determination of thermal properties for analysis.A two-dimensional numerical simulation of a full-scale heat transfer experiment has also appeared in the literature.In this case,the data was supplied from the Japanese Test House facility [6].The study focussed on the
simulation of the ground heat losses associated with the experiment.The influence of including edge insulation was also explored.More recently,a comparison of fully coupled (heat and
moisture content) simulations with linear thermal simulations
has been published [7].It was observed that coupling influenced:(i) the amplitude of surface temperature,(ii) the
variation of thermal conductivity with moisture content,
and (iii) the advection of sensible heat by liquid transfer.
However,it was concluded that the current accuracy of
standard (design) methods is sufficient not to warrant the
integration of coupling effects in these methods.A numerical analysis of outdoor thermal environment around buildings has been considered by other researchers.Here it is argued that simulation of the thermal environment around buildings is of great importance for residential microclimate study.Their simulation includes
temperature distributions of the outdoor air,building surfaces and ground surfaces.This was achieved by combining a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculation of air flow and an energy balance calculation for the surfaces.

英语翻译
The History of NC and CNC Development
Numerical Control (NC) is any machining process in which the operations are executed automatically in sequences as specified by the program that contains the information for the tool movements.The NC concept was proposed in the late 1940s by John Parsons of Traverse City,Michigan.Parsons recommended a method of automatic machine control that would guide a milling cutter to produce a "thru-axis curve" in order to generate smooth profiles on work pieces.
In1949,The U.S.Air Force awarded Parsons a contract to develop a new type of machine tool that would be able to speed up production mathods.Parsons commissioned the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.) to develop a practical implementation of his concept.Scientists and engineers at M.I.T.built a control system for a two-axis milling machine that used a perforated paper tape as the input media.In a short period of time,all major machine tool manufaturers were producing some machines with NC,but it was not until the late 1970s that computer-based NC became widely used.NC matured as an automation technology when inexpensive and powerful microprocessors replaced hard-wire logic-making computer-based NC systems.
when Numerical Control is performed under computer supervision,it is called Computer Numerical Control (CNC).Computers are the control units of CNC machines,they are built in or linked to the machines via communications channels.when a programmer input some information in the program by tape and so on,the computer calculates all necessary data to get the job done.
On the first Numerically Controlled (NC) machines were controlled by tape,and because of that the NC systems were known as tape-controlled machines.They were able to control a single operation entered into the machine by punched or magnetic tape.There was no possibility of editing the program on the machine.To change the program,a new tape had to be made.
Today's systems have computers to control data; they are called Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) machines.For both NC and CNC systems,work principles are the same.Only the way in which the execution is controlled is different.Normally,new systems are faster,more powerful,and more versatile.

句子翻译,句子改写
前文讲了被试者们要perform a forecasting task of a numerical sequence which is generated by ARIMA model.然后：
About one-half of them faced a positive sequence, which contained 20 initial data and 130 separately predicted data generated by ARIMA, based on every twenty data prior to the forecasted period, maximizing R square.
这句话是什么意思?怎样改写呢?
谢谢：）

英语翻译
The numerical simulation employs numerical methods such as finite element method
(FEM) or finite difference method (FDM) to quantitatively represent the working
behaviour of physical systems.The numerical results are correspondingly related to the
physical content of the physical systems to be simulated

英语翻译
Numerical results from the application of the parameters-matching methods on the data appear in table 4,while the graphs for the corresponding Gamma densities are compared against the histograms in figures 4(a),(b) and 5(a),(b).(In these figures,the curve for the LVMAX fit is the one,which,by design of the method,tracks exactly the histogram’s peak.) Somewhat surprisingly,the best results were obtained for the two terminals of case 1,i.e.,those corresponding to histograms of a somewhat ‘irregular shape.Indeed,the contents of table 3 show that,for case 1,the three sets of parameters values are close to each other and that the mean and variance corresponding to the Gamma densities resulting from LVMAX and C-LVMAX are close to the sample counterparts.Furthermore,the parameter values for the two terminals are close enough to allow a single model for the description of both histograms and this fact provides another bit of evidence towards the statistical identity of the traffic profiles from all terminals in a videoconferencing session.Note,however,that this invariance is not carried over to the histograms corresponding to different sessions over the same MCU mode but with a differing number of terminals,as the histograms of case 1 (MCU mode 3 with two terminals) are significantly different from the histogram of case 2 (MCU mode 3
with four terminals) and the same holds for the corresponding sample means and variances.

In theory,this numerical attack can be employed for the most general case.怎么翻译

英语翻译
Computer numerical controlled (CNC) lathes are rapidly replacing the older production lathes (multispindle,etc.) due to their ease of setting,operation,repeatability and accuracy.They are designed to use modern carbide tool and fully use modern processes.The part may be designed and the tool paths programmed by the CAD/CAM process or manually by the programmer,and the resulting file uploaded to the machine,and once set and trialled the machine will continue to turn out parts under the occasional supervision of an operator.

英语翻译
He can cause the computer to review the numerical answers and save the analyst the tedious chore.Again,the amount of wore that can be save and,therefore,the value of the program is a function of the ability of the problem developers.In some of the better programs the analyst’s attention is called to exceptional conditions that are out of range.This saves him the time of reviewing normal conditions that really do not need his attention.

digital 与numerical 的差别
比较详细的区别，就比如digital audio,numerical audio 有什么区别呢

英语翻译
Numerical simulation of thermal history and residual stresses in friction
stir welding of Al 2014-T6