The semantic scales market study

What are the causes of semantic change?
Please use English to explain~Thx~

英语翻译
求翻译
Web Evolution:From Web to Semantic Web
The original aim of Web is to share documents across a heterogeneous,distributed,
global computer network,and it deed.Two simple web standards一Hyper Text Markup
Language (HTML),which defines predefined tags for marking up documents for
rendering on display devices; and Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP) for
transporting HTML documents over the Internet,contribute a lot to this success.
Currently,there are around one billion documents in the WWW,which are used by
more than 300 million users internationally.And that number is growing fast.Since the
information is mainly presented by natural language,pictures,and so on,pages on the
web only present information to human readers.Computers are used exclusively as
devices that post and render information,but that have no access and operability to
the actual content.Thus,they can only offer limited support in accessing and
processing this information.As a result,human users bear the main burden,not only
of accessing and processing information,but also of extracting and interpreting it,
which generates serious obstacles to Web's further growth.
Thus,a new mechanism is required to make the web content integrated and
interoperated on the semantic layer,so that computers can not only read and write the
data,but also can understand and identify the data meaning.Under this new paradigm,
the Web opens up a world of new features.It calls for semantically marking up the
information on the Web; and thus semantically searching and discovering.
Semantic Web,envisioned by Tim Berners-Lee,who envisioned the concept of Web
too,is aimed to provide automated information access based on
machine-understandable semantics of data and heuristics that use these metadata [3].
The goal of the semantic web is to have data on the web defined and linked in a way
that it can be used in machines not just for display purpose,but for automation,
integration and reuse of data across various applications.In the February of 2001,
W3C officially setup the semantic web activity group to provide a leadership role in
defining and developing the semantic Web [9].In the same year of May,Berners-Lee,
Jim Hendler and Ora Lassila summarized in a Scientific American article,“The
Semantic Web is an extension of the current Web in which information is givenwell-defined meaning,better enabling computers and people
cooperation."[8] It indicated that the semantic web has been introduced
industry.
to work in
into the public

彼得纽马克的翻译理论翻译
他的翻译理论中
Communicative translation, semantic translation ,literal translation ,interlinear of translation分别是什么,帮我翻译把这四个名词翻译成中文吧,谢谢拉!

英语翻译
The semantic roles of them can be classified into six kinds both in English and in Chinese:space,process,time,respect,contingency,and modality.
这句话是语言学方面的.主要是process,respect,contingency,modality的翻译.

英语语言学的题
Tell the semantic relation within the given sentence and that between the two sentences.
1.My uncle is male.
2.The spinster is married.
3.Jim is an orphan.Jim lives with his parents.
4.Sam is the husband of Sally.Sally is the wife of Sam.
5.He has gone to London.He has gone to England.