舒伯特 英文介绍

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Franz Schubert
Franz Peter Schubert (January 31,1797 – November 19,1828) was an Austrian composer.
Although he died at an early age,Schubert was tremendously prolific.He wrote some 600 Lieder,nine symphonies (including the famous "Unfinished Symphony"),liturgical music,operas,some incidental music,and a large body of chamber and solo piano music.Appreciation of his music during his lifetime was limited,but interest in Schubert's work increased dramatically in the decades following his death at the age of 31.Franz Liszt,Robert Schumann,Johannes Brahms and Felix Mendelssohn,among others,discovered and championed his works in the 19th Century.Today,Schubert is admired as one of the leading exponents of the early Romantic era in music and he remains one of the most frequently performed composers.
Biography
arly life and education
Schubert was born in Himmelpfortgrund (now a part of Alsergrund),Vienna on January 31,1797.His father,Franz Theodor Schubert,the son of a Moravian peasant,was a parish schoolmaster; his mother,Elisabeth Vietz,was the daughter of a Silesian master locksmith,and had also been a housemaid for a Viennese family prior to her marriage.Of Franz Theodor's fourteen children (one illegitimate child was born in 1783),nine died in infancy; five survived.Their father was a well-known teacher,and his school in Lichtental,a part of Vienna's 9th district,was well attended.He was not a musician of fame or with formal training,but he taught his son some elements of music.
At the age of five,Schubert began receiving regular instruction from his father and a year later was enrolled at his father's school.His formal musical education also began around the same time.His father continued to teach him the basics of the violin,and his brother Ignaz gave him piano lessons.At 7,Schubert began receiving lessons from Michael Holzer,the local church organist and choirmaster.Holzer's lessons seem to have mainly consisted of conversations and expressions of admiration and the boy gained more from his acquaintance with a friendly joiner's apprentice who used to take him to a neighboring pianoforte warehouse where he had the opportunity to practice on better instruments.He also played the viola in the family string quartet,with brothers Ferdinand and Ignaz on violin and his father on the cello.Schubert wrote many of his early string quartets for this ensemble.
Schubert first came to the attention of Antonio Salieri,then Vienna's leading musical authority,in 1804,when his vocal talent was recognized.In October 1808,he became a pupil at the Stadtkonvikt (Imperial seminary) through a choir scholarship.At the Stadtkonvikt,Schubert was introduced to the overtures and symphonies of Mozart.His exposure to these pieces and various lighter compositions,combined with his occasional visits to the opera set the foundation for his greater musical knowledge.One important musical influence came from the songs of Johann Rudolf Zumsteeg,who was an important Lied composer of the time,which,his friend Joseph von Spaun reported,he "wanted to modernize".Schubert's friendship with Spaun began at the Stadtkonvikt and endured through his lifetime.In those early days,the more well-to-do Spaun furnished the impoverished Schubert with manuscript paper.
Meanwhile,his genius began to show in his compositions.Schubert was occasionally permitted to lead the Stadtkonvikt's orchestra,and Salieri decided to begin training him privately in musical composition and theory in these years.It was the first germ of that amateur orchestra for which,in later years,many of his compositions were written.During the remainder of his stay at the Stadtkonvikt he wrote a good deal of chamber music,several songs,some miscellaneous pieces for the pianoforte and,among his more ambitious efforts,a Kyrie (D.31) and Salve Regina (D.27),an octet for wind instruments (D.72/72a,said to commemorate the 1812 death of his mother),a cantata for guitar and male voices (D.110,in honor of his father's birthday in 1813),and his first symphony (D.82).