虚拟语气

be动词后接形容词或名词都行；must have been意思是“（（过去）肯定（已经）是……”，后面接形容词或名词都行。表示对过去的状态的判断。The city one time must have been prosperous, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization. 这座古城肯定一度很繁荣，因为它曾享有高度的文明。Your bravery must have been the reason why Odin requires you at Valhalla. 你的勇敢一定是奥丁让你去尔哈拉殿堂的原因。must have done不是虚拟语气，表示“肯定已经做……”He must have finished the work.他肯定已经完成工作了。

if only 放句首是不用倒装,但要用虚拟语气 对现在事情的虚拟用 一般过去时态 对过去事情的虚拟用 过去完成时态 对将来事情的虚拟用 could/ would/ should/might +do only if 不用虚拟语气 only 放句首时限制if 引导的条件状语从句,主句采用半倒装

if: 从句谓语动词 主句谓语动词与现在事实相反 过去式（be动词用were） Would/could/might/should+do与过去事实相反 Had done Would/could/might/should+have done与将来事实相反 ①过去式 Would/could/might/should+do ②Were to do ③ Should do only if:(要是——就好了)对现在·将来虚拟：过去式对过去虚拟：过去完成时as if 从句用虚拟语气 当说话人认为句子所述的是不真实的或极少有可能发生或存在的情况时。从句虚拟语气动词时态的形式如下： （1）如果从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时。 （2）从句表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用“had＋过去分词”。（3）从句表示与将来事实相反，谓语动词用“would／could／might＋动

only if表示只有；if only则表示如果……就好了。If only也可用于陈述语气。例句：　I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。 　　If only the alarm clock had rung.　　　当时闹钟响了，就好了。 　　If only he comes early.　　　　　　　但愿他早点回来。

你提出来的是同一论题的不同的方面，下面分两方面作答:一、含蓄条件句:所谓含蓄条件句就是利用语境不直接说出条件的句子。这种句子可以分为两类:一种是广义的含蓄条件句，另一种是狭义的含蓄条件句。1.广义含蓄指的是不用连词if或unless介绍条件，而是改用其他方式。事实上这些表达方式也是同样是条件状语。(1)用介词引入条件:*butfor(如不是,如没有):注意，凡是出现这个复合介词的句子，必须要用虚拟语气，如:Wewouldhavehadapleasantjourneybutfortherain.(=Wewouldhavehadapleasantjourneyifithadn"trained.)*without/with(在不具备/具备…的条件下),如:Withouthishelp,Icouldnothavedoneitwell.(=Ifhehadn"thelpedme,Icouldnothavedoneitwell.)Withfavorablewinds,wemighthavegotthereintowdays.(=Ifthereshouldbefavorablewinds,wemighthavegotthereintowdays.)*under(在…条件下)Wecouldhavedonebetterundermorefavorableconditions.(=Wecouldhavedonebetterifweweretobeundermorefavorableconditions.)(2)分词短语充当条件(分词短语本身就具有充当条件状语的功能)，如:Givenacertainoppertunity,hecouldhaveshownmoretalent.(=Ifhehadebeengivenacertainoppertunity,hecouldhaveshownmoretalent.)(3)表示不具备条件的连词连词:but,butthat,or或otherwise不定式短语Theywouldhaveresistedbutthattheylackedcourage.(=Theywouldhaveresistediftheyhadn"tlackedcourage.要不是缺乏勇气她们会抵抗的.)诸如此类，不一而足。2.狭义含蓄指的是不用任何语言方式显示条件，而是把条件隐藏在具体的原环境中，(1)用上下文暗示条件，如:Iwassobusythen,otherwise,Iwouldhavefinishedit.(IfIhadn"tbeenbusythen,Iwouldhavefinishedit.)Itrainedyesterday,orIwouldhavegonecamping.(IfIthadn"trainedyesterday,Iwouldhavegonecamping.)(2)用委婉语气暗示条件，如:Wouldyoumindopeningthewindow?(=WouldmindifIopendthewindow.)Couldyoudomeafavourtopassmethebook?(=Youwoulddomeafavourifyoushouldpassmethebook.)(3)用表示愿望的语气暗示条件，如:LonglivetheChairmanMao!(=IfChairmanMaoshouldlivelong.)(4)用其他语言环境暗示条件，如:Thatwouldbefine.(=省略了Ifyoushoulddoit.)Youmightsatyhereforever.(=省略了Ifyouwantedto.)Iwouldnothavedoneit.(=省略了IfIwereyou.)二、含蓄条件句的虚拟时间含蓄条件句是一种不出现条件从句的句子，也就是说它只是单独的一个主句形式，因此谓语动词就是主句所要求的形式.1.表示对过去的虚拟:情态动词would/could/should/oughtto+havedone2.表示对现在或将来的虚拟:情态动词would/could/should/oughtto+do

首先这是一道虚拟语气题，be growing表状态，故选B

suggest(建议）suggest 表示建议的意思时,它的宾语从句,suggestion that后面的同位语从句,要用should +动词原形的结构,require（要求）,that.,requirement that...（should +动词原形）insist（坚持 认为某事应该怎...

你就理解成说话人的假设好了。比如if i were you ，如果我是你的话，（可是事实上我不可能是你）if i could fly ，如果我能飞（可是我不能飞实际上）所以都不是真的，叫做虚拟语气。

虚拟语气常在表示条件和结果的状语从句中。在表示与事实相反的虚拟语气时动词有三种时[虚拟语气]虚拟语气态：现在时，过去时，将来时。 在条件句中的应用：条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。 在什么情况下用虚拟语气 在表示虚假的、与事实相反的或难以实现的情况时，用虚拟语气，表示主观愿望或表示某种强烈情感时，也用虚拟语气。虚拟语气在非真实条件状语从句中的用法1、真实条件状语从句与非真实条件状语从句 eg . If he doesn"t hurry up, he will miss the bus. 如果他不快点，他将错过巴士。( 真实条件状语)（不是虚拟语气） If he was free, he would ask me to tell stories. 如果他是空闲的，他会要求我讲故事。（真实条件状语）（不是虚拟语气） If I were you, I would go at once.如果我是你，我马上就会去。 （非真实条件状语从句） If there were no air, people would die. 如果没有空气，人就会死亡。（非真实条件状语从句）2、在非真实条件状语从句中的用法及动词形式 ① 表示与现在事实相反的情况： 主语+should/would/could/might+do+其他 if+主语+did/be(were)+其他 例： 1.If I were you, I would take an umbrella.如果我是你，我会带把伞。（事实：我不可能是你） 2.If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you. 如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。（事实：不知道） 3.If there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the earth. 如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。(事实：地球上既有空气也有水) 4.If I had any money with me, I could lend you some. 如果我带钱了，我就会借给你些。（事实：没带钱） 5.If he studied harder, he might pass the exam.如果他再努力些，就能通过考试了。（事实：学习不用功）2、表示与过去事实相反的情况 主语+should/would/could/might+have done+其他+ if+主语+had done +其他 例： 1. If I had got there earlier, I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。（事实：去晚了） 2.If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实：没有听我的话）3、表示对将来情况的主观推测 （可能相反或可能性很小） 主语+should/would/could/might+do+其他 if+主语+did/should/were to do+其他 例： 1.If he should come here tomorrow, I should/would talk to him. 如果他哪天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。 （事实：来的可能性很小） 2.If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating. 如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了。（事实：不知能否下雪） 3.If she were to be there next Monday, I would tell her about the matter. 如果她下周一来这儿的话，我就会告诉她这件事的始末。 在表示建议、命令、要求等含义的宾语从句，谓语动词常用虚拟语气，"should＋动词原形"构成，should 可省略。虚拟语气的其他用法①、虚拟语气用在wish 后的宾语从句 a、表示与现在事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用过去式 eg. I wish I had your brains.我希望我有你那样的头脑。(事实：我根本比不上你) b、表示过去事实相反的愿望，谓语动词：had+done(动词过去分词） eg:.I wish I had known the truth of the matter.我希望我原来知道这件事的真相。（事实：原来不知道） c、表示将来难以实现的愿望 谓语动词：should/would + 动词原形 eg. I wish I should have a chance again.我希望我还能有一次这样的机会。（事实：很难再有这样的机会了） (注：if only和even if也有相同用法）② 虚拟语气用在 一想要(desire)一宁愿(prefer)二命令(order. command) 三建议(advise. suggest. propose) 五要求(demand. require. request. desire.insist)中，无论主句谓语动词为何种时态，从句的谓语动词都用：“should + 动词原形”或只用“动词原形”。 如 He suggested that we (should) take the teacher"s advice He insisted that we (should) take the teacher"s advice He demand that we (should) take the teacher"s advice He ordered that we (should) take the teacher"s advice 注：insist如果翻译成坚持某种动作才用虚拟语气翻译成坚持某种观点就不用虚拟语气。 如：He insist he is a student. 他坚持说他是个学生。 这个语句表示的是事实，因此在这个语句中不能使用虚拟语气。 suggest意为“建议”才用虚拟语气，意为“暗示”则不用虚拟语气。 如： His face suggests that he looks worried .他的表情暗含着他很担心。 这个句子本身是事实，因此它就没有用到虚拟语气。 ③表情绪.观点的形容词或名词也要用虚拟语气.如:necessary. important. impossible. natural. strange. surprising. funny. right. wrong. better. a pity等。 句型：It is.......that 结构后的主语从句，从句的谓语动词都要用 should+原型 或只用动词原型。 ④虚拟语气在方式状语从句的应用。详百度百科之方式状语从句词条。

一.概念: 动词虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望, 假设, 猜测, 建议, 请求, 意图, 设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况, 或者在说话人看来实现可能性很小的情况, 而不表示客观存在的现实x0dx0ax0dx0a二.虚拟语气的表现形式: 通过句中谓语动词的特殊形式来表现. 这些特殊形式与谓语动词的某些时态相同, 但它们只表示语气, 而不表示时态, 但含有一定的时间概念x0dx0ax0dx0a虚拟语气的用法x0dx0ax0dx0a一.虚拟语气在简单句中的用法: 谓语动词用原形或may +动词原形x0dx0ax0dx0a1.表示祝愿x0dx0ax0dx0aa. Long live our country.x0dx0ax0dx0ab. May you succeed.x0dx0ax0dx0ac. May you be happy all your life.x0dx0ax0dx0a2.表示命令x0dx0ax0dx0aa. Everybody leave the room.x0dx0ax0dx0a二.虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的用法: (使用虚拟语气的含条件句的复合句称为真实条件句)x0dx0ax0dx0a1.表示与现在事实相反的情况时, if从句的谓语用动词的过去式 (be动词的过去式多用were, 而不用was), 主句的谓语用should / would / could / might +动词原形 (should多用于第一人称, would多用于二三人称, could / might可用于所有人称)x0dx0ax0dx0aa. If I had more time, I should study computer better.x0dx0ax0dx0ab. If he were not so busy, she would attend the meeting this afternoon.x0dx0ax0dx0ac. If they didn"t take exercises every day, they wouldn"t be so healthy.x0dx0ax0dx0ad. If you went to bed earlier, you would not be so sleepy in the morning.x0dx0ax0dx0ae. If she invited me, I should go to the party.x0dx0ax0dx0a2.表示与过去事实相反的情况时, if从句的谓语用had done形式, 主句的谓语用should / would / could / might + have done的形式x0dx0ax0dx0aa. If she had invited me yesterday, I should have gone to the party.x0dx0ax0dx0ab. I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time at yesterday"s exam.x0dx0ax0dx0ac. If you had taken the teacher"s advice, you would not have failed in the exam.x0dx0ax0dx0a3.表示与将来事实相反的情况时, if从句的谓语形式是: ①.完全动词过去式 (be的过去式通常用were); ②.should +动词原形; ③.were to do. 其中②, ③种情况都含有出乎意料之外之意; 主句的谓语的形式是: should / would / could / might +动词原形x0dx0ax0dx0aa. If she should invite me tomorrow, I should go to the party.x0dx0ax0dx0ab. If it rained / should rain / were to rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.x0dx0ax0dx0ac. If I saw him tomorrow, I would pass your note to him.x0dx0ax0dx0ad. I might come back if I were to miss the train.x0dx0ax0dx0a三.虚拟语气在非真实条件句中用法的几个变体:x0dx0ax0dx0a1.条件从句省略if: 在书面语中, 如果条件从句中的谓语中有were, had, should等词, 可将if省略, 而把were, had, should放在句首x0dx0ax0dx0aa. Were I you (=If I were you ), I would get up early very early.x0dx0ax0dx0ab. Had you arrived (=If you had arrived ) at the station ten minutes earlier yesterday, you could have caught the train.x0dx0ax0dx0a2.省略条件从句或主句, 省略部分的含义仍有所体现. 省略主句时, 表示己不能实现的愿望x0dx0ax0dx0aa. You could have done it yourself (if you had wanted to).x0dx0ax0dx0ab. I wouldn"t smoke (if I were you).x0dx0ax0dx0ac. If my old friends were with me! (要是老朋友和我在一起该多好啊)x0dx0ax0dx0ad. If you could have seen the wonderful film!x0dx0ax0dx0a3.主从句时间不一致时, 主从句谓语动词的形式取决于要表示的具体时间x0dx0ax0dx0aa. You would speak English well if you had practised speaking it every day.x0dx0ax0dx0ab. If she hadn"t trained so hard, she wouldn"t be able to run so fast.x0dx0ax0dx0a4.假设的条件不以条件从句, 而以其他方式如介词短语、从句等表达出来, 这种句子称为含蓄条件句x0dx0ax0dx0aa. What would you do with a million dollars?x0dx0ax0dx0ab. Without music, the world would be a dull place.x0dx0ax0dx0ac. We could have done better with more money.x0dx0ax0dx0ad. He would have given you more help, but he has been so busy.x0dx0ax0dx0a四.虚拟语气在as if / though从句中的用法:x0dx0ax0dx0a1.表示与现在事实相反或对相在情况有所怀疑, as if / though从句谓语用过去式x0dx0ax0dx0aa. He speaks English so well as if she had studied English in England.x0dx0ax0dx0ab. She looked as if she were ill.x0dx0ax0dx0a2.表示与过去事实相反的情况, as if / though从句谓语用过去完成式x0dx0ax0dx0aa. The machines operated as if it had been repaired.x0dx0ax0dx0a五.虚拟语气在含even if / though从句的复合句中的用法:x0dx0ax0dx0a在此类复合句中, 若表示与事实相反, 可用虚拟语气形式. 主从句的谓语动词形式与非真实条件句相同x0dx0ax0dx0aa. Even if I were rich, I would work.x0dx0ax0dx0a六.虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法:x0dx0ax0dx0a如果表示说话人的看法, 想法或意见, 在句型 It is / was + adj. + that从句中, 主语从句中可用虚拟语气. 主语从句中谓语动词用should do表示现在或将来情况, 用should have done表示过去情况x0dx0ax0dx0aa. It is necessary that you should clean the lab before you left.x0dx0ax0dx0ab. It is important that you should take the doctor"s advice.x0dx0ax0dx0ac. It was very strange that he should have left without say goodbye.x0dx0ax0dx0a七.虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法:x0dx0ax0dx0a1.在wish的宾语从句中, 通常表示不可能实现或没有实现的愿望, 常用虚拟语气x0dx0ax0dx0a①.wish的宾语从句用过去式, 表示现在或将来没有实现或不可能实现的愿望x0dx0ax0dx0aa. I wish I knew the result of the match now.x0dx0ax0dx0ab. I wish it were spring here all the year round.x0dx0ax0dx0ac. I wish I could help you.x0dx0ax0dx0ad. I wish I were young.x0dx0ax0dx0a②.wish的宾语从句用过去完成式, 表示过去没有实现或不可能实现的愿望x0dx0ax0dx0aa. We wish we had got the film tickets last night.x0dx0ax0dx0ab. I wish you I had met him yesterday.x0dx0ax0dx0a③.wish的宾语从句若用would, 则一般表示请求, 对现状不满或希望未来有所改变x0dx0ax0dx0aa. I wish the prices would come down.x0dx0ax0dx0ab. I wish you would help me.x0dx0ax0dx0ac. I wish he would be more careful.x0dx0ax0dx0ad. We wish you would spend the holiday with us.x0dx0ax0dx0a2.在动词suggest (建议), advise (建议), demand (要求), require (要求), order (命令), insist (坚持)后的宾语从句中, 谓语动词常用( should )+动词原形的虚拟语气形式x0dx0ax0dx0aa. I suggested that we should go there at once.x0dx0ax0dx0ab. I demand that he should answer me at once.x0dx0ax0dx0ac. The doctor insisted that the patient should stay in bed for two weeks.x0dx0ax0dx0ad. The officer ordered that the soldiers should stop playing.x0dx0ax0dx0a与名词suggestion建议 / advice 建议 / demand要求 / request要求 / order命令有关的从句(包括同位语从句和表语从句等)中的谓语也用 ( should ) +动词原形x0dx0ax0dx0aa. The black people made a strong demand that the government ( should ) take steps to change the unfair situation.x0dx0ax0dx0ab. Their demand is that the government should take steps to change the unfair situation.x0dx0ax0dx0ac. I was Bill"s suggestion that everybody should have a map.x0dx0ax0dx0ad. His suggestion was that everybody should have a map.x0dx0ax0dx0a八.虚拟语气用在句型: It is time that(该做某事了)中: that从句中的谓语动词用过去式x0dx0ax0dx0aa. It is time we got up.x0dx0ax0dx0a九.虚拟语气用在if only引导的感叹句中: 表示但愿, 要是就好了, 其中谓语形式与wish的宾语从句相同x0dx0ax0dx0aa. If only he didn"t drive so fast! ( =I wish he didn"t drive so fast.)x0dx0ax0dx0ab. If only he had taken the doctor"s advice. ( =I wish he had taken the doctor"s advice.)x0dx0ax0dx0ac. If only the rain would stop! ( =I wish the rain would stop.)x0dx0ax0dx0a十.虚拟语气用在would rather / prefer后的that从句中: 表示现在或将来情况谓语动词用过去时形式, 表示过去情况动词用过去完成时形式x0dx0ax0dx0aa. I would rather he came next Saturday.x0dx0ax0dx0ab. I would prefer you had seen the film yesterday.x0dx0ax0dx0ac. I would rather that he painted the house blue

选D省略了should,完整形式为 should be elected.

主语从句。it是形式主语

vt. 1.以为;假定为;(想当然地)认为[+(that)][O2][O8][O9] I assumed that he had gone for a stroll. 我想他去散步了. 2.承担;就任;取得 The prince assumed power when he was only fifteen. 王子在十五岁时就掌权了. 3.呈现;采取;采用 His illness assumed a very grave character. 他的病显得非常的严重. 4.把...视为己有,僭取,夺取 5.装出,假装 He assumed a look of surprise. 他装出吃惊的神色.

、虚拟条件句的三种基本类型：与现在事实相反、与过去事实相反、与将来事实相反。 条件句有真实条件句和非真实(虚拟)条件句两种。真实条件句所表示的假设是有可能发生的，而非真实条件句则通常表示一种假想，与事实相反或不大可能会发生： If I have time, I will go with them. 假若我有时间，我就同他们去。(陈述语气) If I were you, I would go with them. 假若我是你，我就同他们去。(虚拟语气) ▲ 与现在事实相反 若与现在事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”： If I knew her number ，I could ring her up. 要是我知道她的电话号码，我就可以给她打电话了。(可惜我不知道) ▲与过去事实相反 若与过去事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去完成时(had+过去分词)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+have+过去分词”： If I"d left sooner，I"d have been on time. 要是我早点动身，我就准时到了。(但我动身太迟了) ▲与将来事实相反 若与将来事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”： If I asked him，I"m sure he"d help us. 如果我向他提出要求，肯定他会帮助我们。(不过我不打算这样做) 注：几点特别说明 ① 主句谓语中的should主要用于第一人称后。would, might, could的大致区别是：would表示结果，might表示可能性，could表示能力、允许或可能性。比较： If you tried again ，you would succeed. 要是你再试一试，你就会成功的。(would表结果) If you tried again， you might succeed. 要是你再试一试，你可能会成功的。(might表可能) If you tried again ，you could succeed. 要是你再试一试，你就能成功了。(could表能力) ④ 对于与将来事实相反的情形，请注意以下几点：一是这里说的与将来事实相反，实为对将来情况的推测；二是此用法中的条件从句谓语除用过去式外，有时也用“should+动词原形”(表示可能性极小，常译为“万一”)或“were to+动词原形”(表示与将来事实相反的假设)；三是当条件从句使用“should+动词原形”这样的谓语时，主句谓语除可用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气外，也可用直陈语气或祈使语气： If it should rain tomorrow, don"t expect me. 万一明天下雨，就不要等我了。（祈使语气） If I should see him, I"ll tell him. 万一我见到他，我就告诉他。（直陈语气） 2、错综时间虚拟条件句 所谓错综时间虚拟条件句即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致，如从句指过去，而主句即指的是现在或将来，此时应根据具体的语境情况，结合上面提到的三种基本类型对时态作相应的调整： If it had rained last night, the ground would be wet now. 要是昨晚下过雨的话，现在地面就会是湿的。 You would be much better now if you had taken my advice. 假若你当时听我的话，你现在就会好多了。 3、两个常考虚拟语气句型 ▲ 句型介绍 这两个句型是If it weren"t for…和If it hadn"t been for…，这是两个很常用的虚拟语气句型，也经常受到命题人的青睐，其意为“若不是(有)”“要不是有”。如： If it weren"t for water, no plant could grow. 要是没有水植物就无法生长。 If it hadn"t been for your assistance ，we wouldn"t have succeeded. =But for your assistance ，we wouldn"t have succeeded. =Without your assistance ，we wouldn"t have succeeded. 5、wish后宾语从句用虚拟语气 ▲ 用法说明 动词wish后接宾语从句时，从句谓语要用虚拟语气。若要表示与现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时；若表示与过去相反的愿望，从句谓语用过去完成时或would / could+have +过去分词；若表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，用would (could)＋动词原形。如： 注：特别注意 从句的时态只与从句所指的时间有关，而与wish的时态无关，比较： I wish I were rich. 要是我现在有钱就好了。 I wish I had been rich. 要是那时我有钱就好了。 I wished I were rich. 当时我后悔自己没有钱。 I wished I had been rich. 当时我后悔自己曾经没有钱。 6、if only后的句子用虚拟语气 if only 与 I wish一样，也用于表示与事实相反的愿望，其后所虚拟语气的时态与 wish后所接时态的情况相同： If only she had had more courage! 她再勇敢一些就好了。 If only I had listened to my parents! 我要是当时听了父母的话就好了。 If only she would go with me! 她要是愿意和我一道去就好了! 注：if only 通常独立使用，没有主句。 7、as if (though) 从句用虚拟语气 ▲ 基本用法 以as if (as though)引导的方式状语从句或表语从句，有时用虚拟语气，若表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时；若表示与过去事实相反，用过去完成时；表示将来的可能性不大，用would (might, could)+动词原形： He acts as if he knew me. 他显得认识我似的。 They treat me as though I were a stranger. 他们待我如陌生人。 He talks as if he had been abroad. 他说起话来好像曾经出过国。 注：两点说明 (1) 从句所表示的内容若为事实或可能为事实，也可用陈述语气： It looks as if we"ll be late. 我们似乎要迟到了。 (2) 注意 It isn"t as if…的翻译： It isn"t as if he were poor. 他不像穷的样子(或他又不穷)。 8、It"s time后的从句用虚拟语气 ▲ 基本用法 从句谓语通常用过去式表示现在或将来，有时也用过去进行时或“should+动词原形”(较少见，且should不能省略)，其意为“(早)该干某事了”： It"s time we went [were going, should go]. 我们该走了。 It"s time I was in bed. 我该上床睡了。(不用were) 9、would rather后句子用虚拟语气 在would rather, would sooner, would just as soon 后的that从句中, 句子谓语习惯上要用虚拟语气， 表示”宁愿做什么” ，具体用法为： ▲ 一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望 I"d rather you went tomorrow (now). 我宁愿你明天(现在)去。 ▲ 用过去完成时表过去的愿望 I"d rather you hadn"t said it. 我真希望你没有这样说过。 10、宾语从句用虚拟语气的10种类型 ▲ I wish后的宾语从句 动词wish后接宾语从句时，从句谓语要用虚拟语气。若要表示与现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时；若表示与过去相反的愿望，从句谓语用过去完成时或would / could+have +过去分词；若表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，用would (could)＋动词原形。如： I wish I could be of some use. 我希望我能有什么用处。 We wish he didn"t smoke. 我们希望他不吸烟。 I wish prices would come down. 我希望物价能降下来。 ▲ 表示“坚持”后的宾语从句 主要是指insist的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如： I insisted that he (should) stay. 我坚持要他留下。 注：动词insist后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气，两者的区别是：若谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生，或尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气；若谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生，或已经成为事实，则要用陈述语气。比较： He insisted that I had read his letter. 他坚持说我看过他的信。 He insisted that I should read his letter. 他坚持要我看他的信。 ▲ 表示“命令”后的宾语从句 主要是指order, command的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如： He ordered that it (should) be sent back. 他命令把它送回去。 ▲ 表示“建议”后的宾语从句 主要是指advise, suggest, propose, recommend等的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如： He suggested that we should leave early. 他建议我们早点动身。 注：与动词insist相似，动词suggest后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气，两者的区别也是：若谓语动词所表示的情况尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气，此时suggest通常译为“建议”；若谓语动词所表示的情况为既成事实，则要用陈述语气，此时的suggest通常译为“表明”、“认为”。比较并体会： He suggested that we (should) stay for dinner. 他建议我们留下吃饭。 I suggested that you had a secret understanding with him. 我觉得你与他心照不宣。 ▲ 表示“要求”后的宾语从句 主要是指ask, demand, require, request等后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如： I ask that he leave. 我要求他走开。 He requires that I (should) appear. 他要求我出场。 ▲ 表示“提议”“投票”后的宾语从句 主要是指move, vote等后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如： I move that we accept the proposal. 我提议通过这项提案。 ▲ 表示“敦促”后的宾语从句 主要是指动词urge后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如： He urged that they go to Europe. 他敦促他们到欧洲去。 ▲ 表示“安排”后的宾语从句 主要是指动词arrange后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如： He arranged that I should go abroad. 他安排我去国外。 ▲ 表示“希望”“打算”后的宾语从句 主要是指动词desire, intend后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如： She desires that he do it. 她希望他做此事。 ▲ 表示“指示”后的宾语从句 主要是指动词direct后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如： The general directed that the prisoners should be set free. 将军指示释放那些俘虏。 11、主语从句中的虚拟语气 在It is necessary，important，strange，natural， advisable, anxious, compulsory, crucial, desirable, eager, essential, fitting, imperative(绝对必要), impossible, improper, obligatory, possible, preferable, probable, recommended, urgent, vital etc. ；it is a pity；It is requested/suggested/desired/proposed等结构后的主语从句中要用虚拟语气，即Should+动词原形或只用动词原形。如： ▲ It"s important…类 这一类型主要包括It is (was) important (necessary, desirable, imperative, advisable)that. . .句型。如： It is impossible that he should go home. 他不可能会回家去。 ▲ It"s a pity…类 It is a pity that she should fare so badly. 她竟吃得这么差，真可怜。 ▲ It"s desired…类 这种主语从句还常用在It is (was) desired (suggested, settled, proposed, requested, decided, etc. ) that...句型。如： It is requested that a vote be taken. 建议付诸表决。 12、表语从句、同位语从句中的虚拟语气 在advice, agreement, command, decision, decree, demand, determination, indication, insistence, order, preference, proposal, request, requirement, stipulation ，suggestion， idea，plan，order等名词后的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即should+动词原形或只用动词原形。如： Our suggestion is that you（ should）be the first to go． 我们的建议是你应该第一个去。 13、 在 lest ，for fear that( 以免) , in case (以防)引导的目的状语从句中的虚拟语气 在 lest ，for fear that( 以免) , in case (以防)从句中用should＋动词原形, should 可以省略. She walked quietly lest she (should) wake up her roommates. 她走得很轻以免吵醒她的室友。 为方便记忆，表格对比 使用虚拟语气的主要句型 谓语动词的虚拟形式 例句 表现在的虚拟条件句 从句：用动词过去（be 多用were ） 1. If I were you, I should study English. 2. I would certainly go if I had time. 主句：would/should/could/might+动词原形 表过去的虚拟条件句 从句：had + PP 1. If you had taken my advice, you would not have failed in the test. 2. If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the train. 主句：would/should/could/might +have + PP 表将来的虚拟条件句 从句：①用动词过去②should +V原③（were +to do ） 1. If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off. 2. If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting. 主句：would/should/could/might +have + PP 省略 if 的条件句 从句：用倒装形式，即把were,had等置于句首。(并只限were/ had) 主句：根据虚拟的情况采取与从句相应的形式。 1. Were I in school again(= If I were in school again, I would work harder.) 2. Were it not for the rain, (不能说Weren"t it for the rain, ) I would go swimming. 错综时间条件句（从句与主句所表示时间不一致） 根据从句与主句表示的不同时进行调整。 1.If you had worked hard yesterday, you would be tired now 2. If we hadn"t been working hard in the past few years, things woud be going so smoothly. 含蓄条件句（虚拟条件暗含在短语或上下文之中，从句不表现出来）(常见有but for“要不是” without等) 根据句子表达的实际情况选用相应的虚拟条件句中的主句的动词形式 1.Without air, there would be no living things. 2.I would have given you more help, but I was busy now. 名词性从句中的虚拟语气 wish, “可惜……”“……就好了”，“悔不该……”“但愿……” wish后从句：与表各种时间的虚拟条件句中的从句动词形式基本相同。 具体：1，表与现在不能实现的愿望，从句用“过去时，be 用were” 2.表与过去不能实现的愿望，从句用“had+PP 或 could/would +have +PP“ 3. .表与将来不能实现的愿望，从句用“could/would +动词原形” 1.I wish I were a bird. 2. I wish I had known the answer.. would rather 后的宾语从句 would rather后从句：动词常用过去式 1. I would rather they came tomorrow demand, insist,suggest, command, order, require, request, desire等一类动词后的宾语从句 （suggest表“暗示、隐含等”insist表“强调，力言等”不用虚拟语气。） 从句谓语用“should+动词原形”，should可省。 1. I suggest you (should)go at once. 2. He suggested that he patient"s leg should be cut and this suggested that he was not good at the case.(注意两个suggest的准确翻译) “It is (was)+上述demand/suggest等动词过去分词（或important,natural,strange ,necessary等形容词）”后的主语从句 从句谓语用“should+动词原形”，should可省。 1. It ordered that the army (should) get there by 4 a.m. 2. It is necessary that she (should) be sent there at once. order,suggestion,idea,plan, proposal, advice, demand等名词后的表语从句或同位语从句 从句谓语用“should+动词原形”，should可省。 His demand is that we (should )finish the work in 3 hours. 特殊形式的虚拟语气 as if 引导的从句（表示非真实时）但表真实时，不用虚拟语气。 与虚拟语气条件中从句动词形式基本相同。 1.Tom speaks as if he were a girl. 2.He looks as if he had been to Beijing. so that, in order that引导的目的状语从句 May/might/should +V原 I live so that others may live better. It is (the very/high)time that后的定语从句 从句谓语动词常用过去式，有时也可用should+动词原形 It is (high)time that we went (should go) to bed. It is time that I were leaving. 省去主句的If only(要是……就好了)虚拟条件句 与wish后的宾语从句谓语形式相同。 If only I hadn"t lost the chance! (= I wish I hadn"t lost the chance) 某些表祝愿的句子 常用原形或“May+动词原形” Long live world peace! May you be happy1 表委婉客气的是常语句 情态动词的过去式+动词原形 Could I borrow your bike? Would you please give me a hand? 虚拟语气的用法 虚拟语气表示一种假设的情况，或一种主观的愿望，即动词所表示的动作或状态并非事实，或不可能实现。英语虚拟语气的形式有下列几种： 一、与现在事实相反 连接词 条件从句 结果从句 If 1.动词过去式(或were) 2.助动词（过去式）+动词原形 Should Would +动词原形 could might If had the time, John would make a trip to China to see the Great Wall. If I were you, I would give up drinking immediately. 二.与将来事实相反 连接词 条件从句 结果从句 If 1. should+动词原形 2. 动词过去式 3、were to+动词原形 Should Would +动词原形 could might If you should lose, what would you do? If I were to see her tomorrow, I would tell her thetruth. If you went there next time, you would see what I mean. 三、与过去事实相反 连接词 条件从句 结果从句 If had+过去分词 Should Would + have+过去分词 could might If I"d dnown that it was going to rain, I would never have gone for a walk in the country. 四、虚拟语气的几种特殊用法 省掉if的条件从句结构： Had you asked me, I would have told you. (=If you had asked me,…) 2.有时虚拟条件不用条件从句而用不定式、分词、介词、名词、连接词或定语从句来表示，如： A true friend would not do such a thing. (=If he were a true friend, he...) (=If there were no water,…) (=If you hadn"t helped me,…) 3. 有时条件从句中的动作和结果从句中的动作发生的时间不一致，如： If he had followed the doctor"s advice, he would be quite all right now. If I were you, I would have gone home. 五、虚拟语气的其他用法 1、Suggest, advise 等动词之后宾语从句须用虚拟语气，其句子结构如下： suggest, advise, recommend, demand, require, insist, urge, request, order, +that…(should )+动词原形 devide, ask, move, propose等 注意：在此结构中that不可省略；should省不省均可。 He suggested that they (should ) stop smoking. 上述动词的名词形式出现时，that 引导的从句仍用虚拟语气。 He made a request that they (should ) stop smoking. 如果that 引导的从句所表达的内容是事实，也可用陈述语气。 He insists that he is right. 2、It is (was )+necessary, a pity 等+that引导的从句须用虚拟语气，其句子结构如下： imperative, advisable, 动词完成式 It is (was) + important,natural, necessary, +that…(should) + essential, strange,等 动词原形 It is important that you (should) follow the doctor"s orders. It is right that you should have done your homework. 3、wish的用法 动词过去式或were—与现在事实相反 主语+wish(that)+主语 + 动词过去完成式—与过去事实相反 助动词过去试+动词原形—与将来事实相反 I wish I were a pop singer. (=I am sorry I am not a pop singer..) I wish I had never stopped teaching. (=I am sorry I stopped teaching.) I wish they"d let us get some sleep. 注意：wish与hope接宾语从句的区别在于：hope表示一般可以实现的希望，宾语从句用陈述语气。wish表示很难或不大可能实现的希望,宾语从句用虚拟语气。试比较： （1） We hope they will come,(We don"t know if they can come.) （2） We wish they could come,(We know they are not coming.) 4、as if, as though, would(had) rather(that)引导的从句须用虚拟语气，如： He acts as if nothing had happened. I would rather you didn"t tell him. 5、It"s (high) time that…+动词过去式或should+动词原形，如： It"s time (that) you had a hair cut. It"s high time (that) we took some action.

should have done 是翻译为本该做某事 而没做 would have filled 没有这个意思 1 Like the rules governing the use of shall and will on which they are based, the traditional rules governing the use of should and would are largely ignored in modern American practice. Either should or would can now be used in the first person to express conditional futurity: 就象作为shall 和 will 词的基础的限用的用法规则一样, 适用于should 和 would 这个词的传统使用规则在现代美国英语中也已被忽略了. 现在should 或 would 这两个词中的任何一个都可以用于第一人称,表示条件式中的将来： If I had known that, I would (or somewhat more formally, should ) have answered differently. 如果已经知道了这个情况的话,我就（或正规一点用 should ） 不会那么回答了 , 2 But in the second and third persons only would is used: 但在第二人称或第三人称中只用would ： If he had known that, he would (not should ) have answered differently. 如果他知道那个情况的话,就（不能用 should ） 不会那么回答了. 3 Wouldcannot always be substituted for should, however. Should is used in all three persons in a conditional clause: 但是Would并不是总是能由 should 代替. Should 在三种人称的条件从句中都可以用： if I (or you or he ) should decide to go. 如果我（或 你 或 他 ） 决定要去. 4 Should is also used in all three persons to express duty or obligation (the equivalent of ought to ): Should用于这三种人称的表示职责和义务的句子中（相当于 ought to ）： I (or you or he ) should go. 我（或者 你 或者 他 ） 应该去 . 5 On the other hand, would is used to express volition or promise: 另一方面,would 用来表达决心或保证： I agreed that I would do it. 我一定会做的. 6 Either would or should is possible as an auxiliary with like, be inclined, be glad, prefer, and related verbs: 而would 或 should 都可以作助词和 like,be inclined, be glad,prefer 及其相关词语一起使用： I would (or should ) like to call your attention to an oversight. 我想（或 should ） 请你注意一下一个疏漏之处 . 7 Here would was acceptable on all levels to a large majority of the Usage Panel in an earlier survey and is more mon in American usage than should. · Should have is sometimes incorrectly written should of by writers who have mistaken the source of the spoken contraction should"ve. See Usage Note at if, rather, shall 在此处,在一次早期的调查中对大多数各阶层的使用者来说,would 是可以接受的, 且在美国用法中比should 更为常见. 有时书写者把should have 误拼成 should of , 因为他们把口头缩略形式should"ve的来源给弄错了

1.宁愿；宁可2.从句(从句的谓语动词用虚拟语气,即谓语动词用过去式)would rather＋从句(从句的谓语动词用虚拟语气,即谓语动词用过去式) 3.句子（虚拟语气，句子谓语用一般过去时）would rather+句子（虚拟语气，句子谓语用一般过去时）

1.C,原因如3楼。2.B，其属于同位语从句虚拟语气，其形式为：（should）+动词原形，如此名词还有：resolution,pary,decision,suggestion等。3.就是个ITIS句型，没见过这种虚拟语气，认为，A,B都可以，3楼看错conceit为deceive，本句意思：很可惜/遗憾她很自负。4，C，原因如3楼。5，C，原因如3楼。6，D，wouldrather/sooner+主语+谓语动词过去式表现在或将来的情况。7.BC，ifonly引起感叹句中，要求用虚拟语气，表示愿望，用过去时或“would/could+动词原形”表示与现在或未来事实相反的愿望，用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的愿望。