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歌曲名:River Deep, Mountain High歌手:Long John Baldry专辑:Let The Heartaches BeginTina Turner - River Deep Mountain HighWhen I was a little girl, I had a rag dollOnly doll I"ve ever ownedNow I love you just the way I loved that rag dollOnly now my love has grownIt gets stronger in every wayIt gets deeper, let me sayIt gets higher day by dayDo I love you my, oh, my?As river deep, mountain high, yeah, yeahIf I lost you would I cry?Oh, how I love you baby, baby, baby, baby?Oh, when you were a young boy, did you have a puppy?Always followed you aroundWell, I"m gonna be as faithful as that puppyNo, I"ll never let you downIt goes on and on like a river flowsAnd it gets bigger baby, and Heaven knowsIt gets sweeter baby, as it growsDo I love you my, oh, my?Like river deep, mountain high, yeah, yeahIf I lost you would I cry?Oh, how I love you baby, baby, baby, baby?I love you baby, like a flower loves the springAnd I love you honey, oh, like a robin loves to singOh, I love you babe, like a schoolboy loves his bagAnd I love you honey, river deep, mountain highDo I love you my, oh, my?I said, as river deep, mountain high, yeah, yeahIf I lost you, would I cry?Oh, how I love you baby, baby, baby, baby?http://music.baidu.com/song/7566338

歌曲名:River Deep - Mountain High (Digital Remaster)歌手:Ike And Tina Turner专辑:The Collected Recordings: Sixties To NinetiesTina Turner - River Deep Mountain HighWhen I was a little girl, I had a rag dollOnly doll I"ve ever ownedNow I love you just the way I loved that rag dollOnly now my love has grownIt gets stronger in every wayIt gets deeper, let me sayIt gets higher day by dayDo I love you my, oh, my?As river deep, mountain high, yeah, yeahIf I lost you would I cry?Oh, how I love you baby, baby, baby, baby?Oh, when you were a young boy, did you have a puppy?Always followed you aroundWell, I"m gonna be as faithful as that puppyNo, I"ll never let you downIt goes on and on like a river flowsAnd it gets bigger baby, and Heaven knowsIt gets sweeter baby, as it growsDo I love you my, oh, my?Like river deep, mountain high, yeah, yeahIf I lost you would I cry?Oh, how I love you baby, baby, baby, baby?I love you baby, like a flower loves the springAnd I love you honey, oh, like a robin loves to singOh, I love you babe, like a schoolboy loves his bagAnd I love you honey, river deep, mountain highDo I love you my, oh, my?I said, as river deep, mountain high, yeah, yeahIf I lost you, would I cry?Oh, how I love you baby, baby, baby, baby?http://music.baidu.com/song/2653979

歌曲名:River Deep, Mountain High歌手:Ike & Tina Turner专辑:Wall Of Sound: The Very Best Of Phil Spector 1961-1966Tina Turner - River Deep Mountain HighWhen I was a little girl, I had a rag dollOnly doll I"ve ever ownedNow I love you just the way I loved that rag dollOnly now my love has grownIt gets stronger in every wayIt gets deeper, let me sayIt gets higher day by dayDo I love you my, oh, my?As river deep, mountain high, yeah, yeahIf I lost you would I cry?Oh, how I love you baby, baby, baby, baby?Oh, when you were a young boy, did you have a puppy?Always followed you aroundWell, I"m gonna be as faithful as that puppyNo, I"ll never let you downIt goes on and on like a river flowsAnd it gets bigger baby, and Heaven knowsIt gets sweeter baby, as it growsDo I love you my, oh, my?Like river deep, mountain high, yeah, yeahIf I lost you would I cry?Oh, how I love you baby, baby, baby, baby?I love you baby, like a flower loves the springAnd I love you honey, oh, like a robin loves to singOh, I love you babe, like a schoolboy loves his bagAnd I love you honey, river deep, mountain highDo I love you my, oh, my?I said, as river deep, mountain high, yeah, yeahIf I lost you, would I cry?Oh, how I love you baby, baby, baby, baby?http://music.baidu.com/song/7505997

歌曲名:River Deep, Mountain High歌手:Harry Nilsson专辑:Without Her - Without You - The Very Best Of Nilsson Vol.1Celine Dion-River Deep, Mountain HighFalling Into YouIzumi-Je t"aime LiangliangWhen I was a little girlI had a rag dollOnly doll I"ve ever ownedNow I love you just the way I loved that rag dollBut only now my love has grownAnd it gets stronger, in every wayAnd it gets deeper, let me sayAnd it gets higher, day by dayAnd do I love you my oh myYeh river deep mountain highIf I lost you would I cryOh how I love you baby, baby, baby, babyWhen you were a young boyDid you have a puppyThat always followed you aroundWell I"m gonna be as faithful as that puppyNo I"ll never let you downCause it grows stronger, like a river flowsAnd it gets bigger baby, and heaven knowsAnd it gets sweeter baby, as it growsAnd do I love you my oh myYeh river deep, mountain highIf I lost you would I cryOh how I love you baby, baby, baby, babyI love you baby like a flower loves the springAnd I love you baby just like Tina loves to singAnd I love you baby like a school boy loves his petAnd I love you baby, river deep mountain highOh yeah you"ve gotta believe meRiver Deep, Mountain HighDo I love you my oh my, oh babyRiver deep, mountain highIf I lost you would I cryOh how I love you baby, baby, baby, babyhttp://music.baidu.com/song/9089228

歌曲名:River Deep, Mountain High歌手:Céline Dion专辑:Falling Into You / A New Day Has Come / Let"S Talk About LoveTina Turner - River Deep Mountain HighWhen I was a little girl, I had a rag dollOnly doll I"ve ever ownedNow I love you just the way I loved that rag dollOnly now my love has grownIt gets stronger in every wayIt gets deeper, let me sayIt gets higher day by dayDo I love you my, oh, my?As river deep, mountain high, yeah, yeahIf I lost you would I cry?Oh, how I love you baby, baby, baby, baby?Oh, when you were a young boy, did you have a puppy?Always followed you aroundWell, I"m gonna be as faithful as that puppyNo, I"ll never let you downIt goes on and on like a river flowsAnd it gets bigger baby, and Heaven knowsIt gets sweeter baby, as it growsDo I love you my, oh, my?Like river deep, mountain high, yeah, yeahIf I lost you would I cry?Oh, how I love you baby, baby, baby, baby?I love you baby, like a flower loves the springAnd I love you honey, oh, like a robin loves to singOh, I love you babe, like a schoolboy loves his bagAnd I love you honey, river deep, mountain highDo I love you my, oh, my?I said, as river deep, mountain high, yeah, yeahIf I lost you, would I cry?Oh, how I love you baby, baby, baby, baby?http://music.baidu.com/song/7518947

歌曲名:River Deep, Mountain High歌手:Terraplane专辑:The Singles CollectionCeline Dion-River Deep, Mountain HighFalling Into YouIzumi-Je t"aime LiangliangWhen I was a little girlI had a rag dollOnly doll I"ve ever ownedNow I love you just the way I loved that rag dollBut only now my love has grownAnd it gets stronger, in every wayAnd it gets deeper, let me sayAnd it gets higher, day by dayAnd do I love you my oh myYeh river deep mountain highIf I lost you would I cryOh how I love you baby, baby, baby, babyWhen you were a young boyDid you have a puppyThat always followed you aroundWell I"m gonna be as faithful as that puppyNo I"ll never let you downCause it grows stronger, like a river flowsAnd it gets bigger baby, and heaven knowsAnd it gets sweeter baby, as it growsAnd do I love you my oh myYeh river deep, mountain highIf I lost you would I cryOh how I love you baby, baby, baby, babyI love you baby like a flower loves the springAnd I love you baby just like Tina loves to singAnd I love you baby like a school boy loves his petAnd I love you baby, river deep mountain highOh yeah you"ve gotta believe meRiver Deep, Mountain HighDo I love you my oh my, oh babyRiver deep, mountain highIf I lost you would I cryOh how I love you baby, baby, baby, babyhttp://music.baidu.com/song/10560845

歌曲名:River Deep, Mountain High歌手:Four Tops&The Supremes专辑:GoldCeline Dion-River Deep, Mountain HighFalling Into YouIzumi-Je t"aime LiangliangWhen I was a little girlI had a rag dollOnly doll I"ve ever ownedNow I love you just the way I loved that rag dollBut only now my love has grownAnd it gets stronger, in every wayAnd it gets deeper, let me sayAnd it gets higher, day by dayAnd do I love you my oh myYeh river deep mountain highIf I lost you would I cryOh how I love you baby, baby, baby, babyWhen you were a young boyDid you have a puppyThat always followed you aroundWell I"m gonna be as faithful as that puppyNo I"ll never let you downCause it grows stronger, like a river flowsAnd it gets bigger baby, and heaven knowsAnd it gets sweeter baby, as it growsAnd do I love you my oh myYeh river deep, mountain highIf I lost you would I cryOh how I love you baby, baby, baby, babyI love you baby like a flower loves the springAnd I love you baby just like Tina loves to singAnd I love you baby like a school boy loves his petAnd I love you baby, river deep mountain highOh yeah you"ve gotta believe meRiver Deep, Mountain HighDo I love you my oh my, oh babyRiver deep, mountain highIf I lost you would I cryOh how I love you baby, baby, baby, babyhttp://music.baidu.com/song/8270506

歌曲名:Rocky Mountain High歌手:Craig Duncan专辑:Smoky Mountain SeventiesHe was born in the summer of his 27th yearComin" home to a place he"d never been beforeHe left yesterday behind him, you might say he was born againYou might say he found a key for every doorWhen he first came to the mountains his life was far awayOn the road and hangin" by a songBut the string"s already broken and he doesn"t really careIt keeps changin" fast and it don"t last for longBut the Colorado rocky mountain highI"ve seen it rainin" fire in the skyThe shadow from the starlight is softer than a lullabyeRocky mountain highRocky mountain highHe climbed cathedral mountains, he saw silver clouds belowHe saw everything as far as you can seeAnd they say that he got crazy once and he tried to touch the sunAnd he lost a friend but kept his memoryNow he walks in quiet solitude the forest and the streamsSeeking grace in every step he takesHis sight has turned inside himself to try and understandThe serenity of a clear blue mountain lakeAnd the Colorado rocky mountain highI"ve seen it rainin" fire in the skyYou can talk to God and listen to the casual replyRocky mountain highRocky mountain highNow his life is full of wonder but his heart still knows some fearOf a simple thing he cannot comprehendWhy they try to tear the mountains down to bring in a couple moreMore people, more scars upon the landAnd the Colorado rocky mountain highI"ve seen it rainin" fire in the skyI know he"d be a poorer man if he never saw an eagle flyRocky mountain highIt"s Colorado rocky mountain highI"ve seen it rainin" fire in the skyFriends around the campfire and everybody"s highRocky mountain highRocky mountain highRocky mountain highRocky mountain highRocky mountain highRocky mountain highhttp://music.baidu.com/song/2926234

一般修饰"山"不用TALL 有生命的东西才用TALL

歌曲名:Rocky Mountain High歌手:John Denver专辑:Take Me Home: The John Denver StoryHe was born in the summer of his 27th yearComin" home to a place he"d never been beforeHe left yesterday behind him, you might say he was born againYou might say he found a key for every doorWhen he first came to the mountains his life was far awayOn the road and hangin" by a songBut the string"s already broken and he doesn"t really careIt keeps changin" fast and it don"t last for longBut the Colorado rocky mountain highI"ve seen it rainin" fire in the skyThe shadow from the starlight is softer than a lullabyeRocky mountain highRocky mountain highHe climbed cathedral mountains, he saw silver clouds belowHe saw everything as far as you can seeAnd they say that he got crazy once and he tried to touch the sunAnd he lost a friend but kept his memoryNow he walks in quiet solitude the forest and the streamsSeeking grace in every step he takesHis sight has turned inside himself to try and understandThe serenity of a clear blue mountain lakeAnd the Colorado rocky mountain highI"ve seen it rainin" fire in the skyYou can talk to God and listen to the casual replyRocky mountain highRocky mountain highNow his life is full of wonder but his heart still knows some fearOf a simple thing he cannot comprehendWhy they try to tear the mountains down to bring in a couple moreMore people, more scars upon the landAnd the Colorado rocky mountain highI"ve seen it rainin" fire in the skyI know he"d be a poorer man if he never saw an eagle flyRocky mountain highIt"s Colorado rocky mountain highI"ve seen it rainin" fire in the skyFriends around the campfire and everybody"s highRocky mountain highRocky mountain highRocky mountain highRocky mountain highRocky mountain highRocky mountain highhttp://music.baidu.com/song/54681100

歌曲名:River Deep Mountain High歌手:The Shadows专辑:Another String Of Hot Hits (And More!)Tina Turner - River Deep Mountain HighWhen I was a little girl, I had a rag dollOnly doll I"ve ever ownedNow I love you just the way I loved that rag dollOnly now my love has grownIt gets stronger in every wayIt gets deeper, let me sayIt gets higher day by dayDo I love you my, oh, my?As river deep, mountain high, yeah, yeahIf I lost you would I cry?Oh, how I love you baby, baby, baby, baby?Oh, when you were a young boy, did you have a puppy?Always followed you aroundWell, I"m gonna be as faithful as that puppyNo, I"ll never let you downIt goes on and on like a river flowsAnd it gets bigger baby, and Heaven knowsIt gets sweeter baby, as it growsDo I love you my, oh, my?Like river deep, mountain high, yeah, yeahIf I lost you would I cry?Oh, how I love you baby, baby, baby, baby?I love you baby, like a flower loves the springAnd I love you honey, oh, like a robin loves to singOh, I love you babe, like a schoolboy loves his bagAnd I love you honey, river deep, mountain highDo I love you my, oh, my?I said, as river deep, mountain high, yeah, yeahIf I lost you, would I cry?Oh, how I love you baby, baby, baby, baby?http://music.baidu.com/song/2665705

歌曲名:River Deep Mountain High歌手:李玟专辑:大家都爱Coco李玟万人迷演唱会精彩实录Tina Turner - River Deep Mountain HighWhen I was a little girl, I had a rag dollOnly doll I"ve ever ownedNow I love you just the way I loved that rag dollOnly now my love has grownIt gets stronger in every wayIt gets deeper, let me sayIt gets higher day by dayDo I love you my, oh, my?As river deep, mountain high, yeah, yeahIf I lost you would I cry?Oh, how I love you baby, baby, baby, baby?Oh, when you were a young boy, did you have a puppy?Always followed you aroundWell, I"m gonna be as faithful as that puppyNo, I"ll never let you downIt goes on and on like a river flowsAnd it gets bigger baby, and Heaven knowsIt gets sweeter baby, as it growsDo I love you my, oh, my?Like river deep, mountain high, yeah, yeahIf I lost you would I cry?Oh, how I love you baby, baby, baby, baby?I love you baby, like a flower loves the springAnd I love you honey, oh, like a robin loves to singOh, I love you babe, like a schoolboy loves his bagAnd I love you honey, river deep, mountain highDo I love you my, oh, my?I said, as river deep, mountain high, yeah, yeahIf I lost you, would I cry?Oh, how I love you baby, baby, baby, baby?http://music.baidu.com/song/7278981

歌曲名:River Deep Mountain High (1999 Digital Remaster)歌手:The Shadows专辑:Shades Of RockTina Turner - River Deep Mountain HighWhen I was a little girl, I had a rag dollOnly doll I"ve ever ownedNow I love you just the way I loved that rag dollOnly now my love has grownIt gets stronger in every wayIt gets deeper, let me sayIt gets higher day by dayDo I love you my, oh, my?As river deep, mountain high, yeah, yeahIf I lost you would I cry?Oh, how I love you baby, baby, baby, baby?Oh, when you were a young boy, did you have a puppy?Always followed you aroundWell, I"m gonna be as faithful as that puppyNo, I"ll never let you downIt goes on and on like a river flowsAnd it gets bigger baby, and Heaven knowsIt gets sweeter baby, as it growsDo I love you my, oh, my?Like river deep, mountain high, yeah, yeahIf I lost you would I cry?Oh, how I love you baby, baby, baby, baby?I love you baby, like a flower loves the springAnd I love you honey, oh, like a robin loves to singOh, I love you babe, like a schoolboy loves his bagAnd I love you honey, river deep, mountain highDo I love you my, oh, my?I said, as river deep, mountain high, yeah, yeahIf I lost you, would I cry?Oh, how I love you baby, baby, baby, baby?http://music.baidu.com/song/2666238

高高落基山二十七岁的夏天他才开始新生回到家乡，那是一个他从未去过的地方他把昨天抛在身后，你可以说他再次开始生活你可以说他找到了一把能打开每扇门的钥匙当他第一次来到大山他的生活还渺无目标在路上沉醉于一首歌中但琴弦已经断裂，可他并不在乎一切都在迅速改变，一切都不会久长但是科罗拉多的高高落基山我看到它在天空中喷撒着火焰星光的影子轻柔胜过一首催眠曲高高落基山（科罗拉多）高高落基山（科罗拉多）他爬上教堂山，看到山下白云漂浮你能尽收视野的他都能看到人们说有次他疯了，他想拥抱太阳他失去了一个朋友但永存于记忆现在他一言不发独自穿过森林趟过河流在每一个脚步中寻找慰藉他转而审视自己的内心想弄明白山上清澈湛蓝的湖水为什么那么平静科罗拉多的高高落基山我看到它在天空中喷撒着火焰你能和上帝谈心，不时聆听回答高高落基山（科罗拉多）高高落基山（科罗拉多）现在他的生活充满了憧憬但他的心里仍然恐惧有一件简单的事情他不能理解为什么人们要劈开大山直到把它分割成越来越多的两半人口渐众，满目疮痍科罗拉多的高高落基山我看到它在天空中喷撒着火焰我知道它将变得更加贫乏如果不再看到山鹰飞翔高高落基山这就是科罗拉多的高高落基山我看到它在天空中喷撒着火焰朋友们围在篝火旁每个人尽情欢畅高高落基山（科罗拉多）高高落基山（科罗拉多）高高落基山（科罗拉多）高高落基山（科罗拉多）高高落基山

歌曲名:River Deep Mountain High (Live In Arnhem)歌手:Tina Turner专辑:Tina LiveTina Turner - River Deep Mountain HighWhen I was a little girl, I had a rag dollOnly doll I"ve ever ownedNow I love you just the way I loved that rag dollOnly now my love has grownIt gets stronger in every wayIt gets deeper, let me sayIt gets higher day by dayDo I love you my, oh, my?As river deep, mountain high, yeah, yeahIf I lost you would I cry?Oh, how I love you baby, baby, baby, baby?Oh, when you were a young boy, did you have a puppy?Always followed you aroundWell, I"m gonna be as faithful as that puppyNo, I"ll never let you downIt goes on and on like a river flowsAnd it gets bigger baby, and Heaven knowsIt gets sweeter baby, as it growsDo I love you my, oh, my?Like river deep, mountain high, yeah, yeahIf I lost you would I cry?Oh, how I love you baby, baby, baby, baby?I love you baby, like a flower loves the springAnd I love you honey, oh, like a robin loves to singOh, I love you babe, like a schoolboy loves his bagAnd I love you honey, river deep, mountain highDo I love you my, oh, my?I said, as river deep, mountain high, yeah, yeahIf I lost you, would I cry?Oh, how I love you baby, baby, baby, baby?http://music.baidu.com/song/2617335

《ain"t no mountain high enough》是马文·盖伊演唱的英文歌曲。歌词：Ain"t No Mountain High Enough - Marvin GayeListen, babyAin"t no mountain highAin"t no vally lowAin"t no river wide

歌曲名:River Deep Mountain High歌手:Jack Vidgen专辑:Yes I AmCeline Dion-River Deep, Mountain HighFalling Into YouIzumi-Je t"aime LiangliangWhen I was a little girlI had a rag dollOnly doll I"ve ever ownedNow I love you just the way I loved that rag dollBut only now my love has grownAnd it gets stronger, in every wayAnd it gets deeper, let me sayAnd it gets higher, day by dayAnd do I love you my oh myYeh river deep mountain highIf I lost you would I cryOh how I love you baby, baby, baby, babyWhen you were a young boyDid you have a puppyThat always followed you aroundWell I"m gonna be as faithful as that puppyNo I"ll never let you downCause it grows stronger, like a river flowsAnd it gets bigger baby, and heaven knowsAnd it gets sweeter baby, as it growsAnd do I love you my oh myYeh river deep, mountain highIf I lost you would I cryOh how I love you baby, baby, baby, babyI love you baby like a flower loves the springAnd I love you baby just like Tina loves to singAnd I love you baby like a school boy loves his petAnd I love you baby, river deep mountain highOh yeah you"ve gotta believe meRiver Deep, Mountain HighDo I love you my oh my, oh babyRiver deep, mountain highIf I lost you would I cryOh how I love you baby, baby, baby, babyhttp://music.baidu.com/song/11277441

Hiding from the rain and snowTrying to forget but I won"t let goLooking at a crowded streetListening to my own heart beatSo many peopleAll around the worldTell me where do I findSomeone like you girlTake me to your heartTake me to your soulGive me your hand before I"m oldShow me what love isHaven"t got a clueShow me that wonders can be trueThey say nothing lasts foreverWe are only here todayLove"s now or neverBring me far awayTake me to your heartTake me to your soulGive me your hand and hold meShow me what loveIs be my guiding starIt is easyTake me to your heartStanding on a mountain highLooking at the moon through a clear blue skyI should go and see some friendsBut they don"t really comprehendDon"t need too much talkingWithout saying anythingAll I need is someoneWho makes me wanna singTake me to your heartTake me to your soulGive me your hand before I"m oldShow me what love isHaven"t got a clueShow me that wonders can be trueThey say nothing lasts foreverWe are only here todayLove"s now or neverBring me far awayTake me to your heartTake me to your soulGive me your hand and hold meShow me what loveIs be my guiding starIt is easyTake me to your heartTake me Take me Take meTake me to your heartTake me to your soulGive me your hand and hold meShow me what loveIs be my guiding starIt is easyTake me to your heart

歌曲名:River Deep, Mountain High歌手:Céline Dion专辑:Live à ParisCeline Dion-River Deep, Mountain HighFalling Into YouIzumi-Je t"aime LiangliangWhen I was a little girlI had a rag dollOnly doll I"ve ever ownedNow I love you just the way I loved that rag dollBut only now my love has grownAnd it gets stronger, in every wayAnd it gets deeper, let me sayAnd it gets higher, day by dayAnd do I love you my oh myYeh river deep mountain highIf I lost you would I cryOh how I love you baby, baby, baby, babyWhen you were a young boyDid you have a puppyThat always followed you aroundWell I"m gonna be as faithful as that puppyNo I"ll never let you downCause it grows stronger, like a river flowsAnd it gets bigger baby, and heaven knowsAnd it gets sweeter baby, as it growsAnd do I love you my oh myYeh river deep, mountain highIf I lost you would I cryOh how I love you baby, baby, baby, babyI love you baby like a flower loves the springAnd I love you baby just like Tina loves to singAnd I love you baby like a school boy loves his petAnd I love you baby, river deep mountain highOh yeah you"ve gotta believe meRiver Deep, Mountain HighDo I love you my oh my, oh babyRiver deep, mountain highIf I lost you would I cryOh how I love you baby, baby, baby, babyhttp://music.baidu.com/song/8888071

Ain"t No Mountain High Enough---------Diana Ross 她唱的版本就是冲上云霄2里 张智霖和陈法拉亲热那一段的 我也找了半天呢 嘿嘿 很喜欢 sexy

tall和high的区别⑴说人，动物，树木等有生命的东西，主要用tall，不用high，例如atallwoman一个高个子妇女atallhorse一个高大的马⑵说一个不与地面接触的人和物的高时，要用high，而不用tall，比如人站在桌子上时，飞机飞上天时，例如：Heishighupinthetree.他高高地爬在树上。

你是问歌曲里的话，很简单，只是为了押韵。如果说英文语法，个人觉得，这种说法虽然少见，但不算错。

segmental lining [词典] 管片衬砌; 拼装衬砌; 单层衬砌; [例句]Composite shield is characterized by self-driving and cast in site reinforced concrete lining instead of segmental lining.组合式盾构的特点是能自行推进，可不用装配式衬砌管片，而采用现浇钢筋混凝土衬砌。

因为很多公司都会add all types of operation together in the financial statement, 因此可以提供一个overall picture of financial performance. 但是，这种整合在一起的报告并不能很好的作比较，于是这种segmental报告就被公司需要了。我们可以通过这种报告evaluate the relevant risks and profitabilit of each segment，并且可以在各个segments之间作比较，这种报告更meaningful。我学的英文版的ACF，我感觉用英语解释可以帮助理解，翻译成中文总感觉不太舒服，抱歉了，希望对你有帮助。

segmental features，翻译为：分段特征！分段特征是指将研究对象的特征分成不同的部分或是指将一个特征分成不同部分。在人工智能领域，经常会对不同的数据进行分段特征，主要是为了更好特征提取和特征识别。

During recent years much of the emphasis in groundw ater investigations in industrialized countries has shifted from problems of groundw ater supply to considerations of groundw ater quality. As a result of our consumptive w ay of life，the groundw ater environment is being assaulted w ith an ever-increasing number of soluble chemicals. Current data indicate that in the United States there are at least 17 million w aste disposal facilities emplacing more than 6. 5 billion cubic meters of liquid into the ground each year. As time goes on，the vast subsurface reservoir of fresh w ater，w hich a few decades ago w as relatively unblemished by man"s activities，is gradually becoming degraded.The problem of w ater quality degradation of rivers and lakes has been evident for a long time. In general，solutions to this problem have been found in the implementation of effective legislation for discontinuing contaminant emissions. Already in some parts of the w orld， effective emission abatement measures have led to great improvements in surface-w ater quality. Unfortunately，problems of groundw ater quality degradation are in many w ays more difficult to overcome. Because of the heterogeneities inherent in subsurface systems，zones of degraded groundw ater can be very difficult to detect. The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1977 reported that almost every know n instance of aquifer contamination w as discovered only after a w ater-supply w ell w as affected. Often by the time subsurface pollution is conclusively identified，it is too late to apply remedial measures that w ould be of much benefit. From a w ater quality view point，degradation of groundw ater often requires long periods of time before the true extent of the problem is readily detectable. Long periods of groundw ater flow are often required for pollutants to be flushed from contaminated aquifers. Groundw ater pollution often results in aquifers or parts of aquifers being damaged beyond repair.Whereas the problem of achieving acceptable quality of surface w aters focuses mainly on decreasing the know n emissions of pollutants to these systems，the problem facing scientists and engineers involved in the protection of groundw ater resources is to identify the areas and mechanisms by w hich pollutants can enter groundw ater flow systems and to develop reliable predictions of the transport of contaminants w ithin the flow systems. This is necessary as a basis for minimizing the impact of existing or proposed industrial，agricultural，or municipal activities on groundw ater quality.The purpose of this section is to provide some insight into the physical and chemical factors that influence the subsurface migration of dissolved contaminants. To this end the behavior of nonreactive solutes and of solutes that undergo reactions during subsurface migration w ill be considered. Follow ing this，more specific contamination problems related to activities such as agriculture，mining， nuclear pow er development， and disposal of refuse， sew age， and industrial w astes w ill be briefly review ed.Throughout this section all solutes introduced into the hydrologic environment as a result of man"s activities are referred to as contaminants，regardless of whether or not the concentrations reach levels that cause significant degradation of water quality. The term pollution is reserved for situations where contaminant concentrations attain levels that are considered to be objectionable.The emphasis in this section is on the occurrence and processes that control the migration of dissolved contaminants in groundw ater. Groundw ater can also be contaminated by oily substances that exist in a liquid state in contact w ith w ater in a manner that does not lead to mixing of the oils in a dissolved form. The oily liquid is said to be immiscible in the w ater. The physical processes that control the movement of immiscible fluids in subsurface systems w as described by Bear in 1972 and w as introduced in a later section.Before proceeding w ith discussions of the principles of contaminant behavior in groundw ater flow systems and of sources of groundw ater contamination， w e w ill briefly examine some of the more important w ater quality standards. These standards serve as a basis for appraisal of the results of chemical analyses of w ater in terms of suitability of the w ater for various intended uses. The most important of these standards are those established for drinking w ater ( Table 13. 1) . The recommended limits for concentrations of inorganic constituents in drinking w ater have existed for many years. Limits for organic constituents such as pesticide residues are a recent addition. There is considerable controversy w ith regard to the specific organic constituents that should be included in drinking w ater standards and the concentration limits that should be established for them.Table 13. 1 Drinking water standardscontinuedSources: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency， 1975 and Word Health Organization ( WHO ) ， European Standards，1970.* Recommended concentration limits for these constituents are mainly to provide acceptable esthetic and taste characteristics.ue551 Limit for NO－3expressed as N is 10 mg / L according to U. S. and Canadian standards; according to WHO European standards，it is 11. 3 mg / L as N and 50 mg / L as NO－3.ue550 Maximum permissible concentration are set according to health criteria.§ Limit depends on average air temperature of the region; fluoride is toxic at about 5 － 10 mg / L if water is consumed over a long period of time.** 1pCi = 3. 7 ×10－ 2Bq.In Table 13. 1 the major constituents for w hich recommended permissible limits are listed are total dissolved solids ( TDS) ，sulfate，and chloride. Consumption by humans of w aters w ith concentrations somew hat above these limits is generally not harmful. In many regions groundw ater used for drinking-w ater supply exceeds the limits of one or more of these parameters. Several hundred milligrams per liter of chloride must be present in order for saltiness to be detected by taste.Hardness of w ater is defined as its content of metallic ions w hich react w ith sodium soaps to produce solid soaps or scummy residue and w hich react w ith negative ions，w hen the w ater is evaporated in boilers，to produce solid boiler scale. Hardness is normally expressed as the total concentration of Ca2 +and Mg2 +as milligrams per liter equivalent CaCO3. It can be determined by substituting the concentration of Ca2 +and Mg2 +，expressed in milligrams per liter，in the expressiontotal hardness = 2. 5 ［Ca2 +］+ 4. 1［Mg2 +］ Each concentration is multiplied by the ratio of the formula w eight of CaCO3to the atomic w eight of the ion; hence the factors 2. 5 and 4. 1 are included in the hardness relation. Water w ith hardness values greater than 150 mg / L is designated as being very hard. Soft w ater has values less than 60 mg / L. Water softening is common practice in many communities w here the w ater supply has a hardness greater than about 80 － 100 mg / L. Water used for boiler feed w ill cause excessive scale formation ( carbonate-mineral precipitation) if the hardness is above about 60 － 80 mg / L.Of the recommended limits specified for minor and trace inorganic constituents in drinking w ater，many have been established for reasons other than direct hazard to human health. For example iron and manganese are both essential to the human body. Their intake through drinking w ater is normally an insignificant part of the body requirement. The recommended limits placed on these metals in the standards are for the purpose of avoiding，in household w ater use，problems associated w ith precipitates and stains that form because oxides of these metals are relatively insoluble. The recommended limit for zinc is set at 5 mg / L to avoid taste produced by zinc at higher concentrations. Concentrations as high as 40 mg / L can be tolerated w ith no apparent deteriment to general health. Zinc concentrations as low as 0. 02 mg / L are， how ever，toxic to fish. Zinc contamination can be regarded as severe pollution in ecological systems w here fish are of primary interest but may be only of minor significance if human consumption is the primary use of the w ater.The most common identifiable contaminant in groundwater is nitrate ( NO－3) . The recommended limit for nitrate in drinking water is 45 mg / L expressed as NO－3or 10 mg / L expressed as N. In Europe the limit recommended by the World Health Organization is 50 mg / L as NO－3and 11. 3 mg / L as N. Excessive concentrations of NO－3have potential to harm infant human beings and livestock if consumed on a regular basis. Adults can tolerate much higher concentrations. The extent to which NO－3in water is viewed as a serious pollutant therefore depends on the water use.The constituents for w hich maximum permissible concentration limits have been set in drinking w ater standards ( Table 13. 1 ) are all considered to have significant potential for harm to human health at concentrations above the specified limits. The specified limits are not to be exceeded in public w ater supplies. If the limits for one or more of the constituents are exceeded， the w ater is considered to be unfit for human consumption. The limits indicated in Table 13. 1 are representative of the current standards in the United States and Canada. The limits are continually being appraised and modifications occur from time to time. As more is learned about the role of trace constituents in human health，the list of constituents for w hich maximum permissible limits exist may expand，particularly in the case of organic substances.In many regions the most important uses of groundw ater are for agriculture. In these situations it is appropriate to appraise the quality of groundw ater relative to criteria or guidelines established for livestock or irrigation. Recommended concentration limits for these uses are listed in Table 13. 2. The list of constituents and the concentration limits are not as stringent as for drinking w ater. These w ater quality criteria do serve to indicate， how ever，that concentration increases in a variety of constituents due to man"s activities can cause serious degradation of groundw ater quality even if the w ater is not used for human consumption.Table 13. 2 Recommended concentration limits for water used for livestock and irrigation crop production( Source: Freeze et al. ，1979)水文地质专业英语

环境球默认应该就是渲染可见的，如果没有的话，点击我图片中黄色那个，勾选上就行了

不知道你要去哪里的呢？王康慧那边吧，很好的

如果你不把你要渲的图贴出来，没人能帮你

你的软件有问题，2014还是有的!所有参数都还是和以前一样的。

可以反转法线。也可以把其中一个重新赋予新材质，然后把你那张贴图在PS里反相。

希望对你有用，用maya software和 mental ray 渲染序列帧出现闪烁问题如何解决。

在山区不少自然资源等待开发和利用

展开临时性防堵行动 Develop Interim Containment Actions 是团队方式解决问题的八种方法之一

你是没加载mental ray啊，还是干脆就没有啊？说的不明确啊

菜单栏——渲染——渲染设置——渲染器：……………………

貌似在NVIDIA控制面板的3D设置里调整，显卡支持的话，选择管理3D设置，可以选择程序控制，选到MAYA，然后选择“CUDA渲染GPU”，还有“OpenGL宣传GPU”这些选项另外，我的显卡也是K4000

廉价劳动力

看情况。出现该错误之后，可以选择重启系统之后再卸载，如果还不行就先清除注册表然后再卸载，再不行就只能直接删除文件了。如果卸载了Microsoft必备项，则需要手动重新安装。可以从Autodesk软件安装程序访问Microsoft必备项（首选）。在某些情况下，可能需要下载Microsoft提供的必备项。

没有安装完全。在安装时请确认你选择了“full"选项或者请勾选所有的安装选项。或者你也可以安装8.0或以上版本。

在添加过物理天光的场景中新添加的摄像机应该是没问题的，但是对于一些稍老一些的版本，需要更新一下摄像机与曝光补偿的链接。这个曝光补偿是在做物理天光的时候自动添加上去的。你需要在全局渲染设置里面选中天光的开关，找到天光的选项，更新一下摄像机就可以了。可以看这个图。希望能解决你的问题，支持一下。

没分， 都没有回答的动力了

max版本太低·~

出来的是默认渲染界面。。。你安装的渲染器需要打开渲染设置。。拉到最下面。选择你安装的渲染器就可以更改。请给分

可能你是精简版，没有附带很多材质，你可以这样解决：1、下一个完整版重来；2、自己收集很多材质，可以是网上下载的，也可以是自己拍的照片或电脑加工出来的，使用贴图的方式赋予材质，第一个方法可能比较快，但材质也是有限的，最好两个方法都用，你就可以想要什么材质就有什么材质了！我知道了，2部分少一部分不行的，vr装过了会默认使用vr材质，而你没有，怎么显示呢？

一、渲染问题，有可能是渲染质量过高、尺寸大等原因导致渲染失败，出现黑块。二、可能是显卡问题，更新显卡到最新驱动程序，看看效果。三、也可能是软件出现了问题所致，可以重置Maya来看看。

你这是什么粒子啊，精灵贴图还是？材质编辑器里面默认有粒子的材质就是蓝色那个需要调调那个

max中的渲染器不仅可以渲染单帧的静物，而且可以渲染动画。这里，不分mental ray 还是vray都是可以渲染无数帧的。只要你设置多少帧，就能渲染多少帧。

渲染设置中开启产品级渲染，然后下面有一个是高斯的选项，改成最后那个就可以了

影响阴影的原因的有2个 一个是mentalray的渲染质量。另外一个是你阴影开关那有个阴影像素。默认是512 你改成1024 或者2048 或者更高就行了。

整个颜色偏蓝，那是因为你的环境球是蓝色的，环境球对整个场景的影响是渲染出的图片偏蓝，你可以加一个偏黄色的平行灯光作为主光，既能解决偏蓝色，也可以解决光线亮度不够的问题

俺都是用的vr 汗 俺这有.老~师~ 有啥不懂~君羊

这个。。。你为啥要卸载呢？影响到你使用了？。

建立一个置换节点把法线贴图连上。再把结点连接到材质球的SG节点上 默认方式联结

这个渲染器本来就是比较复杂的渲染器多渲染几次就好了

把摄影机背景色改成纯白

烘焙到一张贴图

DirectX 11 Shader 节点的属性，指定了 MayaUberShader 着色器文件。要使用该着色器，您必须在 Viewport 2.0 的 DirectX 11 环境中工作，并启用 dx11shader.mll 插件。有关详细信息。您可以在 Hypershade 创建栏中找到 DirectX 11 Shader。创建着色器后，会自动加载 MayaUberShader.fx 文件。dx11Shader.mll 插件可使您在 Maya Viewport 2.0 中加载并查看自己的 HLSL 着色器。使用 Hypershade 创建 DirectX 11 shader 时，会自动连接 MayaUberShader.fxo 文件；但是，您也可以改为加载自定义 HLSL 着色器。此外，<maya directory>presetsHLSL11examples 中提供了其他示例 HLSL 着色器。选择 DirectX 作为渲染引擎（方法 1）选择“窗口 > 设置/首选项 > 首选项 > 显示”(Window > Settings/Preferences > Preferences > Display)并将“渲染引擎”(Rendering engine)设置为“DirectX 11”。重要信息若要使用 DirectX 渲染引擎，您必须使用 64 位的 Windows 和可兼容 DirectX 11 的显卡。在面板菜单中选择“渲染器 > Viewport 2.0”(Renderer > Viewport 2.0)将工作区切换到 Viewport 2.0。注意您的工作区平视显示仪现在应指示 Viewport 2.0 (DirectX 11)。选择“窗口 > 设置/首选项 > 插件管理器”(Window > Settings/Preferences > Plug-in Manager)并加载 dx11Shader.mll 插件。选择 DirectX 作为渲染引擎（方法 2）此环境变量将覆盖交互式和批处理会话的用户首选项（“窗口 > 设置/首选项 > 首选项 > 显示”(Window > Settings/Preferences > Preferences > Display)）（使用 -hw2 选项）。将 MAYA_VP2_DEVICE_OVERRIDE 设置为 VirtualDeviceDx11 可在 Viewport 2.0 中渲染时始终使用 DirectX 11。提示将此环境变量设置为 VirtualDeviceGL 可在 Viewport 2.0 中渲染时始终使用 OpenGL。注意取消设置该环境变量可再次使用用户首选项来选择渲染引擎。创建 DirectX 着色器选择“窗口 > 渲染编辑器 > Hypershade”(Window > Rendering Editors > Hypershade)，以打开“Hypershade”窗口。在“创建”(Create)栏中，选择“Maya > 曲面 > DirectX 11 Shader”(Maya > Surface > DirectX 11 Shader)。将创建 DirectX 11 Shader，同时自动加载 MayaUberShader.fx。按 6 以获得纹理模式，按 7 以使用场景照明。提示纹理和非纹理模式均受支持，且所有灯光模式（“使用所有灯光”(Use All Lights)、“使用选定灯光”(Use Selected Lights)、“不使用灯光”(Use No Lights)和“使用默认照明”(Use Default Lighting)）均受支持。

没看到有什么错误，我按照你的这个步骤做了一次，也没有问题。你试试一个物体一个物体的烘焙，不要多选。提醒你一下，mentalray的烘焙实在是太慢，特别是你调节的采样参数实在太大，半天都不能烘焙成功，太浪费时间了。在maya2014中已经内置了巴西渲染器，它最大也是最有用的功能就是烘焙贴图，速度特别快，几乎秒速，而且效果要比mentalray好太多。你可以试试看，网上也有些教程。

Mental ray是一个专业的3D渲染引擎，它可以生成令人难以置信的高质量真实感图象。现在你可以在3D Studio的高性能网络渲染中直接控制Mental ray 。它在电影领域得到了广泛的应用和认可，被认为是市场上最高级的三维渲染解决方案之一。原来它一直是Softimage标榜自己身价的重要筹码，现在已经被好心的软件商移植到了3 D Studio MAX上，其无缝的集成使3D Studio MAX的用户只需进行简单的学习就可以使用。也就是说现在在Max中你也能得到和在Softimage中一样的高质量的渲染质感。 我们先来看一看Mental Ray的主要概念和功能： 1． 接近现实的快速反射效果Reflection（支持Ray Tracing贴图）； 2． 接近现实的快速折射效果Refraction（支持Ray Tracing贴图）； 3． 运动模糊（Motion Blur），特别是能够生成阴影的运动模糊； 4． 能渲染出原来只有在Video Post里才能实现的景深效果（Depth of Field ）； 5． 智能光全局照明Global Illumination，光线扩散（radiosity）使物体自身表面的色彩扩展到其他物体表面； 6． 优秀的折射和反射聚光（Caustics）效果； 7． 完美的双CPU支持 在进行Mental Ray的学习之前，我们有必要了解一下Mental Ray中一些术语的概念。 1．Ray-traced Reflection and Refraction（光线追踪方式的反射和折射）：反射和折射的概念我想不必再用过多的词语来解释，只是里面有一个追踪深度（Trace depth）的概念，是用来限制光线反射和折射次数的因素。 2．Motion blur（运动模糊）：在真实照相机拍摄动画时会产生因为运动而产生模糊的效果。 3．Depth of field（景深）：照相机聚焦于一点或一个平面，越远离这一点的场景越模糊。 4．Caustics（聚光）：光线被物体反射回来或者穿过（透明）物体折射出来，投射到另外的物体上的效果。有反射聚光和折射聚光。 5．Global illumination（全局照明）：由于光线的扩散小规模使物体自身表面的色彩扩展到其他物体表面。 6．Area Lights（区域灯光）：区域灯光最大的特点是它所产生的阴影在光源附近的地方比较清晰，而随着距离的增大阴影逐渐柔和模糊。 使用mental ray时的注意事项： 由于Mental Ray和3dmax不是100%无缝结合的，有一些Max中的设置，特别是材质部分有许多东西对于Mental Ray是无效的，这些部分的内容是使用Mental ray时必须牢记在心的： 1. 在Shader（着色方式）方面，mental ray不支持Strauss shader方式，但支持除此而外的所有类型，即Anisotropic、Blinn、Metal、Multi-Layer、Oren-Nayar-Blinn和Phong类型 2. 在材质类型（Materials）方面比较有讲究： 1）Blend材质类型中，Mental Ray只渲染material 1，因此不会产生材质的混合效果。 2）Matte/shadow材质类型中，不能使用Raytrace贴图，但可以使用Flat mirror或Reflect/refract贴图。 3）Morpher，Shellac材质类型不被支持。 4）Raytrace材质类型不被支持，只能在reflection或refraction贴图通道中使用raytrace贴图。 3 .在贴图方面也有一些注意点： 1）Adobe Photoshop/Premere Plug-in Filter贴图不被支持。 2）Bitmap中不支持jpg格式，这点是千万要记住的！ 3）Brick贴图方式可以支持，但是效果不很理想。 4）Flat mirror贴图方式在第一帧时不显示效果。除此之外都能发挥作用） 5）Gradient Ramp/paint贴图方式不被支持。 6）Raytrace贴图方式本身的参数无效。不过可以在Mental ray Rendering选项中调节。 Thin wall Refraction贴图方式不被支持。 （一）描绘深度和样本——智能光基础 ◎ mental ray: Rendering Algorithms rollout（渲染运算法则）中，max. Trace Depth设定了反射（refraction）、折射（reflection）的次数和他们的限定总和（sum）。 如果反射次数不接近自然规律，则效果可能不会理想。如，教程中杯子的反射共有大约6层，如果数值小于6，则效果将不理想。 因此，必须为反射设置合理的数值，当然过大的话会无谓地延长渲染时间。 另外，当折射或反射的数值超过总和（sum），效果将不会与设为总和时有什么区别。 ◎ mental ray的光线追踪（Raytrace）作用于max的raytrace类型贴图，不对应raytrace材质类型。max的raytrace的设置不影响mental ray的Raytrace效果，mental ray的Raytrace由自己的部件控制，相关参数在渲染对话框的mental ray: Rendering Algorithms rollout（智能光：渲染算法卷轴）里。 ◎ 在物体属性（object Properties）中的mental ray一栏里，取消 Primary Visibility （主要可见度）将会使渲染的图象里物体本体消失，取消Secondary Visibility （第二可见度）将会使渲染的图象里物体的反射影像消失。注意阴影shadow的设置。 ◎ 渲染设置对话框中样本（samples）的最小值minimum最大值maximum时，数值越大图像质量越高，所需渲染时间越长。一般常用预览设置m in=-1,max=0，常用于最后渲染的参数min=1,max=2。 不要将min和max值设为同样的数值。 ◎ 渲染设置对话框 -> mental ray: sampling quality -> options: view samples为观察参数设置效果的辅助设置。可以用它来观察不同参数的效果。生成的图像里，白点为max值的体现，黑色区域为min值的体现。白色越密，图像质量越高。当m in=max时，观察图像总呈现为白色。 PS: ABOUT SAMPLES 关于样本 ◎ samples filter（样本过滤器）-----filter（过滤器）的作用是将设定范围内的渲染结果按照一定的方式归纳到单位像素中去。此处filter种类有B ox, Gauss, Triangle, Mitchell, Lanczos。box filter是缺省的过滤器，它按平均的方式计算；其它的过滤器按一定曲线规律计算，其中mitchell filter是最精确的过滤器。 width（宽度）和height（高度）的数值是用来指定filter的范围大小。范围越大，画质将越高，也越耗时间。 ◎ lock samples-------在渲染动画时，mental ray插入随机变化到各帧的sampling样本设置中。lock samples使数值稳定，有利于生成的动画效果。 ◎ Contrast： Spatial（对比：空间）的RGB值：如果同一画面中相邻的样本之间的差异超过 Spatial 的RGB值，mental ray 渲染器将提升样本至指定的最大值（samples: maximum）。因此 Spatial 值增大将减少渲染的负担，但会以损失一些图形质量为代价。缺省值：24，24，24。 ◎ Contrast： Temporal（对比：时间）的RGB值主要针对动画。如果动画中相邻2帧的样本之间的差异超过 Temporal 的RGB值，mental ray 渲染器将提升样本至指定的最大值（samples: maximum）。因此降低Temporal的RGB值将增大样本设置，由此提高运动模糊（motion blur）的画质，当然必须为此付出更多一些的渲染时间。 （当运动模糊出现粉粒现象，降低Temporal的RGB值【或者增大samples的最小值和最大值】可以改善这一状况。） ◎ contrast选项中的Spatial和Temporal有相同的规律，增大它们的RGB值都将缩短渲染时间，损失画质；减小它们的RGB值都将延长渲染时间，提高画质。不同的是，s patial是对比的同一画面中相邻的样本，Temporal是对比的同一动画中相邻2帧的样本。 ◎ Jitter：启用它将在样本区域中导致变化。禁用它动画将会相对稳定，减少反锯齿优化。缺省为 disable (禁用)。 二）折 射——玻璃器皿和酒水的折射 ◎ mental ray的光线追踪（Raytrace）作用于max的raytrace类型贴图，不对应raytrace材质类型。因此用mental ray渲染光线追踪效果，一般是在max的材质编辑器（material editor）中材质的map设置里加上附给反射或折射（reflection / refraction）的raytrace型贴图。 ◎ 注意材质编辑器里设置材质扩展参数（Extended Parameters rollout）的反射系数（Index of Refraction）。教程中指出玻璃制品一般为1.5，水、酒精等液体一般为1.33。 ◎ 注意玻璃杯子等透明物体的透明度参数--Opacity。 ◎ 教程中玻璃杯子的模型由spline曲线加上修改器lathe建成，在lathe的模型输出方式中选用NURBS模式，杯子的外形将更加完美，最终所得图象效果更佳，当然会消耗相对多一些的时间。 （三）运动模糊——动画不可缺少的特征 ◎ 要使用mental ray的运动模糊，必须打开渲染工具设置内mental ray: Camera Effects rollout（摄像机效果设置卷轴）的motion blur选项。 ◎ mental ray的运动模糊效果与max本身的object Properties（物体属性）里motion blur的参数设置无关，但必须打开物体属性中motion blur的enabled（有效的）选项，才能有运动模糊效果。 ◎ max缺省的渲染工具scanline renderer有image和object 2种类型，都不能做到shadow阴影的运动模糊；mental ray能够做到。 ◎ 如果mental ray的模糊承粉粒状，那可能是因为sample数值过低（预览），增大为min=1,max=2，即可解决。 ◎ scanline renderer的运动模糊参数duration是设置前后相邻的2帧间的快门时间，数值为1则为满值即完全打开，超过1则意味着更大的增幅。 ◎ mental ray的运动模糊参数shutter快门时间，数值为1则为满值即完全打开，超过1则意味着更大的增幅。 ◎ Note: Turning on Motion Blur for both cameras and shadows can cause shadows to shift position. To avoid this effect, turn on motion blur for cameras only. 同时打开cameras和shadows针对motion blur的选项会引起位置改变，避免这一情况的方法是只打开camera的选项。mental ray精选教程2 （四）景深（聚焦）效果——出色的调焦摄影 ◎ Depth of Field的设置存在于渲染对话框和每一个摄像机camera各自的属性修改卷轴里。注意打开所需的 depth of field 选项。 ◎ 光圈越大，f-stop值越小，景深效果越强。光圈越小，f-stop值越大，景深效果越弱。 合理的f-stop值取决于场景的组成成份（大场景还是小角落）和你调焦的需要。 摄像机视图和透视视图的f-stop值都可设置参数动画。 ◎ 要改变聚焦点,可移动摄像机的目标点来直接改变效果。对于自由型的摄像机free camera，可以通过改变属性修改卷轴中的TARGET选项来变化depth of field的效果。 ◎ 渲染对话框里depth of field的参数仅对应于透视视图（Perspective viewport）。摄像机视图的focus效果通过改变摄像机属性修改卷轴中的depth of field的参数一栏来达成。 ◎ 透视视图的景深通过手动设置Focus Plane 的参数(渲染对话框里depth of field的参数之一)来调节，即指定距离。具体数值可参考相关摄像机的修改属性卷轴中target的参数进行调整。 透视视图的景深还可指定其起止范围，方法是在渲染对话框里depth of field卷轴内点下拉菜单选用In Focus Limits，然后设置右侧Focus Plane 的参数。 Focus Plane setting无法设置参数动画。 ？◎ 通过动画摄像机来引导其它物体，可以将摄像机目标点 camera target 设为引导中心。但可能与你想要的景深范围不相同，因此可改变动画摄像机的方法。通过建立虚拟物体 dummy object 来替代摄像机目标点的位置，并指定摄像机的动画一个“目光指向（look at）控制器”，把虚拟物体制定为目标即可。 （五）反射聚光——创造极具气氛的水纹光波 ◎ ◎ Caustics是光线从物体反射回来或者穿过（透明）物体折射出来，投射到另外的物体上的效果。比如，阳光照在泳池的水面上，周围墙面上反射着它微微发亮、不均匀抖动着的粼粼波光水纹（光斑）的样子。 ◎ 应用mental ray的reflective caustics，必须至少有一个材质包含raytrace或flat mirror或reflect/refract贴图设在reflection型贴图位置。并指定反射物体以产生caustics。 ◎ 打开object properties中的 generate caustics（产生聚光）选项。注意receive caustics（接收聚光）选项。根据需要设置场景中物体各自的相关选项。 在 mental ray 渲染对话框中打开Caustics选项。 在灯光属性的Indirect Illumination Params rollout（间接照明参数卷轴）中减少caustics组photons（光子）数可以观察到一个个单独的光子。 ◎ photon map（光子贴图）是光子和反射的图案（pattern）。它的作用是当光和反射的条件没有发生变化时，mental ray将重复使用它来代替在渲染动画或帧序列时总是为每一帧重新生成光的反射图案。这对缩短动画渲染时间具有极大的意义。 在 mental ray 渲染对话框中mental ray: Indirect Illumination rollout（智能光：间接照明卷轴） > Photon Tracing and Map （光子追踪和贴图） > Photon Map（光子贴图）, 选择render代表为每一帧重新计算光子贴图；选择save将保存当前光子贴图；选择Load existing将为动画调用已有的光子贴图，忽略当前的其它相关参数变更，不在每一帧重新计算光子贴图。file是用以指定保存地址或调用的文件的地址。 ◎ mental ray 渲染对话框 > mental ray: Indirect Illumination rollout > caustics: radius（半径）， radius关闭时，光子缺省大小为场景大小的1/10。调整可获得不同的光斑（lighting pattern）效果。mental ray在重叠的光子间插入样本（samples）使之平滑并产生不均匀（自然随机）的图案，此处的samples是指具体的样本数目，数值越大，效果越接近自然状况。 radius过小不能相互重叠时，samples将起不到作用，因而此时改变samples值将不会有变化，也很难有好的效果。 box型的filter（过滤器）可能会在波光中产生杂点（噪值noisy），cone型的filter会改善这一点，平滑波光中的杂点。 （六）全局照明——创造完美的照明 ◎ 概念：真实世界中，光能在物体表面之间传递，这正好减少了粗糙的阴影和增加了明亮感。专业的3d艺术家们往往苦于要打上成打甚至上百个光源来模拟真实世界中光能在场景中的传递。这当然非常可怕地增加了渲染时间和场景的费用，但是这往往是产生专业产品的唯一办法。r adiosity提供了用少量的光源来达成光能传递的效果，但是它需要特别的软件和算法，还包含了十分不合理的学习过程。mental ray的 global illumination提供了最佳的选择。 mental ray的 global illumination 能用少量的光源生成平滑的自然光效果，并只增加少量的渲染时间。 要点：渲染设置的全局参数，最终聚合参数；光源的间接照明参数。 ◎ 注意材质编辑器。所有参与光能传递的物体都必须指定好材质，没有材质或建立物体时缺省的材质都无法加入光能传递的计算。 ◎ 必须指定至少一个物体为global illumination的发生器（generator）。这里的发生器指反射光子，用以产生间接照明效果的源物体。选择物体点右键，在物体属性（obj ect Properties）中打开generate global illumination(发生全局照明)选项，并视需要选择receive global illumination（接收全局照明，<会受到传射的光>）。 ◎ energy（能量），在灯光属性的Indirect Illumination Params rollout（间接照明参数卷轴）中特指光能大小。 ◎ Final Gather（最终聚集【可理解为“后期改良处理”】）使用额外的光线使得全局照明平滑连贯，消除原来的光斑现象。它的位置在渲染对话框的间接照明卷轴里。 ◎ 渲染对话框 > mental ray:indirect illumination > global > radius（半径），此处半径是指光子（photon）的大小。光子缺省大小为场景大小的1/10，用户设定的半径必须满足光子之间相互重叠，如此全局照明的样本( sample)才会有效果。半径越大，重叠面越大，耗时越长，画质越好。 ◎ 渲染对话框 > mental ray:indirect illumination > final gather > radius（半径），final gather的半径越大，覆盖面越大，耗时越长，画质越好。 ◎ 调整全局照明来加速渲染：渲染对话框的间接照明卷轴里global的sample数和final gather的sample数，及灯光属性的indirect illumination Params rollout中global illumination的光子（photons）数，还有上述的几个radius（半径）尺寸。这些数字都能改变渲染花费的时间和最终效果。减小这些数值都能加快渲染，但是会损失画质，不过对用于预览和测试是十分有利的。相反，加大它们就能获得良好的画质作为最终成品，当然，你必须为此花费相应的时间。 （七）区域灯光——创造真实的阴影 ◎ 概念：3DSMAX的灯光分为点光源和方向光源两种。点光源的光线发自一点并向外扩散；方向光源则投射出平行的光线。两者都能产生边缘清晰或者柔和而平均的阴影。但真实世界的情况是，阴影往往在光源附近的地方比较清晰，而随着距离的增大逐渐柔和模糊。 Mental ray能用名为“Area Lights”的灯光在场景中产生自然的柔和的阴影。3D Studio MAX可通过与mental ray关联的内建脚本语言（MAXScript）中实现这一性能。3D艺术家们可以通过在场景中添加area lights（区域灯光），或使用MAX脚本工具将场景中的普通灯光转换成区域灯光。 ◎ 将场景中的普通灯光转换成区域灯光： 打开实用工具集卷轴（Utilities rollout），打开MAXScript，在下拉菜单中选择Convert to Area Lights（转换为区域灯光）。转换选择的灯光（Convert Selected Lights）为区域灯光后，可点确认删除原灯光。 直接创建区域光源： Create panel（创建面板） > Lights（灯光） > Object Type rollout（物体类型卷轴） > Area Spot（区域聚光灯）或 Area Omni（区域点光源）。 ◎ area light使用ray traced shadows（光线追踪类型的阴影）。 ◎ 观察区域灯光的大小有2种方法：其一，在修改面板 > 灯光属性 > 区域灯光卷轴，调整灯光尺寸时，视图显示黄色的框线表示区域灯光的形状和大小；其二，就是在渲染图形中显示，方法是打开Show Icon In Renderer选项，注意要在最终渲染时关闭（教程指出提示影像总为黑色，但在sanc的测试中一直是白色，希望能知道原因。不过好在这一点并不会有很大影响）。 ◎ 区域灯光的尺寸单位是UV，不同于3DSMAX的缺省单位。因而要使区域灯光与假设的发光体等大，只有通过目测来比较。 ◎ 区域灯光的samples(样本)参数影响产生的阴影的精细程度，偏低的话会引起杂点甚至粗糙的斑痕，过高影响渲染时间，因此必须设置一个适中的数值。s amples的U 、V值可以高达1000，但大多数情况下，一般不用超过10就能达到目的。 ◎ 三维化的区域灯光——Area Omni（区域点光源）：它有圆柱型和球形两种。很便于指定给球形灯或日光灯管。要改变圆柱形区域的方向，可通过旋转灯光然后利用调整大小的过程来检查。 ◎ mental ray提供了4种不同的区域灯光: 方形(rectangle), 圆形(disc), 球形(sphere), 圆柱形(cylinder)。在场景中试验不同的灯光类型，然后加上全局照明。经过试验，你将能够用少量的灯光创建专业水准的真实场景。

首先材质用错了 人物应该用sss材质 你这个高光不重 只是反射强了 降低反射和扩大高光范围。

100太小了（和太阳比）吧，起步就是1500 cd/M2以上。

一般有，边缘光层，模糊反射层，高光层，sss层，occ层，ENV层，毛发层，漫反射层。边缘光层：这一层是突出模型的边缘，是模型看起来更突出。选择模型，单独添加到一个新的渲染层，把渲染层命名，给模型加上一个兰伯特材质，在材质的color上加渐变节点，把渐变的颜色改成黑色和白色。在创建一个asmpler Info节点，把他的facingRatio链接到渐变节点的Vcoord上（类似玻璃材质的做法，目的是要模型的外部是白色的，内部是黑色的）。模糊反射层：在布林材质上把diffuse调节成黑色，只调节要高光和反射（高光的目的是用来产生反射的)。在反射的颜色上贴上模拟环境的环境shade，然后连接一张HDR环境贴图，得到一个满意的反射以后，打开模糊反射，之后用一个asmpler Info连接的黑白渐变贴到反射率上（还是边缘反射强，中间没反射的那种）sss层：3s用来做人物皮肤的材质非常真实，不过用布林材质也能代替出假的3s效果。选择人物模型和所有灯光（做3s时一定要有背光，不然出不了效果)，添加到一个新的渲染层中，并命名。。在材质超图中找到mentalray的材质节点，选择misss_fast_skin材质赋予模型。调节sss材质，从真皮层，此皮层，表皮层一层一层的调，直到效果满意为止（有关sss材质调节比较复杂，如果不是很熟悉建议去找一些3s材质的教程)高光层:人物的高光主要是眼睛，选择灯光和模型（包括眼睛，和衣服上可能产生高光的物体)添加到新的渲染层，把不长生高光的物体的颜色都调到黑色（之前也是，在修改材质时一定要选择当前的渲染层）材质上只开高光，什么反射折射透明的都关了。渲染出来的只有高光。occ层，只选模型，渲染出一个模型的occ白模。ENV层，类似于occ，只是要主光，就是一个添加主光的白模，目的是加强主光效果。毛发层：角色上有毛发的，选择毛发，模型和灯光，添加到新渲染层，给模型加一个Use Background材质，这样渲染毛发是被遮挡的地方就不会被渲染出来。颜色层：就是选择模型，给模型加好绘制的贴图，天加到一个新渲染层（颜色层一定不能有任何光影，只能是颜色信息）。把渲染好的每一个层放在ps或AE里，通过该图层模式，来进行最后的合成。一般高光之类的用滤色，occ这种带阴影的用正片叠底。好了，分层渲染始终是比较复杂的，一定要分的清每一层所需要的信息，然后把不要的都关了，只渲染需要的。

在“中国汉化”这个网站里面有，我的就是那里下的不同版本的3dsmax有不同版本的ray与之对应的，你去看看吧。

Arnold已经被autodesk收购了，mentalray已经被英伟达买走了，肯定更新ar，而且mr很久没更新了基本没人用了，ar一直在更新

maya2016新增的色彩管理功能。在渲染设置common栏下的ColorManagement下勾选ApplyOutputTransform to Renderer，并且将图片格式Image format改为 MayaIFF(iff)即可。但是会造成贴图的一些亮度降低，你需要事先将贴图的色彩管理也更改，不同贴图有不同对应，有些麻烦。如果打算后期进行色彩校正，建议关闭色彩管理功能渲染，而不是开启看到加亮的渲染效果。

两个都勾选上就好了

maya2014和2015的mentalray 都是放在了安装目录外。单独出来了。在你maya 安装目录下mentalrayForMaya2015，这个目录下就是你的mentalray的目录。你可以直接在插件管理器中，利用浏览来直接手动定位一下。 不建议maya安装在其他盘符下。重装系统...

以下是我引用的，我并没有使用过这个材质，你看看下面的介绍吧mayamentalray材质节点下面mia_roundcorner的圆角节点吧这个节点是对物体上面的线进行圆角效果，让物体的硬实的直角变得圆滑你只要建立一个mia_material材质,在他的bump通道连接mia_roundcorner节点就行了，你可以调整radius半径属性，这个数值将决定物体边角的平滑度是多少。

都是电影级的渲染器，名气旗鼓相当。那个用起来比较好要看你的接触条件。Mental Ray在国内公司的普及程度要好些。现在Mental Ray集成在MAYA里了，教学也很普及，在学成方面自然更有先天优势。

第一步：打开Maya软件。第二步：现在去“窗口”>“渲染编辑器”>“渲染设置。第三步：打开渲染设置窗口。选择默认的渲染器，你会看到“Maya软件”。第四步：点击下拉箭头，你会发现其他的渲染器，但没有mental ray渲染器。因此，先关闭或最小化渲染设置窗口。第五步：去窗口“>”设置“/”首选项“>”插件管理器。第六步：打开插件管理器窗口，向下滚动找到“Mayatomr.mill”。第七步：找到Mayatomr.mil，打开加载和自动加载选项，然后点击“刷新”按钮。第八步：现在，再次打开最大化渲染设置窗口。第九步：现在，打开下拉菜单，你会看到列表中的Mental Ray选项。第十步：最后，Mental Ray作为当前的渲染器设置成功。当您单击mental ray选项，渲染设置选项卡将发生变化。它配备了许多其他的选择，让你工作起来更便捷。

1.选择菜单Window>Settings/Preferences>Plug_in Manager(插件管理器）单击鼠标打开它。2.在Plug_in Manager找到Mayatomr.mll,并且构选后面的loaded,Maya就会自动加载Mental ray 渲染器了。这些在秒秒学里都有说到。

就是这么做，呵呵，人家都说了，我就不说拉

第一步：打开Maya软件。第二步：现在去“窗口”>“渲染编辑器”>“渲染设置。第三步：打开渲染设置窗口。选择默认的渲染器，你会看到“Maya软件”。第四步：点击下拉箭头，你会发现其他的渲染器，但没有mentalray渲染器。因此，先关闭或最小化渲染设置窗口。第五步：去窗口“>”设置“/”首选项“>”插件管理器。第六步：打开插件管理器窗口，向下滚动找到“Mayatomr.mill”。第七步：找到Mayatomr.mil，打开加载和自动加载选项，然后点击“刷新”按钮。第八步：现在，再次打开最大化渲染设置窗口。第九步：现在，打开下拉菜单，你会看到列表中的MentalRay选项。第十步：最后，MentalRay作为当前的渲染器设置成功。当您单击mentalray选项，渲染设置选项卡将发生变化。它配备了许多其他的选择，让你工作起来更便捷。

Maya是美国Autodesk公司出品的世界顶级的三维动画软件，应用对象是专业的影视广告，角色动画，电影特技等。Maya功能完善，工作灵活，易学易用，制作效率极高，渲染真实感极强，是电影级别的高端制作软件。其售价高昂，声名显赫，是制作者梦寐以求的制作工具，掌握了Maya，会极大的提高制作效率和品质，调节出仿真的角色动画，渲染出电影一般的真实效果，向世界顶级动画师迈进。 Maya 集成了Alias/Wavefront 最先进的动画及数字效果技术。她不仅包括一般三维和视觉效果制作的功能，而且还与最先进的建模、数字化布料模拟、毛发渲染、运动匹配技术相结合。Maya 可在Windows NI 与 SGI IRIX 操作系统上运行。在目前市场上用来进行数字和三维制作的工具中，Maya 是首选解决方案。

没有谁更强 比的是人不是软件

Ceramic ProMaterial (mental ray)陶瓷Concrete ProMaterial (mental ray) 混凝土Generic ProMaterial (mental ray) 普通 Glazing ProMaterial (mental ray) 玻璃Hardwood ProMaterial (mental ray)木Masonry/CMU（concrete masonry units混凝土圬工单位 ） ProMaterial (mental ray) 砖瓦工Metal ProMaterial (mental ray) 金属Metallic Paint ProMaterial (mental ray) 金属漆（车漆）Mirror ProMaterial (mental ray) 镜面 Plastic/Vinyl ProMaterial (mental ray) 塑胶Solid Glass ProMaterial (mental ray) 实心玻璃Stone ProMaterial (mental ray) 石头Wall Paint ProMaterial (mental ray) 墙漆Water ProMaterial (mental ray) 水

maya2014里面是有mentalray渲染器的没有的话，可能就只有两种情况，一种情况是被屏蔽了，你关闭maya，打开“我的文档”，把我的文档里面的“maya”文件夹删除，然后重启启动看有没有如果还没有，那说明软件的安装程序本来就有问题，建议你卸载软件，用卫士软件清理垃圾和注册表，然后下载一个完全版本的maya软件进行安装

记不清是14还是15以后maya的渲染器就改成阿诺德了，你要用mentral ray 得单独下载插件

渲染在半路停了，这有可能是因为你模型的某方面出错了。这样你要每个模型渲一次看有没有问题。如果是没有问题的话。就很可能就是你的内存不大到。令到内存耗尽了。所以停止了。