The exact mechanism of HIV infection of CD4+ T cells

yangchuncheng2022-10-04 11:39:542条回答

The exact mechanism of HIV infection of CD4+ T cells
Anyone provide any papers on how HH1 and HR2 of gp41 act when the virus gain entry into the cells?
Can just give me the title of the articles. thanks.

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hh家的泡菜共回答了13个问题 | 采纳率100%: [1]Cooley LA, Lewin SR . HIV-1 cell entry and advances in viral entry inhibitor therapy[J] . J Clin Virol , 2003, (26): 121.
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[3]王颖,王晓峰,傅学奇.HIV-1复制抑制剂的新靶标[J].生命的化学,2001,21(6):485.
[4]魏文青,王明霞.抗病毒药物的分子靶标[J].国外医学·药学分册,2001,28(5):266.
[5]Jacobson JM, Lowy I, Fletcher CV, et al. Single-dose safety,phacmacology, and antiviral activity of the human immunodeficiecy virus (HIV) type 1 entry inhibitor PRO542 in HIV-infected adults[J]. J Infect Dis ,2000,182(1) :326.
[6]Shearer WT, Israel RT, Starr S, et al. Recombinant CD4-IgG2 in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children: phase 1/2study[J]. J Infect Dis ,2000,182(6): 1774.
[7]Esser M, Mori T, Mondor I, et al. Cyanovirin-N binds to gp120 to interfere with CD4-dependent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virion binding,fusion,and infectivity but does not affect the CD4 binding site on gp120 or soluble CD4-induced conformational changes in gp120[J]. J Virol ,1999 , 73 : 4360 .
[8]Wyatt R, Kwong P, Desjardins E, et al. The antigenic structure of the HIV gp120 envelope glucoprotein[J]. Nature, 1998,393:705.
[9]徐志凯,姜世勃.针对HIV-1进入细胞过程的抑制剂研究进展[J].细胞与分子免疫学杂志,2001,17(5):401.
[10]Hoshino H. Coreceptors of H1V infection and the development of HIV entry inhibitors: overview and targets[J]. Jpn J Clin Med, 2002,60(1):81.
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[15]Zaitseva M, Peden K, Golding H. HIV coreceptors:role of structure, posttranslational modifications, and intemalization in viral-cell fusion and as targets for entry inhibitors [J]. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2003,1614:51.
[16]Speck RF, Wehrly K, Platt EJ, et al. Selective employment of chemokine receptors as human immunodeficiecy virus type 1 coreceptors determined by individual amino acids within the envelope V3 loop [J]. J Viral, 1997,71:7136.
[17]Sabbe R, Picchio GR, Pastore C, et al. Donor- and ligand-dependent differences in C-C chemokine receptor 5 reexpression[J]. J Virol,2001,75(2) :661.
[18]Tamamura H, Omagari A, Oishi S. Pharmacophore identification of a specific CXCR4 inhibitor, T140, leads to development of effective antiHIV agents with very high selectivity indexes[J]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett ,2000,10(23) :2633.
[19]Dirk D, Dominique S, Myriam W, et al. A second target for the peptoid Tat/transactivation response element inhibitor CGP64222: inhibitor of human immunodeficiecy virus replication by blocking CXCR4-mediated virus entry[J]. Mol Pharmacol, 2000, 57(1): 116.
[20]董肖椿,闻韧.作用于趋化因子受体的新型抗HIV药物研究进展[J].药学学报,2001,36(10):796.
[21]de Clercq E. New developments in anti-HIV chemotherapy[J]. Biochim Biophys Acta ,2002,1587:258.
[22]EsteJ, CabreraC, BlancoJ, etal. Shift of clinical human immunodeficiecy virus type 1 isolates from X4 to R5 and prevention of the formarion of syncytium-inducing phenotype by blockade of CXCR4[J]. J Virol , 1999,73: 5577.
[23]O'Hara BM, Olson WC. HIV entry inhibitors in clinical development [J]. Curr Opin Pharmcol, 2002, 2(5):523.
[24]Lynch CL, Hale JJ, Budhu RJ, et al. 1,3,4-Trisubstituted pyrrolidine CCR5 receptor antagonists. Part 4: Synthesis of N-1 acidic functionality affording analogues with enhanced antiviral activity against HIV[J]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett , 2002,12:3001.
[25]Labranche CC, Galasso G, Moore JP, et al. HIV fusion and its inhibition[J]. Antiviral Res,2001,50: 95.
[26]O'Brien SJ,Moore JP. The effect of genetic variation in chemokines and their receptors on HIV transmission and progression to AIDS[J].Immunol Rev ,2000,177:99.
[27]Jiang S, Zhao Q, Debnath AK. Peptide and non-peptide HIV fusion inhibitors [J]. Curr Pharm Des, 2002,8 (8): 563.
[28]邱阳.HIV-1进攻靶细胞的机制及相应环节抑制剂的研究进展[J].生物物理学报,2002,18(1):11.
[29]Biscone MJ, Pierson TC, Doms RW. Opportunities and challenges in targeting HIV entry[J]. Curr Opin Pharmcol,2002,2 (5):529.
[30]Fletcher CV. Enfuvirtide, a new drug for HIV infection [J]. Lancet,2003,361:1577.
[31]Starr-Spires LD, Collman RG. HIV-1 entry and entry inhibitors as therapeutic agents [J]. Clin Lab Med, 2002,22(3): 681.
[32]Chan DC, Chutkowski CT, Kim PS. Evidence that a prominent cavity in the coiled coil of HIV type 1 gp41 is an attractive drug target[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1998,95:15613.
[33]Root MJ, Kay MS, Kim PS. Protein design of an HIV-1 entry inhibitor[J]. Science ,2001,291:884.
[34]Jiang S, Debnath AK. Development of HIV entry inhibitors targeted to the coiled-coil regions of gp41 [J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun ,2000,269:641.
[35]姜世勃,张力.人类免疫缺陷病毒包膜糖蛋白gp41核心结构的药物研究[J].国外医学·微生物学分册,2000,23(4):31.
[36]Xavier S, Gerhard H. Hydrophobicity maps of the N-peptide coiled coil of HIV-1 gp41[J] . Biochemistry,2002,41(9) :2956.
[37]王峥涛.治疗HIV感染的先导天然化合物[J].国外医学·药学分册,2001,28(4):227.; 1年前

亮一手42 共回答了54个问题 | 采纳率: HIV-1进攻靶细胞的机制及相应环节抑制剂的研究进展
ADVANCES IN MECHANISMS OF HIV- 1 ATTACKING HOST CELLS AND INHIBITORS IN RELATED STEPS
the most helpful website(many articles)
http://www.***.cn/A-swwlxb200201002.html; 1年前

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你好
没问题
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Of emissions trading system in China is facing at this stage the relevant legislation has not yet sound
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the relevant legislation has not yet sound
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Ans:
Redox involves transfer to electrons or change in oxidation number.Oxidation of a C is signaled by a decreased in the number of its bonded H's or an increase in its number of bonds to other atoms such as C,O,N,Cl,Br,F,and S.
All these names refer only to the net reaction as given by the cemical equation.For multistep mechanisms,individul steps may be of different types.

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英语翻译As the ﬁgures show,the brittle fracture mechanism 英语翻译 As the ﬁgures show,the brittle fracture mechanisms (Fig.2a,b) and the ductile fracture ones are explained quite diﬀerently even though both require preceding plastic deformation.The brittle fracture mechanism is explained by the eﬀects of a ﬂat pile-up of dislocations (Fig.2a,b),whereas the ductile fracture mechanism (Fig.3a) is explained by the nucleation and development of voids around inclusions and separations.This means that two diﬀerent theories of fracture are applied here:the theory of dislocations in the case of brittle fracture and a modiﬁed theory of the porous body in the case of ductile fracture [3–6].Problem.Due to the lack of cohesion between the above theories the causes of the transition from ductility to brit tleness (Fig.2d) cannot be clearly explained.Moreover,the above model of the ductile fracture mechanism does not explain the fracture of pure metals or the fracture of monophase metal alloys.Neither does this model generate any criteria for the control of the trajectory of shear fracture.Since it is not possible to control the trajectory of shear fracture,several technical problems,connected with,e.g.,the precision of die shearing and similar technological processes,arise.Neither is the problem of shear fracture trajectory control solved by the theory of adiabatic shear bands (Fig.4) chen575691年前1: 美丽佳人购物频道共回答了18个问题 | 采纳率100%

当数据显示,脆性断裂机制(图2 a,b)和韧性断裂的截然不同的解释虽然都需要前塑性变形.脆性断裂机理解释了影响位平堆积(图2 a,b),而韧性断裂机制(图3)解释了成核和发展的孔洞周围包裹体、分离.这意味着两种不同的理论应用在这里:骨折脱位的理论下的脆性断裂理论和修改的多孔体的情况[6]延性断裂.问题.由于缺乏上述理论之间的衔接过渡的原因,tleness延性》(图2 d)不能清楚地解释.此外,上述模型的韧性断裂机制并不能解释断裂的纯金属或断裂的monophase金属合金.该模型也没有产生任何标准来控制的弹道剪切断裂.由于它是不可能控制的弹道剪切断裂,几个技术问题,结合,例如、精密模具剪切和类似的工艺、起来.也就是问题解决的剪切断裂理论轨迹控制条件下的绝热剪切带(图4)

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英语翻译While the exact mechanism by which JEV causes these neur 英语翻译 While the exact mechanism by which JEV causes these neuropathologies is not completely understood,increasing evidence suggests the involvement of cytokine-mediated bystander damage. 我也会用GOOGLE翻译的。但那不准。 猪家村1年前3: angelruohan 共回答了21个问题 | 采纳率90.5%

虽然流行性乙型脑炎病毒引起这类神经病理学的确切机制尚未被完全理解,但越来越多的证据表明,其中有细胞活素介导的其他物质损害所导致的这类病变.
我觉得“the involvement of cytokine-mediated bystander damage”翻译成“有细胞活素介导的其他物质损害”比较合适.感觉bystander有“不太相关的物质”的意思.仅供参考啊.

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英语翻译Due to the change of oxidation mechanism,a nano-effectwi 英语翻译 Due to the change of oxidation mechanism,a nano-effect withaslightdecreaseoftheMECcouldbeexpected guoxy_cn1年前1: zixiao__520 共回答了23个问题 | 采纳率91.3%

纳米效应
全文意思是
由于氧化机理的变化,会引起 MEC的纳米效应适当减弱

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DISPUTE SETTLEMENT MECHANISM OF WTO这个短语前面用不用加the DISPUTE SETTLEMENT MECHANISM OF WTO这个短语前面用不用加the 如题究竟是the DISPUTE SETTLEMENT MECHANISM OF WTO还是什么别的 狂草乱飞1年前1: 连新居共回答了16个问题 | 采纳率87.5%

如果是作为标题的话,可以不用加.但是如果是作为短句跟随着前面的一些话,那就得加冠词 “the”.因为说的是指定的WTO的相关机制,比如说：We are now studying the "Dispute Settlement Mechanism" of WTO.即便是用小写来表达dispute settlemetn mechanism,也是加上冠词the比较合适.

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What control do you have over the delivery mechanism of mate What control do you have over the delivery mechanism of materials to your customer?求翻译 rmb520_8881年前2: 幸福小丑共回答了22个问题 | 采纳率86.4%

机械物料运输到客户的过程中你们有哪些控制手段?

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翻译constant-breath cam mechanisms vipzl10111年前3: 温柔提醒共回答了21个问题 | 采纳率85.7%

constant breadth cam mechanisms
等宽凸轮机构

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英语翻译Proxemics and Personal Space Among the mechanisms that a 英语翻译 Proxemics and Personal Space Among the mechanisms that are used to regulate privacy are the two closely linked concepts of proxemics and personal space.Proxem- ics,a term formulated by anthropologist Edward Hall,is concerned with the “interrelated observations and theories of man’s use of space as a specialized elaboration of lture.”’~Derived in part from the studies of animal behavior regarding territoriality,proxemics deals primarily with the ways that people space themselves in different social situations.In his book The Hidden Dimension,Hall describes four culturally defined distances used by Americans.Each distance has a close and far Two terms are of note regarding personal space and small group ecology.Humphry Osmond,in evaluating psychiatric ward design,originated the terms sociofugal and sociopetal.The first term sociofu- gal refers to those aspects of design which tend to discourage social contact,and the second term sociopetal “is that quality which encour- ages,fosters,and even enforces the development of stable interpersonal relationships such as are found in face-to-face groups.”29 Furniture layout is a manifestation of these concepts.An extreme example would be two lounge chairs,first placed face to face and then back to back.The first would definitely encourage social interaction (sociopetal) while the second would discourage it (sociofugal).There are of course no positive or negative connotations inherent in these terms.In some situations- study areas for instance-sociofugal arrangements would support the normal quest for solitude.In other circumstances,benefit would be derived from social intercourse encouraged by sociopetal design. Problems can arise when sociopetal arrangements of furniture are placed in areas where privacy is sought and/or intended.Conversely sociofugal layouts would be inappropriate and counterproductive in settings where conversation and interaction is intended. One study indicated that arrangement of furniture in a one-to-one counseling situation can have a measurable effect upon the anxiety level of those being counseled.There was a significant reduction in anxiety where students were interviewed in an informal “knee-to-knee” ar- rangement as opposed to a more formal “across-the-desk”one. This is applicable to library environments as personal interviews and other counseling functions are conducted in the daily business of administering libraries.Further,this type of information would be applicable in the design of spaces and furniture intended for all interac- tion with the public.Reference interviews,learners advisory services,online searches,and other one-to-one situations could be more effective and productive if patron anxiety were reduced through more appropri- ate furniture arrangement. laolaoyang1年前1: hh梦回唐朝共回答了12个问题 | 采纳率100%

空间关系与个人空间
在被用来管制机制隐私是两个紧密地联系在一起的空间关系的概念和私人空间.Proxem——集成电路,这个办法,由人类学家爱德华大厅,关心的是“相关的理论和观察人的利用空间作为一个专业的细心的c lture.' ' ' 部分起源于动物行为的研究,关于属地的,主要是处理与空间关系的办法空间自己在不同的社会状况.在他的著作《隐藏的尺寸、大厅描述使用四个文化定义距离美国人.各设一个亲密而远
两个术语注意对于个人空间和小组的生态环境.Humphry奥斯蒙德,在评估精神病科守卫的设计是sociofugal和sociopetal条款.第一项sociofu -加指的是那些)的设计理念中趋于阻碍社会联系,第二学期sociopetal”,是指品质,培养encour岁,甚至执行发展稳定的人际关系,如被发现在面对面的团体.”29家具布置这些概念的显现.一个极端的例子将会是2长椅面对面,首先放置,然后才回来.第一个一定会鼓励社会相互作用),而sociopetal第二劝止(sociofugal).当然没有正面或负面的含意隐藏在这些条款.在一些情况下,研究区安排instance-sociofugal正常会支持寻求孤独.在其他情况下,利益仅仅是社会交际鼓励来自sociopetal设计.
何时才能出现问题sociopetal安排家具放置在地区寻求的隐私和/或预期.相反sociofugal布局,并产生反作用是不合适的convers在设置在哪里

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英语翻译Reaction Mechanism and Kinetics of Polyacrylonitrile in 英语翻译 Reaction Mechanism and Kinetics of Polyacrylonitrile in the heat treatment process liaojing2871年前1: 贝贝爱芋头共回答了17个问题 | 采纳率88.2%

Research into Mechanism and Kinetics of Polyacrylonitrile Reaction in the heat treatment Process

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跪求这段话的汉语翻译Flank wear progression and wear mechanisms of unco 跪求这段话的汉语翻译 Flank wear progression and wear mechanisms of uncoated, coated with PVD applied single-layer TiAlN, and CVD applied multi-layer MT-TiCN/Al2O3/TiN cemented carbide inserts were analyzed during dry turning of hardened AISI 4340 steel (35 HRC). xoxoxoxo1年前1: 一个没有ff 共回答了26个问题 | 采纳率84.6%

Flank wear progression and wear mechanisms of uncoated, coated with PVD applied single-layer TiAlN, and CVDapplied multi-layer
后刀面磨损和未磨损的发展机制，PVD TiAlN涂层应用的单层，多层和心血管疾病的应用
MT-TiCN/Al2O3/TiN cem...

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The mechanism for this is "lnternet"--a low-cost and efficie The mechanism for this is "lnternet"--a low-cost and efficient link between electronic mail service ghost_cao1年前2: moonleft 共回答了21个问题 | 采纳率81%

这个机制就是网络--------一种连接在两个电子邮件服务器之间低成本、高效的连接方式.

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英语翻译In fact,the specific biological mechanisms that allow pa 英语翻译 In fact,the specific biological mechanisms that allow parents to transmit their features to their offspring were an enormous mystery until about 140 years ago.Scientists back then knew that parents somehow made a tiny copy of themselves inside an egg or a sperm,but they had no idea what these copies were or how they worked. Then,in the 1860s,an Austrian monk named Gregor Mendel started breeding peas in his garden.Where others saw only plants,Mendel looked deeper and found the basic units of heredity we now call genes.If you remember from the last chapter,genes are the parts of a chromosome that are transcribed to mRNA and are ultimately translated to the proteins essential to cellular processes.Mendel had no knowledge of protein synthesis and had never seen a chromosome,but his simple experiments with peas and the laws he developed to describe the behavior of hereditary—now termed classical genetics—have provided the foundation for the modern field of molecular genetics,the study of heredity on the molecular level. For the SAT II Biology,you need a solid understanding of the basic laws and patterns of both classical genetics and molecular genetics.Questions on genetics can make up anywhere from 14 to 20 percent of the core of the SAT II Biology.In addition,the “M” section of the Biology E/M test focuses on evolution in terms of molecular biology,including genetics. Basis of Inheritance:Meiosis Mitosis takes a diploid cell and creates a nearly exact copy.Mitosis has two main functions:(1) it leads to the creation of all of the somatic (body) cells in humans and other living organisms; (2) in organisms that undergo asexual reproduction,diploid parent cells undergo mitosis to create identical daughter copies of themselves.Mitosis creates a daughter cell with chromosomes that are identical to the chromosomes in its parent cell. But humans and most other complex plants and animals each have a unique set of chromosomes.This diversity of chromosomes is the result of sexual reproduction,which involves the contribution of the genetic material from not one,but two parents.During sexual reproduction the father’s haploid sperm cell and the mother’s haploid ovum (egg) cell fuse to form a single-celled diploid zygote that then divides billions of times to form a whole individual. In order for sexual reproduction to take place,however,the parents first need to have haploid sperm or ova,also called sex cells,germ cells,or gametes.Meiosis is the name for the special type of cell division that produces gametes. 袭峭1年前2: 灌水为主沉默为辅共回答了15个问题 | 采纳率93.3%

In fact,the specific biological mechanisms that allow parents to transmit their features to their offspring were an enormous mystery until about 140
years ago.Scientists back then knew that parents somehow made a tiny copy of themselves inside an egg or a sperm,but they had no idea what these
copies were or how they worked.
实际上,生物从上一代遗传到下一代的秘密直到140年才被揭开.那时候的科学家已经觉察到父母貌似是在精子和卵子里面有一份微
小的复制,但是他们不清楚这些复制是什么以及怎么起作用的.
If you remember from the last chapter,genes are the parts of a chromosome that are transcribed to mRNA and are ultimately translated to the
proteins essential to cellular processes.Mendel had no knowledge of protein synthesis and had never seen a chromosome,but his simple
experiments with peas and the laws he developed to describe the behavior of hereditary—now termed classical genetics—have provided the
foundation for the modern field of molecular genetics,the study of heredity on the molecular level.
接着,1860年,一个叫孟德尔的奥地利和尚开始在他的花园里面种豌豆.在常人眼里的植物,孟德尔却在细心研究之后发现了我们
现在称之为基因的遗传基本物质.如果你还记得上一章的内容,基因就是染色体的一部分,他们转录成信使RNA,然后转译成对细胞
活动很重要的蛋白质.孟德尔没有蛋白质合成的知识,也从来没见过染色体,但是他的简单的豌豆实验和他发明的遗传理论解释了
遗传的行为--现在我们称为经典基因学---给现代分子基础上的遗传学,也就是分子基因学,奠定了基础
For the SAT II Biology,you need a solid understanding of the basic laws and patterns of both classical genetics and molecular genetics.Questions on
genetics can make up anywhere from 14 to 20 percent of the core of the SAT II Biology.In addition,the “M” section of the Biology E/M test focuses on
evolution in terms of molecular biology,including genetics.
SAT二级的生物,你需要对经典基因学和分子基因学的基本理论有清楚的认识.基因学的题占了SAT二级的生物学的14-20%.另外,生
物学E/M测试的的M部分主要在进化论上面,包括分子生物学的基因学.
Basis of Inheritance:Meiosis
Mitosis takes a diploid cell and creates a nearly exact copy.Mitosis has two main functions:(1) it leads to the creation of all of the somatic (body) cells
in humans and other living organisms; (2) in organisms that undergo asexual reproduction,diploid parent cells undergo mitosis to create identical
daughter copies of themselves.Mitosis creates a daughter cell with chromosomes that are identical to the chromosomes in its parent cell.
But humans and most other complex plants and animals each have a unique set of chromosomes.This diversity of chromosomes is the result of
sexual reproduction,which involves the contribution of the genetic material from not one,but two parents.During sexual reproduction the father’s
haploid sperm cell and the mother’s haploid ovum (egg) cell fuse to form a single-celled diploid zygote that then divides billions of times to form a
whole individual.
In order for sexual reproduction to take place,however,the parents first need to have haploid sperm or ova,also called sex cells,germ cells,or
gametes.Meiosis is the name for the special type of cell division that produces gametes.
遗传的基础：减数分裂
有丝分裂让一个二倍体生成一个同样的复制.有丝分裂有两个重要的功能：1.它构建了人和其它生物的所有体细胞2.在单性生殖的生
物体里面,上一代生物体通过有丝分裂生成同样的新个体.新个体里面的染色体和母体完全相同.但是包括人在内的其它复杂动植
物都有一组独特的染色体.这些多样性的染色体从不是一个而是两个父母通过有性生殖的结果.在有性生殖的过程里,来自父本的
单倍体精子和母本的单倍体卵细胞合成一个二倍体受精卵细胞,这个细胞接下来复制上亿次成为新的个体
有性生殖要发生,需要父母的单倍体,也被称为性细胞/配偶子的精细胞和卵细胞.减数分裂就是细胞生成这样的配偶子的特殊分裂方式

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英语翻译1.learning is mechanism by which one accompulishes other 英语翻译 1.learning is mechanism by which one accompulishes other goals. 2.Strong individuals with deep desires to learn remain undaunted by the compromised priorities of their colleagues. 3.view each experience an opportunity for a mental adventure. 最爱吃小馄饨1年前1: 飘逸一哥共回答了13个问题 | 采纳率100%

1.学习是这样一种途径,它是你通过这种途径完成其他目标的方式.
第一句可看作learning is mechanism 这个是主句,后面的one accompulishes other goals by （后面长加上目中方式或者途径）which ,which 在这里就是指代前面的mechanism.
2.那些能力强并且有强烈学习的愿望的人,不会像身边那些有强烈优越感的同事所妥协.
第二局较复杂一点,主句是individuals remain undaunted by the compromised priorities. 其中的Strong deep desires 修饰individuals,their colleagues是compromised priorities的定语.
3.把每一次经历都看作是一个冒险的机会.
第三局较简单动词时view 后面加上宾语和宾补构成view+each experience+an opportunity ,for a mental adventure修饰opportunity.
其实这都一些语法基本问题,多分析一下就明白了,有疑问的话,可以给我留言.

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英语翻译The mechanism is to offer up to C$650,000 Flow‐through u 英语翻译 The mechanism is to offer up to C$650,000 Flow‐through units.The non‐brokered placement will be for up to 5,416,667 units.怎么翻译, baboon_nan1年前1: _不再犹豫_ 共回答了15个问题 | 采纳率93.3%

机构会发行价值多达650,000加元的流转股. 非公开配售多达 5,416,667股.

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英语翻译so the heat transport and other mechanisms are greatly s 英语翻译 so the heat transport and other mechanisms are greatly simplified.In addition,the planet Venus takes 243 earth-days to turn once on its axis,so incoming heat from the sun is added and distributed at a more leisurely,observable pace. 这个,so incoming heat from the sun is added and distributed at a more leisurely,observable pace.在中文我估计我都不理解啊啊. zhuhongellen1年前1: 80wxf 共回答了18个问题 | 采纳率88.9%

太抠门了给两分不行啊.这样没人会给你好好翻译的

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英语翻译Schematic Representation of Possible Mechanisms of the B 英语翻译 Schematic Representation of Possible Mechanisms of the Base Catalyzed Aminolysis Reaction General Base-Catalyzed Aminolysis.The next step in this computational study is to investigate the catalytic effect of methylamine and acetic acid for two considered mechanisms for anhydride aminolysis.According to experimental observations, the reaction can take place as a catalyzed process with the catalytic involvement of the second amine molecule or bifunctional catalysis with a carboxylic acid arising together with the amide from the reaction between the anhydride and the amine which manifests itself frequently in an S-shaped transformation curve.29 From the results obtained for the base catalyzed aminolysis reaction,one can see that the concerted mechanism as well as the rate-determining step along the stepwise pathway involves proton transfers through six-membered cyclic transition states 欧阳郡主1年前1: 云鑫共回答了15个问题 | 采纳率100%

译文如下：
标题：碱催化的氨解反应几种可能反应机理的图示
关键词/摘要：一般的碱催化氨解反应.本数值计算研究的下一步工作将探讨
甲胺和乙酸对于两种无水氨解机理的催化作用.根据实验观测,该反应能以催化方式进行,其中第二个胺分子可参与催化作用,或在酐与胺反应过程中由一种羧酸与胺引发双功能催化机制,此一特征经常体现于其S-型转化曲线中.[29]
从获自碱催化氨解反应的观察结果可以发现,该协同反应机理及阶跃式反应途径中的限速步骤皆与六点周期性过渡态中的质子转移有关.

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英语翻译帮忙翻译下Mechanism and Preventive Measures for Die Soldering 英语翻译 帮忙翻译下Mechanism and Preventive Measures for Die Soldering during Al Casting in a Ferrous Mold liwei10881年前1: 唯一有点甜共回答了14个问题 | 采纳率85.7%

Mechanism and Preventive Measures for Die Soldering during Al Casting in a Ferrous Mold
铁模铝浇铸的机制与预防措施

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The transfer function of a servomechanism is given by the co The transfer function of a servomechanism is given by the complex number G=1/(1+jωT).Determine the modulus and argument of G whenω=2.5and T=0.4 还有两个问题 Factorize x^2-xsinθ+1 in the complex domain ( θ is constant) Find the locus of z in terms of x and y if （z-j）/(z-1) is purely imaginary,and give another representation of the locus in terms of z. TRENDY12251年前1: 风雨嘉陵江共回答了24个问题 | 采纳率87.5%

伺服驱动系统的传递函数是复数G=1/(1+jωT),计算当ω=2.5和 T=0.4 时G的模和相角.
在复数域分解x^2-xsinθ+1,这里θ是常数

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how the market mechanism bring a stable price how the market mechanism bring a stable price 请专家尽快帮忙回答请回答帮忙易懂点 what are the main difference between planned and market economy explain how the market bring about a stable price marcoshen1年前1: 考ff 共回答了9个问题 | 采纳率100%

有哪些主要区别解释如何规划和市场经济带来的市场价格稳定

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求一道有机化学反应机理的答案!Provide a mechanism for the following reactio 求一道有机化学反应机理的答案! Provide a mechanism for the following reactions.Show the movement of electrons with the appropriate arrows and indicate equilibrium arrows where relevant 请写在纸上,然后再拍下来 中文意思是：写出机理，用箭头表示电子的移动方向 胡思乱想入菲菲1年前0: 共回答了个问题 | 采纳率

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有人知道吗Mechanism of Positive Inotropic Effect of Digitalis linhai0001年前1: shinezhen 共回答了15个问题 | 采纳率86.7%

• Inhibition of Na+•K+-ATPase results in intracellular accumulation of sodium.
• Activation of a membrane Na+-Ca2+ carrier results in intracellular accumulation of calcium.
• Increase the amount of free intracellular calcium by displacing of membrane-bound calcium.
Increase the amount of free intracellular calcium by releasing stored calcium from SR

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英语翻译The students' understanding of the reaction mechanisms d 英语翻译 The students' understanding of the reaction mechanisms depends on when the experiment is performed in relation to the coverage of course topics.The author and his colleagues have performed the experiment before the introduction of electro- philic aromatic substitution or enolate halogenation in lectures.However,by the time the students' reports were due,the former topic had been discussed in the classroom,and students under-stood that the chlorination was an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution. Besides being used in the second-semester organic labora- tory,this experiment is also appropriate as an early experiment of an advanced or third-semester organic laboratory.Because the reactions are operationally simple,the instructor can emphasize the opportunity for students to become (re)acquainted with the hands-on operation of several instruments.In addition,the experiment reinforces the concepts of reactivity,selectivity,and spectral interpretation that were introduced in the second- semester organic course. 额日1年前1: 安庆笨笨猪共回答了21个问题 | 采纳率90.5%

学生对反应机理的理解依赖于课程主题覆盖面相关的实验何时进行.作者和他的团队在介绍亲电芳基取代或烯醇卤化的课程前已经进行了实验.然而,到了学生的报告该交的时候,前面的主题已经在课堂上讨论过了,学生已经理解了氯化是亲电芳基取代的一个例子.
该实验除了被用在第二学期有机实验课上,也被用作高级的或第三学期的有机实验课的早期实验.由于反应操作简单,教学人员可强化学生动手熟悉几个仪器的机会.而且,该实验强调了第二学期有机课程中介绍的反应、选择性以及谱图解释.

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请教二道化学题（AP）(1)What is a reaction mechanism and how does it d 请教二道化学题（AP） (1)What is a reaction mechanism and how does it differ from a balanced chemical equation? (2)Define the following general types of chemical reactions: a.Addition; b.Elimination; b-1.Beta Elimination; b-2.Alpha Elimination; b-3.other than alpha- or beta-; c.Displacement / Substitution; d.Rearrangement; e.Oxidation-Reduction. 4257131年前2: 入场22 共回答了18个问题 | 采纳率100%

(1)What is a reaction mechanism and how does it differ from a balanced chemical equation?
Ans :
A reaction mechanism provides a detailed step by step description of a reaction.
A balanced equation provides the number of moles of both reactants and products but does not show how the reaction proceeds.
2)Define the following general types of chemical reactions:
a.Addition:
Ans:
Two reactants combine to yield one product.Addition frequently occurs with organic compounds at double ortriple bonds and occasionally at small-sized rings.
b.Elimination:
Ans:
Elimination (Decomposition) is the reverse of addition because two or more atoms or groups are removed from one molecules.
b-1.Beta Elimination:
Ans:
Beta elimination involves removal from adjacent atoms and always leads to an increase in multiple bonding.
b-2.Alpha Elimination:
Ans:
Alpha elimination is the removal from same atom and produces a carbene if this atom is carbon.
b-3.other than alpha- or beta-;
Ans:
If elimination is other than from adjacent atoms or the same atom,a ring results.e.g.Removal from atom once removed (gamma-elimination) affords a three-membered ring.
Decomposition,a kind of elimination,is the energy-catalyzed
breakdown of a molecule into at least two molecule without the
intervention of any other reagent.
c.Displacement / Substitution:
Ans:
This is the replacement of one group by another.When an H is displaced,the reaction is called substitution.
d.Rearrangement:
Ans:
Bonds are scrambled to form an isomer.
e.Oxidation-Reduction.
Ans:
Redox involves transfer to electrons or change in oxidation number.Oxidation of a C is signaled by a decreased in the number of its bonded H's or an increase in its number of bonds to other atoms such as C,O,N,Cl,Br,F,and S.
All these names refer only to the net reaction as given by the cemical equation.For multistep mechanisms,individul steps may be of different types.

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The waterwheel is a mechanism designed to harness energy fro The waterwheel is a mechanism designed to harness energy from a source other than animals. ld63216241年前1: 86年的冰咖啡共回答了11个问题 | 采纳率90.9%

水车是一种用来驾驭能源、而不是驾驭动物的机械设计

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The exact mechanism of HIV infection of CD4+ T cells

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